2.

Verb-adjective /or adverb "feel good" as in "feel-good factor"

"buy now", "pay later" as in "buy-now pay-later purchase"
3. Verb-preposition "stick on" as in "stick-on label" "walk on" as in "walk-on part"
4. Adjective-noun-ed "light-hearted banter", "heavy-handed treatment",
"loud-mouthed boy", "middle-aged lady", "rose-tinted glasses".
5. Noun, adjective or adverb-present participle "an awe-inspiring personality"
"a ground-breaking plan" "a long-lasting affair" "a far-reaching decision"
6. Number OR Numeral-singular noun "seven-year itch" "five-sided polygon"

a concise
"20th-century poem" "30-piece band" "tenth-storey window"
7. Colours in compounds "a dark-blue sweater" "a reddish-orange dress".
8. Comparatives and superlatives in compound "the highest-placed competitor"
"a shorter-term loan"
9. Compounds including two geographical modifiers:"Afro-Cuban"
"African-American" "Anglo-Asian"

english
10. Number-year-old “a ten-year-old boy” “a fifty-year-old lady”
11. Adverb-past participle "a well-known personality" "a highly-equipped school"
12. Noun-past participle "a man-made table" "a tree-bordered street"
SUFFIXES

Noun Suffixes Adjective Suffixes 17. –ly: friendly/

grammar
1. –age: marriage (n) 1. –al: national (adj) manly
2. -ance, -ence: assistance (n) 2. –ar: circular/ familiar (adj) 18.–ous: mysterious
3. –cy: accuracy(n) 3. –ary: secondary/ necessary (adj)
4. -dom: wisdom(n)/kingdom(n) 4. –ant/ ent: brilliant/ obedient 19.–some: tiresome/
5. -er, -or: fighter (n) / actor (n) 5. –able/ ible: practicable/ visible troublesom
6. –hood: childhood (n) 6. –ate: fortunate/ temperate e
7. –ing: (gerund) reading(n) 7. –ed: (p.p) satisfied/ excited 20.–y: healthy/
8. –ion: action / expression (n) 8. –ed: (from n) bearded/ talented wealthy
9. –(i)ty: capability(n)/ 9. –en: wooden (adj) Verb Suffixes
loyalty(n) 10.–ic: heroic (adj) / economic 1. –ate: activate(v)
10. –ice: service(n)/ cowardice(n) 11.–ful: hopeful (adj) 2. –en: brighten (v)
11. –ism: socialism(n) 12.–ish: foolish/ bookish 3. -ify or –fy:
12. – ist: violinist (n) 13.–ive: extensive(adj) simplify(v)
13. -ment: contentment(n) 14.–al: financial (adj) 4. –ize: publicize
14. –ness: toughness (n) 15.–y: hairy (adj) (v)
15. –ship: friendship(n) 16.–less: powerless (adj) Adverb Suffixes
16. –th: truth(n)/ health(n) -ly: quickly (adv)

THE COMPARISON
1/ Comparative
COMPOUND ADJECTIVE A- Adjective + er + than:
This form is used with adjectives of one or two syllables (fast, big, hea/vy, cle/ver…)
1. Adjective-noun "round table" as in "round-table discussion" "red light" as in "red- * The rabbit is faster than the hen.
light district" * The elephant is heavier than the horse.

GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 1

B- more + adjective + than: Type Three
This form is used with adjectives of two OR more syllables (fa/mous, im/por/tant, 1-Impossible wish in the present time(now).
ex/pen/sive…) *If I had money, I would buy a car.
* This dress is more expensive than that shirt. 2- Unfulfilled present action.
* Messi is more famous than Ronaldo. *If I were you, I wouldn’t accept this.
If + Simple past (verb+ed)-------- would + verb
2- Comparison of equality _______________________________________________________________
A- as + adjective + as:(positive type) Type Four
* Jane is as clever as her sister. Unfulfilled past action(regret – certainty – blame)
* Money is as important as education. * If I had studied hard, I would have succeeded.
* You are as slow as a tortoise. * If you had paid attention, nothing would have happened.
B- not so + adjective + as:(negative type) If + Past perfect (had+p.p) -------- would have+ p.p
* My father is not so rich as my uncle. = My uncle is richer than my father.
* John is not so tall as Tom. = John is shorter than Tom.
* This mountain is not so high as Mount Everest. THE PASSIVE VOICE
= Mount Everest is higher than this mountain. Active Voice:When a verb form shows that the subject has done something. The
sentence begins with the subject:
3- Comparison of degree Paul wrote a letter.
This form is used to show the degree of comparison between two different sides Sub. V Obj
(people or things). Some adverbs are used: twice, three times, four times... Passive Voice: When a verb form shows that something has been done to the subject- the
E.g: twice as + adjective + as: sentence begins with the object:
* This building is twice as high as that house. A letter was written by Paul.
* I’ve got four times as much money as you have. Obj. V Sub.
* Our school is three times as big as your school. Active Tense Passive Form
4- The Superlative
the + adjective + est + of all: 1-Simple Present 1-am/is/are +past participle
* The Quran is the greatest book of all. 2-Present Continuous 2-am/is/are + being +p.p
* China is the most populated country in the world. 3-Present Perfect 3-have/has + been + p.p
* Ahmad is one of the cleverest students at the university. 4-Simple Past. 4-was/were + p.p
5-Past Continuous 5-was/were + being + p.p
THE CONDITIONAL 6-Past Perfect 6-had + been + p.p
Type One 7-Future 1 7-will +be + p.p
General truth and scientific data. High degree of certainty about the result. 8-Future 2 8-is/are going to be + p.p
* If we mix oil and water, the oil floats. 9-Modals 9-can / could / must / would / shall / should
*If you keep ice in the sun, it turns into water. + be + p.p
If+Simple Present (verb+s) ------ Simple Present (verb+s) Examples
_______________________________________________________________ 1-Tom catches a fish. *A fish is caught by Tom.
Type Two 2-Ted is repairing the car. *The car is being repaired by Ted.
Probability and uncertainty in the future. 3-Mona has posted the letter. *The letter has been posted by Mona.
*If you come to the party, you’ll enjoy the music. 4-Jack bought a new car. *A new car was bought by Jack.
* If I get this job, I’ll be grateful to you. 5-Mary was cooking a nice meal. *A nice meal was being cooked by Mary.
If +Simple Present (verb+s)-------Future (will+verb) 6-Mike had paid all the bills. *All the bills had been paid by Mike.
_______________________________________________________________ 7-The doctor will cure the patients. *The patients will be cured by the doctor.
8-You must achieve this job today. *This job must be achieved today.
GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 2
 He
VERB FORMS She never drinks milk .
1- The infinitive (to+verb) It usually
A-When a verb succeeds another, the main verb takes a tense form while the second takes always sometimes
the ‘to-infinitive’ form. often
I
Examples:* George likes to drink juice. / * Joe wants to travel by plane.
We
B-The ‘to-infinitive’ is used to express a purpose Examples:
You drink milk.
* Mary went to London to visit her grandfather. / * He works hard to succeed.
they
* To be or not to be, that is the question.
C-The ‘bare infinitive’ becomes a ‘to-infinitive’ in the passive voice. Use: Indefinite present state
Examples:*Bob made me work overtime. / -I was made to work overtime. The Negative Form:
* I have never known him interfere in others’ affairs. verb + s doesn’t + verb
2 - The bare infinitive/ base form (verb) Mary usually drives fast. Fred doesn’t drive fast.
A-The bare infinitive is used after some verbs such as: make, know, let, hear, see, feel, Verb don’t + verb
notice, observe, watch. I love Mummy and Daddy. I don’t love this song
Examples: * They let me go. / * I heard her shout last night
* They watched you dance with Susan. 2/ The Present Continuous be + verb(ing)
B-The bare infinitive is used after modals such as: must, can, should...  What is this man doing now?
Examples:* You should listen to the teacher. / * Tom couldn’t arrive on time.
C-Requests and Commands.
• This man is talking on the telephone now.
Examples:* Give me some water, please. / *Be careful when you cross the street. Indicators: now, today
3 - The gerund (verb+ing) E.g.: *We are learning English now.
A-The gerund is used after some verbs such as: remember, mind, hate, like, dislike, resent,
go, enjoy, avoid Examples: * I don’t mind my pupils criticizing me. He
*He resents being criticized / *Let’s go swimming. She is (‘s)
B-It is used after some expressions such as: be used to, look forward to… It
Examples:*I ‘m looking forward to having a quick reply. I am (‘m) playing now.
*He is used to walking every night. We
C-It is used as a noun. Examples:*My hobby is travelling overseas. You are (‘re)
D- Adjective (v+ing): exciting/ interesting they
4 -The past participle (verb+ed) Use: An active movement is taking place now at the same time of speaking.
A-The main verb of the active voice is turned into the past participle in the passive voice. The Negative Form:
Examples: *The mechanic is repairing my car. /-My car is being repaired. He/She/It is playing now. isn’t playing now.
B- Adjective (v+ed): excited/ interested
VERB TENSES I am playing now am not playing now
1/ The Simple Present verb+s We/You /they are playing now aren’t playing now
What does this man do?
 This man is a mechanic. // He always repairs cars. 3/ The Present Perfect
Indicators: never, usually, always, sometimes, often.  Have you watched this film?
E.g.:*Tom always travels by plane. *We never go to school on Friday.  Of course, I’ve already watched it three times.
Indicators:Yet,already,just, since, for, so far…
E.g:* Jane has just arrived. / *We have already finished the test.
The present Perfect Form: has/have+past participle p.p

GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 3

 He The Simple Past Form: verb+ed
She has He
It She
I already seen this film. It watched a nice film, last night.
We I
You have We went fishing, yesterday.
they You
Uses: 1-Indefinite past action / 2- Past action related to the present they
3-Recent past action Use: Precise and definite past action.
The Negative Form: The Negative Form:
He/She/It has passed his exams. hasn’t passed Verb + ed didn’t / did not
He/She/It/I/We/
I/We/You /they have passed his exams. haven’t passed You/they invited me for lunch yesterday. didn’t invite me for lunch.

4/ The Present Perfect Progressive 6/ The Past Continuous

 Have you finished reading these books?  When did you see Peter? // I saw him while he was playing music.
 Not yet. I’ve been reading these books for two weeks now, and I’m still reading. Indicators: when, while…
Indicators: still, up to now… E.g:* I saw Paul, while he was swimming. *When Bob arrived, David was sleeping.
E.g: *I’ve been working in this factory for 30 years now, and I’m still working here. The Past Continuous Form: was- were+ verb(ing)
*Mary has been living in London since 1950, and she’s still there. He
The Present Perfect Progressive Form: has/ have + been + verb(ing) She
He It was
She has I reading a story when John came in.
It We
I been learning English for many years. You Were
We they
You Have Use: 1- Past continuous action. / 2-Two past simultaneous progressive actions.
they 3- Interrupted past continuous action.
Use: An action started in the past and continued up to now and it’s still going on further The Negative Form:
into the future. Was / were +Verb + ing Wasn't / weren't
The Negative Form:
He/She/It/I was reading a story wasn't reading a story
He/She/It has been driving ... hasn’t been driving...
I/We/You /they have been playing.... haven’t been playing... We/You/they were reading a story weren’t reading a story

5/ The Simple Past

 George Washington was the president of the USA in 1779.
7/ The Past Perfect
 Washington led the American independence war against Britain in 1776. Action 1: I sent a letter.
Indicators: yesterday, last(week- month- year), ago… Action 2: I went to the dentist.
E.g: *Last week, John went to Britain. / *My uncle visited me yesterday. Action 1 before Action 2
*Mary got her degree in 1995. E.g: *George had visited me, before he went to his office.

GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 4

 * Mike went to L.A, after he had got his degree. “ I always go to the cinema on Sunday,” said Adam. 
* I had sent a letter before I went to the dentist. Adam said that he always went to the cinema on Sunday. 
Indicators: before, after… 2-The Present Continuous 
The Past Perfect Form: had+ past paticiple (p.p) Present Continuous--------Past Continuous 
Use: An anterior past action. Two past successive actions. The first action is in the past “Mary is coming tonight,”John told me. 
perfect tense. John told that Mary was coming that night. 
3-The Present Perfect 
He Present Perfect--------Past Perfect 
She “Paul has got his degree from France,” informed me Susan. Susan informed me
It that Paul had got his degree from France.
I had gone to the park before I came here. 4-The Present Perfect Progressive 
We Present Perfect Progressive---------Past Perfect Progressive 
You “I’ve been playing with Real Madrid for years,” declared Raoul. 
they Raoul declared that he had been playing with Real Madrid for years. 
The Negative Form: 5-The Simple Past 
Simple Past-------- Past Perfect 
had+p.p hadn’t / had not “My brother bought a new house last week,” said Bill.
I had visited me before he flew to Paris. I hadn’t visited me before he Bill said that his brother had bought a new house the previous week.
flew to Paris. 6-The Past Continuous 
Past continuous--------Past Perfect Continuous 
“I saw this man while he was robbing the bank,” said the policeman. 
8/ The Future The policeman said that he had seen that man while he had been robbing the bank. 
 I’m going to fly to Rome next week
7-The Past Perfect 
Past Perfect-------- Past Perfect 
 I’ll travel to Rome next week. “I had lost all my money,” said Peter. 
Indicators: tomorrow, next week/ month/ year… Peter said that he had lost all his money. 
E.g: * Brazil is going to play against Italy tonight 8-The Past Perfect Progressive 
* My father will buy a new car next year. Past Perfect Progressive--------- Past Perfect Progressive 
The Future Form: 1- am/is/are+verb+ing 2-will+ verb “I had been thinking of marrying a rich girl,” said Peter. 
Use: 1.A planned action in the future. Peter said that he had been thinking of marrying a rich girl. 
2. A neutral - probable action in the future. 9-The Future 
Future: will + verb-------- Present Conditional: would + verb 
The Negative Form: “Tony Blair will visit Baghdad next week,” announced the BBC. 
The BBC announced that Tony Blair would visit Baghdad the following week.
will+verb won’t+verb Modal Changes 
He/She/It/I/We/ will visit Manchester won’t visit Manchester Will Would  Must Had to Ought to ………. 
You /they tomorrow. tomorrow. May Might  Shall Should Used to ………. 
Can Could Had better ………. Should ………. 
Could ……….
THE REPORTED SPEECH Time & Place Changes 
This That
Tense Changes These Those Now Then
1-The Simple Present  Ago Before
Simple Present --------Simple Past  Last night The previous night / The night before 

GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 5

Next week The following week  a- Paul suggested going to the cinema. 
Today That day  b- Paul proposed to go to the cinema. 
Tonight That night  c- Paul suggested that we should go to the cinema. 
Here There 
Tomorrow The following day/The next day/The day after  Request in Reported Speech 
Yesterday The previous day / The day before  Some reporting verbs must be used when requests are turned into the reported speech:
The day before yesterday Two days before The day after tomorrow In two days request /beg /ask /implore /entreat /desire / beseech /solicit + infinitive (to+verb) 
E.g:“Would you give me a pen, please?” said Paul. 
Question Changes  Paul requested me to give him a pen. 
a- Some reporting verbs must be used when direct questions are turned into the reported
speech: ask/ inquire/ demand/ wonder/ want to know/ question/  Advice in Reported Speech 
E.g: * “Where do you want to go now?” John asked me.  Some reporting verbs must be used when pieces of advice are turned into the reported
John asked me where I wanted to go then.  speech: advise/ urge/ exhort/persuade 
* “Why do you waste your time?” Mary asked me. Mary asked me why I wasted my E.g: “If I were you, I would marry her.” said Paul. 
time.  Paul advised me to marry her. 
b-The interrogative form of the sentence must be turned into a statement.  a- “You should tell them the truth,” said Mary. 
E g: * “How did you come here?” John inquired.  b- Mary advised me to tell them the truth. 
John inquired how I had come there.  OR Mary said that I should tell them the truth. 
c- ‘Whether’ or ‘if’ must be used when Yes / No questions are turned into the reported
speech. E.g: * “Is your father sleeping now?” Peter asked her. Peter asked her if her
father was sleeping then.  Exclamation in Reported Speech 
* “Do you like coffee or tea?” Jane asked me.  The reporting verb “exclaim” must be used into the following manner :exclaim + with +
Jane asked me whether I liked coffee or tea.  joy/ fear/ sorrow/ wonder/ surprise/ pain/ regret + that 
E.g: a- “What a beautiful girl Susan is!” said Paul. 
Paul exclaimed with wonder that Susan was a very beautiful girl. 
Imperative in Reported Speech  b- “Oh! What an excellent idea you gave me!” said Tom. 
a- Some reporting verbs must be used when imperative statements are turned into the Tom exclaimed with joy that I gave him an excellent idea. 
reported speech: command/ tell/ order 
E.g: * “Don’t beat the child like that.” said Paul. 
Paul told his wife not to beat the child like that.  Wish in Reported Speech 
* “Go and get me a piece of paper.” Jack shouted.  The reporting verb ‘wish’ must be used. 
Jack ordered him to go and get him a piece of paper.  E.g: “Wish you a happy journey,” said Paul. 
b- Reported verbs are changed into the infinitive.  Paul wished me a happy journey. 
* “Stop and throw your gun.” shouted the policeman.  b- “Happy birthday.” said Tom.
The policeman commanded him to stop and throw his gun .  Tom wished me a happy birthday. 
12-Congratulation in Reported Speech 
The reporting verb “congratulate” must be used. 
Suggestion in Reported Speech  E.g: “Congratulations! You’ve got your degree,” said Paul. 
Suggestions can be turned into the reported speech in 3 different methods: Paul congratulated me on getting my degree.
a- suggest/propose +gerund(verb+ing) 
b- suggest/propose +infinitive(to+verb) 
c- suggest/propose +that +clause 
E.g: “Let’s go to the cinema.” said Paul. 
OR “What about going to the cinema?” said Paul. 
“Why not go to the cinema?” said Paul. 
IRREGULAR VERBS

GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 6

group 1: end changes to ent group 6: different pronunciation of the same vowel+d group 12: V --- V2 (random) --- V3= V+n       
bend     bent     bent  or t ending  *bite     bit     *bitten        
build     built     built  deal    dealt    dealt *hide     hid     *hidden        
lend     lent     lent  dream    dreamed \ dreamt     dreamed \ dreamt  eat     ate     eaten        
send     sent     sent  lean    leaned \ leant    leaned \ leant give     gave     given        
spend     spent     spent  leap    leapt    leapt forgive     forgave     forgiven        
mean    meant    meant forbid *     forbad(e)     forbidden        
group 2: the verbs have and make hear    heard    heard * bid bade     *bidden        
has    had     had  * forget     forgot     *forgotten        
make     made     made  group 7: different pronunciation of the same vowel get     got     * gotten (AmE) \ got (BrE)        
read    read (/red/)    read (/red/) shake     shook     shaken        
group 3: regular in US English, irregular in UK English take     took     taken        
learn    learned \ learnt     learned \ learnt  group 8: ell turns to old see     saw     seen        
burn    burned \ burnt     burned \ burnt  sell    sold    sold beat     beat     beaten        
dwell     dwelled \ dwelt     dwelled \ dwelt  tell    told    told  fall     fell     fallen        
smell     smelled \ smelt     smelled \ smelt  *lie (tell a lie)    lied     lied        
spell     spelled \ spelt     spelled \ spelt  lie (down to rest)    lay     lain        
group 9: vowel change with ought (or *aught) ending lay (the table, eggs)    laid     laid      
spill     spilled \ spilt     spilled \ spilt  bring     brought     brought 
spoil     spoiled \ spoilt     spoiled \ spoilt    
buy     bought     bought 
fight     fought     fought 
group 4: ay ending changes to aid seek     sought     sought  group 13: the ear-ore-orn pattern       
say said said think     thought     thought  bear     bore    born        
lay  laid     laid *catch     caught     caught  swear     swore    sworn        
pay     paid      paid  *teach     taught     taught  tear    tore    torn        
wear    wore    worn       
 group 10: V2 with long /o / sound - and V3=V2+n     
break     broke     broken         group 14: V1 with ow, V2 with ew, V3 with own      
group 5: *ee* / *e*t / *e*t blow     blew     blown    
creep     crept     crept  choose     chose     chosen        
freeze     froze     frozen          grow     grew     grown        
feed     fed     fed   know     knew     known        
feel     felt     felt  speak     spoke     spoken        
steal     stole     stolen          throw     threw     thrown        
keep     kept     kept   *fly     flew     flown        
kneel     knelt \ kneeled     knelt \ kneeled  awake     awoke \ awaked     awoken \ awaked        
wake     woke \ waked     woken \ waked         *draw    drew     *drawn        
meet    met     met               
sleep    slept     slept  weave     wove     woven      
sweep    swept     swept   
 group 15: regular as well as irregular verbs       
weep    wept     wept 
group 11: V2 long /o/ sound, V3= V+n show     showed     showed \ shown        
*leave    left     left 
arise     arose     arisen         sow    sowed     sowed \ sown        
rise     rose     risen         mow     mowed     mowed \ mown        
*ride     rode     *ridden         swell     swelled     swelled \ swollen        
drive     drove     driven         sew     sewed     sewed \ sewn        
*write     wrote     *written       *shine (the shoes)    shined    shined        
   *shine (brightly)    shone     shone     

GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 7

 group 16: vowel change pattern  group 19: vowel change pattern i - a - u        *dive(scuba-diving)    dived     dived        
dig     dug     dug         begin     began     begun         do     did     done       
stick     stuck     stuck         drink     drank     drunk         can     could            
spin     spun     spun         ring     rang     rung         may     might            
sting     stung     stung         shrink     shrank     shrunk         hold     held    held        
strike     struck     struck         sing     sang     sung         stand     stood     stood        
swing     swung     swung         sink     sank     sunk         understand     understood     understood        
*hang (a man)    hanged     hanged         spin     span \ spun     spun         sit     sat     sat        
*hang (a picture)    hung     hung         spring     sprang     sprung         babysit     babysat     babysat        
slide     slid     slid         swim     swam     swum       win     won     won        
light     lighted \ lit     lighted \ lit            lose     lost     lost   
shoot     shot     shot       run     ran     run      
group 20: o---a----o        
group 17: vowel change pattern i - ou - ou        come     came     come         group 22: Verbs that do not change
bind     bound     bound         become     became     become        
find     found     found         bet     bet     bet 
grind     ground     ground         bid (to offer)    bid     bid 
wind     wound     wound       burst     burst     burst 
group 21: miscellaneous        
  cost     cost     cost 
cut     cut     cut 
the verb to be        
group 18: vowel change ee - e - e        hit     hit    hit 
am
bleed     bled     bled         hurt    hurt     hurt 
is
feed     fed     fed         let     let     let 
are     was
flee     fled     fled         put    put     put 
was
*lead     led     led         set     set     set 
were     been        
*speed     speeded \ sped     speeded \ sped       shut     shut     shut 
go     went     gone        
spread    spread    spread
*dive (jumped head first)    dove     dived       
quit     quit     quit 

- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. That is preferable

- The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.

Subject
- The car which hit me was yellow. That is preferable
- The car that hit me was yellow.

- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. Whom is correct but

- The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. formal. The relative
RELATIVE PRONOUNS - The person that I phoned last night is my teacher. pronoun is optional.
- The person I phoned last night is my teacher.

