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Diode Applications: Half Wave Rectifier

This document summarizes a student laboratory experiment on half-wave rectification. The objectives were to observe the output waveform of a half-wave rectifier with and without a filter capacitor and calculate the ripple factor. Key results included measuring a ripple factor of 0.44 without a capacitor that decreased to 0.05 with a larger resistor and capacitor. The conclusion was that adding filtration reduced the ripple in the output waveform.

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59 views8 pages

Diode Applications: Half Wave Rectifier

This document summarizes a student laboratory experiment on half-wave rectification. The objectives were to observe the output waveform of a half-wave rectifier with and without a filter capacitor and calculate the ripple factor. Key results included measuring a ripple factor of 0.44 without a capacitor that decreased to 0.05 with a larger resistor and capacitor. The conclusion was that adding filtration reduced the ripple in the output waveform.

Uploaded by

Îmæd Bël
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry of higher education and scientific research

University M’Hamed BOUGARA – Boumerdes –

Institute of electrical and electronic engineering

I.E.E.E ex: I.N.L.E.C


EE 241

Laboratory experiment #2

Diode applications
Half wave rectifier

Done by: Group: 04


⚫ Aissa Azzaz
⚫ Mouhamed yacin Rahal
⚫ Boulala Mohamed Aimen

Lab Date: 14th November, 2019.


Submission Date: 18th November, 2019.
Introduction:
Diodes are one of the simplest, but most useful of all semiconductor devices. Many types
of diode are used for a wide range of applications. Rectifier diodes are a vital component in power
supplies where they are used to convert AC mains (line) voltage to DC

Objectives:
The objectives of this experiment are to:

1. Observing the output waveform of a half wave rectifier with and without filter and finding
the ripple factor.
2. Comparing the results obtained using the Oscilloscope and those measured by voltmeter.

Equipment list:
We used in this laboratory experiment:

− Diode.
− Resistors (100 Ω & 1 KΩ)
− Capacitor (0.47 µF)
− Bread Board
− Function Generator
− Digital Multimeter
− Oscilloscope
− Probes and wires.
Without filter capacitor:
1. Drawing the source waveform indicating
the voltage and time levels:

The used calibrations are:

− Horizontal axis: 250 µs/div


− Vertical axis: 2 V/div

2. Constructing the given circuit:

a. On the screen of the scope, we


observe the two waveforms; the
source waveform in the yellow color
and the output waveform (the voltage
across R) in the blue color. The output
voltage is almost equal to positive part
of the source waveform since the
diode blocks the current in the reverse
bias region (where the source voltage
is negative) and the voltage drop on
the diode makes the peak value of the
output waveform less than the source
peak value.
b. Drawing the waveform across the load R.
The peak value of the output signal across the resistor R (Channel 2) is: Vp out = 3.60 V; because
of the diode and its voltage drop in the forward bias which is about 0.5 V
𝑉𝑝 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝐷 = 4 − 0.5 = 3.4 𝑉 ≈ 3.60 𝑉
c. The period of the input signal is equal to period of the output signal and it is equal to 1 ms.
d. When selecting channel 2 with the AC
coupling mode, a part of the output
signal appears below the center line.
Its level is equal to 1 V.
This part is called the offset and it is
the DC component of the output
signal (its average value).

e. Using the multimeter in DC voltage mode, we found that: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 1.018 𝑉
The value measured by the multimeter (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 1.018 𝑉) is equal to the previous
value of the offset (Voffset=1V) and also it is almost equal to the theoretical
𝑉𝑝 3.60
value (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = = = 1.15 𝑉), so:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ≈ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 1 𝑉

f. Using the multimeter in AC voltage mode, we found that: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐴𝐶) 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 2.29 𝑉
𝑉𝑝 3.60
the calculated value is: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐴𝐶) 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = = = 1.15 𝑉
2 2

g. Constructing the circuit and drawing the waveform across the diode:
With filter capacitor:
1. Constructing the circuit (R=1KΩ; C=0.47µF):

a. Showing the signal output across RC in the DC coupling mode:

The output signal became smoother (less ripple) after adding the capacitor. When the waveform
is positive and it is increasing the
capacitor charges until it reaches the
value of Vout peak but while the source
voltage starts to decrease or when it is
negative the capacitor starts to
discharge in the R, so the voltage across
decrease exponentially according to the
time constant (𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶). When the next
positive wave of the input signal
reaches the voltage across R and C, the
capacitor starts to charge and the cycle
of charging and discharging periodically
repeat.

b. When changing the mode of coupling


to AC coupling, we notice that the DC
component of the output signal has
been filtered; so we get on the ripple
waveform.
c. When increasing the
sensitivity, we found that the
peak to peak ripple voltage is:
𝑉𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑝−𝑝) = 2.56 𝑉

d. Measuring the voltage across RC:

In the DC mode: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) = 1.87 𝑉

In the AC mode: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐴𝐶) = 0.82 𝑉

We notice that when by adding the capacitor the DC value of the output signal has been
increased and its AC value (the ripple RMS value) has been decreased, so adding the capacitor
to the output makes the output signal more stable (the output signal has been enhanced).

e. Calculating the ripple factor:

𝑉𝑟 (𝑅𝑀𝑆) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐴𝐶) 0.82


𝑟1 = = = = 0.44
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 1.87

2. Constructing the circuit


(R=10KΩ; C=0.47µF ):
a. Showing the signal output across RC
in the DC coupling mode:

The output signal became smoother


(less ripple) after adding the capacitor
and even smother when changing the
1KΩ resistor by a 10KΩ resistor; this is
due to the fact that the voltage across
decrease exponentially according to
the time constant (𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶) and since
the bigger the R the longer 𝜏, we get
slower discharging with the 10KΩ
resistor which reduces the peak to
peak voltage value of the ripple.

b. When changing the mode of coupling


to AC coupling, we notice that the DC
component of the output signal has
been filtered. As a result, we get only
the ripple waveform without the
offset.

c. When increasing the sensitivity, we


found that the peak to peak ripple
voltage is: 𝑉𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑝−𝑝) = 0.56 𝑉
d. Measuring the voltage across RC:

In the DC mode: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) = 3.22 𝑉

In the AC mode: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐴𝐶) = 0.16 𝑉

We notice that when by adding the capacitor the DC value of the output signal has been
increased and its AC value (the ripple RMS value) has been decreased, so adding the capacitor
to the output makes the output signal more stable (the output signal has been enhanced).

e. Calculating the ripple factor:

𝑉𝑟 (𝑅𝑀𝑆) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐴𝐶) 0.16


𝑟2 = = = = 0.05
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝐷𝐶) 3.22

3. We notice that 𝑟2 ≫ 𝑟1 ,so by adding a capacitor filter to the output and increasing the load
resistance we increase the time constant which discharges the capacitor slower crating less
ripple which would decrease the ripple factor of the output signal. Another thing to remark is
the triangular wave is a good approximation to ripple signal (the smaller the ripple the better
the approximation).

Conclusion:
In this laboratory experiment, we become familiar with the one of the main applications of
the diode; the half wave rectifier and its output ripple factor by probing and observing the output of
a half wave rectifier with/without a filtering capacitor and calculating their ripple factor. Also, we
become more familiar with the measurements obtained by the oscilloscope or the multimeter and
how they relate to one another.

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