GENMATH

MATH
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
SOUTH EAST-ASIA INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY
LEARNING MODULE FOR 1ST SEMESTER SCHOOL
GRADE 11 GEN. MATH: GENERAL MATHEMATICS
STUDENT’S NAME: STRAND & SECTION:
TIME COVERAGE
PART 1: LESSON COVERAGE WEEK: 1 DAY: 1 & 2
CHAPTER 1: Functions and their Graphs
Lesson 1: Function
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Differentiate the difference between relation and function.
2. Apply the function machine to real life problems.
3. Enumerate the different ways of illustrating function.
4. Represent real life situations using function, including piecewise.
5. Convert illustration from one to another.
PART 2: TERMINOLOGIES
 Function – a relation between a dependent and independent variable/s wherein for every value of the independent
variable, there exist a unique or a single value of dependent variable.
 Relation – is a rule that relates values from a set of values of domain to the set of range.
 Independent variable – represents the variable x.
 Dependent variable – represents the variable y.
 Domain – refers to the set of all possible values of variable x.
 Range – refers to the set of all possible values of variable y.
 Vertical line test –A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: This module will guide you to have deep understanding about functions and how to apply it to the real-
life problems. We will recall what a function is and then look at applying functions in real life that involve both numbers and
objects. We will then learn how to solve problems using these functions.
Do you have a different outfit that you wear each day of the week? If so, you might be surprised to learn that the
relationship between the day of the week and your outfit represents a mathematical concept called FUNCTION.
DAY OUTFIT
Note: variable y is called dependent variable
Sunday Skirt, Brown Blouse
because it depends to the variable x (independent
Monday Jeans, Gray Sweater variable)
Tuesday Jeans Shorts, Green T-shirt
In the given example, your clothes to wear will
Wednesday Gray Slacks, Black Blouse depend on the given day
Thursday Flowered Dress
Friday Blue shorts, white sweater
Saturday Sweatpants and Sweatshirt
Function is a relation between a dependent and independent variable/s wherein for every value of the independent variable, there exist a
unique or a single value of dependent variable. In the given example, the column DAY represents the independent variable x, and the
column OUT FIT represents the dependent variable y
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Lesson 1.1: Relation vs. Function
We say that a function is a relation, can we also say that a relation a function? The table below will give you the answer.
Relations Functions
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values of domain Function is a relation between a dependent and independent variable/s
to the set of values from range. wherein for every value of the independent variable, there exist a unique or
a single value of dependent variable.
The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that
that applies a rule to these inputs to generate one or more outputs. applies a rule so that each input corresponds to only one output.
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y). A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs
have same x-value but different y-values.
Summary: when the x-value repeats, that is called relation, and when the x-values are distinct, then it is a function.
Lesson 1.2: Function as a Machine

Gear up!
To deeply understand function, we will represent Mathematical relations as a machine with an input
Click and watch the
as x, and output as y.
video link below to
deepen your
Input Machine (a) Input Machine (b) understanding about
function machine.
https://youtu.be/akj9L0H
INPUT: Any letter from the alphabet INPUT: Any whole number from 1-10 aTY4
OUTPUT: if vowel, 5; if consonant, 9 OUTPUT: The input number multiplied
by 0.74 https://youtu.be/Wrg_uu
G5pzk
Output Output
A function machine must have 1 output in every input. The output depends on the input that only proves that variable y is dependent to variable x.
Lesson 1.3: Ways of Representing Functions
There are different faces or illustrations to represent a function. The x-values from the first set of elements is called
domain, and y-values from the second set of elements is called range. Always keep in mind that x is the independent variable
and y is the dependent variable, the different ways of writing 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). This can be read as ‘ y is equal to function of x’.
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Illustration 1.1 Ordered Pairs
In this form, the values of independent variable (x) and the dependent variable (y) are written as a point (x, y).
Examples:
Which of the following relations are functions?
a. 𝐹 = {( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2, 2 ), ( 3, 5 ), ( 4, 5 )}
Solution: The relations F and H are
Domain: {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }
functions because no two ordered pairs
Range: { 2 , 5 } have the same x-value but different y-
values, while G is not a function because
b. 𝐺 = {(1 , 3), (1 , 4), (2 , 5) , (2 , 6), (3 , 7)} (1,3) and (1,4) are ordered pairs with the
Domain: {1 , 2 , 3 } same x-value but different y-values.
Range: { 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 }
c. 𝐻 = {(1 , 3), (2 , 6), (3 , 9) , . . . . , (𝑛 , 3𝑛)}

Domain:{𝑥Ι𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 1}
Range: {𝑦Ι𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑛 ≥ 3}
Illustration 1.2 Table of Values

All the points in the ordered pairs can be tabulated using two rows; the independent variable and the dependent variable to
show the relationship of the two variables
Example 1: Refer to the ordered pairs given in illustration 1.1

𝐹 = {( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2, 2 ), ( 3, 5 ), ( 4, 5 )}
X f(x) Remember that independent

1 2 variable represents the x-
2 2 values, and dependent variable
represents y-values
3 5
4 5
Example 2: Which of the following tables represent function?

(a) The following data were from the SEA-ITT (b) The following data were collected from
Canteen. some students of SEA-ITT batch 2020-2021.
No. of Eggs Price of Breakfast Age ID Number

(x) (y) (x) (y)
17 2020-0053
1 PHP 10.00 16 2020-0234
2 PHP 18.00 20 2020-0108
3 PHP 22.00 17 2020-0682
4 PHP 26.50 19 2020-1523
Solution: The given situations in table (a) represents function while in table (b) is not a function since there are two
ordered pairs having the same x-value (17).
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Illustration 1.3 Mapping Diagrams

Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are mapped to
the elements of the range using arrows. In this case the relation or function is represented by the set of all the connections
represented by the arrows.
Examples:
x y Names Sections
Algebra st
1 quarter Boobay
A
Geometry nd
2 quarter Tekla
B
Trigonometry rd
3 quarter
Pokwang
Statistics th C
4 quarter
Kiray
Domain Range Domain Range

FUNCTION FUNCTION
This mapping is called ONE – TO – ONE RELATION because This mapping is called MANY – TO – ONE RELATION
each element of domain from x-values connects only to because TWO elements of domain from x-values connect
one element from the range or y-values. only to one element from the range or y-values.
This diagram shows that algebra is taught during 1

st This diagram shows that Kiray belongs to Section A,
nd
quarter, geometry during 2 quarter, trigonometry during Boobay and Pokwang belong to Section B, and Tekla
rd th
3 quarter, and statistics during 4 quarter. belongs to section C.
Fruits Vitamins Students Subjects
Papaya A Popoy Math
Orange B Basya Science
Banana C Kathryn English
Kiwi K Daniel Filipino
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NOT FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION

This mapping is called ONE – TO – MANY RELATION This mapping is called MANY – TO – MANY RELATION
because ONE element of domain from x-values connects because TWO elements of domain from x-values connect
to TWO elements from the range or y-values. to ONE element from the range or y-values and vice versa.
This diagram shows that papaya is rich in vitamin A, orange This diagram shows that Popoy loves Math and English,
is rich in vitamin C, banana is rich in vitamin B, and Kiwi is Basha and Daniel love Filipino, and Kathryn loves Science.
rich in vitamin C and K.
Conclusion: From the given examples above, we therefore conclude that all functions are relations, but not all relations
are functions.
Illustration 1.4 Graph
Recall that a relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in a Cartesian Plane, and that a function
passes a vertical line test. (i.e., a vertical line can be drawn anywhere on the graph and intersect the graph at exactly ONE
point).
The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line
intersects the graph at most once.
Examples:
A. B. C.
D. E.
Solutions:
Graphs (a), (c), (d) are graphs of a

function while (b) and (e) are not
because they do not pass the vertical
line test.
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Illustration 1.5 Equations

Remarks!
 y =f(x) and it is called function
Functions can be represented in a form of equation. To check if the given notation.
equation is a function, you must substitute the domain to the given  f(x) should be read as “f of x”, NOT
equation to get the value of y. “f times x”.
 𝒇 is the name of a function; it is
not a number.
Examples:
Use the values 2, 3, and 4 as your x-values.
a. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +1 b. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙 c. 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙
Check: Transform the equation into tabular form to determine if the equation is a function or not by determining the
uniqueness of each x-value.
X Function f(x) x function f(x) x function f(x)

2 (2)2 + 1 5 2 4 − 5(2) -6 2 √2 √2
3 (3)2 + 1 10 3 4 − 5(3) -11 3 √3 √3
4 (4)2 + 1 17 4 4 − 5(4) -16 4 √4 ±2
Solution: all are relations. All are functions except (c). Equation (c) is not a function because we can find an x-value corresponds to more than one y-
value (ex. when x=4, then y can be +2 or -2.
Illustration 1.5 Piece-wise Function

Piece-wise Function is a function which consists of two or more functions in a specified domain. The domain of a piece-wise
function is the union of the specified domains.
Examples:
1. A user is charged is 300 pesos monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages. Messages in
excess of 100 are charged 1 peso each. Represent the amount of consumer each month as a function of a number of
messages m sent in a month.
Solution: Let 𝑡(𝑚)represent the amount paid by the consumer each month. It can be expressed by the piecewise
function.
To supplement your knowledge, click and
300 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100 watch the tutorial video below.
𝑓(𝑥) =
300 + 𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100
https://youtu.be/hwN1pF9PZSsto
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2. A jeepney ride costs PHP8 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional kilometer adds PHP1.50 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance in kilometers.
Solution: The input value is distance and the output is
the cost of the jeepney fare. If 𝐹(𝑑) represents the fare Note!
as a function of a distance, function can be represented as follows:
The symbol (𝑑) denotes the greatest
integer or floor function applied to 𝑑.
8, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4 The floor function gives the largest
𝑓(𝑥) =
8 + 1.5(𝑑), 𝑖𝑓 𝑚>4 integer less than or equal to 𝑑, e.g.
[4.1] = [4.9] = 4.
PART 4: APPLICATION/ ACTIVITY
A. Determine whether the following relations are functions. Write F in the blank if the given relation is a function and MR if it is
just a mere relation.
_______ 1. {(1,2), (1,3), (5,6), (7,8)}

_______ 2. {(2, −2), (1, −3), (0, −2), (5,5)}
_______ 3. {(0,0), (−1, −1), (1,1), (−2, −8)}
_______ 4.
X f(x) __________ 5.
Mary 867 0232

Jane 816 0245
Jose 799 6504
B. Express the function in various forms
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1, 0, 1
(a) Table of Values (b) Ordered Pairs (c) Mapping Diagram (d) Graph
X f(x)
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2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0, 1,2,3
(b) Table of Values (b) Ordered Pairs (c) Mapping Diagram (d) Graph
X f(x)
PART 5: QUIZ
A. Encircle the letter that best describe your answer.
1. it is a relation between dependent and independent variable that in every x-value, there is only one y-value
a. relation c. function
b. domain d. range
2. it is a type of relation that two one x-value corresponds to two or more y-values.
a. One-to-one relation c. many-to-one relation
b. One-to-many relation d. many-to-many relation
3. It relates the domain to range.
a. relation c. function
b. x-values d. y-values
4. it is the method to determine if the given graph represents a function.
a. Vertical line test c. horizontal line test
b. Domain test d. none of the above
5. When illustrating a function, we can convert from one illustration to another.
a. Always true c. sometimes true
b. Often true d. never true
B. State whether the graphs of the following relations are functions
1. 2.
___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________
C. Piecewise Function: create a piecewise function from the given scenario below.
Scenario 1: The fee for hiring a tour guide to explore a cave is PHP 700. QA guide can accommodate maximum of 4 persons,
and additional guides can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of hiring guides as a function of the number of tourists who
wish to explore the cave.
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Scenario 2: A videoke machine can be rented for PHP 1,000 for three days, but for the fourth day onwards, an additional cost
of PHP 400 per day is added. Represent the cost of renting videoke machine as a piecewise function of the number of days it
is rented.
D. Essay: Elaborate the statement “All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions”.
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PART 6: SUMMARY
 Function can be represented into table, ordered pairs, graph, mapping diagram, and piecewise.
 We consider a relation as a function if and only if the x-values are distinct or unique, otherwise it is just a mere relation.
 Domain is the set of x-values of the function, and range is the set of y-values. In ordered pairs, domain is what stated first
followed by the range.
 To determine if the equation is a function, you need to graph first and perform vertical line test. satisfying the vertical line test
will identify if the equation is a function.
 Piecewise function will be used to if the given statement has two or more functions.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Alcober, M.J., Robes, C., Learning General Mathematics for Senior high School. Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications,
Inc., 2017.
Banigon Jr., R., Camilon, M., Manalo, C., General Mathematics for Senior High School. Cubao, Quezon City: Educational
Resources Corporation, 2016
Dimasuay, L., Alcala, J., Palacio, J. General Mathematics. Quezon City: C & E Publishing , In., 2016.
Garvida, M., Aspuria, C., Manalo, L. Abaratigue, A.,General Mathematics. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing
Corporation, 2016.
Magcuyao, D.A., General Mathematics. Pasay City: JFS Publishing Services, 2016.
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TIME COVERAGE
PART 1: LESSON COVERAGE WEEK: 1 DAY: 3 & 4
Lesson 2: Evaluating Functions
Remember that 𝑓 is the name of the

