Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

CHAPTER 11: FLUID STATICS

11.2 DENSITY

1. Gold is sold by the troy ounce (31.103 g). What is the volume of 1 troy ounce of pure
gold?

Solution m m 31.103 g
= V = = = 1.610 cm3
V  19.32 g/cm 3

2. Mercury is commonly supplied in flasks containing 34.5 kg (about 76 lb). What is the
volume in liters of this much mercury?

Solution m 34,500 g
V = = = 2.537  10 3 cm3 = 2.54 L
 13.6 g/cm 3

3. (a) What is the mass of a deep breath of air having a volume of 2.00 L? (b) Discuss the
effect taking such a breath has on your body’s volume and density.

Solution  1000 cm3 

(a) m = V = (1.29  10 −3 3
)
g/cm (2.00 L )  = 2.58 g
 1 L 

(b) The volume of your body increases by the volume of air you inhale. The average
density of your body decreases when you take a deep breath, because the density
of air is substantially smaller than the average density of the body before you
took the deep breath.

4. A straightforward method of finding the density of an object is to measure its mass

and then measure its volume by submerging it in a graduated cylinder. What is the
density of a 240-g rock that displaces 89.0 cm3 of water? (Note that the accuracy and
practical applications of this technique are more limited than a variety of others that
are based on Archimedes’ principle.)

Solution m 240 g
= = 3
= 2.70 g/cm 3
V 89.0 cm
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

5. Suppose you have a coffee mug with a circular cross section and vertical sides
(uniform radius). What is its inside radius if it holds 375 g of coffee when filled to a
depth of 7.50 cm? Assume coffee has the same density as water.

Solution  m 
12
 
12

(
m = V =  R h  R = 
2
)  =
(
375 g
)  = 3.99 cm
 h   1.00 g/cm ( )(7.50 cm)
3

6. (a) A rectangular gasoline tank can hold 50.0 kg of gasoline when full. What is the
depth of the tank if it is 0.500-m wide by 0.900-m long? (b) Discuss whether this gas
tank has a reasonable volume for a passenger car.

Solution m
(a)  = 
V
m = V =  (lwh )  h =
m 50.0 kg
= = 0.163 m
( )
lw 0.680  10 kg/m 3 (0.900 m )(0.500 m )
3

(b) The volume of this gasoline tank is 19.4 gallons, quite reasonably sized for a
passenger car.

7. A trash compactor can reduce the volume of its contents to 0.350 their original value.
Neglecting the mass of air expelled, by what factor is the density of the rubbish
increased?

Solution m m m
= ; ' = =
V V ' 0.350 V
 ' m 0.350V 1
= = = 2.86 times denser
 mV 0.350

8. A 2.50-kg steel gasoline can holds 20.0 L of gasoline when full. What is the average
density of the full gas can, taking into account the volume occupied by steel as well as
by gasoline?

Solution ( )(
m = 2.50 kg + (20.0 L) 0.68  10 3 kg/m 3 10 −3 m 3 /L = 16.1 kg )
(
V = (20.0 L ) 10 −3 m 3 /L + )2.50 kg
7.8  10 kg/m
3 3
= 0.0203 m 3

m 16.1 kg
= = 3
= 793 kg/m 3 = 7.9  10 2 kg/m 3
V 0.0203 m
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

9. What is the density of 18.0-karat gold that is a mixture of 18 parts gold, 5 parts silver,
and 1 part copper? (These values are parts by mass, not volume.) Assume that this is a
simple mixture having an average density equal to the weighted densities of its
constituents.

Solution (
m(g )  g/cm 3 ) V=
m

(cm ) 3

gold 18.0 19.32 0.9317

silver 5.00 10.1 0.495
copper 1.00 8.8 0.1136
Total 24.0 1.54

24.0 g
 tot = 3
= 15.6 g/cm3
1.54 cm

10. There is relatively little empty space between atoms in solids and liquids, so that the
average density of an atom is about the same as matter on a macroscopic scale—
approximately 103 kg/m 3 . The nucleus of an atom has a radius about 10−5 that of the
atom and contains nearly all the mass of the entire atom. (a) What is the approximate
density of a nucleus? (b) One remnant of a supernova, called a neutron star, can have
the density of a nucleus. What would be the radius of a neutron star with a mass 10
times that of our Sun (the radius of the Sun is 7  108 m )?

Solution mN m 
(a)  N = . Since ma  m N and RN = 10 −5 Ra ,  N = −5a = −a 5
VN 10 Va 10
10 3 kg/m 3
= −5
= 1018 kg/m 3
10

4 3
(b) m = V =   3 R  = 10  (mass of sun ) = 1.99  10 kg
31

 3m 
R =  
13

=
(
 3 1.99  10 31 kg  ) 13

= 16.8  10 3 m = 16.8 km
 4  (
 4 10 kg/m 
18 3 
)
The radius of the neutron star would be about 20 km.

11.3 PRESSURE
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

11. As a woman walks, her entire weight is momentarily placed on one heel of her high-
heeled shoes. Calculate the pressure exerted on the floor by the heel if it has an area
of 1.50 cm2 and the woman’s mass is 55.0 kg. Express the pressure in Pa. (In the early
days of commercial flight, women were not allowed to wear high-heeled shoes
because aircraft floors were too thin to withstand such large pressures.)

Solution
P=
F mg
A
=
A
(
1.50 cm 2 = 1.50  0 − 4 m 2 )

P=
(55.0 kg )(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 3.59  10 6 N/m 2
1.50  10 -4 m 2
1 lb 6.452  10 − 4 m 2
= 3.59  10 6 N/m 2   2
= 521 lb/in. 2
4.448 N 1 in.

12. The pressure exerted by a phonograph needle on a record is surprisingly large. If the
equivalent of 1.00 g is supported by a needle, the tip of which is a circle 0.200 mm in
2
radius, what pressure is exerted on the record in N/m ?

Solution
P= = =
(
F mg 1.00 10 −3 kg 9.80 m/s 2 )(
= 7.80 10 4 Pa
)
A r 2  2.00 10 m(
-4 2
)
This pressure is approximately 585 mm Hg.

13. Nail tips exert tremendous pressures when they are hit by hammers because they
exert a large force over a small area. What force must be exerted on a nail with a
circular tip of 1.00 mm diameter to create a pressure of 3.00 109 N/m 2? (This high
pressure is possible because the hammer striking the nail is brought to rest in such a
short distance.)

