Chemistry Unit 1 - “Matter is made up of tiny, discrete,

invisible and indivisible particles

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND possessing mass, shape, size and
capable of motion in empty space”
CHEMICAL BONDING by Leucippus, Democritus, and
Epicum
 Matter - Atoms from Greek word atomos
- Occupies SPACE and has MASS meaning indivisible.

TYPES
1. Pure Substances FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
- Fixed composition
- Can’t further purified A. Proton (p/p+)
- Subatomic particle
Kinds - Electric charge (esu) +1 elementary
charge
 Elements - Electrical Charge: -1.602x 10-19coulomb
- Mass: 1.6725 x10-24g/ 1.0073amu
- Can’t be subdivided by chemical or
physical means - Mass is slight less than neutron
- Forms compounds when combines
- Greek for first given to hydrogen
chemically nucleus
- No. of protons = atomic number(Z)
 Compounds
- Elements united in fixed ratios
B. Neutron (n/n0)
- Subatomic particle
- No net electric charge (esu)
2. Mixtures
- Electrical Charge: 0 coulomb
- Combination of 2 or more pure
- Mass: 1.6748x10-24g/ 1.0087amu
substances
- Mass slightly larger than proton
- Can be physically separable into
- Protons + Neutrons = Nuclei of
pure substances
Atoms
Kinds
C. Electron (e-/β-)
- Subatomic particle
 Homogenous Matter
- Electric charge (esu) -1 elementary
- Uniform composition
charge
- Electrical Charge: -1.602x 10-19coulomb
 Heterogenous Matter - Mass: 9.1095x10-28g/ 0.00005486amu
- Nonuniform composition - Important in physical phenomena:
 Electricity
 History of Atom  Magnetism
- Composition of matter started 400-  Chemistry
300 BC by Greek philosophers  Thermal Conductivity
- “Matter is continuous and can be  Gravitational Interactions
divided infinitely” by Aristotle  Electromagnetic
Interactions
 Weak Interactions
 D. Atomic Number (Z)
- The no. of protons in nucleus
- protons = electrons (neutral atom) J. Shells
- How electrons are arranged in an
E. Mass Number (A) atom (determines chemical
- Total number of protons and properties)
neutrons in nucleus of an atom - Electron shells are 1-7 (innermost-
- Atomic no. + no. of neutrons outermost)
- no. of protons/electrons + no. of - Outer shells (higher energy/ travel
neutrons farther)
- Inner shells (lower energy)
EXAMPLE: - Have one or more subshells with
1. Sodium (Na) atomic orbitals
 Mass number= 23
 Atomic number= 11 K. Subshell
 Protons= 11 - Region of space within an electron
 Electrons= 11 shell that contains electrons with
 Neutrons-= 12 the same energy.

F. Isotopes CATEGORIES OF ELECTRONS

- Same atomic number/element/ 1. Inner (core)
protons but different mass - Electrons in the previous noble gas
number/neutrons and any completed transition
- Example: Isotopes of Hyrogen series
1 - Fills lower energy levels of an atom
1. Protium ( H )
1
2 2. Outer
2. Deutrium ( H ) - Highest energy level (n)
1
3 - Farthest from nucleus
3. Tritrium ( H )
1
3. Valence
G. Isobars - Involved in forming compounds
- Same mass number but different - Outer electrons
atomic numbers/elements - (n-1) d electrons (transition
- Example: elements) even Iron (Fe) to Zinc (Zn)
40 K 40
 and Ca THE 4 PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBERS
19 20

H. Isotones  Quantum Numbers

- Same no. of neutrons but different - Designate specific shells, subshells,
atomic numbers/ mass numbers orbitals, and spins of electrons
- Describes the characteristics of an
I. Orbital electron in an atom
- Space around the nucleus
- 90% chance of finding electron 1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
- Maximum of 2 electrons - Size of orbitals and relative distance
of electrons from nucleus
 - n-value, orbital size, energy level,
distance from nucleus are directly
related.
- Example: n=1 first energy level
2. Angular Momentum Quantum
Number (l)
- Shape of the orbitals
- l values= 0,1,2,3,4… or n-1  Degenerate Orbitals
- Electron orbitals with the same
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) energy levels.
- Orientation of the orbitals in space - Examples:
around the nucleus.  2p sublevel are degenerate
IF: = 2px, 2py, and 2pz have
l= 0, ml= 0 1 orbital equal energy
l= 1, ml= +1, 0, -1 3 orbitals
l= 2, ml= +2, +1, 0, -1, -2 5 orbitals  Degree of Degeneracy (Degeneracy)
- Number of different states of equal
4. Spin Quantum Number (ms) energy
- Spin of electrons in an orbital - Degeneracies:
- Opposite direction to differentiate  p orbitals =3
one electron from the other in the  d orbitals= 5
same orbital  f orbitals= 7
+1
- Possible Values: ms= or ms=
2  Paramagnetism
−1 - Substance slightly attracted to a
2 magnetic field
- Contains one or more unpaired
electrons

 Diamagnetism
- Substance slightly repelled by a
magnetic field
- Electrons are all paired

RULES IN WRITING
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

 Electron Configuration 1. Aufbau Principle (building-up)

- Distribution of electrons in the - e- occupies and fills first the lowest
energy levels and sublevels of an energy orbitals before entering
atom higher-energy orbitals.
- Represented as nl# (n=main energy
level; l- value of spdf representing 2. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
the shape of orbital in a subshell; - Only two e- with opposite spins can
#=number of electrons in the occupy an orbital. 3rd electron is
sublevel) repelled.

