Batangas State University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Electronics, Instrumentation, and Mechatronics Engineering Department

Vector Analysis – Part 2

Presented for the course
ECE 401 Electromagnetics

ENGR. RAYNELL ANDAL INOJOSA, MSEEE

raynell.inojosa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph

Cross Product | Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems | Example Problems

Lecture 2
COURSE OUTLINE 05
Time-varying Fields
Maxwell Equation’s in Different Forms
Teaching, Learning, and Assessment Activities Chapter 4
FINAL EXAM
Major Examination

03
Maxwell’s Equation MIDTERM EXAM 06
Plane-wave Propagation
Major Examination
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics Reflection and Transmission of a Plane Wave
Chapter 2 Chapter 5

02
Vector Analysis 04
EM Fields in Materials 07
Transmission Lines
Vector Algebra and Vector Calculus
Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Media and Boundary Conditions Wave propagation in transmission lines
Chapter 3 Chapter 6
01
Introduction
Introduction to Electromagnetics
Chapter 0

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18

August September October November December

2
Asynchronous
Part 1. Describe two phenomena or situations, other than the mobile
telephone depicted in our previous lecture (Introduction to
Electromagnetics) that cannot be adequately explained by circuit
theory.

Part 2. Please study and solve Example 2-3, page 25 from the book
of David K. Cheng "Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics"
(uploaded in GClassroom). Note: Please answer also the "QUESTION"
at the bottom part.

Part 3. Plot the following points in a Cartesian Coordinate

System: A(4,3,2), B(0,-1,2), C(-4,1,-1), D(2,2,-2). Specify the unit vector
extending from point A toward the origin.

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Part 3 (solution)
Ex. 1. Specify the unit vector extending from point A toward the origin.

▪ Step 1: Construct the vector extending from point A to origin.

𝐑 𝐀𝐎 = 0 − 4 𝒂𝑥 + 0 − 3 𝒂𝑦 + 0 − 2 𝒂𝑧 = −4𝒂𝑥 − 3𝒂𝑦 − 2𝒂𝑧

▪ Step 2: Continue by finding the magnitude of 𝐑 𝐀𝐎 ,

𝐑 𝐀𝐎 = (−𝟒)𝟐 + −𝟑 𝟐 + (−𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟓

▪ Step 3: Express the desired unit vector as the quotient,

𝐑 𝐀𝐎 −4𝒂𝑥 − 3𝒂𝑦 +2𝒂𝑧

𝒂𝐀𝐎 = = = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟑𝒂𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟕𝒂𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟏𝒂𝒛
𝐑 𝐀𝐎 𝟐𝟗

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
Cross Product
𝐀 x 𝐁 = 𝑎𝑁 𝐀 𝐁 sin 𝜽𝑨𝑩

The cross product 𝐀 x 𝐁 is a vector; the magnitude of 𝐀 x 𝐁 is equal to the

product of the magnitudes of 𝐀, 𝐁, and the sine of the smaller angle between
𝐀 and 𝐁 the direction of 𝐀 x 𝐁 is perpendicular to the plane containing
𝐀 and 𝐁 and is along that one of the two possible perpendiculars which is in
the direction of advance of a right-handed screw as 𝐀 is turned into 𝐁.
Operational Definition of the Cross
Product in Rectangular Coordinates

Given

Where

Therefore

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 1. Given 𝐀 = 2𝒂𝑥 − 3𝒂𝑦 + 𝒂𝑧 and 𝐁 = −4𝒂𝑥 − 2𝒂𝑦 + 𝟓𝒂𝑧 , find 𝐀 x 𝐁.

▪ Solution

𝐀 x 𝐁 = (𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝑧 − 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝑦 )𝒂𝑥 + (𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝑥 − 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒛 )𝒂𝑦 − (𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝑦 − 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝑥 )𝒂𝑧

Example
= ((−3)(5) − (1)(−2))𝒂𝑥 + ( 1 (−4) − (2)(5))𝒂𝑦 − ((2)(−2) − (−3)(−4))𝒂𝑧

= −13𝒂𝑥 − 14𝒂𝑦 − 1𝟔𝒂𝑧

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 2. A triangle is defined by three points 𝐀(𝟐, −𝟓, 𝟏), 𝐁(−𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟒), and
𝐂(𝟎, 𝟑, 𝟏), find the following:
a) 𝐑 𝑩𝑪 x 𝐑 𝑩𝑨
b) The area of the triangle
c) a unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle is
located.