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: function and we read 𝑓(𝑥)as f of x. We
will use other functions like 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑘if we
1. Evaluate functions and solve problems involving function. have many functions.
2. Solve real life problems using function Example: the first function is f(x), the
second function is g(x), and the third
PART 2: TERMINOLOGIES function is h(x)
 Evaluate- this means to find the value of the expression when the variable is replaced by a number.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: If one thinks of functions as a function machine that we have discussed in lesson 1, evaluating function is
analogous to providing our machines with a valid input.
Evaluating functions means replacing the variable in the function. In this case x, with a value from the function’s domain and
computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating 𝑓 at 𝑎 for some 𝑎 in the domain of 𝑓, we write 𝑓(𝑎).
Example 1: Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = 1.5
Solution: Substituting 1.5 for 𝑥 in the functions above, we have
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑓(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
(b) 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝑞(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
(c) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1 𝑔(1.5) = √(1.5) + 1 = √2.5
2𝑥+1 2(1.5) + 1 3 + 1
(d) 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑟(1.5) = = =8
𝑥−1
(1.5) − 1 0.5
Example 2: Find 𝑔(−3) and 𝑟(1) where 𝑔 and 𝑟 are as defined in example #1.
Solution: Substituting -3 for 𝑥 in function 𝑔(𝑥) and 1 for 𝑟(𝑥). Note!

0
1. =0
𝑎
𝑎
a. 𝑔(−3) = √(−3) + 1 = √−2 2. = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
0
0
3. = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
Since the answer is √−2, it is not allowed to have negative value 0
inside rational, therefore we do not include -3 in the domain of the function.

Where 𝑎 is a real number?
2(1)+1
b. 𝑟(1) = = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
1−1
Since the answer is undefined, 1 is not in the domain of d) 𝑟(𝑥).
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Example 3: Evaluate the following functions, where 𝑓 and 𝑞 are defined in example # 1.
𝑓(3𝑥 − 1)𝑞(2𝑥 + 3)
Solution:
To evaluate 𝑓(3𝑥 − 1), replace all the 𝑥 in To evaluate 𝑞(2𝑥 + 3), replace all the 𝑥 in
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 by (3𝑥 − 1). 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 by (2𝑥 + 3).
𝑓(3𝑥 − 1) = 2(3𝑥 − 1) + 1 𝑞(2𝑥 + 3) = (2𝑥 + 3)2 − 2(2𝑥 + 3) + 2

𝑓(3𝑥 − 1) = 6𝑥 − 2 + 1 𝑞(2𝑥 + 3) = (4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9) − 4𝑥 − 6 + 2
𝑓(3𝑥 − 1) = 6𝑥 − 1 𝑞(2𝑥 + 3) = 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 5
Example 4: Mark started selling snacks in the nearby school. In one day, he spends PHP200 for rent and PHP 25 for each
snack item he prepares.
a. Create a function representing the cost of Mark each day.
b. Compute his expenses if he prepares 100 snacks? 150 snacks?
Step 1: Assign a function

Since we are looking for the cost each day, we will assign C as the function and x as the number
of snacks so that we will have 𝐶(𝑥).
Step 2: Create an expression

The price per snack is PHP25, the total amount of sales is price times number of snacks sold.
25 pesos * number of snacks = 25x
Add 200 for the rent expense, that is 25x+200
a. 𝐶(𝑥) = 25𝑥 + 200
b. 𝐶(100) = 25(100) + 200 𝐶(150) = 25(150) + 200

𝐶(100) = 2700 𝐶(100) = 3950
Therefore, the total expense of Mark for 100 snacks is PHP2,700 and PHP3, 950 if he prepares 150 snacks .
PART 4: ASSESSMENT/ ACTIVITY

A. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 , find the following values:
(a) 𝑓(0) (b) 𝑓(3) (c) 𝑓(−1) (d) 𝑓(−2)
Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3, find the following values:

(a) 𝑓(3) (b) 𝑓(4) (c) 𝑓(12) (d) 𝑓(𝑥 − 3)
(e) 𝑓 ( )
1 (f) 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7) (g) 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) (h) 𝑓(3/2)
1−𝑥
Solution: Solution: Solution:
Solution:
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B. Word Problems: Evaluate functions given the statement below.
Maria started selling milk-tea. In one day, he spends PHP250 for house rent and PHP 75 for each milk-tea item she sells.
1. Create a function representing the cost of Maria each day.
2. How much is her cost if she sells 50 pieces? 75 pieces?
Solution:
PART 5: QUIZ
A. Evaluate the following functions.

𝒚=𝒙+𝟕
(a) 𝑓(2) (b) 𝑓(0) (c) 𝑓(−2)
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
(d) 𝑓(0) (e) 𝑓(−1) (f) 𝑓(−2)

𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟐
(g) 𝑓(−2) (h) 𝑓(−3/2) (i) 𝑓(−3/4)
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑
(j) 𝑓(1/2) (k) 𝑓(0) (l) 𝑓(−2)
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B. Word Problem: Find the function for the height of an object dropped from a 100-meter tall platform at time t seconds. What
is the height of the object after 2 seconds? After 4 seconds?
Solution:
PART 6: SUMMARY
 To evaluate the given function, you need to substitute the given domain and solve for it. Always write your answer to the
simplest form.
 In creating function based on real life problems, always consider what is being asked. Example, if we are looking for the total
cost, you must use C as the name of the function
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
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TIME COVERAGE
PART 1: LESSON COVERAGE WEEK NO.2 DAY 1-2
Lesson 3: Operations on Functions

1. Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of functions.
 Least Common Denominator (LCD)- is the lowest common multiple of a set of fractions.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: Do you still remember the rules in adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions and algebraic
expressions? In this lesson, you are going to use those rules again.
Rules in addition and subtraction:

(a) Find the LCD of both pairs
(b) Rewrite the fractions with the same LCD
(c) The LCD is the denominator of resulting fraction.
(d) The sum or difference of the numerators is the numerator of resulting fraction
Examples:
1 2 2 1
1. Find the sum of and 2. Find the difference of 𝑥−1 and 𝑥+1
2 3
Solution: Solution:
1 2 3 4 3+4 7 2 1 3 1 2
+ = + = = − = 2 − 2 = 2
2 3 6 6 6 6 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1
If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are two functions then the following operations between functions may be performed.
Operation Symbol
Note!
1. Composite operation is a
Sum and difference (𝑓 ± 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) special operation of function
Product (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) wherein a function is inscribed
Quotient 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) to another function.
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) 2. Only function uses composite.
Composite (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
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Example 1: Given the functions below, solve the following.
𝑥+7
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8ℎ(𝑥) =
2−𝑥
𝑥−2
𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 7 𝑡(𝑥) = 𝑣(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
𝑥+3
Solution Explanation
a. (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4) + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8) - Write the function of 𝑣(𝑥) followed by the

operation, then the function 𝑔(𝑥).
= 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4
- Perform the operation and finalize your answer.
b. (𝑓 ∗ 𝑝)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 7) - Write the function of 𝑓(𝑥) followed by the

operation, then the function 𝑝(𝑥).
= 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 21 - Expand and simplify (you may use FOIL Method)

= 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 21
- Write the function of 𝑓(𝑥) followed by the

𝑥+7
c. (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3) + 2−𝑥 operation, then the function ℎ(𝑥).
(𝑥 + 3)(2 − 𝑥) + (𝑥 + 7) - Find the LCD

=
2−𝑥
6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 7 13 − 𝑥 2 - Simplify the numerator.

= =
2−𝑥 2−𝑥
d. (𝑝 − 𝑓)(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 7) − (𝑥 + 3) - Write the function of 𝑝(𝑥) followed by the

operation, then the function 𝑓(𝑥).
= 2𝑥 − 7 − 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 − 10 - Always remember in subtraction, the negative

sign will be distributed to all the following terms.
𝑣 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4 - Write the function of 𝑣(𝑥) followed by the

e. (𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8 operation, then the function 𝑔(𝑥).
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4) 𝑥+1
= =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) 𝑥−2 - if possible, factor out each expression to simplify.
f. (𝑝 ∘ 𝑓)(2) = 2𝑥 + 7 - Write the function 𝑝(𝑥)

= 2(𝑥 − 3) + 7 - Change all x with the 𝑓(𝑥)
= 2𝑥 − 6 + 7 = 2𝑥 + 1 - Simplify the given.
= 2(2) + 1 = 5 - Once simplified, change all x-values by 2.
15 | P a g e
Example 2: Given (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 7 ; and𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2. Find(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥),(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(3) and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
Solution:
Note!
a. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) write the function g(x)
= 3(2𝑥 − 7)2 + 2 Change all x with f(x) It is very important to pay
= 3(4𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 49) + 2 Simplify the given attention to the order in which
= 12𝑥 2 − 84𝑥 + 149 the composition of the functions
is written. In all cases,
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡
b. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) write the function f(x)
= 2(3𝑥 2 + 2) − 7 Change all x,s with g(x) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
= 6𝑥 2 − 3 Simplify the given
= 6(3)2 − 3 change x by 3.
= 51
c. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) write the function f(x)

= 2(2𝑥 − 7) − 7 Change all x,s with f(x)
= 4𝑥 − 21 Simplify the given
Example 3:
𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒓(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
a. Express the function 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3 as a sum or difference of the functions above.
Solution: the solution can involve trial and error. Add 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) and check if the sum is𝑥 2 + 3.
𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2) + (2𝑥 + 1)

= 𝑥2 + 3
𝑓1 (𝑥)
16 | P a g e
2𝑥 2 +1
b. Express the function 𝑓2 (𝑥) = as a sum or difference of two functions above.
𝑥−1
2𝑥 2 +𝑥 2𝑥+1
Solution: because has 𝑥 − 1 as a denominator, then 𝑟(𝑥) = must be one of the functions
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
In this solution. Let us try to add 𝑓(𝑥)and𝑟(𝑥).
2𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 +
𝑥−1
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)+(2𝑥+1)
=
𝑥−1
(2𝑥 2 −𝑥−1)+(2𝑥+1)
=
𝑥−1
(2𝑥 2 −𝑥−1)+(2𝑥+1)
=
𝑥−1
2𝑥 2 +1
=
𝑥−1
= 𝑓2 (𝑥)
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 𝑥and𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2, evaluate each of the following functions.
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑔 − 𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑔 ∗ 𝑓)(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑔 (𝑓°𝑔)(2)
( ) (−1) ( ) (0)
𝑔 𝑓
2. Given functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 below, find and simplify the following functions:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑓 𝑔 (𝑓°𝑔)(𝑥)
( ) (𝑥) ( ) (𝑥)
𝑔 𝑓
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(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝑔
( ) (𝑥)
𝑓
𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+2
1
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑓 (𝑓°𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑔°𝑔)(𝑥)
( ) (𝑥)
𝑔
PART 5: QUIZ
A. Given functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 below, find and simplify the following functions:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥)
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 𝑓 𝑔 (𝑓°𝑔)(𝑥)
( ) (𝑥) ( ) (𝑥)
𝑔 𝑓
𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝑔
( ) (𝑥)
𝑓
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+2
𝑓 (𝑓°𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑔°𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑥−2 ( ) (𝑥)
𝑔
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥
18 | P a g e
B. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, find and simplify the following composite functions.
(𝑓°𝑔)(𝑥) (𝑔°𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑓°𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑔°𝑔)(𝑥)
C. Each pair of functions below have special relationship because (𝑓°𝑔) = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑔°𝑓) = 𝑥. Verify these.
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2
1
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)
3
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
2−𝑥
2𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 + 2
3
𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 2 + 1
PART 6: SUMMARY
 Function has 5 operations including the special operation called composite.