GRAMMAR REVIEW PAPERS Mr : Hassen Ben Aribia 8

 1/ Coordinating Conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Coordinators can join
- The car which I drive is old. That is preferable sentences and begin sentences. When they join sentences, place a comma before the
Obje - The car that I drive is old. to which. The relative
ct
coordinator. E.g. Kim likes heavy metal, but Tom prefers classical music.// Kim likes heavy
defining relative clauses

- The car I drive is old. pronoun is optional. metal. But Tom prefers classical music.

- The student whose phone just rang should stand up.   N.B. Transition words (however, nevertheless, therefore.......) do not join sentences; you have
- Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra. to use a semicolon (;) to join the sentences or begin a new sentence with the transition word.
Possessive

E.g. Kim and Tom have different tastes in music and food; however, they both like to
- The police are looking for the carwhose driver was Whose can be used dance. // Kim and Tom have different tastes in music and food. However, they both like to
masked. with things. Of dance.
- The police are looking for the car of which the driver which is also possible. 2/ Subordinating Conjunctions: they are conjunctions that join dependent
was masked. clauses to independent clauses.

- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.   (1) PLACE: where, wherever, whither, whereto, whithersoever, whence, etc.

Subject

(2) TIME: when, before, after, since, as, until, whenever, while, ere, etc.

- The car, which was a taxi, exploded.   (3) MANNER: how, as, however, howsoever.
- The cars, which were taxis, exploded. (4) CAUSE or REASON: because, since, as, now, whereas, that, seeing, etc.
(5) COMPARISON: than and as.
- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher. Whom is correct but (6) PURPOSE: that, so, so that, in order that, lest, so. .. as.
non-defining relative clauses

- Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher. formal. Who is

(7) RESULT: that, so that, especially that after so.
common in spoken
(8) CONDITION or CONCESSION: if, unless, so, except, though, although; even
Object

English and informal

written English. if,provided, provided that, in case, on condition that, etc.
Subordinators join dependent clauses to sentences. When the dependent clause comes first,
place a comma after it; if the dependent clause follows the independent clause, don't use a
- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly  
comma.
caught fire.
While Kim likes prime rib, Tom prefers rice and vegetables.
Kim likes prime rib while Tom prefers rice and vegetables.
- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.  
Conjunction Sentence
Possessive

- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the Whose can be used Although Although he's very famous he is still nice.
accident, was completely destroyed. with things. Of
- The car, the driver of which jumped out just before which is also possible And I like tea and coffee.
the accident, was completely destroyed. and more commonly As I came she was leaving.
used. As
As you couldn't see the film, we'll tell you someting about it.
Because She goes to the tennis club because she likes to play tennis.
But He reads magazines but he doesn't like to read books.
CONJUNCTIONS
I'm sorry, Peter is ill and I can't come either.
Either
Conjunctions are words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses We can either go to the cinema or to the café.
Even She likes swimming, even in winter.

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even if Don't drink any alcohol even if you drive carefully. Quantifiers

even so This book is very popular; even so, I don't like it.  a lot of/lots of + countable & uncountable
How Do you know how to ride a snowboard? A lot of water is wasted. // Lots of water is wasted.
A lot of computers are needed at schools. // Lots of computers are needed at schools.
However we've lost the match.
However
They worked hard for the test, however, they failed.  Much + uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
If If they were older, they could go to the party. How much money have you got?

in case Take your mobile with you in case you miss the bus.  many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)
in spite of He looks very fit in spite of his age. How many dollars have you got?

They didn't go to the party, and neither did I.  a little: non countable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
Neither
Neither drinks nor food are allowed in this room. He has a little money left.
Or Do you like tea or coffee?
 Few / a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes
Otherwise Look at the map, please. Otherwise you'll get lost. etc.) He has a few dollars left.
Since Since he's lost his money, he couldn't go to the restaurant.
 "A few" or “a little” means "some" or "a handful".// "Few" or “little” means "virtually
Unless Her baby cannot fall asleep unless she stays in the room. none" or "almost zero". Few and little mean not many/much-- they are negative in
connotation. I am sad because I have few friends.
What I don't know what to say.
A few and a little mean some-- they are positive in connotation. I just moved here, but I
When When you're in London, write an e-mail to me. am happy because I have a few friends.
Whether I'm going home whether you like it or not.
 some: affirmative statements, offers, requests and in questions when you expect the
answer "yes"

3/Correlative Conjunctions: both... and // either... or // neither... nor // not only... but also //  any: negative statements, questions
whether... or Have you got any bananas? No, we haven't got any. But we've got some oranges.