Example ▪ Solution for (a)

𝐑 𝐁𝐂 = 𝑹𝒄 − 𝑹𝑩 = 0 − −3 𝒂𝑥 + 3 − 2 𝒂𝑦 + 1 − 4 𝒂𝑧 = 3𝒂𝑥 + 𝒂𝑦 − 𝟑𝒂𝑧

𝐑 𝐁𝐀 = 𝑹𝑨 − 𝑹𝑩 = 2 − −3 𝒂𝑥 + −5 − 2 𝒂𝑦 + 1 − 4 𝒂𝑧 = 5𝒂𝑥 − 7𝒂𝑦 − 𝟑𝒂𝑧

𝒂𝑥 𝒂𝑦 𝒂𝒛
𝐑 𝑩𝑪 x 𝐑 𝑩𝑨 = 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟑 = −3 − 21 𝒂𝑥 − −9 − −15 𝒂𝑦 + (−21 − 5)𝒂𝑧
𝟓 −𝟕 −𝟑
= −24𝒂𝑥 − 6𝒂𝑦 − 26𝒂𝑧

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 2. A triangle is defined by three points 𝐀(𝟐, −𝟓, 𝟏), 𝐁(−𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟒), and
𝐂(𝟎, 𝟑, 𝟏), find the following:
a) 𝐑 𝑩𝑪 x 𝐑 𝑩𝑨
b) The area of the triangle
c) a unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle
is located.

Example ▪ Solution for (b)

𝟏
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝐑 𝑩𝑪 x 𝐑 𝑩𝑨
𝟐
𝟏 2 2
= −24 + −6 + (−26)2
𝟐
𝟏
= (35.889)
𝟐

= 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔)

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 2. A triangle is defined by three points 𝐀(𝟐, −𝟓, 𝟏), 𝐁(−𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟒), and
𝐂(𝟎, 𝟑, 𝟏), find the following:
a) 𝐑 𝑩𝑪 x 𝐑 𝑩𝑨
b) The area of the triangle
c) a unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle
is located.

Example ▪ Solution for (c)

𝐑 𝑩𝑪 x 𝐑𝑩𝑨
𝑼⊥ =
𝐑 𝑩𝑪 x 𝐑𝑩𝑨
−24𝒂𝑥 −6𝒂𝑦 −26𝒂𝑧
=
−24 2 + −6 2 +(−26)2

= −0.669𝒂𝑥 − 0.167𝒂𝑦 − 0.724𝒂𝑧

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 ▪ Solve and study D1.4, page 15:
▪ Cross product
▪ Area of the triangle
Reference: Hayt Jr., William H, and Buck, John A., Engineering Electromagnetics,
6th ed., McGrawHill Publishing Company, Inc., USA.

Asynchronous
Activity

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 𝑷 (𝝆, 𝝓, 𝒛) Cylindrical
Coordinate
System
The circular cylindrical coordinate system
is the 3D version of the polar coordinates
(analytic geometry)

For simplicity
cylindrical coordinate system (although
there are other systems: elliptic,
hyperbolic, parabolic)
3 Mutually Perpendicular Surfaces
circular cylinder (𝜌 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠); plane
(𝝓 = azimuthal angle); another plane
z = constant
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
Point Transformations in Cylindrical
Coordinate System

▪ The range of coordinates

are:
0≤𝜌 < ∞
0 ≤ 𝜙 < 2𝜋
−∞ < 𝑧 < ∞
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
Point Transformations in Cylindrical
Coordinate System

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 3. Transform the vector 𝐁 = 𝑦𝒂𝑥 − 𝑥𝒂𝑦 + 𝒛𝒂𝑧 into cylindrical coordinates.