 Function is the only topic in math that uses composite
 In solving operations on functions, make it sure to write the value of the first given function followed by the second function.
 Composite operation doesn’t use addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It is inscribing one function to another
function.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
19 | P a g e
TIME COVERAGE
WEEK NO. 2 DAY 3-4
PART 1: LESSON COVERAGE
CHAPTER 2: RATIONAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

Lesson 1: Rational Expression

a. Define rational expression
b. Evaluate rational expression
c. Simplify the rational expression to its lowest terms
 Rational expression - is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two polynomials.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction:
Darren bicycled 45 miles going east and Eren bicycled 70 miles. Eren’s averaged 5
miles per hour than Darren, his triptook one-half hour longer than Darren. How fast was
each one traveling?
In terms of distance, the formula is𝑑 = 𝑟𝑡., where d represents distance, given
as the product of average rate, r, and the time, t, at that rate.
Note!
𝑑 𝑟𝑡 Rational are in form of
Derive the formula in terms of r.
= fraction wherein there is only
𝑟 𝑟 one numerator and one
denominator
𝑑
𝑡=
𝑟
A rational expression is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two polynomials
Gear Up!
Examples of rational expression
5 2𝑦+1 𝑐 3 +5 𝑎
, , , To easily identify polynomials, recall the rules of polynomials by
𝑥 𝑦 2 −4𝑦+3 𝑐−4 𝑎+10
following and watching the video link below;
https://youtu.be/ffLLmV4mZwU
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𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
Rational expression because it is a ratio of two polynomials.
𝑥+4
1
Rational expression because the number 1 is a polynomial in degree of 0.
3𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3
Rational expression since number 2 is a polynomial.
2
√ +1
𝑥
Not a rational expression since the numerator is not a polynomial.
𝑥3 − 1
1 1
𝑥+2 When simplified, the expression is equal to (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) so it is a rational expression.
𝑥−2
Example 1: Simplify the following expressions:

2𝑥 2 𝑦 5 2𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 +16𝑥 𝑡 3 +8
(a) (b) (c).
8𝑥 4 𝑦 3 6𝑥+24 𝑡 2 +6𝑡+8

2𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 +16𝑥 2𝑥(𝑥+4)(𝑥+2)
2𝑥 2 𝑦 5 2𝑥 2 𝑦 5 𝑦2 = 6𝑥+24
=
6(𝑥+4)
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 4) 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 4
= = =
8𝑥 4 𝑦 3 8𝑥 4 𝑦 3 4𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 2 (𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 4) 𝑡+4
= 3
A. Simplify the following rational expressions.
9𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑎2 + 3𝑎 − 28 8𝑦 2 − 14𝑦 + 3
18𝑎8 𝑏 2𝑎 + 14 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 3
𝑥−5 2𝑥 − 6 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
25 − 𝑥 2 15 − 5𝑥 𝑥−1
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PART 5: QUIZ
A. Simplify the following rational expressions.
48𝑎𝑏 3 𝑐 2 6𝑎 + 18 2𝑡 2 + 7𝑡 − 4
6𝑎7 𝑏𝑐 0 9𝑎 + 27 −2𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 3
10𝑥−25𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 10 (𝑝 + 1)(2𝑝 − 1)4 2𝑥 + 4

−4−10𝑥 2 (𝑝 + 1)2 (2𝑝 − 1)2 𝑥+2
PART 6: SUMMARY
 A rational expression is a ratio of two polynomials

 In simplifying rational expressions, always consider the factors of each polynomial
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
22 | P a g e
TIME COVERAGE
WEEK NO.3 DAY 1-2
Lesson 2: Solving Rational Equations

a. Solve rational equations
b. Solve word problems involving rational equations
 Rational equation- an equation involving rational expressions.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: Recall that in the previous lesson, you have solved different expressions in rational form that requires finding the
𝑥+1
LCD. Try to solve the equation = 10. What are your strategies in solving this equation? In this lesson, we might be using the
2𝑥
strategies you have used. A rational equation is an equation involving rational expressions that means we are equating two or
more expressions.
Steps in Solving Rational Equations

1. Eliminate denominators by multiplying each term of the equation by the least common denominator (LCD).
2. Eliminating denominators may lead to extra solutions.
𝑥−4 𝑥
Example 1: Solve
4
+3 = 6.
Solution:
𝑥−4 𝑥
4
+3 =6 Write the given
3(𝑥−4)+4(𝑥)
=6 Find the LCD of the denominators
4∗3
3𝑥−12+4𝑥
=6 Simplify the numerator and multiply the denominator to 6.
4∗3
3𝑥 − 12 + 4𝑥 = (4 ∗ 3)6 Simplify both side
7𝑥 − 12 = 72
7𝑥 = 72 + 12 Transpose -12 to the right side, it will change the sign
7𝑥 = 84 Solve for x
7𝑥 84
= Divide both sides by 7.
7 7
𝑥 = 12
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Example 2: Note!
This lesson requires you to have concrete
𝑥 1 8
Solve for x: − = knowledge in factoring; the link below
𝑥+2 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −4
might help you.
Solution: factor each denominator in the fraction.
https://youtu.be/hhxnUm_hDGw
𝑥 1 8
− =
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
The LCD is (x+2) (x-2. Multiply the LCD to both sides of the equation to remove the denominators.
𝑥 1 8
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) ∗ − (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) ∗ = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) ∗ (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
𝑥+2 𝑥−2
(𝑥 − 2) ∗ 𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2) = 8
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 = 8
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 8
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
Upon reaching this step, we can use strategies for solving polynomial equations.
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 5 = 0
𝑥 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5
Example 3:
In an inter- barangay basketball league, the team from Barangay SEA-ITT has won 12out of 25 games, winning the
percentage of 48%. How many games should they win in a row to improve their win percentage to 60%?
Solution:
Let x represent the number of games they need to raise their percentage to 60%. The team has already won 12 out
of their 25 games. If they win x games in a row to increase their percentage to 60%, they would have played 12 + 𝑥 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠
out of25 + 𝑥 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠. The equation is
12 + 𝑥
= 0.6
25 + 𝑥
Solve the equation using the techniques previously discussed. Since 25 + 𝑥 is the only denominator, we multiply it to both
sides of equation. We then solve the rational equation:
12 + 𝑥
= 0.6
25 + 𝑥
12+𝑥
(25 + 𝑥) ∗ = (25 + 𝑥) ∗ 0.6
25+𝑥
12 + 𝑥 = 0.6(25) + 0.6𝑥
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𝑥 − 0.6𝑥 = 15 − 12
0.4𝑥 = 3
𝑥 = 7.5
Since there is no half game, we will make 7.5 as 8. Therefore, Barangay SEA needs 8 win games to have 60% win rate.
Example 4:
Eren walks 5 kilometers from his house to SM Fairview to buy a new bike which he uses to return home. He averaged
10 kilometers faster on his bike than on foot. If his total trip took 1 hour and 20 minutes, what is his walking speed in kph?
𝑑
Use the formula 𝑣 = .
𝑡
Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
Step 1: From 𝑣 = , derive in terms of time t, we will have 𝑡 = .
𝑡 𝑣
5
Step 2:Let 𝑣 be Eren’s walking speed. Then 𝑣 + 10 is his speed on his new bike. Eren’s walking time is and his biking time is
𝑣
5
.
𝑣+10
4
Step 3: rewrite time 1 hour and 20 minutes into fraction .
3
5 5 4
+ =
𝑣 𝑣 + 10 3
Step 4: Find the LCD. The LCD is 3𝑣(𝑣 + 10). Multiply both sides by the LCD to remove the denominators.
5 5 4
3𝑣(𝑣 + 10) ∗ + 3𝑣(𝑣 + 10) ∗ = 3𝑣(𝑣 + 10) ∗
𝑣 𝑣 + 10 3
3(𝑣 + 10)(5) + 3𝑣(5) = 𝑣(𝑣 + 10)(4)
4𝑣 2 + 40𝑣 − 10𝑣 − 150 = 0
4𝑣 2 + 10𝑣 − 150 = 0
2𝑣 2 + 5𝑣 − 75 = 0
(2𝑣 + 15)(𝑣 − 5) = 0
15
𝑣=− 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 5
2
Since 𝑣 is the walking speed, it cannot be negative. We conclude that Eren’s walking speed is 5kph.
25 | P a g e
Seatwork 1: Solve each equation. Remember to check for extraneous solutions. Show your solutions neatly, completely, and
systematically.
4 1 1 6 1 1 3 2 𝑥 2 − 10 −14 − 5𝑥
+ = + = = =
𝑥 𝑥 2 5𝑥 2 𝑘 𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 𝑘 𝑥+1 𝑥−3 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
Seatwork 2: Word Problem. Show your answer neatly and completely.
You have 6 liters of pineapple juice blend that is 50% pineapple juice. How many liters of pure pineapple juice needs to be added to
make a juice blend that is 75% pineapple juice?
26 | P a g e
PART 5: QUIZ
A. Solve each equation. Remember to check for extraneous solutions. Show your solutions neatly, completely, and
systematically.
1 1 4
𝑘+1 𝑘 2 − 3𝑘 − 4 − 2 = 2
=1− 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑥 + 5𝑥
𝑘 4𝑘
Solution: Solution:
B. Darren walks 2 kilometers from his house to SM Tungko to buy a new bike which he uses to return home. He averaged 6
kilometers faster on his bike than on foot. If his total trip took 1 hour and 40 minutes, what is his walking speed in kph?
𝑑
Use the formula 𝑣 = .
𝑡
Solution:
PART 6: SUMMARY
 A rational equation is an equation involving rational expressions.