Solution ( ) ( )(
F = PA = P R 2 = 3.00 109 N/m 2  0.500 10 −3 m = 2.36 103 N )
2

11.4 VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH IN A FLUID

14. What depth of mercury creates a pressure of 1.00 atm?

Solution P 1.013  10 5 Pa
P = hg  h = = = 0.760 m
( )(
g 13.6  10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 )
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

15. The greatest ocean depths on the Earth are found in the Marianas Trench near the
Philippines. Calculate the pressure due to the ocean at the bottom of this trench, given
its depth is 11.0 km and assuming the density of seawater is constant all the way
down.

Solution ( )( )( )
P = hg = 11.0 103 m 1.025 103 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 = 1.10 108 Pa = 1.09 10 3 atm

16. Verify that the SI unit of hg is N/m 2 .

Solution (gh)units = (kg/m 3 )(m/s 2 )(m) = kg  m 2 /m 3  s 2 = (kg  m/s 2 )(1/m 2 ) = N/m 2

17. Water towers store water above the level of consumers for times of heavy use,
eliminating the need for high-speed pumps. How high above a user must the water
level be to create a gauge pressure of 3.00  105 N/m 2 ?

Solution P 3.00  10 5 N/m 2

P = hg  h = = = 30.6 m
(
g 1.00  10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 )( )
18. The aqueous humor in a person’s eye is exerting a force of 0.300 N on the 1.10 - cm2
area of the cornea. (a) What pressure is this in mm Hg? (b) Is this value within the
normal range for pressures in the eye?

Solution F 0.300 N  100 cm 

2
1 mm Hg
(a) P = =   = 2.73  10 Pa 
3
= 20.5 mm Hg
A 1.10 cm  1 m 
2
133.3 Pa

(b) The range of pressures in the eye is 12–24 mm Hg, so the result in part (a) is
within that range.

19. How much force is exerted on one side of an 8.50 cm by 11.0 cm sheet of paper by the
atmosphere? How can the paper withstand such a force?

Solution ( ) ( )
F = PA = 1.1013 105 N/m 2 (8.50 in. )(11.0 in. ) 6.452 10 −4 m 2 /in. 2 = 6.11103 N

The paper can withstand this force because an equal force is exerted on the other
side of the paper in the opposite direction.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

20. What pressure is exerted on the bottom of a 0.500-m-wide by 0.900-m-long gas tank
that can hold 50.0 kg of gasoline by the weight of the gasoline in it when it is full?

Solution
F = PA  P = = =
(
F mg (50.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 )
= 1.089  10 3 N/m 2 = 1.09  10 3 N/m 2
A wl (0.500 m)(0.900 m)

21. Calculate the average pressure exerted on the palm of a shot-putter’s hand by the
shot if the area of contact is 50.0 cm2 and he exerts a force of 800 N on it. Express
the pressure in N/m 2 and compare it with the 1.00  106 Pa pressures sometimes
encountered in the skeletal system.

Solution F 800 N
P= = = 1.60 10 5 N/m 2
A (50.0 cm )(110 m 1 cm )
2 -4 2 2

Compared to the pressures sometimes encountered in the skeletal system:

1.60 10 5 N/m 2

= 16.0% .
1.00 10 6 N/m 2

22. The left side of the heart creates a pressure of 120 mm Hg by exerting a force directly
on the blood over an effective area of 15.0 cm2 . What force does it exert to
accomplish this?

Solution From Exercise 11.14, 1 atm = 1.103 105 N/m 2 = 760 mm Hg

 1.103  10 5 N/m 2 
( ) 101 mcm 
2
F = PA = (120 mm Hg )  15.0 cm 2 4 2
 = 23.992 N = 24.0 N
 760 mm Hg   

23. Show that the total force on a rectangular dam due to the water behind it increases
with the square of the water depth. In particular, show that this force is given by
F = gh2 L / 2 , where  is the density of water, h is its depth at the dam, and L is
the length of the dam. You may assume the face of the dam is vertical. (Hint:
Calculate the average pressure exerted and multiply this by the area in contact with
the water. See Figure 11.42.)

Solution h h
The average pressure on a dam is given by the equation P = g , where is the
2 2
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

average height of the water behind the dam. Then, the force on the dam is found
F h  gh2 L
using the equation P = , so that F = PA =  g (hL), or F = . Thus, the
A 2  2
average force on a rectangular dam increases with the square of the depth.

11.5 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

24. How much pressure is transmitted in the hydraulic system considered in Example
11.6? Express your answer in pascals and in atmospheres.

Solution F F 500 N
P= = = = 2.546  10 7 N/m 2 = 2.55  10 7 N/m 2 = 251 atm
A R 2
(
 2.50  10 −3 m )2

25. What force must be exerted on the master cylinder of a hydraulic lift to support the
weight of a 2000-kg car (a large car) resting on the slave cylinder? The master cylinder
has a 2.00-cm diameter and the slave has a 24.0-cm diameter.

Solution F1 F2 A   r 2   r2 
=  F2 =  2  F1 =  22 mg =  22 mg
A1 A2  A1   r1   r1 
 (1.00 cm)2 
= 2
( )
(2000 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 = 136 N
 (12.0 cm) 

26. A crass host pours the remnants of several bottles of wine into a jug after a party. He
then inserts a cork with a 2.00-cm diameter into the bottle, placing it in direct contact
with the wine. He is amazed when he pounds the cork into place and the bottom of
the jug (with a 14.0-cm diameter) breaks away. Calculate the extra force exerted
against the bottom if he pounded the cork with a 120-N force.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

Solution F1 F2
= 
A1 A2
 A2   r22   (7.00 cm)2 
F2 =   F1 =  2  F1 =  2 
(120 N )
 A1   r1   (1.00 cm) 
= 5880 N Extra force = 5880 N − 120 N = 5.76  10 3 N extra force

27. A certain hydraulic system is designed to exert a force 100 times as large as the one
put into it. (a) What must be the ratio of the area of the slave cylinder to the area of
the master cylinder? (b) What must be the ratio of their diameters? (c) By what factor
is the distance through which the output force moves reduced relative to the distance
through which the input force moves? Assume no losses to friction.