Example

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 4 (page 19, D1.5 from Hayt’s Book)
(a) Give the cartesian coordinates of the point 𝑪 𝜌 = 4.4, 𝜙 = −115°, z = 2 .
(b) Give the cylindrical coordinates of the point 𝑫 𝑥 = −3.1, y = 2.6, z = −3 .
(c) Specify the distance from 𝑪 to 𝑫.

Example ▪ Solution for (a)

𝒙 = 𝝆 cos(−115) = −𝟏. 𝟖60

𝒚 = 𝝆 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−115) = −𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝟖
𝒛=𝟐
𝑪 = −1.860𝒂𝑥 − 3.988𝒂𝑦 + 2𝒂𝑧

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 4 (page 19, D1.5 from Hayt’s Book)
(a) Give the cartesian coordinates of the point 𝑪 𝜌 = 4.4, 𝜙 = −115°, z = 2 .
(b) Give the cylindrical coordinates of the point 𝑫 𝑥 = −3.1, y = 2.6, z = −3 .
(c) Specify the distance from 𝑪 to 𝑫.

Example ▪ Solution for (b)

𝝆= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = (−𝟑. 𝟏)𝟐 +(𝟐. 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟔

𝟐.𝟔
𝜭 = tan−𝟏 ( ) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟖 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟐°
−𝟑.𝟏

𝒛 = −3

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Ex. 4 (page 19, D1.5 from Hayt’s Book)
(a) Give the cartesian coordinates of the point 𝑪 𝜌 = 4.4, 𝜙 = −115°, z = 2 .
(b) Give the cylindrical coordinates of the point 𝑫 𝑥 = −3.1, y = 2.6, z = −3 .
(c) Specify the distance from 𝑪 to 𝑫.

Example ▪ Solution for (c)

𝐑 𝐂𝐃 = 𝑹𝑫 − 𝑹𝑪
= −3.1𝒂𝑥 + 2.6𝒂𝑦 − 𝟑𝒂𝑧 − (−1.86𝒂𝑥 − 3.99𝒂𝑦 + 2𝒂𝑧 )
= −1.24𝒂𝑥 + 6.58𝒂𝑦 − 5𝒂𝑧 )

𝐑 𝐂𝐃 = −1.24 2 + −6.58 2 + (−5)2

= 𝟖. 𝟑𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 𝑷 (𝒓, 𝜭, 𝝓) Spherical
Coordinate
System
Based on the latitude-and-longitude
system of locating a place on the
surface of the earth.

The r coordinate represents a sphere

of radius r centered at the origin. The
ϴ coordinate represents the angle
made by the cone with the z-axis. The
ϕ coordinate is the same as
cylindrical coordinate.
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
Relationships between space variables

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

Relevant Activity
For Asynchronous Learning

Solve and Study Example 1.4, page 22:

• Finding spherical components

Reference:
• Hayt Jr., William H, and Buck, John A., Engineering Electromagnetics,
6th ed., McGrawHill Publishing Company, Inc., USA.

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

 Announcement

❑ Short Quiz
❑Coverage: Lecture 1 and Lecture 2
❑Sept. 18, 2021, Saturday (link will be open from 1:00 pm to 6:00 pm)
❑Students must indicate start and end time of taking the quiz (for 1 hour only).
❑Open notes!
❑Even if you are exempted, you still have to accomplish the form on September 18 and
select “exempted” when filling in. Failure to do so would invalidate your exemption.

❑ For those who won’t be able to take the quiz. A different set of quiz will
be administered at a scheduled date.
Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics
For this lecture
Vector Analysis

✓ Scalars and Vectors

✓ Vector Algebra
✓ The Cartesian Coordinate
System
✓ Vector Components and Unit
Vectors
✓ The Vector Field
✓ The Dot Product QUESTIONS?
✓ The Cross Product
✓ Circular Cylindrical Coordinate
System
✓ Spherical Coordinate System

Inojosa | ECE 401 Electromagnetics

ECE 401 ELECTROMAGNETICS

Sir Ino
raynell.inojosa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph
09292410093

Contact Hours: Saturday (1:00 pm – 6: 00 pm)

Batangas State University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Electronics, Instrumentation, and Mechatronics Engineering Department