 In simplifying rational equations, always look for the LCD to remove all the denominators.
 It is important to solve neatly and completely to easily determine the errors.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
27 | P a g e
PART 1: LESSON TIME COVERAGE

WEEK NO. 3 DAY 3-4
Lesson 3: Solving Rational Inequalities

a. Solve rational inequalities.
b. Solve word problems involving rational inequalities.
c. Write solution sets of a given rational inequality by notation and graph
d. Perform operations involving rational inequality
 Rational inequality - an inequality involving rational expressions.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: Solving Rational Inequality is like solving rational equations, the only difference is that their symbol. For
equation, we use (=) and for inequality, we use (<, ≤, >, ≥). Same with rational equation, rational inequality is an inequality
involving rational expressions.
Examples of Rational Inequality
1 3𝑥 + 1 1 3 2
≥ 3, < 0, + 2 > 1, ≤0
𝑥 2𝑥 + 5 2 𝑥 −4 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Steps in Solving Rational Inequalities
Step 1: Move all terms to one side.Rewrite the inequality as a single fraction on one side of the inequality symbol
and 0 on the other side.
Step 2: Factor. Factor the nonzero side of the inequality.
Step 3: Find the Intervals. Determine the values for which each factor is zero. These numbers will divide the real line
into intervals.
Step 4: Make a table. Use test values to make a table of the signs of each factor on each interval.
Step 5: Solve. Be sure to check whether the inequality is satisfied by some or all the endpoints.
Interval and Set Notation
An inequality may have infinitely many solutions. The set of all solutions can be expressed using set notation or interval
notation. These notations are presented in the table below.
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Note!
You must be familiarized on how to convert interval into interval notation. The link below might help you.
https://youtu.be/UJQkqV2zGv0
Interval Set Notation Line Graph
(a,b) {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏}

a b
[a,b] {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
a b
[a,b) {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏}
a b
(a,b] {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
a b
(a,∞) {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥}
a
[a,∞) {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥}
a
(-∞,b) {𝑥|𝑥 < 𝑏}
b
(-∞,b] {𝑥|𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
b
(-∞,∞) R (set of all real numbers)
1+𝑥
Example 1: Solve the rational inequality 1−𝑥 ≥ 1
Step 1: Move all Terms to One Side. Step 2: Factor

1+𝑥 Numerator: Denominator:
−1≥ 1−1
1−𝑥
(1 + 𝑥) − 1(1 − 𝑥)
≥0 2𝑥 = 01 − 𝑥 = 0
1−𝑥
1+𝑥−1+𝑥 0
≥0 𝑥= 𝑥=1
1−𝑥 2
2𝑥 𝑥=0
≥0
1−𝑥
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Step 3: Find the Intervals Step 4: Make a Table
Intervals 𝑥<0 0≤𝑥<1 𝑥>1

−∞ ∞
0 1 Test Point 𝑥 = −1 1 𝑥=2
𝑥=
2
Sign of 𝟐𝒙
Sign of 𝟏 − 𝒙
Sign of
2𝑥
1−𝑥
2𝑥
Step 5: Solve. Since the given ≥ 0 must be greater or
1−𝑥
equal to zero, its sign should be positive. From the table in The solution set is
step 4, the interval 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑥 > 1 satisfied the given.
{𝑥 ∈ ℝ | 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1}
0 1
3 1
Example 2: Solve the inequality < 𝑥.
𝑥−2

3 1 1 1 Numerator: Denominator:
− < −
𝑥−2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3(𝑥) − (𝑥 − 2)
<0 2(𝑥 + 1) = 0𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
2𝑥 + 2 2(𝑥 + 1) 0 2
<0 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + ____ = 0 + ____
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) 2 2
2(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 = 0𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 + 1
<0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 = −1(𝑥 − 1)2 = 1
√(𝑥 − 1)2 = √1
𝑥 = ±1 − 1
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
30 | P a g e
Intervals 𝑥 < −1 −1 < 𝑥 0<𝑥 𝑥>2

<0 <2
−∞ ∞ Test Point 𝑥 = −2 1 𝑥=1 𝑥=3
-1 0 2 𝑥=−
2
Sign of
2(𝑥 + 1)
Sign of 𝒙
Sign of 𝑥 − 2
2(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
2(𝑥+1)
Step 5: Solve. Since the given < 0 must be less
𝑥(𝑥−2)
than zero, its sign should be negative. From the table
in step 4, the interval 𝑥 < −1 and 0 < 𝑥 < 2satisfied
the given.
The solution set is
−∞ ∞
{𝑥 ∈ ℝ | 𝑥 < −1 𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 2}
Example 3:
A box with a square base is to have a volume of 8 cubic meters. Let 𝑥 be the length of the side of the square base and ℎ be the
height of the box. What are the possible measurements of a side of the square base if the height should be longer than a side of
the square base?
Solution: the volume of a square is the product of its height, length and width. Variable 𝑥 is the length of a side of the box,
while ℎ is its height. The equation relating h and x is
8 = 𝑥2ℎ
Express ℎ in terms of x:
8
ℎ=
𝑥2
Since height is greater than width,𝑥 < ℎ, our inequality is
8
>𝑥
𝑥2
31 | P a g e

8 Numerator: Denominator:
−𝑥 > 𝑥−𝑥
𝑥2
8 − 𝑥(𝑥 2 )
>0 8 − 𝑥 3 = 0𝑥 2 = 0
𝑥2
8 − 𝑥3 3
√𝑥 3 = 3√8𝑥 = 0
>0
𝑥2
𝑥=2
Intervals 𝑥<0 0<𝑥<2 𝑥>2
Test Point 𝑥 = −1 𝑥=1 𝑥=3

−∞ ∞
0 2 Sign of 8 − 𝑥 3
Sign of 𝑥 2
8−𝑥 3
Sign of 𝑥2
Step 5: Solve. Since the given

8 − 𝑥3
>0 The solution set is
𝑥2
Must be greater than zero, its sign should be positive.
From the table in step 4, the interval 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑥 > 2 {𝑥 ∈ ℝ | 𝑥 < 0 𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 2}
satisfied the given.
Since the rational is positive in interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2, this is the solution set of
the inequality. We reject the interval 𝑥 < 0 because we are looking for
−∞ ∞
0 2 measurement, and there is no negative measurement.
Therefore we conclude the height of the box should be less than 2 meters.
32 | P a g e

3 1
Seatwork 1: Solve the inequality < .
𝑥−2 𝑥

Numerator: Denominator:
Intervals
−∞ ∞ Test Point
Step 5: Solve.
33 | P a g e
Seatwork 2: Word Problem. Show your answer neatly and completely.
A dressmaker ordered several meters of red cloth from a vendor, but the vendor only had 4 meters of red cloth on stock.
The vendor bought the remaining lengths of red cloth from a wholesaler for Php 1120.00. He then sold those lengths of red cloth
to dressmaker along with the original 4 meters of cloth for a total of Php 1,600. If the vendor’s price per meter is at least Php 10
more than the wholesaler’s price per meter, what possible lengths of cloth did the vendor purchase from the wholesaler?

Intervals
Test Point
−∞ ∞
Step 5: Solve.
34 | P a g e
PART 5: QUIZ
A. Find the solution set for each rational inequality below.
𝑥+1
1. 𝑥_3
≤2

Intervals
Test Point
−∞ ∞
Step 5: Solve.
35 | P a g e
PART 6: SUMMARY
 A rational inequality is an inequality involving rational expressions.

 To solve for rational inequality, you need to be familiarized with factoring and interval notation.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
36 | P a g e
PART 1: LESSON COVERAGE TIME COVERAGE

WEEK NO.4 DAY 1-4
Lesson 4: Solving Rational Functions

a. Find the domain of a rational function
b. Prepare table of values of a given rational function
c. Graph a given rational function
d. Determine the (a) intercepts, (b) zeroes, (c) asymptotes of rational function
𝑝(𝑥)
 Rational function –is a function if the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomial functions and
𝑞(𝑥)
𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0.
 x-Intercept-a point where the graph intersects the x-axis.
 y-intercept- a point where the graph intersects the y-axis.
 Asymptote-a line that approaches the graph but never meets or intersects.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
𝑝(𝑥)
Introduction: Rational function is a function if the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomial
𝑞(𝑥)
functions and 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0. The domain of the rational function is the set of real numbers except those values of x that will make
the denominator zero.
y-intercept Vertical Asymptote
Horizontal Asymptote x-intercept
37 | P a g e
Steps in solving and graphing Rational function
Step 2: Find Vertical Step 3: Find x- intercept

Step 1: Find Domain Asymptote
A point where the graph
Set of all possible values of x. Line that approaches the intersects the x-axis.
graph but never meet or
intersect as x approach from
To solve for domain, set the right to left To solve for x-intercept, set
denominator to zero. y=0
To solve for V.A., equate
denominator to 0.
Step 4: find the y- intercept

Step 5: Find Horizontal Asymptote
A point where the graph
Let n be the degree of numerator and d be the degree of intersects the y-axis.
denominator.
To solve for y-intercept, set
Case 1 𝑛<𝑑 The horizontal asymptote is at 𝑦 = 0 x=0
𝑎
Case 2 𝑛=𝑑 The horizontal asymptote is at 𝑦 = 𝑏,
where The horizontal asymptote is at
𝑎is the leading coefficient of
Step 6: Find the Range
numerator and The horizontal
asymptote is at 𝑏 is the leading
Set of all possible values of y.
coefficient of denominator.
To solve for range, graph the
Case 3 𝑛>𝑑 There is no horizontal asymptote, but
given.
there is slant asymptote.
38 | P a g e
𝑥−4
Example 1: determine the domain, intercepts, and asymptotes of the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
.
Step 1: find Domain Step 2: Find vertical asymptote Step 3; Find x- intercept
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 0
𝑥−2=0 𝑥−2=0 𝑥−4

𝑥=2 𝑥=2 0=
𝑥−2
0= 𝑥−4
𝐷𝑥 : {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ 2} V.A.: x=2 𝑥=4
𝑃(4,0)
Step 4: Find y-intercept Step 5; find horizontal asymptote Step 6: Find Range
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0 In this example, we have n=d which fall To graph the rational function, consider
under case 2: the domain. Since domain is all values
(0) − 4 excluding 2, we can create a table of
𝑦= 𝑎 1
(0) − 2 values.
−4 𝑦= = =1
𝑏 1
𝑦= 𝑥−4
−2
𝑦=2 𝑦=1 𝑦=
𝑥−2
𝑃(0,2) x −2 0 2 4 6
f(x) 3 2 und 0 1
2 2
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
𝑽. 𝑨. : 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑯. 𝑨. : 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒑𝒕
39 | P a g e
2𝑥+4
Example 2: Determine the domain, intercepts, and asymptotes of the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 −1
.
2𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 + 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2 − 1 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 0
𝑥2 − 1 = 0 𝑥2 − 1 = 0 2𝑥 + 4
0=
√𝑥 2 = √1 √𝑥 2 = √1 𝑥2 − 1
𝑥 = ±1 𝑥 = ±1 0 = 2𝑥 + 4
𝑥 = −2
𝐷𝑥 : {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≠ ±1} V.A.: x=1, x=-1 𝑃(−2,0)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0 In this example,𝑛 < 𝑑 which fall under To graph the rational function, consider the
case 1. Automatically the horizontal domain. Since domain is all values excluding
2(0) + 4 asymptote lies on 1 and -1, we can create a table of values.
𝑦=
(0)2 − 1
4 𝑦 = 0 or x-asis 2𝑥 + 4
𝑦= 𝑦=
−1 𝑥2 − 1
𝑦 = −4
x −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑃(0, −4) f(x) 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑 −4 𝑢𝑛𝑑 8
3
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕
𝑯. 𝑨. : 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝑽. 𝑨. : 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑽. 𝑨. : 𝒙 = −𝟏
40 | P a g e
𝑥 2 +6𝑥−7
Example 3: Determine the domain, intercepts, and asymptotes of the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑥+5
2 2
𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 7 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 7
𝑦= 𝑦= 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 0
𝑥+5 𝑥+5
𝑥+5=0 𝑥+5=0 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7
𝑥 = −5 𝑥 = −5 0=
𝑥+5
𝐷𝑥 : {𝑥 ∈ ℝ | 𝑥 ≠ −5} 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7 = 0
V.A.: 𝑥 = −5 (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −7, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1
𝑃1 (−7, 0)
𝑃2 (1, 0)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0 In this example,𝑛 > 𝑑 which fall under To graph the rational function, consider the
case 3. There is no horizontal, but slant domain. Since domain is all values excluding
(0)2 + 6(0) − 7 asymptote. -1, we can create a table of values.
𝑦=
(0) + 5
In case 3, we need to simplify the given
7 by performing long method or synthetic 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7
𝑦= − division. 𝑦=
5 𝑥+5
7 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7 x −7 −6 −5 −4 4
𝑃 (0, )
5 𝑥+5 f(x)
−51 6 -7
-5 -5
1 1 -12
𝑥+1
The equation of the slant asymptote is

𝑦=𝑥
41 | P a g e
𝑺𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑨𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝑽. 𝑨. : 𝒙 = −𝟓
Seatwork 1: find the domain, intercepts, and asymptotes of the following rational functions. Graph will be sent separately and
to be submitted to the email of your teacher.
2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
42 | P a g e
𝑥3 − 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 −9
43 | P a g e
𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3
PART 5: QUIZ
Find the domain, intercepts, and asymptotes of the following rational function. Graph will be sent separately and to be submitted to
the email of your teacher.
3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4
44 | P a g e
PART 6: SUMMARY
 The prohibited value in the domain will be the vertical asymptote.