3. Hund’s Rule
 - Electrons distribute singly before
pairing.
 Chemical Bond
Example: - Electrostatic force which holds
Sulfur-> A= 16; e-=1s22s22p63s23p4 atoms in a compound or molecule
 Electron
1s Configuration2pof Noble Gases
2s - Results loss/gain/sharing of
- Have complete electron electrons
2 6
3s configuration
3p of ns np except for
He.  Valence
- Example: Sulfur (Z=16) : [Ne] 3s23p4 - Ability to form bonds
- Number of electrons in the
outermost level of the atom

 Octet Rule
- Bond formation
- States that atoms are most stable
with full shell of electrons in the
outermost shell.
- Explains helium is stable and inert
- 1st shells has 2 electrons in a single
s-subshell
- Named for the eight s and p
electrons (often the only valence
electrons)
- When atoms combine, they revert
to the noble gas configuration.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

1. Ionic Bonding (Electrovalent)

- Chemical bond from attraction of
TWO STATES OF AN ATOM oppositely charged ions
- Formed from the force of
1. Ground State electrostatic attraction
- Lowest energy state - High polarity and melting/boiling
- Most stable state point
- Arrangement of electrons in lower - Formed between a metal (+) and
energy levels around nucleus non-metal (-)
- No definite shape
2. Excited State - Solid in room temperature
- Higher energy than ground state
- Elevation in energy level above an Example:
arbitrary baseline energy state Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
(Excitation) Na1+ + Cl1- => NaCl
Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
Example:
 Ion
 - electrically charge atom of an - Acquires partial positive and
element negative charge.
- Shared electron pair is nearer
 Cation to the one atom than the other.
- Positively charged atom; loses - Example: HCl
electron
- Smaller than neutral parent  Non-polar Covalent Bond
atom - Equal or almost equal sharing
- Group IA and IIA of electrons by the bonded
atoms
 Anion - Combination of same element
- Negatively charged atom; or with very close
gains electron electronegativity values (<0.5)
- Larger than parent atom - Examples: H2, Cl2, N2, CH4
- Halogens (Group VIIA)
 Electronegativity Difference
 Monoatomic Ions - Non polar (<0.5)
- an ion consisting of exactly - Polar (0.5-1.7)
one atom. - Ionic (>1.7)
- Exceptions HF(polar) & NaI
Examples: (ionic)
Cl-1, K1+, Fe2+, Bi5+
 Coordinate Covalent Bond
 Polyatomic Ions - both electrons come from the
- a covalently bonded set of same/single atom in the bond
two or more atoms - both atoms can obtain noble
gas electronic configuration by
Examples: sharing electrons
NO21-, CO32-, PO43-

 Covalent Bond
- Atoms share a pair of electrons to
form covalent molecules.
- Non-metals (Groups 4-7)
- Low polarity and melting/boiling
point
- Formed from two non-metals with
similar electronegativities
- Have definite shape
- Examples: CH4 and HCl

Classifications:
 Polar Covalent Bond
- Big difference in
electronegativity values (0.5-  Lewis Dot Structure
1.7) - Diagram that shows the valence
- Sharing of electrons is not electrons in an element.
equal.
 - Symbol is nucleus; Dots are valence
electrons
- Example:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF  Electrovalency
COVALENT COMPOUNDS - number of electrons lose or
gained by an atom
 Low boiling and melting points - explains ionic bond
 In three physical states at room - Should use + or - signs
temperature - Example: Na and Ne where Na
 Don’t conduct electricity electrovalency is 1
 No charged particles - Examples:
 Stronger bond and more shared  Al (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1)
electrons, the shorter bond length => Al3+ + 3e- (1s2 2s2 2p6)
 Triple bonds > Double bonds > Single  O + 2e-(1s2 2s2 2p4) =>
O2- (1s2 2s2 2p6)
PROPERTIES OF COVALENT BOND
 Covalency
1. Bond Length (r) - number of electrons an atom
- Inversely related to bond energy can share
- Increases going down the periodic - explains covalent bond
table (H-F < H-Cl < H-Br < H-I ) - no need use of a sign
- Decreases across the periodic table - Example: Neon and Carbon
(C-C > C-N> C-O) where covalency is 4
- Shorter with greater bond order in
equivalent atoms bonds (C≡C < C=C
< C–C)
- Smaller atoms = Smaller bonds

2. Bond Strength
- Greater w/ shorter bond & greater
bond order (C≡C > C=C > C–C)

3. Bond Polarity
- Depends on electronegativity
values of elements
- >electronegativity=
>electronegativity difference (∆EN)
= >polar

4. Bond Angle Expression of Attraction of Atoms

- Caused by repulsion of valence for Electrons
electrons
- Shapes known as Molecule’s 1. Ionization potential
Molecular Geometry - Energy required to remove an
electron from a neutral.
- Increases upward and to right in
periodic table (Shielding Effect)
  Metals mostly lose 5. Column 7A
electrons - Gain 1e-
 Nonmetals mostly gain
electrons
2. Electron Affinity
- Energy released when an atom
gains an electron
- Increases left to right and upwards
- High for nonmetals; Low for
nonmetals
- Electron energy is lower when it is
a part of the atom
- Negative if anion is formed
(electron was attached by energy
supplied)

3. Electronegativity
- Measure the ability of atom in a
molecule to attract electrons to
itself
- Increases upward and to right
- Fluorine is most electronegative
- Low ionization and electron
affinities = Low electronegativities.

Gain and Lose of Electrons

1. Columns 1A, 2A, 3A

- all lose electrons
- 1A (lose 1e-); 2A (lose 2e-);
3A (lose 3e-)

2. Column 4A
- Carbon lose/gain 4e-
- Silicon, Germanium, Lead, Tin lose
4e-
3. Column 5A
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus lose 5e-
or gain 3e-
- Arsenic, Antimony Bismuth lose
5e-

4. Column 6A
- Sulfur and Oxygen gains 2e-
- Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium lose
6e-