Solution (a) F1 F2 , we see that the ratio of the areas becomes: AS F 100
= = S = = 100
A1 A2 AM FM 1

AS  rS2  (d S 2)
2
d S2 d
(b) = = = = 100, so that S = 100 = 10.0
AM  rM  (d M 2)
2 2
dM2
dM

d o Fi 1
(c) Fi d i = Fo d o  = =
d i Fo 100

This tells us that the distance through which the output force moves is reduced by
a factor of 100, relative to the distance through which the input force moves.

28. (a) Verify that work input equals work output for a hydraulic system assuming no
losses to friction. Do this by showing that the distance the output force moves is
reduced by the same factor that the output force is increased. Assume the volume of
the fluid is constant. (b) What effect would friction within the fluid and between
components in the system have on the output force? How would this depend on
whether or not the fluid is moving?

Solution A 
(a) V = d i Ai = d o Ao  d o = d i  i 
 Ao 

F1 F2 A 
Now, use the equation =  Fo = Fi  o  .
A1 A2  Ai 
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

 F A  d i Ai 
Finally, Wo = Fo d o = 
i o
  = Fi d i = Wi .
 Ai  Ao 

In other words, the work output equals the work input.

(b) If the system is not moving, the fraction would not play a role. With friction, we
know there are losses, so that Wo = Wi − Wf ; therefore, the work output is less
than the work input. In other words, with friction, you need to push harder on the
input piston than was calculated.

11.6 GAUGE PRESSURE, ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, AND PRESSURE

MEASUREMENT

29. Find the gauge and absolute pressures in the balloon and peanut jar shown in Figure
11.16, assuming the manometer connected to the balloon uses water whereas the
manometer connected to the jar contains mercury. Express in units of centimeters of
water for the balloon and millimeters of mercury for the jar, taking h = 0.0500 m for
each.

Solution Balloon :
Pg = 5.00 cm H 2 O
Pabs = Patm + Pg = 1.03  10 3 cm H 2 O + 5.00 cm H 2 O = 1.035  10 3 cm H 2 O

Jar :
Pg = − 50.0 mm Hg
Pabs = Patm − Pg = 760 mm Hg − 50.0 mm Hg = 710 mm Hg

30. (a) Convert normal blood pressure readings of 120 over 80 mm Hg to newtons per
meter squared using the relationship for pressure due to the weight of a fluid ( P = hρg )
rather than a conversion factor. (b) Discuss why blood pressures for an infant could be
smaller than those for an adult. Specifically, consider the smaller height to which blood
must be pumped.

Solution (a) P120 = hg = (0.120 m )(13.6  10 3 kg/m 3 )(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 1.60  10 4 N/m 2
( )( )
P80 = (0.080 m ) 13.6  10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 = 1.07  10 4 N/m 2

(b) Since an infant is only approximately 20 inches tall, while an adult is

Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

approximately 70 inches tall, the blood pressure for an infant would be expected
to be smaller than that of an adult. The blood only feels a pressure of 20 inches
rather than 70 inches, so the pressure should be smaller.

31. How tall must a water-filled manometer be to measure blood pressures as high as 300
mm Hg?

Solution  m hm g =  w hw g
 m hm (13.6 g/cm3 )(300 mm )
hw = = = 4080 mm = 4.08 m
w 1.00 g/cm3

32. Pressure cookers have been around for more than 300 years, although their use has
strongly declined in recent years (early models had a nasty habit of exploding). How
much force must the latches holding the lid onto a pressure cooker be able to
withstand if the circular lid is 25.0 cm in diameter and the gauge pressure inside is
300 atm? Neglect the weight of the lid.

Solution  1.013  10 5 N/m 2 

F = PA = (3.00 atm )  (0.125 m )2 = 1.49  10 4 N
 1.0 atm 

Atmospheric pressure outside the cooker can be ignored, since we are given the
gauge pressure inside, and the gauge pressure indicates pressure above atmospheric.
So, 3 atm measures the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the lid.

33. Suppose you measure a standing person’s blood pressure by placing the cuff on his leg
0.500 m below the heart. Calculate the pressure you would observe (in units of mm
Hg) if the pressure at the heart were 120 over 80 mm Hg. Assume that there is no loss
of pressure due to resistance in the circulatory system (a reasonable assumption, since
major arteries are large).

Solution ( )( )
P = hg = (0.500 m) 1.05  10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 = 5.145  10 3 N/m 2

(
P = 5.145  10 3 N/m 2  )
 1.00 mm Hg 
2 
= 38.7 mm Hg
 133 N/m 

120 mm Hg + 38.7 mm Hg 159

Leg blood pressure = =
80 mm Hg + 38.7 mm Hg 119
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

34. A submarine is stranded on the bottom of the ocean with its hatch 25.0 m below the
surface. Calculate the force needed to open the hatch from the inside, given it is
circular and 0.450 m in diameter. Air pressure inside the submarine is 1.00 atm.

Solution Water pressure = Pw = hg

( )( )
= ( 25.0 cm ) 1.025  10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 = 2.51  10 5 N/m 2

Since atmospheric pressure is roughly the same inside and outside:

Pnet = Pw = 2.51  10 5 N/m 2

( ) ( )
F = PA = P R 2 = 2.51  10 5 N/m 2  (0.225 m) 2 = 3.99  10 4 N

35. Assuming bicycle tires are perfectly flexible and support the weight of bicycle and rider
by pressure alone, calculate the total area of the tires in contact with the ground. The
bicycle plus rider has a mass of 80.0 kg, and the gauge pressure in the tires is
3.50 105 Pa .

Solution
F = mg = Pg A  A = =
(
mg (80.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 )
= 2.24  10 −3 m 2 = 22.4 cm2
Pg 3.50  10 N/m
5 2
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

11.7 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

36. What fraction of ice is submerged when it floats in freshwater, given the density of
water at 0°C is very close to 1000 kg/m 3 ?

Solution  obj 917 kg/m 3

fraction submerged = FS = =
 fl 1.00  10 3 kg/m 3
= 0.917 of object submerged = 91.7%

37. Logs sometimes float vertically in a lake because one end has become water-logged
and denser than the other. What is the average density of a uniform-diameter log that
floats with 20.0% of its length above water?

Solution  obj
FS =   obj =  fl  FS = (1.00 10 3 kg/m 3 )(0.800 ) = 800 kg/m 3
 fl

38. Find the density of a fluid in which a hydrometer having a density of 0.750 g/mL
floats with 92.0% of its volume submerged.