 To find for x- intercept, you need to set y to zero and to solve for y- intercept, you need to set x to zero.
 The horizontal asymptote will depend on the degree of numerator and denominator.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
45 | P a g e
TIME COVERAGE
CHAPTER 3: Inverse function and its Graph

Lesson 1: One-to-one function and inverse function

a. Solve the inverse of a function
b. Graph the inverse function
 One-to-one function- whenever each element of domain corresponds only to one value of range.
 Inverse function- only applicable to one-to-one function.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction:One-to-one function functions are important because they are precisely the functions that possess the inverse
functions according to the definition of inverse function.
Inverse function is being considered if 𝒇is a one-to-one function with domain X and range Y, and 𝒈 is a function with domain Y
and range X, then 𝒈is the inverse of 𝒇if and only if
Note!
(𝑓°𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 and The inverse of function 𝒇 is often
(𝑔°𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 denoted by 𝒇−𝟏 .
Steps in solving inverse function

1. Substitute 𝑦 to 𝑓(𝑥).
2. Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦.
3. Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥.
4. Substitute 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) for 𝑦.
5. Verify that the domain of 𝑓 is the range of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) and the range of 𝑓 is the domain of 𝑓 −1 .
Example 1: Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + √𝑥 − 2

Solution:
𝑦 = 1 + √𝑥 − 2
𝑥 = 1 + √𝑦 − 2 −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + √𝑥 − 2𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥 − 1 = √𝑦 − 2
2 𝑥 2 3 6 11 𝑥 1 2 3 4
(𝑥 − 1)2 = √𝑦 − 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 3 4 𝑓(𝑥) 2 3 6 11
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 3
46 | P a g e
Note!
−1 2
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
The slant line will serve as the
‘mirror’ with equation y=x that
will make
(𝟒, 𝟏𝟏) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥)
−1
symmetrical.
(𝟑, 𝟔)
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + √𝑥 − 2
(𝟐, 𝟑)
(𝟏, 𝟐)
(𝟐, 𝟏) (𝟑, 𝟐) (𝟔, 𝟑) (𝟏𝟏, 𝟒)
Example 2: Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −4
𝑥 = 𝑦2 − 4
𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 4
√𝑦 2 = √𝑥 + 4
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 4
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
*Compare their domain and range
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑓(𝑥) -4 -3 0 5 12
47 | P a g e
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
4𝑥−3
Example 3: Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
𝑥 -4 -3 0 5 12
𝑓(𝑥) 0 1 2 3 4
Solution:
4𝑥−3
𝑦= 5
4𝑦−3
𝑥=
5
5𝑥 + 3
5(𝑥) = 4𝑦 − 3 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
4
5𝑥+3 4𝑦
4
= 4
5𝑥+3
𝑦= 4
5𝑥+3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
4
*Compare their domain and range

4𝑥−3
𝑓(𝑥) = 5
4𝑥 − 3
𝑥 -5.5 -3 -0.5 2 4.5 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
5𝑥+3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 4
𝑥 -5 -3 -1 1 3
𝑓(𝑥) -5.5 -3 -0.5 2 4.5
48 | P a g e
Find the inverse of the following functions, then graph. Write all necessary solutions on the given table below.
𝑥−2
1. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+2
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
Solution Graph
49 | P a g e
Solution Graph
PART 5: QUIZ
A. For numbers 1-2, consider the function defined by 5. The horizontal asymptote is ______________.
𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) = .
2𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
6. True or False: All functions have inverses which are
1. The domain of the function is
also functions.
a. ℝ c. [0, ∞)
1 1 7. The graphs of the function and its inverse is/are
b. ℝ − {−1, } d. ℝ − { } a. The same c.
2 2
Symmetric with respect to origin
2. The graph of the function has vertical asymptote/s b. Symmetric with respect to y=x d. Both passing
with equation through the origin
1
a. 𝑥=1 c. 𝑥 = 2−3𝑥
2
1 For numbers 8-10, consider the function𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑥+1
b. 𝑥 = −1 d. 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
2
−1
2−3𝑥
For numbers 3-5, consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. The inverse function 𝑓 −1 is
𝑥+1 2−𝑥 𝑥−2
a. c.
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
3. The domain is _____________________. 2+𝑥 2−𝑥
b. d.
4. The vertical asymptote is _____________. 𝑥+3 𝑥−3
50 | P a g e
9. The domain 𝑓 −1 is ____________________. 10. The range of 𝑓 −1 is ____________________.
B. Solve the inverse of the given function. Write all the necessary solutions on the table, then graph.
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − √4 − 3𝑥
Solution: Graph
51 | P a g e
PART 6: SUMMARY
 Only one-to-one function has an inverse which is also a function.

 The equation y=x will serve as the mirror of the 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 and will make them symmetrical.
 The domain of 𝑓 is the range of 𝑓 −1 , and the range of 𝑓 is the domain of 𝑓 −1 .
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
52 | P a g e
TIME COVERAGE
WEEK NO.5 DAY 3-4
CHAPTER 4: Exponential Functions

Lesson 1: Exponential Functions and their Graphs

a. Represent real-life situations using exponential functions.
b. Distinguish exponential and natural exponential function
 Exponential- expressed by a mathematical exponent.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: Population growth is believed to be not constant over time. Notice that there is an increase every year. Exponential
occurs in various real world situations. It is used to model real-life situations such as population growth,
radioactive decay, carbon dating.
Recently, the whole world is discussing on how to conquer the threat of COVID-19. Did you know that
exponential can help scientists to identify the estimated growth of infected victims?
Exponential Function-the exponential function 𝑓 with base 𝑏 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 where 𝑏 > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1.
Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 provided the table of values.
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 1 1 1 2 4 8
4 2
Domain: ℝ
Range: (0, ∞)
x- intercept: none
y- intercept: (0,1)
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦=0
Note: the graph is asymptotic to x- axis that is why it has no
x- intercept.
53 | P a g e
1 𝑥
Example 2: Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) provided the table of values.
2
Solution:
Simplify the given.

1 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) = (2−1 )𝑥 = 2−𝑥
2
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
y 8 4 2 1 1 1
2 4
Domain: ℝ
Range: (0, ∞)
x- intercept: none
y- intercept: (0, 1)
Horizontal Asymptote: 𝑦=0
Many applications involve transformations of exponential functions. Some of the common applications in real-life
of exponential functions and their transformations are Population growth, Exponential Decay, and Compound
Interest.
Lesson 1.1: Exponential Models and Population Growth
On several instances, scientists will start with a certain number of bacteria or animals and watch how the
population grows. For example, if the population doubles every 3 days, this can be represented as exponential
function.
Example 1:Let 𝑡 = time in days. At 𝑡 = 0, there were initially 20 bacteria. Suppose that the bacteria double every 100 hours.
Give an exponential model for the bacteria as a function of 𝑡.
Solution: at 𝑡 = 0 Number of bacteria = 20

at𝑡 = 100 Number of bacteria = 20(2)
at𝑡 = 200 Number of bacteria = 20(2)2
An exponential model for this situation is 𝑦 = 20(2)𝑡/100
Suppose a quantity 𝑦 doubles every T units in time. If 𝑦0 is the initial point, then the quantity 𝑦 after 𝑡 units of time is given by
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2)𝑡/𝑇
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Lesson 1.2: Exponential Decay
Exponential functions can be used to model radioactive decay. The Half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for
half of the substance to decay.
Example 2: Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days and there are 10g initially; determine the
amount of substance remaining after 30 days.
Solution: at 𝑡 = 0 Amount of substance = 10g

at𝑡 = 10 days Amount of substance = 5g
at𝑡 = 20 days Amount of substance = 2.5g
at𝑡 = 30 days Amount of substance = 1.25g
1
An exponential model for this situation is 𝑦 = 10( )𝑡/10
2
Natural Exponential Function

For all real number x, the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 is called the natural exponential function.
To evaluate 𝑒 𝑥 for specific value of 𝑥, you can use your calculator
Example 1: Graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Solution:
x -3 -2 -1 1 2
y 0.05 0.14 0.37 2.72 7.39
Since 𝑒 > 1, then the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥

Is an increasing function.
55 | P a g e

A. WORD PROBLEMS. Answer the following problems and write all necessary solutions on the space provided.
1. Suppose the half-life of a substance is 250 years. If there were initially 100g of the substance,
a. Give an exponential model for the situation.
b. How much will remain after 500 years?
2. A population starts with 1,000 individuals and triples every 80 years.

a. Give an exponential model for the situation.
b. What is the size of population after 100 years?
B. Sketch the graph of each function: identify the following:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−3
Solution: Graph:
x 0 1 2 3 4 6
y
Domain:
Range:
x- intercept:
y- intercept:
Horizontal Asymptote:
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1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥
2
Solution: Graph:
x 0 1 2 3 4 6
y
Domain:
Range:
x- intercept:
y- intercept:
PART 5: QUIZ
A. WORD PROBLEMS. Answer the following problems and write all necessary solutions on the space provided.
1. A radioactive element has a half-life of two weeks. How much of 1000g sample of the element will remain in 9
weeks?
2. The number of insects in a colony doubles every month. If there are now 1000 insects in the colony, about how
many were in the colony three months ago?
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3. A certain barangay has a population of 7,000 in 2000. The constant rate of increase is 12% per annum. What will
be the population of the barangay in 2020?
4. In nuclear test explosion, some strontium-90 is released. This substance has half-life of 32 years. What part of
strontium-90 remains after 6 years?
B. Sketch the graph of each function: Identify the following:
1 2𝑥
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )
3
Solution: Graph:
x 0 1 2 3 4 6
y
Domain:
Range:
x- intercept:
y- intercept:
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2. 𝑓(𝑥) = −33−22𝑥 + 2
Solution: Graph:
x 0 1 2 3 4 6
y
Domain:
Range:
x- intercept:
y- intercept:
PART 6: SUMMARY
 Exponential function is a function where variable is the exponent.

 Exponential function can be used in determining the possible population.
 The graph of exponential functions are often asymptotic to the x- axis.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
59 | P a g e
TIME COVERAGE
WEEK NO.6 DAY 1-2
CHAPTER 4: Exponential Functions
Lesson 2: Solving Exponential Equations and Inequalities

a. Solve exponential equations and inequalities
b. Apply properties of exponents
 Exponential expression- is an expression in the form of 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑, where 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1.

 Exponential equation- an equation involving exponential expressions.
 Exponential inequality- an inequality involving exponential expressions
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: An exponential equation is one in which a variable occurs in the exponent.

