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Single Equilibrium Stages (2) Single Equilibrium Stages

The feed solution contains 45% glycol and 55% water. When contacted with twice its weight of furfural solvent, the mixture separates into two liquid phases - an extract enriched in furfural and the solute glycol, and a raffinate enriched in water and the portion of glycol not extracted. Using the distribution coefficient and material balances, the compositions of the extract and raffinate can be determined.

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102 views

Single Equilibrium Stages (2) Single Equilibrium Stages

The feed solution contains 45% glycol and 55% water. When contacted with twice its weight of furfural solvent, the mixture separates into two liquid phases - an extract enriched in furfural and the solute glycol, and a raffinate enriched in water and the portion of glycol not extracted. Using the distribution coefficient and material balances, the compositions of the extract and raffinate can be determined.

Uploaded by

Hajra Aamir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 6.

Single Equilibrium Stages (2)


( )
[Ch. 4]
• Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and
Dew-Point Calculations
- Variables and equations in flash vaporization
- Isothermal flash
- Bubble and dew points
- Adiabatic flash

• Ternaryy Liquid-Liquid
q q Systems
y
- Carrier A and solvent C mutually insoluble
- Carrier A and solvent C partially soluble
Flash Vaporization

• Flash : a single-equilibrium-stage distillation in which a


feed is partially vaporized to give a vapor richer in the
more-volatile components than the feed
• If the equipment is properly designed, the vapor and
liquid leaving the flash drum are in equilibrium

Flash vaporization Partial condensation


Single-
Single-Stage Equilibrium Operation
• 3C + 10 variables
F V
F, V, L,
L zi, yi, xi, TF, TV, TL, PF, PV, PL, Q
V, yi, hV, • 2C + 5 equations
PV, TV

F
zi Q
hF
TF
PF

L, xi, hL,
PL, TL

• C + 5 degrees of freedom
Common Sets of Specifications
• C + 3 feed variables (F, TF, PF, zi) are known
 2 additional variables can be specified

• TV,,PV Isothermal flash


V, yi, hV,
PV, TV • V/F=0, PL Bubble-point T
• V/F=1,
V/F 1 PV D
Dew-point
i tT
• V/F=0, TL Bubble-point P
F
zi Q • V/F=1, TV Dew-point P
hF • Q
Q=0
0, PV Adiabatic flash
TF
PF • Q, PV Nonadiabatic flash

L, xi, hL, • V/F, PV Percent vaporization


PL, TL flash
Isothermal Flash (1)
• Isothermal flash calculation
- When the equilibrium
temperature TV (or TL) and
the equilibrium pressure
PV (or PL) are specified
 2C + 5 variables are
determined from 2C + 5
equations
- Not straightforward
because of nonlinear
equations
ti
- Use the Rachford-Rice
procedure when K-values
K values
are independent of
composition
Isothermal Flash (2)
zi (1  Ki )
C
f {}   0
i 1 1   ( K i  1)

• Solve iteratively by guessing values of  between 0 and 1


until the function f{} = 0
f (x)
• Newton’s
N ’ method
h d
f (x)
( k 1)) f { }(k )
  (k )

f '{ ( k ) }
C
zi (1  K i ) 2
f '{ }   (k )
2
i 1 1   ( K i  1) 
(k )

 ( k 1)   ( k ) /  ( k )   ( 0.0001) x4 x3 x2 x1
x
Bubble and Dew Points (1)
C
zi (1  Ki )
f {}   0
i 1 1   ( K i  1)

point,  = 0 and f{0} = 0


• At the bubble point
f {0}   zi (1  K i )   zi   zi K i  0  z Ki i 1
i i i i

• At the due point,  = 1 and f{1} = 0


zi (1  K i ) zi zi
f {1}       zi  0  i K  1
i Ki i Ki i i

• For a given feed composition, zi, the above equation can


be used to find T for a specified P or to find P for a
specified T
Bubble and Dew Points (2)

• How to determine K-values ?