Solution  hyd  hyd 0.750 g/cm 3

FS =   fl = = = 0.815 g/cm 3 = 815 kg/m 3
 fl FS 0.920

39. If your body has a density of 995 kg/m 3 , what fraction of you will be submerged when
floating gently in: (a) Freshwater? (b) Salt water, which has a density of 1027 kg/m 3 ?

Solution  obj 995 kg/m 3

(a) FS = = = 0.995 = 91.7% of body submerged
 fl 1.00  10 3 kg/m 3

995 kg/m 3
(b) FS = = 0.966 = 96.6% of body submerged
1030 kg/m 3
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

40. Bird bones have air pockets in them to reduce their weight—this also gives them an
average density significantly less than that of the bones of other animals. Suppose an
ornithologist weighs a bird bone in air and in water and finds its mass is 45.0 g and its
apparent mass when submerged is 3.60 g (the bone is watertight). (a) What mass of
water is displaced? (b) What is the volume of the bone? (c) What is its average
density?

Solution (a) mdisplaced = 45.0 g − 3.60 g = 41.4 g

mw 41.4 g
(b) Vb = Vw = = = 41.4 cm3
 w 1.00 g/cm 3

mb 45.0 g
(c)  o = = 3
= 1.09 g/cm3
Vb 41.4 cm

This is clearly not the density of the bone everywhere. The air pockets will have a
density of approximately 1.29 10 −3 g/cm3 , while the bone will be substantially
denser.

41. A rock with a mass of 540 g in air is found to have an apparent mass of 342 g when
submerged in water. (a) What mass of water is displaced? (b) What is the volume of
the rock? (c) What is its average density? Is this consistent with the value for granite?

Solution (a) 540 g − 342 g = 198 g

mw 198 g
(b) Vτ = Vw = = = 198 cm3
w 1.00 g/cm 3

mr 540 g
(c)  r = = = 2.73 g/cm 3
Vr 198 cm3

The density for granite (from Table 11.1) is 2.7 g/cm3 . Thus, the calculated density is
consistent with granite.

42. Archimedes’ principle can be used to calculate the density of a fluid as well as that of
a solid. Suppose a chunk of iron with a mass of 390.0 g in air is found to have an
apparent mass of 350.5 g when completely submerged in an unknown liquid. (a) What
mass of fluid does the iron displace? (b) What is the volume of iron, using its density
as given in Table 11.1? (c) Calculate the fluid’s density and identify it.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

Solution (a) 390 g − 350.5 g = 39.5 g

mi 390 g
(b) Vi = = = 50 cm3
i 7.8 g/cm 3

mfl 39.5 g
(c)  fl = = = 0.79 g/cm3 . It is ethyl alcohol.
Vfl 50 cm3

43. In an immersion measurement of a woman’s density, she is found to have a mass of

62.0 kg in air and an apparent mass of 0.0850 kg when completely submerged with
lungs empty. (a) What mass of water does she displace? (b) What is her volume? (c)
Calculate her density. (d) If her lung capacity is 1.75 L, is she able to float without
treading water with her lungs filled with air?

Solution (a) 62.0 kg − 0.0850 kg = 61.915 kg = 61.9 kg

mw 61.915 kg
(b) V = = = 0.0619 m 3 .
w 1.00 10 3 kg/m 3

m 62.0 kg
(c)  = = = 1001 .4 kg/m 3 = 1.00  10 3 kg/m 3
V 0.061915 m 3
(d) Is her average density with lungs filled less than that of the water?

Vtot =
mw
w
( )
+ VL = 0.0619 m 3 + 1.75  10 -3 m 3 = 6.365  10 − 2 m 3

( )( )
mtot = m + mL = 62.0 kg + 1.75  10 -3 m 3 1.29 kg/m 3 = 62.002 kg
mtot 62.002 kg
= = = 974 .1 kg/m 3  1.00  10 3 kg/m 3 .
Vtot 6.365  10 − 2 m 3

Thus, she will float without treading water when her lungs are full.

44. Some fish have a density slightly less than that of water and must exert a force (swim)
to stay submerged. What force must an 85.0-kg grouper exert to stay submerged in
salt water if its body density is 1015 kg/m 3 ?

Solution Let FB = buoyant force, wf = weight of the fish, and

ww = weight of displaced water.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

m 
F = FB − wf = ww − wf = Vw  w g − mf g =  f   w g − mf g
 f 
 85.0 kg 
F =  ( )( ) (
 1.025 10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 − (85.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 = 8.21 N
3 
)
 1015 kg/m 

45. (a) Calculate the buoyant force on a 2.00-L helium balloon. (b) Given the mass of the
rubber in the balloon is 1.50 g, what is the net vertical force on the balloon if it is let
go? You can neglect the volume of the rubber.

Solution (a) FB = wfl = mfl g =  flVfl g

( )( )
= (1.29 kg/m 3 ) 2.00  10 −3 m 3 9.80 m/s 2 = 2.528  10 − 2 N = 2.53  10 − 2 N

(b) net F = FB − w = FB − mtot g

First we must find mtot :

mtot = mb + mHe = mb + Vb  He
( )(
= 1.50 g + 2.00  10 3 cm3 0.18  10 3 g/cm 3 )
= 1.86 g. Therefore,
( )( )
net F = 2.528  10 -2 N − 1.86  10 −3 kg 9.80 m/s 2 = 7.05  10 −3 N

46. (a) What is the density of a woman who floats in freshwater with 4.00% of her
volume above the surface? This could be measured by placing her in a tank with
marks on the side to measure how much water she displaces when floating and when
held under water (briefly). (b) What percent of her volume is above the surface when
she floats in seawater?

Solution  obj
(a) fraction submerged =   person =  fresh water  (fraction submerged)
 fl
( )
= 1.00  10 3 kg/m 3 (0.960) = 960 kg/m 3

 person 960 kg/m 3

(b) fraction submerged = = = 0.9366 .
 sea water 1025 kg/m 3

Therefore, the percent of her volume above water is:

% above water = (1.0000 − 0.9366 )100% = 6.34%
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

She does indeed float more in seawater.

47. A certain man has a mass of 80 kg and a density of 955 kg/m 3 (excluding the air in
his lungs). (a) Calculate his volume. (b) Find the buoyant force air exerts on him. (c)
What is the ratio of the buoyant force to his weight?