An exponential equation in which each side can be expressed in terms of the same base can be solved using the property 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 ,
then 𝑥 = 𝑦.
Laws of exponents
Law Example
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦 23 25 = 28
(𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 (42 )5 = 410
(𝑎𝑏) 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 (4 ∗ 3)2 = 42 32
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2 4 24
( ) = 𝑥 ( ) = 4
𝑏 𝑏 3 3
𝑎𝑥 36
= 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦 = 34
𝑎𝑦 32
Zero and negative exponents
Any number raised to 0, the value is 1. Fraction exponents
Examples: Examples:
0
4 =1 2 3 3
(2𝑥)0 = 1 53 = √52 = √25
2𝑥 0 = 2
1
2
42 = √4 = ±2
Negative exponents
1
4−2 =
42
−2
23 2−6 1
( −2 ) = = 6 4
3 34 2 3
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Exponential expression Exponential equation Exponential inequality Exponential Function
An expression of the form of Function of the form

An equation involving An inequality involving
Definition 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑, where 𝑏 > 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 , where 𝑏 >
exponential expressions exponential expressions.
0, 𝑏 ≠ 1. 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
Example 2𝑥 2𝑥 = 8 2𝑥 < 8 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
Example 1: Solve for x.
Solution:
2𝑥+1 3𝑥−2
7 =7
Since the bases are the same, cancel the
2𝑥 + 1 = 3𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 + 1 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 bases and bring down all exponents then
solve for x.
𝒙=𝟑
Solution:
4𝑥−1 = 16 Since 4 and 16 are different bases, convert 16 to 42

4𝑥−1 = 42 Cancel the bases, bring down exponents
𝑥−1=2 Solve for x
𝒙=𝟑
Solution:
125𝑥−1 = 25𝑥+3 Since 125 and 25 are not the same, find their common root which is 5
(53 ) 𝑥−1 = (52 )𝑥+3 Convert 125 to 53 , 25 to 52
53(𝑥−1) = 52(𝑥+3) Cancel bases, bring down the exponents
3(𝑥 − 1) = 2(𝑥 + 3) Solve for x
3𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑥 + 6
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 6 + 3
𝑥=9
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Solution:
2
9𝑥 = 3𝑥+3 Find their common base
2
(3 ) 𝑥 = 3𝑥+3
2
Convert 9 to 32
2
32𝑥 = 3𝑥+3 Cancel bases, bring down exponents
2𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 3 Solve for x
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
3
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −1
2
Solution:
5𝑥+2 = 1 Since 1 and 5 are not the same, find their common base
5𝑥+2 = 50 The base of the right side is 1, convert it to 50 which is also equal to 1.
𝑥+2 =0 Cancel bases, bring down exponents and solve for x.
𝑥 = −2
Property of exponential inequality
If 𝑏 > 1, then the exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 is increasing for all x. This means that 𝑏 𝑥 < 𝑏 𝑦 if and only if 𝑥 < 𝑦.
Solving exponential inequality is like solving exponential equation, the only difference is that inequality has rule
to consider especially in dividing and multiplying negative values.
Solution:
3𝑥 < 9𝑥−2
3𝑥 < (32 )𝑥−2 Both 9 and 3 can be written using 3 as the base.
3𝑥 < 32(𝑥−2) Cancel the bases, and bring down exponents.
𝑥 < 2(𝑥 − 2) Arrange the inequality, all variables are on one side and all constants
are on the other side
4 < 2𝑥 − 𝑥
4<𝑥 We therefore conclude that values that will satisfy the given should be
less than 4.
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Solution:
1 𝑥+5 1 3𝑥
( ) ≥( ) 10 and 100 are the possible bases
10 100
1 𝑥+5 1 3𝑥
( ) ≥ ( 2) Convert 100 to102
10 10
−1 𝑥+5
(10 ) ≥ (10−2 )3𝑥 Bring up the denominators, it will change the sign of the exponents
10−1(𝑥+5) ≥ 10−2(3𝑥) Cancel the bases and bring down exponents
−1(𝑥 + 5) ≥ −2(3𝑥) Arrange the variables on one side, and constants on the other side.
−𝑥 − 5 ≥ −6𝑥
−1(−𝑥 − 5 ≥ −6𝑥) multiply both sides with -1, the sign will flip
𝑥 + 5 ≤ 6𝑥
5 ≤ 6𝑥 − 𝑥
5 ≤ 5𝑥
5 5𝑥
≤
5 5
1≤𝑥 We conclude that values greater than or equal to one satisfy the given.
Solution:
16𝑥+5 ≥ 23𝑥+1
(24 ) 𝑥+5 ≥ 23𝑥+1
4(𝑥 + 5) ≥ 3𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 + 20 ≥ 3𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 − 3𝑥 ≥ 1 − 20
𝑥 ≥ −19
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PART 4: ACTIVITY/ ASSESSMENT
A. Solve the following exponential equations
252𝑥−1 = 1253𝑥+4 75𝑥+3 = 512 1 𝑥−2 43𝑥+5 = 84𝑥−3 56𝑥+7 = 761

Solution: Solution: 82𝑥−3 = ( ) Solution: Solution:
16
Solution:
B. Solve the following exponential inequalities
1 2𝑥 2 5𝑥−1 25 3−𝑥 2 5𝑥−1 25 3−𝑥 4𝑥+2 ≥ 82𝑥 4𝑥+2 < 82𝑥

( ) < 23−𝑥 ( ) ≥( ) ( ) ≤( )
2 5 4 5 4
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PART 5: QUIZ
A. Solve the following exponential equations
1 3𝑥+1 32𝑥−5 = 87 3𝑥+1 = 9 5𝑥 + 3 + 5𝑥+1 = 400 2𝑥+5 = 32

92𝑥+3 = ( ) Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution:
27
Solution:
B. Solve the following exponential inequalities
84𝑥+1 > 23−𝑥 1 5𝑥−1 1 5𝑥−1 4𝑥+2 ≥ 82𝑥 320 < 27𝑥
Solution: ( ) ≥ 23−𝑥 ( ) ≤ 93−𝑥 Solution: Solution:
2 3
Solution: Solution:
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C. Identify the error:

John and Peter are solving 0.6𝑥−3 > 0.36−𝑥−1 . Did anyone get the correct solution? If not, write the errors on the given space
below.
John Peter
𝑥−3
0.6 > 0.36−𝑥−1 0.6 𝑥−3
> 0.36−𝑥−1
𝑥−3
0.6 > (0.62 )−𝑥−1 0.6 𝑥−3
> (0.62 )−𝑥−1
(−𝑥−1) (−𝑥−1)
0.6𝑥−3 > (0.6)2 0.6𝑥−3 > (0.6)2
𝑥 − 3 > −2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3 < −2𝑥 − 2
3𝑥 > 1 3𝑥 < 1
1 1
𝑥> 𝑥<
3 3
Questions:
1. Who has correct solution?___________________________________________

2. What are the errors (if any)?_________________________________________
PART 6: SUMMARY
 The difference between exponential equation to exponential inequality is the symbol.
 In solving exponential equation, the base on the left side should be the same with the base on the right side before
you cancel the bases.
 If the bases are not the same, convert the base, look for its root to easily get the common base.
 In solving exponential inequality, follow the rules in solving equation.
 When multiplying and dividing negative, the sign will flip always.
 All numbers and variables raised to 0, the answer is always 1.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016
66 | P a g e
PART 1: LESSON COVERAGE TIME COVERAGE

WEEK NO.6 DAY 3-4
CHAPTER 5: Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities
Lesson 1: Logarithms and Logarithmic Properties

a. Identify properties of logarithm
b. Convert logarithm equations to exponential equations and vice versa.
 Inverse- refers to the opposite of one another operation
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction:Logarithms are the opposite of exponentials, just as subtraction is the opposite of addition and
division is the opposite of multiplication. Logs “undo” exponentials. In short, logarithms are the inverse of
exponentials.
Example:
Logarithmic form Exponential form

log 2 32 = 5 25 = 32
log 9 729 = 3 93 = 729
log 5 5 = 1 51 = 5
log1/2 16 = −4 1 −4
( ) = 16
2
log 7 1 = 0 70 = 1
1 1 1
log 5 =− 5−1/2 =
√5 2 √5
Exponential and logarithmic form
Logarithmic form: log 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑐
Exponential form: 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑎
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Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10. This means that log 𝑥 is the short notation of log10 𝑥.
log 𝑥 = log10 𝑥.
Logarithms with base 𝑒 are called natural logarithms, they are denoted by “ln”. In other words, ln 𝑥is another way of writing log 𝑒 𝑥.
log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Example 1: Rewrite the following exponential equations to logarithmic form and vice versa.
𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑎 log 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑐 log 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form Logarithmic Form Exponential Form

53 = 125 log 5 125 = 3 log 𝑚 = 𝑛 10𝑛 = 𝑚
1 1 log 3 81 = 4 34 = 81
7−2 = log 7 = −2
49 49 2
log √5 5 = 2 (√5) = 5
2
10 = 100 log 100 = 2
64 3 2 64
2 2 4 4 log (3) ( ) = −3 ( ) =( )
( ) = log (2) ( ) = 2 4 27 4 27
3 9 3 9
1
1
(0.1)−4 = 10,000 log 0.1 10,000 = 3 log 4 2 = 42 = 2
2
40 = 1 log 4 1 = 0 1
log 0.001 = −3
10−3 = 0.001 𝑜𝑟
7𝑏 = 21 log 7 21 = 𝑏 1,000
𝑒2 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 2 ln 8 = 𝑎 𝑒𝑎 = 8
(−2)2 = 4 log −2 4 = 2 log 3 9 = 2 32 = 9
Properties of logarithm
Logarithm properties
(𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏)
Product rule log 𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦
𝑥 log 𝑏 𝑥
Quotient rule log 𝑏 ( ) =
𝑦 log 𝑏 𝑦
Power rule log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑃 = Plog 𝑏 𝑥
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log 𝑎 𝑥
Change of base rule log 𝑏 𝑥 =
log 𝑎 𝑏
Equality rule if log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦
(a) Use the properties of logarithms to expand each expression in terms of the logarithms.
Example 1:𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒂𝒃)𝟐 Example 2:𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒂𝒃𝟐 )

Solution: Solution:
log (𝑎𝑏)2 = 2 log(𝑎𝑏) log (𝑎𝑏 2 ) = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 2
= 2 log 𝑎 + 2 log 𝑏 = log 𝑎 + 2 log 𝑏
𝟑 𝟑 Example 4:: 𝐥𝐧[𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟓)]

Example 3:: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 ( )
𝒙 Solution:
Solution:
ln[𝑥(𝑥 − 5)] = ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 5)
3 3 3
log 3 ( ) = 3log 3 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
= 3(log 3 3 − log 3 𝑥)
= 3(1 − log 3 𝑥)
= 3 − 3log 3 𝑥
(b) Use the properties of logarithm to condense the expressions as a single logarithm
Example 1:𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 Example 2:𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒚

Solution: Solution:
log 2 + log 3 = log(2 ∗ 3) 2 ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 − ln y

= log 6 𝑥2
= ln ( )
y
Example 3:𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓
Solution: Example 4:𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 (𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟑𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝒙
Solution:
2 − log 5 = log 100 − log 5
100
= log ( ) log 5 (𝑥 2 ) − 3log 5 𝑥 = log 5 (𝑥 2 ) − 3log 5 𝑥
5
= log 20 = log 5 (𝑥 2 ) − log 5 (𝑥 3 )
𝑥2 1
= log 5 ( 3) = log 5 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
= log 5 (𝑥 −1 )
= −log 5 𝑥
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(c) Use the property of logarithm to change the base of the following.
Example 5:log 8 32 (𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2) 1

Example 2:log 243 ( ) (𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3)
27
Solution:
Solution:
log 2 32 5 1
log 8 = 1 log 3
log 2 8 3 27
log 243 ( ) =
27 log 3 243
3
= −
5

A. Find the value of the following logarithms, then convert to exponential form
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form
log 3 243 = ______

1
log 6 ( ) = ______
216
log1/4 16 = _______
log 49 7 = _______
log 0.0001 = _______
B. Find the value of the following exponentials, then convert to logarithmic form.
Exponential Logarithm
43 = _______
1
6__ =
216
___2 = 100
2 ___ 9
( ) =
3 4
103 = _______
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C. Expand each logarithm
1. log(6 ∗ 11) 6 5 𝑥2𝑦

2. log ( ) 3. log 2 ( )
11 𝑧
𝑥 2 √𝑦 5. ln 2𝑥 𝑥−1
4. log 2 6. log 5 √𝑥+1
𝑧5
D. Express as single logarithm.

1. log 4 (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) − log 4(𝑥 − 4) 2. log 3 5 + log 3 2 3. ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑧
4. log 2 𝑅 + log 2 𝑆 + log 2 𝑇 1 6. 2(log 5 𝑥 + 2log 5 𝑦 − 3log 5 𝑧)

5. log 5 𝑥 + 2log 5 𝑦
2
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PART 5: QUIZ
A. Find the value of the following logarithms, then convert to exponential form
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form
log10 10,000 = 4
1
log 4 ( ) = −2
16
log 𝑏 27 = 3
−3 = log 𝑏 (𝑟 + 𝑠)
ln y = 5
B. Find the value of the following exponentials, then convert to logarithmic form.
Exponential Logarithm
23 = 𝑥
1
3−1 =
3
3
34/3 = √81
𝑒 −0.5𝑥 = 1
𝑒3 = 𝑦
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C. Expand each logarithm
1. log 4 6𝑥 4 2. log 2𝑥 −3 𝑥2
3. log 4 ( 𝑧 )
𝑥
2𝑥 2 √𝑦 5. ln 𝑥+2 6. ln 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)3
4. log 5
5𝑧 5
D. Express as single logarithm.
1. log 4 (𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 ) − log 4(𝑥 − 4) 2. log 3 5 + log 3 2 3. ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑧
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1
4. log 2 𝑅 + log 2 𝑆 + log 2 𝑇 5. 2 log 5 𝑥 + 2log 5 𝑦 6. 2(log 5 𝑥 + 2log 5 𝑦 − 3log 5 𝑧)
PART 6: SUMMARY
 Logarithm is the inverse of exponential.