Intensifiers

Intensifiers are adverbs that enhance adjectives and adverbs. In English, they come
before the words they modify.

Examples: 1/ It's quite hot today. 2/ Ms. Stress is really busy right now. 3/ He's

my very best friend. 4/ I'm a little tired today. 5/ That was a pretty good shot. 6/ Sam just
got a brand new car. 7/ I know her fairly well. 8/ It's extremely hot outside. 9/
You're absolutely right!

We use words like very; really  extremely - amazingly - exceptionally - incredibly -

remarkably – particularly to make adjectives stronger:

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It’s a very interesting story. // Everyone was very excited. 3.Too comes before adjectives and adverbs:
It’s a really interesting story. // Everyone was extremely excited It's too hot to wear that coat. 
I was driving too fast.
We also use enough as an intensifier, but enough comes after its adjective:
If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car. 4. Too may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too
I can’t wear those shoes. They’re not big enough. many:
When we use strong adjectives, we do not use very. We do not say something is "very a. Too much is used before uncountable nouns: There is too much salt in this food.
enormous" or someone is "very brilliant".  b. Too many is used before countable nouns: There are too many students in this classroom.

With strong adjectives, for intensifiers we normally use:  absolutely - exceptionally Use of I wish / if only:
- particularly - really – quite
The film was absolutely awful.
He was an exceptionally brilliant child. 1. Expressing a wish: Form: If only / I wish + simple past
The food smelled really disgusting. If only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to use a computer and I
would like to learn how to use it)
 Intensifiers with comparatives: much - far -  a lot - quite a lot - a great deal - a good deal
- a bit - a good bit - a fair bit
He is much older than me.  To express a wish in the present or in the future.
New York is a lot bigger than Boston.  The simple past here is an unreal past.
 When you use the verb to be the form is “were”. 
We use much and far as intensifiers with comparative adjectives in front of a noun: Example:
France is a much bigger country than Britain.
Messi is a far better player than Ronaldo. I wish I were a millionaire!

We use these words as intensifiers with superlatives:easily - by far – far 2. Expressing regret: Form: If only / I wish + past perfect
The blue whale is easily the biggest animal in the world. If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.)
This car was by far the most expensive.

 To express a regret.
 The action is past.
Use of too and enough
3. Complaining: Form: I wish / if only + would + verb
1.Enough precedes adjectives and adverbs: I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because you always
He isn't old enough to watch this program. 
We're not walking quickly enough. come late and I want you to arrive on time)

2.Enough may also precede nouns:  To complain about a behavior that you disapprove.
We have enough money .   Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.
I have not got enough money to buy this computer.

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 Used to, be used to, get used to

1. Used to shows that: a particular thing always happened or was true in the past. But it no
longer happens or is no longer true now:

Examples: David used to live in Madrid. // She used to exercise every morning, but since
she had that terrible accident she doesn't exercise anymore. // Why don't you come and see
me like you used to?

2. .Be used to is used to say that something is normal, not unusual.
Examples: I'm used to living alone. // Don't worry, John is used to driving for long hours.
He has worked as a professional driver for 20 years.

3.Get used shows that something is in the process of becoming normal.

Examples: He doesn't like that small town, but he'll get used to it. // She found the heels
too high, but she got used to them. // I got used to living in Canada in spite of the cold
weather.

used to + base form Get used to + noun Get used to + gerund (verb+ing)
David used to live in Madrid. I got used to the noise I got used to waking up early
I used to smoke heavily. I'm used to the cold weather I'm used to working late at night

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