Solution m 80.0 kg
(a) V = = = 0.0804 m 3
 995 kg/m 3

(b) FB = wfl = Vfl  fl g = (0.0804 m 3 )(129 kg/m 3 )(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 1.02 N

FB 1.02 N
= = 1.30  10 −3
(c)
w (80.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s (
2
)

48. A simple compass can be made by placing a small bar magnet on a cork floating in
water. (a) What fraction of a plain cork will be submerged when floating in water? (b)
If the cork has a mass of 10.0 g and a 20.0-g magnet is placed on it, what fraction of
the cork will be submerged? (c) Will the bar magnet and cork float in ethyl alcohol?

Solution  c 0.24  10 3 kg/m 3

(a) FS = = = 0.24
 fl 1.00  10 3 kg/m 3

(b) Viron = Vi = mi = 20.0 kg 3 = 2.56 cm3 ;

 i 7.8 g/cm
m 10.0 kg
Vcork = Vc = c = = 41.67 cm3
 c 0.24 g/cm 3
Vobj = Vi + Vc = 41.67 cm3 + 2.56 cm3 = 44.23 cm3 ;
mobj 20.0 kg + 10.0 kg
 obj = = = 0.678 g/cm 3
 obj 44.23 cm 3

 obj 0.678 g/cm 3

FS = = = 0.678 = 0.68
 fl 1.00 g/cm 3

(c) Yes, the cork will float because  obj   ethylalcohol(0.678 g/cm3  0.79 g/cm3 )

49. What fraction of an iron anchor’s weight will be supported by buoyant force when
submerged in salt water?
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

Solution  m       
FB = wfl = Vanchor fl g =    fl g = m fl  g = mg fl 
  iron    iron    iron 
FB mg ( fl  iron )  fl 1025 kg/m 3
= = = = 0.13 or 13%
w mg  iron 7.8  10 3 kg/m 3

50. Scurrilous con artists have been known to represent gold-plated tungsten ingots as
pure gold and sell them to the greedy at prices much below gold value but deservedly
far above the cost of tungsten. With what accuracy must you be able to measure the
mass of such an ingot in and out of water to tell that it is almost pure tungsten rather
than pure gold?

Solution Out of water:

g −  t 19.32 g/cm 3 − 19.30 g/cm 3

% out =  100% =  100% = 0.1035 % in air
g 19.32 g/cm 3

In water: Assume a 1.000 cm3 nugget.

m' g −m' t 18.32 g/cm 3 − 18.30 g/cm 3

% in =  100% =  100% = 0.1092 % in water
m' g 18.32 g/cm 3

The difference between the required accuracies for the two methods is
0.1092 % − 0.1035 % = 0.0057 % = 0.006 % , so we need 5 digits of accuracy to
determine the difference between gold and tungsten.

51. A twin-sized air mattress used for camping has dimensions of 100 cm by 200 cm by 15
cm when blown up. The weight of the mattress is 2 kg. How heavy a person could the
air mattress hold if it is placed in freshwater?

Solution FB = total weight. (Ignore person being in the water)

FB = gV = (1.21 kg/m 3 )(9.8m/s 2 )(1.0m  2.0m  0.15m) = 35.6 N

= weight of person + mattress weight
= weight of person + (2kg)(9.8) .

Weight of person = 35.6N − 19.6N = 16.0 N

Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

52. Referring to Figure 11.21, prove that the buoyant force on the cylinder is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced (Archimedes’ principle). You may assume that the
buoyant force is F2 − F1 and that the ends of the cylinder have equal areas A . Note
that the volume of the cylinder (and that of the fluid it displaces) equals (h2 − h1 ) A .

Solution net F = F2 − F1 = P2 A − P1 A = ( P2 − P1 ) A = (h2  fl g − h1  fl g )A

= (h2 − h1 )  fl gA, where  fl = density of fluid.
net F = (h2 − h1 ) A fl g = Vfl  fl g = mfl g = wfl

53. (a) A 75.0-kg man floats in freshwater with 3.00% of his volume above water when
his lungs are empty, and 5.00% of his volume above water when his lungs are full.
Calculate the volume of air he inhales—called his lung capacity—in liters. (b) Does this
lung volume seem reasonable?

Solution (a) Ignore the weight of the air inhaled. It is negligible to the overall weight of the
man. Vair = V − V  , where V is the volume of a man when lungs are full and V  is
the volume of man when lungs are empty.

 obj m V m 0.950 m 0.970

fraction submerged = = , or V = and V ' =
w w w w
m  1 1 
Vair =  − 
 w  0.950 0.970 
 750 kg  1 1 
=  
3 
− 
 1.00  10 kg/m  0.950 0.970 
3

= 1.63  10 −3 m 3 = 1.63 L

(b) Exercise 11.3 tells us that a deep breath has a volume of 2.00 L, so a volume of
1.63 L seems reasonable.

11.8 COHESION AND ADHESION IN LIQUIDS: SURFACE TENSION AND

CAPILLARY ACTION

54. What is the pressure inside an alveolus having a radius of 2.50 10 −4 m if the surface
tension of the fluid-lined wall is the same as for soapy water? You may assume the
pressure is the same as that created by a spherical bubble.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

Solution 4 4(0.0370 N/m)

P= = −4
= 592 N/m 2
r 2.50 10 m

55. (a) The pressure inside an alveolus with a 2.00 10 −4 m radius is 1.40 10 3 Pa , due to
its fluid-lined walls. Assuming the alveolus acts like a spherical bubble, what is the
surface tension of the fluid? (b) Identify the likely fluid. (You may need to extrapolate
between values in Table 11.3.)

Solution rP (2.00  10 −4 m)(1.40  10 3 N/m 2 )

(a)  = = = 0.0700 N/m
4 4

(b) The likely fluid is water, at approximately 40C .

56. What is the gauge pressure in millimeters of mercury inside a soap bubble 0.100 m in
diameter?

Solution 4 4(0.0370 N/m)

Pg = = = 2.96 N/m 2
r 0.0500 m
(
= 2.96 N/m 2  )
 1.00 mm Hg 
2 
= 2.23  10 −2 mm Hg
 133 N/m 

57. Calculate the force on the slide wire in Figure 11.29 if it is 3.50 cm long and the fluid is
ethyl alcohol.

Solution F = L = 2l = 2(0.0223 N/m )(0.0350 m) = 1.56 10 −3 N

58. Figure 11.35(a) shows the effect of tube radius on the height to which capillary action
can raise a fluid. (a) Calculate the height h for water in a glass tube with a radius of
0.900 cm—a rather large tube like the one on the left. (b) What is the radius of the
glass tube on the right if it raises water to 4.00 cm?