 In both logarithm and exponential, 𝑏 is the base.
 In the exponential form, 𝑐 is an exponent.
 In the logarithmic form log 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑎cannot be negative.
 The value of log 𝑏 𝑎 can be negative.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
74 | P a g e
TIME COVERAGE
CHAPTER 5: Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities
Lesson 2: Solving Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities

a. Solve logarithmic equations and inequalities by applying properties of logarithm.
b. Solve problems involving logarithmic equations and inequalities.
 logarithm- is the inverse of exponential
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction: Recall, that if a variable appears as an exponent in a term of an equation, then the equation is called exponential
equation.
In solving logarithmic equations and inequalities, it is important to remember the restrictions on the values of 𝑏
and 𝑥 in the logarithmic expression log 𝑏 𝑥
 𝑏 should be greater than 0, but not equal to 1.

 𝑥 can be any real number.
 The entire expression log 𝑏 𝑥 can be any real number and can be negative.
Logarithmic functions, equations, and inequality
Logarithmic equation Logarithmic inequality Logarithmic function
definition An equation involving logarithms An inequality involving logarithms Function of the form
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
example log 2 𝑥 = 4 ln 𝑥 2 = (ln 𝑥)2 𝑓(𝑥) = log 3 𝑥
75 | P a g e
(a) Solving logarithmic equations using Equality Rule
This method is only applicable if the equation has two logs, each having the same base, set equal to each other.
Example 1: Solvelog 2 𝑥 = log 2 14 Example 2: Solvelog 𝑏 𝑥 2 = log 2 (2𝑥 − 1)

Solution: Solution:
log 𝑏 𝑥 2 = log 2 (2𝑥 − 1)
log 2 𝑥 = log 2 14
𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑥 = 14
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒
(𝑥 − 1)2 = 0
√(𝑥 − 1)2 = √0
𝑥=1 The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟏
Example 3: Solvelog 𝑏 (𝑥 2 − 30) = log 𝑏 𝑥 Example 4: Solve2log 𝑏 4 + log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 1)

Solution: Solution:
log 𝑏 (𝑥 2 − 30) = log 𝑏 𝑥 2log 𝑏 4 + log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 2 − 30 = 𝑥 2log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 4 + log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 2 − 30 − 𝑥 = 0 2log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 [4(𝑥 − 1)]
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 5) = 0 log 𝑏 𝑥 2 = log 𝑏 (4𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 = 6, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −5 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 − 4
Since it’s not allowed to have negative inside logarithm, 𝑥 = 5 is 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0

not a valid solution.
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟔
The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟐
76 | P a g e
(b) Solving logarithmic equations using Exponential Form
This method is used by transforming the logarithms into exponentials. Note that the base in both the exponential form of the
equation and the logarithmic form of the equation is "𝑏".
Example 1: Solvelog 3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 Example 2: Solvelog 𝑥 16 = 2
Solution: Solution:
log 𝑥 16 = 2
log 3 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2
𝑥 2 = 16
2
3 = 2𝑥 − 1
√𝑥 2 = √16
2𝑥 = 8
𝑥 = ±4
𝑥=4
Since negative is not allowed, 𝑥 = −4 is not
The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟒 included
The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟒
Example 3: Solvelog 2 (8) = 𝑥 Example 4: Solvelog 2 𝑥 + log 2 (𝑥 − 2) = 3

Solution: Solution:
log 2 𝑥 + log 2 (𝑥 − 2) = 3
log 2 (8) = 𝑥
log 2 [𝑥(𝑥 − 2)] = 3
2𝑥 = 8
23 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 3
2 =2
23 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑥=3
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝑥 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2
The solution is 𝒙 = 𝟒
Property of logarithmic Inequalities
Given the logarithmic expression log 𝑏 𝑥,
If 0 < 𝑏 < 1, then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if log 𝑏 𝑥1 > log 𝑏 𝑥2
If 𝑏 > 1, then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if log 𝑏 𝑥1 > log 𝑏 𝑥2
77 | P a g e
Example 1: Solvelog 3 (2 𝑥 − 1) > log 3 (𝑥 + 2) Example 2: Solvelog 0.2 𝑥 > − 3

Solution: Solution:
Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined
2 𝑥 − 1 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2 > 0 This means that𝑥 > 0
1
𝑥> 𝑥 > −2
2
Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied
1
The base 3 is greater than 1 Rewrite -3 as a logarithm to base
5
2𝑥 − 1 >𝑥 + 2 1 −3
log 1 𝑥 > log 1 ( )
5 5 5
𝑥>3
𝑥 < 125
Therefore, the solution is (𝟑, ∞)
Therefore, the solution is (𝟎, 𝟏𝟐𝟓)

A. Solve the following logarithmic equations using the methods introduced above. Write all the necessary solutions including the
conclusion on the space provided.
1. log 2 (𝑥 − 1) = 5 2. log 5 (𝑥 − 2) + log 5 (𝑥 + 2) = 1
3. log 3 (𝑥 − 2) + log 3 (𝑥 − 4) = log 3 (2𝑥 2 + 139) 4. log 𝑥 + log (𝑥 − 1) = log(3𝑥 + 12)
78 | P a g e
5. log 2 (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) = 3 + log 2 (1 − 𝑥) 6. log 5 (𝑥) + log 5 3 = 2
7. log 𝑥 + log (𝑥 + 3) = 1 8. log (−2) + log (−5) = 1
9. log 5 (𝑥) − log 5 2 = 2 10. log 3 (𝑥 + 1) − log 𝑥 𝑥 = 3
79 | P a g e
B. Solve the following logarithmic inequality

1. log 2 (𝑥 − 4) + log 2(𝑥 − 2) ≤ log 2 3 2. −2 < log 𝑥 < 2
PART 5: QUIZ
A. Solve the following logarithmic equations using the methods introduced above. Write all the necessary solutions including the
conclusion on the space provided.
1. log (5𝑥) = log(2𝑥 + 9 2. log(10 − 4𝑥) = log(10 − 3𝑥)
3. log(−𝑚) + 2 = 4 4. log 𝑥 + log (𝑥 − 1) = log(3𝑥 + 12)
80 | P a g e
5. log12(𝑥 2 + 35) = log12(−12𝑥 − 1) 6. log 9 (2 − 11𝑥) = log 9(𝑥 2 + 30)
7. ln (𝑥 − 3) − ln (𝑥 − 5) = ln 5 8. ln (−3𝑥 − 1) − ln 7 = 2
9. log 6 (𝑥 + 1) − log 8 𝑥 = log 8 29 10. log 8 2 + log 8 4𝑥 2 = 1
PART 6: SUMMARY
 Logarithmic equation is an equation involving logarithms.

 Logarithmic inequality is an inequality involving logarithms.
 In solving the logarithmic equations, it is important to look over their bases if the same or not.
 You can solve an equation using the equality rule if the bases from both sides are the same.
 You can solve an equation using exponential if one side is a constant.
81 | P a g e
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
82 | P a g e
TIME COVERAGE
WEEK NO.7 DAY 3-4
CHAPTER 6: Simple and Compound Interest

Lesson 1: Illustrating Simple and Compound Interest

a. Illustrate simple and compound interest.
b. Compute interest, maturity value, and present value in simple interest
c. Solve real- life problems involving simple and compound interest.
 Lender or creditor- person or institution who invests the money or makes the funds available.
 Borrower or debtor-person or institution who owes the money or avails of the funds from the lender.
 Origin or loan date-date on which money is received by the borrower.
 Repayment date or maturity date-date on which the money is borrowed or loan is to be completely repaid.
 Time or term (t)-amount of time in years the money is borrowed or invested.
 Principal (P)-amount of money borrowed or invested on the origin date.
 Rate (r)-annual rate, usually in percent, charged by the lender.
 Interest (I)-amount paid or earned for the use of money.
 Simple Interest (𝑰𝒔 )- interest that is computed on the principal and then added to it.
 Compound Interest (𝑰𝒄 ) – interest is computed on the principal and also on the accumulated past interests.
 Maturity value or Future value (F)-amount after 𝑡 years that the lender receives from the borrower.
PART 3: DISCUSSION
Introduction:
Suppose you yon Php 10,000 and you plan to invest it for 5 years. A cooperative group offers 2% simple interest rate per year. A bank
offers 2% compounded annually. Which will you choose and why?
Solution: Investment 1: Simple Interest with 2% annual rate
Simple Interest Amount per t years

Time (t) Principal (P)
Solution Answer (Maturity Value)
1 (10, 000)(0.02)(1) 200 10, 000 + 200 = 10, 200
2 (10, 000)(0.02)(2) 400 10, 000 + 400 = 10, 400
3 10, 000 (10, 000)(0.02)(3) 600 10, 000 + 600 = 10, 600
4 (10, 000)(0.02)(4) 800 10, 000 + 800 = 10, 800
5 (10, 000)(0.02)(5) 1.000 10, 000 + 1,000 = 11,000
83 | P a g e
Solution: Investment 2: Compound Interest with 2% annual rate
Simple Interest Amount per t years

Time (t) Principal (P)
Solution Answer (Maturity Value)
1 10, 000 (10, 000)(0.02)(1) 200 10, 000 + 200 = 10, 200
2 10, 200 (10, 200)(0.02)(1) 204 10, 200 + 204 = 10, 404
3 10, 404 (10, 404)(0.02)(1) 208.08 10, 404 + 208.08 = 10, 612.08
4 10, 612.08 (10, 612.08)(0.02)(1) 212.24 10, 612.08 + 212.24 = 10, 824.32
5 10, 824.32 (10, 824.32)(0.02)(1) 216.49 10, 824.32 + 216.49 = 11,040.81
Simple interest remains constant throughout the investment term. In compound interest, the interest from the previous year also
earns interest that’s why they call it “interest on interest”.
Simple Interest
is a process of computing the interest charged on money deposited or borrowed for a certain period of time. It is
the amount paid for the use of money. In other words, interest as rent on money we borrowed or deposited.
Annual simple interest is based on the 3 factors:
Interest = Principal x rate x time
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
Where:
𝑰𝒔 = Simple Interest
P= Principal
r= rate
t= time in years
Derive the formula, you will get;

𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝑃= 𝑟= 𝑡=
𝑟𝑡 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑟
84 | P a g e
Maturity (Future) Value
𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝑠
Example 1:A bank offers 0.25% annual simple interest rate for a particular deposit. How much interest rate will be earned if 1 million
pesos is deposited in this savings for 1 year?
Given: 𝑃 = 1,000,000 Solution:
𝑟 = 0.25% 𝑜𝑟 0.0025 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡

𝐼𝑠 = (1,000,000)(0.0025)(1)
𝑡 = 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐼𝑠 = 2,500
Find: 𝐼𝑠
Answer: The interest earned is 2,500 pesos
Example 2:How much interest will you pay if you borrow 4,000 pesos and pay it after 6 months at 8% simple annual interest rate?
Given: 𝑃 = 4,000 Solution:
𝑟 = 8% 𝑜𝑟 0.08 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
𝐼𝑠 = (4,000)(0.08)(0.5)
1
𝑡 = 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 0.5
2
𝐼𝑠 = 160
Find: 𝐼𝑠 Answer: The interest earned is 160 pesos after 6 months.
Example 3:Find the balance after 18 months if you put your 15,000 pesos into savings account that offers 4.2% simple annual interest.
Method 1: Solve the interest and add the principal
𝑟 = 4.2% 𝑜𝑟 0.042 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡

𝐼𝑠 = (15,000)(0.042)(1.5)
𝑡 = 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑟 1.5 𝐼𝑠 = 945
Find: 𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑃 + 𝐼𝑠
= 15,000 + 945
= 15, 945
Answer: The total balance is 15, 945 pesos.
85 | P a g e
Method 2: Compute the balance using 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑡).
𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
= 15,000[1 + (0.042)(1.50)]
= 15,000(1 + 0.063)
= 15,000(1.063)
= 15,945 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠
Example 4: You are a student assistant in your school. Suppose you save 2,000 pesos of your allowance and deposit it in your account
that earns simple annual interest. After 9 months, the balance is 2, 030 pesos. Find the annual interest.
𝐹 = 2, 030 𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑡)

2, 030 = 2, 000[1 + (𝑟)(0.75)]
𝑡 = 9 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑟 0.75 2, 030 = 2, 000(1 + 0.75𝑟)
2, 030 = 2, 000 + 1,500𝑟
2, 030 = 2, 000 + 1,500𝑟
2, 030 − 2, 000 = 1,500𝑟
Find: 𝑟 30 = 1,500𝑟
0.02 = 𝑟
Answer: The interest rate is 2%.
Example 5:The savings account of 20, 000 pesos earned an interest of 1,800 pesos at 5% simple interest. For how long is the account
deposited?
Given: 𝑃 = 20,000 Solution: 𝐼𝑠

𝑡=
𝑃𝑟
𝑟 = 5% 𝑜𝑟 0.05 1, 800
𝑡=
𝐼𝑠 = 1, 800 (20,000)(0.05)
1, 800
𝑡=
1, 000
Find: 𝑡
𝑡 = 1.8
Answer: The money is deposited for 1.8 years
86 | P a g e
Compound Interest
Is the interest that is earned on both the principal and any interest that has been earned previously. When an account is compounded,
the balance 𝐹 is computed
𝒓 𝒎𝒕
𝑭 = 𝑷 (𝟏 + )
𝒎
Where:
𝐹 = Maturity (Future) Value
𝑃 = Principal amount
𝑟 = nominal rate of interest
𝑚 = Frequency of conversion
𝑡 = term/ time in years
Example 1: Find the balance after you deposit your 10, 000 which accumulates for 10 years at 5% interest compounded annually.
Given: 𝑃 = 10,000 Solution: 𝑟 𝑚𝑡

𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + )
𝑟 = 5% 𝑜𝑟 0.05 𝑚
(1)(10)
0.05
𝐹 = 10,000 (1 + )
𝑡 = 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 1
𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 1 𝐹 = 10,000(1 + 0.05)(10)

Find: 𝐹
𝐹 = 10,000(1.05)(10)
𝐹 = 10,000(1.62889)
𝐹 = 16, 288.95
Answer: The balance is 16, 288. 95 after 10 years
87 | P a g e
Example 2: Find the maturity value and interest if 10, 000 pesos is invested in a bank with 2% interest compounded quarterly for 5
years
Given: 𝑃 = 10,000 Solution: 𝑟 𝑚𝑡

𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + )
𝑚
𝑟 = 2% 𝑜𝑟 0.02 0.02 (4)(5)
𝐹 = 10,000 (1 + )
4
𝑡 = 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑚 = 𝑞𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐹 = 10,000(1 + 0.005)(20)
Find: 𝐹 and 𝐼𝑠 𝐹 = 10,000(1.005)(10)
𝐹 = 11, 048.96
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐹 − 𝑃
𝐼𝑠 = 11, 048.96 − 10,000
𝐼𝑠 = 1, 048.96
Answer: The balance is 11, 048.9695 pesos and the

interest is 1, 048.96 pesos after 5 years
FINDING PRINCIPAL VALUE OF COMPOUND INTEREST

𝑟 𝑚𝑡
To compute for the principal of compound amount, we derive 𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + ) in terms of P.
𝑚
𝐹 𝑟 −𝑚𝑡
𝑃= 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 𝐹 (1 + )
𝑟 𝑚𝑡 𝑚
(1 + 𝑚)
88 | P a g e
Example 3: Find the present value of 20, 000 pesos due at the end of 5 years if the money was invested at 10% compounded semi
annually.
Given: 𝐹 = 20,000 Solution:

𝐹
𝑃=
𝑟 = 10% 𝑜𝑟 0.10 𝑟 𝑚𝑡
(1 + )
𝑚
𝑡 = 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
20, 000
𝑚 = 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 2 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑃=
0.10 (2)(5)
(1 + )
2
Find: 𝑃 20, 000
𝑃=
(1.05)10
𝑃 = 12, 278.27
Answer: The principal is 12, 278.27pesos.
FINDING THE NOMINAL RATE OF COMPOUND INTEREST
1
𝐹 𝑚𝑡
𝑟 = 𝑚 [( ) − 1]
𝑃
Example 4:What must be the rate compounded quarterly will 8, 000 pesos accumulate to 10, 200 pesos in 2 years?
Given: 𝑃 = 8,000 Solution: 1

10, 200 (4)(2)
𝑟 = 4 [( ) − 1]
𝐹 = 10, 200 8, 000
𝑡 = 2 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 1
𝑟 = 4 [(1.275)8 − 1]
𝑚 = 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 4 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑟 = 4( 1.03083409 − 1
Find: 𝑟 𝑟 = 0.1233 𝑜𝑟 12.33%
Answer: The rate is 12.33%.
89 | P a g e
FINDING THE TIME IN COMPOUND INTEREST
𝐹
log
𝑃
𝑡= 𝑟
𝑚 log (1 + )
𝑚
Example 5:For how many years will 8, 000 accumulate to 10,000 if invested in a bank at 5% compounded annually?

10,200
log
8,000
𝐹 = 10, 200 𝑡= 0.05
1 log (1 + )
1
𝑟 = 5% 𝑜𝑟 0.05
log 1.25
𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟 1 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡=
log(1.05)
Find: 𝑡 = 2 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
0.09691
𝑡=
0.21189
Answer: The will 4.57 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
PART 4: ACTIVITY/ ASSESSMENT
A. Using the I= Prt, complete the table by finding the unknown quantity for the account that earns simple annual interest.
Interest (I) Principal (P) Rate (r) Time (t)
37,500 11% 3 years
1,490 8.4% 21 months
5, 430 79,010 5 ½ years
678 18,000 7.33%
150,360 10 ¾ % 10 years
B. SIMPLE INTEREST: Analyze each problem and solve carefully. Show your complete solutions.
1. Find the interest and balance on a loan of 16, 500 pesos at 15% simple annual interest for 4 months.
90 | P a g e
2. Mr. Alcazaren earned 2, 444.50 in his savings account for 5 months at 8% simple annual interest. How much is the original
savings of Mr. Alcazaren?
3. Find the principal value of 432, 000 at 7.8% simple annual interest for 18 month term.
4. If 70, 000 is deposited into an account that earns simple annual interest. After 2 years, the account balance is 74, 880.
What was the annual interest rate?
5. Mr. Ignacio borrows 28, 000 pesos from his brother and promises to repay him with an additional interest of 2, 800 pesos.
If the rate is 10%, for how long is the debt due?
91 | P a g e
C. COMPOUND INTEREST: Analyze each problem and solve carefully. Show your complete solutions.
1. What is the present value of 25, 000 due in 2 years and 6 months if money is worth 10% compounded quarterly?
2. How long will it take 3, 000 pesos to accumulate to 3,500 pesos in a bank savings account at 0.25% compounded monthly?
3. At what nominal rate compounded semi-annually will 10,000 accumulate to 15,000 in 10 years?
92 | P a g e
4. What would be the compounded amount if 100, 000 pesos is invested for 18 years at 2.5% compounded annually?
5. Accumulate 1,120 pesos for 15 years compounded quarterly at 6%.
PART 5: QUIZ
A. Solve the following problems involving simple and compound interest.
1. How long will it take to double an investment at 11% simple interest?
2. Rhea buys basketball shoes for his boyfriend worth 6,300 pesos and pays it for 6 months using credit card that offers
2.75% simple annual interest rate. How much is the total balance of Rhea?
93 | P a g e
3. Suppose you have 80,000. You decided deposit it on a bank and will not withdraw from it for 10 years. A bank offers two
types of compound interest accounts. The first account offers 6% interest compounded monthly. The second account
offers 6.5% interest compounded semi-annually. Which account will you choose if you want your money earn more?
Solution 1: Solution 2:
Conclusion
Eren invested 600,000 pesos in two bank accounts. The first bank account pays 6% annual interest, and the other account
pays 5% annual interest. If the combined interest earned in both accounts after a year was 35,000 pesos, how much money
was invested in each account?
First Account: Second Account
PART 6: SUMMARY
 In solving simple interest problems, different formulas will be derived from I= Prt.
 It is very important to clearly identify the percentage of given time in years.
𝑟 𝑚𝑡
 in solving compound interest problems, different formulas will be derived from 𝐹 = 𝑃 (1 + ) .
𝑚
 You must identify first if the given problem is concerning to simple interest or compound.
PART 7: REFERENCES
Inc., 2017.
Corporation, 2016.
94 | P a g e

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MATH

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Lesson 1.1: Relation vs. Function

Lesson 1.2: Function as a Machine

Lesson 1.3: Ways of Representing Functions

Illustration 1.1 Ordered Pairs

c. 𝐻 = {(1 , 3), (2 , 6), (3 , 9) , . . . . , (𝑛 , 3𝑛)}

Illustration 1.2 Table of Values

Example 1: Refer to the ordered pairs given in illustration 1.1

X f(x) Remember that independent

Example 2: Which of the following tables represent function?

No. of Eggs Price of Breakfast Age ID Number

Illustration 1.3 Mapping Diagrams

Domain Range Domain Range

This diagram shows that algebra is taught during 1

Fruits Vitamins Students Subjects

Papaya A Popoy Math

Orange B Basya Science

Banana C Kathryn English

Kiwi K Daniel Filipino

NOT FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION

Illustration 1.4 Graph

The Vertical Line Test

Graphs (a), (c), (d) are graphs of a

Illustration 1.5 Equations

X Function f(x) x function f(x) x function f(x)

Illustration 1.5 Piece-wise Function

PART 4: APPLICATION/ ACTIVITY

_______ 1. {(1,2), (1,3), (5,6), (7,8)}

Mary 867 0232

B. Express the function in various forms

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1, 0, 1

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0, 1,2,3

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

Remember that 𝑓 is the name of the

Example 1: Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = 1.5

Solution: Substituting 1.5 for 𝑥 in the functions above, we have

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑓(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4

(b) 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝑞(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4

(c) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1 𝑔(1.5) = √(1.5) + 1 = √2.5

Solution: Substituting -3 for 𝑥 in function 𝑔(𝑥) and 1 for 𝑟(𝑥). Note!

inside rational, therefore we do not include -3 in the domain of the function.

Since the answer is undefined, 1 is not in the domain of d) 𝑟(𝑥).

𝑓(3𝑥 − 1) = 2(3𝑥 − 1) + 1 𝑞(2𝑥 + 3) = (2𝑥 + 3)2 − 2(2𝑥 + 3) + 2

Step 1: Assign a function

Step 2: Create an expression

a. 𝐶(𝑥) = 25𝑥 + 200

b. 𝐶(100) = 25(100) + 200 𝐶(150) = 25(150) + 200

PART 4: ASSESSMENT/ ACTIVITY

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3, find the following values:

B. Word Problems: Evaluate functions given the statement below.

A. Evaluate the following functions.

(d) 𝑓(0) (e) 𝑓(−1) (f) 𝑓(−2)

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Rules in addition and subtraction:

Example 1: Given the functions below, solve the following.

a. (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4) + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8) - Write the function of 𝑣(𝑥) followed by the

b. (𝑓 ∗ 𝑝)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 7) - Write the function of 𝑓(𝑥) followed by the

= 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 21 - Expand and simplify (you may use FOIL Method)

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