(1) Plots of K-values for a specific T and P
(2) Equations for vapor-liquid equilibria
- Raoult’s law K i  Pi sat / P
- Modified Raoult
Raoult’s
s law K i   i Pi sat / P
(3) Iterative calculations
C C
zi
f {P}   zi K i  1 f {P}   1
i i Ki
Method of false position

 f { P ( k 1)
}  f { P (k )
}
P ( k  2) P ( k 1) ( k 1)
 f {P }/  ( k 1) 
 P  P (k )

Adiabatic (Q=0) Flash
Start with guessed value of TV Start with guessed value of 
(wide-boiling mixtures) (close-boiling mixtures)
Q Q
Outer-loop
Outer-loop
Guess 

C
zi (1  Ki )
f {TV }   0
i 1 1   ( K i  1)

Inner-loop Inner-loop

f {TV }  hV  (1   )hL  hF  0 Satisfy ? f {}  hV  (1   )hL  hF  0 Satisfy ?


Ternary Liquid-
Liquid-Liquid Systems
• Ternary mixtures that undergo phase splitting to form two
separate liquid phases : using solubility difference
• Extract : the exiting liquid phase that contains the solvent and
the extracted solute
• Raffinate : the exiting liquid phase that contains the carrier, A,
and the portion of the solute, B, that is not extracted
Components A and C mutually insoluble Components A and C partially soluble
Solvent, S Extract, E Solvent, S Extract, E
(component C) (components B,B C) (component C) A B,
(components A, B C)

Feed, F Raffinate, R Feed, F Raffanite, R


(components A, B) (components A, B) (components A, B) (components A, B, C)
Components A and C mutually
Insoluble
• Solute material balance
X B( F ) FA  X B( E ) S  X B( R ) FA

K 'DB  X B( E ) / X B( R )  X B( E )  K 'DB X B( R )
XB: ratio of mass (or moles) of solute B, to mass (or moles) of the other
component
p in F,, R,, or E
K’DB: distribution coefficient defined in terms of mass or mole ratios

X B( F ) FA
X B( R ) 
FA  K 'DB S
• Extraction factor
factor, EB
E B  K 'DB S / FA E  : (the extent to which the solute is extracted) 

1
X ( R)
/X (F )
 : fraction of B that is not extracted
1  EB
B B
Components A and C Partially
Soluble
• Equilateral triangular diagram
-WWater
t (A),
(A) ethylene
th l glycol
l l (B)
(B),
furfural (C) Single phase
region
- Above bubble-point
bubble point pressure
: no vapor phase

the two liquid phases have


identical compositions
(one phase)
p

Two-liquid
T li id
phase region

Miscibility limits for water-furfural


Other Liquid
Liquid-
-Liquid Equilibrium
Diagrams
Right triangular diagram Equilibrium solute diagram in mass fractions

Equilibrium
q solute diagram
g in mass ratios Janecke diagram
g
[Example] Water
Water--Glycol-
Glycol-Furfural
Equilibrium (1)
A 45% by weight glycol (B)-55% water (A) solution is
contacted with twice its weight of pure furfural solvent (C)
( )
at 25℃ and 101 kPa.
D t
Determine
i ththe composition
iti off th
the equilibrium
ilib i extract
t t and d
raffinate phases produced.
Furfural, S 200 g
100% C
Extract, E • Basis : 100 g of feed
• Overall material balance
F+S=E+R

Raffinate, R
Feed, F 100 g
55% A, 45% B
[Example] Water
Water--Glycol-
Glycol-Furfural
Equilibrium (2)
Locate the feed (F) and solvent
(S) compositions

Define M, the mixing point


M=F+S=E+R

Apply the inverse-lever-arm rule


( mass b
(or balance)
l ) tto fi
find
d M point
i t

( F  S ) wC( M )  FwC( F )  SwC( S )


F wC( S )  wC( M ) SM
 (M ) 
S wC  wC (F )
MF

Find E and R along a tie line

Apply
A l the
th iinverse-lever-
l
arm rule to find the
amounts of E and R
When Two Pairs of Components are
Partially Soluble
Miscibility boundaries Tie lines do not merge
are separatet : three-phase
th h region,
i
: two separate two- RST is formed
phase regions

Miscibility boundaries As temperature is


and tie-line equilibria reduced,
merge
g (a)  (b)  (c)

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