Solution 2 cos 2(0.0728 N/m )(cos 0)

(a) h = = = 1.65  10 −3 m
gr ( 3 3
)( 2
)(−3
1.00  10 kg/m 9.80 m/s 9.00  10 m )
2 cos 2(0.0728 N/m )(cos 0)
(b) r = = = 3.71  10 −4 m
gh ( )( )(
1.00  10 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 4.00  10 − 2 m
3
)
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

59. We stated in Example 11.12 that a xylem tube is of radius 2.50 10 −5 m . Verify that
such a tube raises sap less than a meter by finding h for it, making the same
assumptions that sap’s density is 1050 kg/m 3 , its contact angle is zero, and its surface
tension is the same as that of water at 20.0C .

Solution 2 cos 2(0.0728 N/m )(cos 0)

h= = = 0.566 m
gr ( )( )(
1050 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 2.50  10 −5 m )

60. What fluid is in the device shown in Figure 11.29 if the force is 3.16 10 −3 N and the
length of the wire is 2.50 cm? Calculate the surface tension  and find a likely match
from Table 11.3.

Solution F 3.16  10 −3 N
F = L = 2l   = = = 6.32  10 −2 N/m
2l 2(0.0250 m)

Based on the values in Table 11.3, the fluid is probably glycerin.

61. If the gauge pressure inside a rubber balloon with a 10.0-cm radius is 1.50 cm of
water, what is the effective surface tension of the balloon?

Solution  98.1 N/m 2 

(a) Pg = (15.0 cm H 2 O)  = 1.472  10 3 N/m 2
 1.0 cm H 2 O 
4
Pg =
r
1
( )
  = rPg = (0.25)(0.100 m) 1.472  10 3 N/m 2 = 36.8 N/m
4
4 4(36.8 N/m)
(b) Pg = = −2
= 2.94  103 N/m 2
r 5.00  10 m

62. Calculate the gauge pressures inside 2.00-cm-radius bubbles of water, alcohol, and
soapy water. Which liquid forms the most stable bubbles, neglecting any effects of
evaporation?

Solution 4 4(0.0728 N/m 2 )

P= , so that Pw = = 14.6 N/m 2 ,
r 2.00  10 −2 m
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

4(0.0223 N/m 2 )
pa = −2
= 4.46 N/m 2
2.00 10 m
4(0.0370 N/m 2 )
Psw = = 7.40 N/m 2
2.00 10 − 2 m

Alcohol forms the most stable bubble, since the absolute pressure inside is closest to
atmospheric pressure.

63. Suppose water is raised by capillary action to a height of 5.00 cm in a glass tube. (a)
To what height will it be raised in a paraffin tube of the same radius? (b) In a silver
tube of the same radius?

Solution 2 w cos g 2 w cos p

(a) hg = and hp =
 w gr  w gr
cos g  cos p 
 = (5.00 cm) cos107   = − 1.46 cm
hg
=  hp = hg 
hp cos p  cos   cos 0 
 g 

 cos s 
(b) hs = hg   = (5.00 cm) cos 90  = 0 cm
 cos   cos 0 
 g 

64. Calculate the contact angle  for olive oil if capillary action raises it to a height of
7.07 cm in a glass tube with a radius of 0.100 mm. Is this value consistent with that
for most organic liquids?

Solution 2 cos
h=
gr
 hgr 
 = cos−1  
 2 
 (7.07 10 − 2 m)(9.2 10 2 kg/m 3 )(9.80 m/s 2 )(1.00 10 − 4 m ) 
= cos −1   = 5.14 = 5.1
 2(0.032 N/m) 

This is near the value of  = 0 for most organic liquids.

65. When two soap bubbles touch, the larger is inflated by the smaller until they form a
single bubble. (a) What is the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble with a 1.50-cm
radius? (b) Inside a 4.00-cm-radius soap bubble? (c) Inside the single bubble they form
if no air is lost when they touch?
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

Solution 4 4(0.0370 N/m)

(a) P1 = = = 9.87 N/m 2
r (1.50  10 -2 m)
4 4(0.0370 N/m)
(b) P2 = = = 3.70 N/m 2
r 0.0400 m
4 3 4 3 4 3
(c) V = V1 + V2 = r1 + r2 = R . So that
3 3 3

R = r13 + r23 13

= (0.0150 m) 3 + (0.0400 m) 3 
13
= 0.0406 m.

The gauge pressure for the single bubble is:

4 4(0.0370 N/m)
P= = = 3.65 N/m 2
r 0.0406 m

66. Calculate the ratio of the heights to which water and mercury are raised by capillary
action in the same glass tube.

Solution 2 m cos m 2 cos w

hm = and hw = w
m gr  w gr
hw 2 w cos w m gr  cos w m
=  = w
hm  w gr 2 m cos m  m cos m  w

=
(0.0728 N/m )(cos 0)(13.6 103 kg/m 3 ) = −2.78
(0.465 N/m )(cos140)(1.00 103 kg/m 3 )
(The ratio is negative because water is raised whereas mercury is lowered.)

67. What is the ratio of heights to which ethyl alcohol and water are raised by capillary
action in the same glass tube?

Solution 2 e cos e 2 cos w

he = and hw = w
 e gr  w gr
he
= e =
(
 cos e  w (0.0223 N/m )(cos 0) 1.00  10 3 kg/m 3 )
= 0.388 = 0.39
(
hm  m cos m  e (0.0728 N/m )(cos 0) 0.79  10 3 kg/m 3 )

11.9 PRESSURES IN THE BODY

Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

68. During forced exhalation, such as when blowing up a balloon, the diaphragm and
chest muscles create a pressure of 60.0 mm Hg between the lungs and chest wall.
What force in newtons does this pressure create on the 600 cm2 surface area of the
diaphragm?

Solution  133 N/m 2  1m 1m 

F = PA =  60.0 mm Hg   600 cm2    = 479 N
 1.00 mm Hg  100 cm 100 cm 

69. You can chew through very tough objects with your incisors because they exert a large
force on the small area of a pointed tooth. What pressure in pascals can you create by
exerting a force of 500 N with your tooth on an area of 1.00 mm 2 ?

