GENERAL BOTANY (LEC) Plant Pathology

LESSON 1 (INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY)

- Study of plant diseases
Botany – scientific study of plants’: - (viral, bacterial, fungal)
- structures (internal [anatomical] & external Paleobotany
[morphological])
- Plant fossils and their importance
- Factors that affect plant growth
- Obtain great info among plants that existed
(temperature, amt. of light/gas, type of soil,
a long time ago
etc.)
- Development (from seeds, as well as
Gross Structure of Plants
physical & chemical factors that affect
development) Root System
Subsciences of Botany
- Dicot: Tap root (main) & Lateral root
Plant Taxonomy - Monocot: Fibrous root (no primary root)
- taxis – arrangement/order
Shoot System
- naming, nomenclature
- One of the oldest sciences - Leaves – site of photosynthesis
- Important because it’s hard to study - Petiole – attaches leaf to the stem
organisms w/out knowing their names - Blade
- Apical bud – arises apex
Plant Anatomy
- Axillary bud – develops between a leaf and
- More on internal stem
- Microscope is required - Internode – space between 2 nodes
- Study of plants’ vessels, vascular system
Reproductive Shoot
- (xylem, phloem, stomata)
- Modified leaves
Plant Morphology
- Petals – for attraction
- More on external - Carpels – pistils
- Plant organs, types of fruit system, leaves
- (apex margins, etc.) Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms

Plant Physiology Gymno

- Functions of plants
- (photosynthesis, cellular respiration) - Cones – made of scales, green -> brown,
woody
Plant Genetics  Pistillate – ovulate cone (female)
- Study of plants’ heredity, inheritance of  Staminate – pollinate (male)
characteristics, variation. - Leaves – needle-like
- (off springs will have variations from
parents) Angio
- Application is important because of the
- Flower
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO),
 Ovules – embryosac (female)
Cultivars were improved
 Pollen – germ nucleus, tube nucleus
Plant Cytology (male)
- Study of plant cells - Haploid
- (chromosome composition) - Except for sporophyte (2n)
- Plants are often polyploids (multiple sets of
Parts of the Flower
chromosomes)
1. Sepals – group: calyx
Plant Ecology
2. Petals – group: corolla
- Relationships of plants and environment
- Reaction of plants with certain conditions 3. Stamens – anther & filament (male)
- Parasitic plants – get their food from host 4. Carpels/Pistil – stigma, style, ovary (female)

DEANG, Yoko
 - female gametophyte – Plasma membrane – sterols- kind of fats, have
embryo sac carbohydrates as receptors
- ovule – becomes seeds Cytoplasm – cytoskeleton – cell organelles
Characteristics of Plants - Cytoplastic streaming – moving of plant
parts under the microscope
- Eukaryotic – nucleus enclosed w/ nuclear
membrane Ribosomes – sites of protein synthesis
- Autotrophic – make their own food
- S (unit of measurement for sedimentation
- Multicellular
coefficient) – Svedberg
- Cell walls are made of cellulose
- Contain chloroplasts (ch a & ch b; Chromosomes – (histones: wool & spool)
carotenoids (yellow, orange, brownish), Cell division – (conjugation)
anthocyanins (blue, red, violet)
Cell Specialization
- Gives off oxygen
- Sessile – can’t move from one place to
another (however, can perform tropism)
- Has stomata for gas exchange (mostly on
leaves)
- Cell specialization
- Alternation of generation – sporophyte
gen., gametophyte gen.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

Guard cells – use osmotic pressure to open and

close stomata
- Very important since in regulates the size of
stoma
Brachyslereids – stone cells
- Specialized cells
- Schlerenchyma (thick secondary cell wall)
- (e.g. pear)
Astroclereids – star-shaped
- Found in nymphaea (aquatic plant) and
helps floatation
Bulliform cells – very large compared to other
cells surrounding it

Cytoplasm - where cellular respiration takes place - Fan-shaped

(prokaryotic) - Usually found in monocot leaves
- Sensitive to change humidity, makes leaves
Flagellum – 9+2 structure (universal to eukaryotes) – 2
roll in adaptation or protection from heat
pairs of microtubules [center], 9 pairs of microtubules
[outer] *phloem – carries sugar

Glycocalyx – capsule/ slime *xylem – carries water & nutrients

- Present in animal cell - Metaxylem

- Important for cell recognition (serves as - Protoxylem
protection) Life Cycle of a Moss
Cell wall – [prokaryotic: peptidoglycan- *important notes only, kindly refer to the illustration
carbohydrates, sugar, amino acids]
Gametophyte – mature female plant – reproductive
- [eukaryotic: chemically simple] organs can be seen
DEANG, Yoko
Archegonium – the female reproductive organ in ferns,
mosses & gymnosperms (one egg only)
Venther – expanded part (contains the egg)
Water – is required (mosses thrive in wet areas)
Antheridium – male gametophyte (multiple cells)
Zygote – fertilized egg
Neck – narrow part
Calyptra – covers the young sporophyte for protection,
the only haploid.
Sporophyte – young plant
 Seta – stalk
 Sporangium
 Foot – bottom
Operculum – covering (breaks open)
Economic Importance of Plants
Basic needs – food
Habitat – for birds, insects, etc.
Medicines – those that have been studied
Soil Integrity – monocots (grass) prevent erosion as well
as dicots.
- Decomposing of organic matter
from plants also improve soil
Air quality & Humidity Levels – absorbs CO2 which is a
greenhouse gas and releases oxygen
Aesthetic Values
Regulates water cycle – through condensation of water
vapor and regulation of groundwater by preventing
erosion

DEANG, Yoko