Solution F 500 N 1000 mm 1000 mm

P= = 2
  = 5.00 108 N/m 2 = 5.00 108 Pa
A 1.00 mm 1m 1m

70. One way to force air into an unconscious person’s lungs is to squeeze on a balloon
appropriately connected to the subject. What force must you exert on the balloon
with your hands to create a gauge pressure of 4.00 cm water, assuming you squeeze
on an effective area of 50.0 cm2 ?

Solution  98.1 N/m 2 

Pg = (4.00 cm H 2 O)  = 392 .4 N/m 2
 1.0 cm H 2 O 
 1m2 
( )(
F = PA = 392 .4 N/m 2 50.0 cm 2  )  = 1.96 N
2 
 1  10 cm 
4

71. Heroes in movies hide beneath water and breathe through a hollow reed (villains
never catch on to this trick). In practice, you cannot inhale in this manner if your lungs
are more than 60.0 cm below the surface. What is the maximum negative gauge
pressure you can create in your lungs on dry land, assuming you can achieve
− 3.00 cm water pressure with your lungs 60.0 cm below the surface?

Solution P = −3.00 cm H 2 O − (− 60.0 cm H 2 O ) = − 63.0 cm H 2 O

Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

72. Gauge pressure in the fluid surrounding an infant’s brain may rise as high as 85.0 mm
Hg (5 to 12 mm Hg is normal), creating an outward force large enough to make the
skull grow abnormally large. (a) Calculate this outward force in newtons on each side
of an infant’s skull if the effective area of each side is 70.0 cm2 . (b) What is the net
force acting on the skull?

Solution  133 N/m 2 

(a) F = PA = (85.0 mm Hg)  (70.0  10 − 4 m 2 ) = 79.1 N
 1.00 mm Hg 

(b) Net F = 0 , since there are two equal and opposite forces.

73. A full-term fetus typically has a mass of 3.50 kg. (a) What pressure does the weight of
such a fetus create if it rests on the mother’s bladder, supported on an area of
90.0 cm2 ? (b) Convert this pressure to millimeters of mercury and determine if it
alone is great enough to trigger the micturition reflex (it will add to any pressure
already existing in the bladder).

Solution
(a) F = PA  P =
(
F mg (3.50 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2
= =
)
A A 90.0  10 − 4 m 2
= 3.811  10 3 N/m 2 = 3.81  10 3 N/m 2

(b) P = (3.811  10 3 N/m 2 )

 1.0 mm Hg 
2 
= 28.7 mm Hg
 133 N/m 

Since 28.7 mm Hg  25 mm Hg , the pressure of the fetus is enough to trigger the

reflex.

74. If the pressure in the esophagus is − 2.00 mm Hg while that in the stomach is
+ 20.0 mm Hg , to what height could stomach fluid rise in the esophagus, assuming a
density of 1.10 g/mL? (This movement will not occur if the muscle closing the lower
end of the esophagus is working properly.)

Solution  133 N/m 2 

P = (22.0 mm Hg )  = 2926 N/m 2
 1.0 mm Hg 
P 2926 N/m 2
P = hg  h = = = 0.271 m = 27.1 cm
( )(
g 1.10  10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 )
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

75. Pressure in the spinal fluid is measured as shown in Figure 11.43. If the pressure in
the spinal fluid is 10.0 mm Hg: (a) What is the reading of the water manometer in
cm water? (b) What is the reading if the person sits up, placing the top of the fluid
60 cm above the tap? The fluid density is 1.05 g/mL.

Solution  133 N/m 2  1.0 cm H 2 O 

(a) P0 = (10.0 mm Hg )   = 13.6 m H 2 O
 1.0 mm Hg  98.1 N/m 
2

(b) P = P0 + P = P0 + hg , or
( )( )
P = 1330 N/m 2 + 1.05  10 3 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 (0.600 m )
= 7504 N/m 2 , then converting to cm water :

(
P = 7504 N/m 2  )
 1.0 cm H 2 O 
2 
= 76.5 cm H 2 O
 98.1 N/m 

76. Calculate the maximum force in newtons exerted by the blood on an aneurysm, or
ballooning, in a major artery, given the maximum blood pressure for this person is 150
mm Hg and the effective area of the aneurysm is 20.0 cm2 . Note that this force is
great enough to cause further enlargement and subsequently greater force on the
ever-thinner vessel wall.

Solution  133 N/m 2 

F = PA = (150 mm Hg ) ( )
 20.0  10 − 4 m 2 = 39.9 N
 1.0 mm Hg 

77. During heavy lifting, a disk between spinal vertebrae is subjected to a 5000-N
compressional force. (a) What pressure is created, assuming that the disk has a
uniform circular cross section 2.00 cm in radius? (b) What deformation is produced if
the disk is 0.800 cm thick and has a Young’s modulus of 1.5  109 N/m 2 ?

Solution F 5000 N
(a) P = = = 3.98  10 6 Pa
A  (0.0200 m )2

(b) L =
1F
L0 =
PL0
=
( )
3.98  10 6 N/m 2 (0.00800 m )
 A  1.5  10 9 N/m 2
= 2.1  10 −5 m = 2.1  10 -3 cm
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

78. When a person sits erect, increasing the vertical position of their brain by 36.0 cm, the
heart must continue to pump blood to the brain at the same rate. (a) What is the gain
in gravitational potential energy for 100 mL of blood raised 36.0 cm? (b) What is the
drop in pressure, neglecting any losses due to friction? (c) Discuss how the gain in
gravitational potential energy and the decrease in pressure are related.

Solution (a) PE g = mgh = Vgh

  1m  
3

(
= 1.05  10 kg/m 100 cm  
3 3 3
) 2
( )
  9.80 m/s (0.360 m ) = 0.370 J
  100 cm  

(b) P = gh = (1.05 103 kg/m 3 )(9.80 m/s 2 )(− 0.360 m ) = −3.70 103 Pa.

The pressure drops 3.70  10 3 Pa.

(c) The work done to raise the fluid is the gain in potential energy. This work is
provided by the force that raises the fluid through the distance 36.0 cm. This
force is equal to the pressure times the cross-sectional area, so that the potential
energy and the pressure are related by

PE = W = Fd = (PA cross-sectional)d = PV , or mgh = PV = ghV = (V )gh.

79. (a) How high will water rise in a glass capillary tube with a 0.500-mm radius? (b) How
much gravitational potential energy does the water gain? (c) Discuss possible sources
of this energy.

Solution 2 cos 2(0.0728 N/m )(cos 0)

(a) h = =
gr ( )(
1.00  10 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 0.500  0 −3 m
3
)( )
−2
= 2.97  10 m = 2.97 cm

h
(b) The center of mass of the water in the tube had been raised by h = .
2
PE = mg h =
mgh Vgh  r h gh r h g
= =
2
=
( 2 2
)
2 2 2 2
 (1.00  10 3 kg/m 2 )(0.500  10 −3 m ) (2.97  10 −2 ) (9.80 m/s 2 )
2 2

PE =
2
−6
= 3.39  10 J

(c) Work is done by the surface tension force through an effective distance h / 2 to
raise the column of water.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

80. A negative pressure of 25.0 atm can sometimes be achieved with the device in Figure
11.44 before the water separates. (a) To what height could such a negative gauge
pressure raise water? (b) How much would a steel wire of the same diameter and
length as this capillary stretch if suspended from above?

Solution  1.03  10 3 cm H 2 O 
(a) (25.0 atm)  = 2.575  10 4 cm = 257.5 m = 258 m
 1.0 atm 

(b) Assume that a steel wire of length L0 = 258 m is suspended from above.

F  L  FL
=  s    L = 0
A  L0  sA
 s AL0 gL0  s gL20
L = =
sA s

=
(7.8 10 3
)( )
kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2 (258 m )
2
= 2.4 10 −2 m
2.10 10 N/m
11 2

81. Suppose you hit a steel nail with a 0.500-kg hammer, initially moving at 15.0 m/s and
brought to rest in 2.80 mm. (a) What average force is exerted on the nail? (b) How
much is the nail compressed if it is 2.50 mm in diameter and 6.00-cm long? (c) What
pressure is created on the 1.00-mm-diameter tip of the nail?

Solution 1 2
(a) KE = mv = W = F d , so that
2
mv 2 (0.500 kg )(15.0 m/s ) 2
F= = −3
= 2.01  10 4 N
2d 2(2.80  10 m)

 1  F 
(b) L =    L0
   A 
  2.01  10 N 

( )
4
1
=  2 
6.00  10 − 2 m = 1.17  0 −3 m
 2.10  10 N/m
11 2
( )
   1.25  10 m 
−3

F 2.01  10 4 N
(c) F = PA  P = = = 2.56  10 8 N/m 2
(
A  0.500  10 −3 m )2
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

82. Calculate the pressure due to the ocean at the bottom of the Marianas Trench near
the Philippines, given its depth is 11.0 km and assuming the density of sea water is
constant all the way down. (b) Calculate the percent decrease in volume of sea water
due to such a pressure, assuming its bulk modulus is the same as water and is
constant. (c) What would be the percent increase in its density? Is the assumption of
constant density valid? Will the actual pressure be greater or smaller than that
calculated under this assumption?

( )(
Solution (a) P = hg = 11.0  10 3 m 1025 kg/m 3 9.80 m/s 2)( )
1 atm
= 1.105  10 8 N/m 2  = 1.09  10 3 atm
1.013  10 N/m
5 2

V 1 F P 1.105  10 8 N/m 2
(b) = = = = 5.02  10 −2 = 5.0% decrease in volume .
V0 B A B 2.2  10 N/m
9 2

 m (V0 − V ) V0 1 1
(c) = = = = = 1.053, so that the
 m V0 V0 − V 1 − (V V0 ) 1.00 − 5.02 10 −2
percent increase in density is 5.3%. Therefore, the assumption of constant density
is not strictly valid. The actual pressure would be greater, since the pressure is
proportional to density.

83. The hydraulic system of a backhoe is used to lift a load as shown in Figure 11.45. (a)
Calculate the force F the slave cylinder must exert to support the 400-kg load and the
150-kg brace and shovel. (b) What is the pressure in the hydraulic fluid if the slave
cylinder is 2.50 cm in diameter? (c) What force would you have to exert on a lever
with a mechanical advantage of 5.00 acting on a master cylinder 0.800 cm in
diameter to create this pressure?

Solution (a) Fs d s sin  s = FB d B sin  B + FL d L sin  L

m gd sin 30 + mL gd L sin 30
Fs = B B
d s sin 90

=
(0.5)(150 kg )(1.10 m) + (400 kg)(1.70 m)(9.80 m/s 2 )
0.300 m
= 1.38  10 N4

F 1.38 10 4 N
(b) F = PA  P = = = 2.81 10 7 N/m 2
(
π r 2  1.25 10 −2 m ) 2
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 11

2
F F r 
(c) 1 = 2  F1 = F2  1  , so that
A1 A2  r2 
2
F r   1.38  10 4 N  0.400 cm 
2
F
F = 1 = 2  1  =    = 283 N
5.00 5.00  r2   5.00  1.25 cm 

84. Some miners wish to remove water from a mine shaft. A pipe is lowered to the water
90 m below, and a negative pressure is applied to raise the water. (a) Calculate the
pressure needed to raise the water. (b) What is unreasonable about this pressure? (c)
What is unreasonable about the premise?

Solution (a) P = hg = (−90 m)(1.00  10 3 kg/m 3 )(9.80 m/s 2 ) = − 8.8  10 5 N/m 2

(b) The pressure is unreasonably high. You cannot create a negative pressure of
greater than 1 atm.

(c) It is unreasonable to remove water this way. A positive pressure from below must
be applied, or you can raise the water with a negative pressure in stages, lifting
approximately 10.0 m in each stage.

85. You are pumping up a bicycle tire with a hand pump, the piston of which has a 2.00-
cm radius. (a) What force in newtons must you exert to create a pressure of
6.90  10 5 Pa (b) What is unreasonable about this (a) result? (c) Which premises are
unreasonable or inconsistent?

Solution (a) F = PA = (6.90 10 5 N/m 2 ) (2.00 10 −2 m)2 = 867 N

(b) This is too much force to exert with a hand pump.

(c) The assumed radius of the pump is too large; it would be nearly two inches in
diameter – too large for a pump or even a master cylinder. The pressure is
reasonable for bicycle tires.

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