Neway challenge academy no.

1
2020/21 Academic Year

SUBJECT: - English
GRADE: - 11
TEACHER’S NAME: - Mr. Assefa
ITEM: NOTE-1
Dear students, welcome to attend the academic year 2021/22 G.C.

Objective: after the end of this unit, you will be able to:

List the importance of the parts of speeches and their types.

Apply the correct grammatical sentences using various tenses in your writing.

UNIT ONE

Parts of speeches

INTRODUCTION:

Language is a vehicle of our thoughts. A vehicle in perfect condition delivers the goods properly.

Language in proper form expresses the thoughts in proper sense. When we want to express what we
think, we deliver in the form of speech.

Different words constitute to our speech; such words, as per traditional grammar, are classified based
on eight parts of speech. They are:

1. Noun 5. Adverb

2. Pronoun 6. Preposition

3. Adjective 7. Conjunction

4. Verb 8. Interjection

Each part of speech explains not what the word is but on the usage of the word.

1. Noun:Isa word which denotes a person, any living being, a place, a thing and an idea.

A word of noun which denotes in common to every person or everything of the same kind or class is
defined as a common noun.

Example: 1. Africa is a continent.

2. Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia.

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A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. A word of proper noun is always
written in a capital letter as the first letter of the word.

Example: 1. Africa is a continent.

2. Addis Ababais the capital of Ethiopia.

An abstract nounis a noun which usually denotes a quality, state or an action without reference to the
object to which it pertains.

Examples: Kindness, Hatred, Honesty, Bravery, Childhood, Youth, Obedience, Growth etc.

A word denoting a number of persons or things taken together but spoken of as one is a collective noun.

Example: 1. My uncle in the village owns a HERDof cattle.

2. Every nation maintains its own ARMY.

Two or more nouns combine to form a single noun and functions as a single noun is said to be a
compound noun.

Example: 1. The bus conductoris cordial to the passengers.

2. Mango fruit juice is very tasty.

Countable nounsare the names of people, objects etc., that we can count.

Example: Book, Friend, Brother, Teacher, Doctor, Cow, Tree, Mango . . .

2.Pronoun: Is a wordwhich isused instead of a noun. There are seven personal pronouns in English. They
are: I, he she, it, we, you, and they.

Personal pronouns represent people or things. Personal pronouns are classified into two. They are
objective personal pronounsand possessive personal pronouns.

In a sentence if a personal pronoun takes the form of object of the sentence, it is called objective
personal pronoun.

Objective personal pronouns are: me, you, him, her, it, us and them.

Example: 1. The principal said, ‟ Dear Students, our Chief Guest will address you.”

2. Please don’t force me to accept your gift.

3. It is hung on the wall.

Possessive personal pronoun is a word which reveals the possessive aspect of an object or a person.

Possessive personal pronouns are: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours and theirs.
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2020/21 Academic Year

Example: 1. Brother, the big tree in the village is yoursbut the plot in the town is hers.

2. Theirs will be handed over to them shortly.

Demonstrative pronounsare words used to point out the objects to which they refer.

Example: 1. This is one of the shirts which I purchased on the eve of new year.

2. Mangoes from any other place are not as tasty as thoseAssossa in BenshangulGumuz.

3. The car which she possesses now is costlier than that used during her youth.

An interrogative pronounis used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are: who, whom, which,
where, whoever, wherever, whichever, how, why, whose and whatever.

Relative pronounis a word which joins statements, performing the work of a pronoun and also the work
of a conjunction. Relative pronouns are: who, whom, that, which, whose/ of which/.

The pronouns which denote persons or things in a general way but do not refer to any particular person
or thing are known as Indefinite Pronouns.

Example: 1. Many were invited for the function but only someof them attended.

2. Everything is placed in the proper place. After the arrival of the place we did not see any of
them.

Reflexive pronounis a word which refers back to the subject of the sentence of a clause. Reflexive
pronouns can also act as intensive pronouns.

Example: 1. I myself wash my clothes.

2. We ourselves have planted trees in our colony.

Intensive pronounis a pronoun that emphasizes its antecedents. This is also just like reflexive pronoun
in revealing its meaning.

Example: 1. They themselves have agreed for a compromise our several issues.

2. The Municipal Commissioner himself.

3. Adjective: Is a word which qualifies or modifies a noun. An adjective is a word with a noun to add
something for its meaning.

Example: 1. He is a handsome actor.

2. My friend gave me six sweet apples.

Possessive adjectiveis a word similar to a possessive pronoun, but it functions as an adjectives.

Example: 1. His ring is made of gold.

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2. The bird builds its nest properly.

Interrogative adjectivesare like interrogative pronouns, but modify the noun to function as an adjective.

Example: 1. Which places are to be visited during our tour?

2. What book is your favorite?

The demonstrative adjectivesare identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but they are used as
adjectives.

Example: 1. When I crossed that lane I slipped down.

2. These dresses were purchased during my trip to Harar.

Numeral adjectiveis the adjective which reveals the number of the nouns. There are three types of
numeral adjectives. 1. Definite number adjective E.g.: five, hundred, million . . .

2. Indefinite number adjective E.g.: some, few, little . . .

3. Distributive number adjective E.g.: each, every, neither . . .

4. Verb: Is a word which denotes the action of a noun or asserts something about the noun or reveals
events pertaining to the noun.

Example: 1. The student reads.

2. The dog isa pet animal.

3. Many houses and huts were destroyeddue to Tsunami.

4. I will callyou tomorrow.

Auxiliary verb: Is a word which is added to other verbs in order to express different tenses, negative
meanings, questions and also to reveal the passive form of a sentence.

Auxiliary verbs are of two types: Primary Auxiliary and Modal Auxiliary

1. Primary auxiliary verbs are used to reveal questions, negatives and tenses. They are: verb to be, to
have and to do.

Example: 1. Have I helped you?

2. I am not at all concerned with this case.

3. He has obtained 90 percent in the final exam.

2. Modal auxiliary verbs are used to express different attitudes of the mind.
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Example: 1. You must take care of your health.

2. They have not topublishthe books.

3. How dare he argued with the Chief Executive Officer.

Transitive and Intransitive verbs:

Transitive verb is a verb that passes over the actions of the noun or the subject in the sentence to an
object in the same sentence.

Example: 1. He always eats an apple.

2. I have read ‛ Love unto Grave’.

Intransitive verb is a verb which does not pass over the actions of the noun or subject to an object.
However, the verb expresses an action or state of being.

Example: 1. The child weeps.

2. The Intercity Express arrived late.

5. Adverb: Is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, an another adverb, a phrase or
a clause.

Example: 1. The train moved slowly.

2. Please do not assemble on the verandah.

3. She reads newspaper daily.

4. They usually watch ‛National Geography’ channel.

5. The schools are inspected annually.

6. Preposition: Is a word that links nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and phrases to other words in a
sentence to form a proper sentence.

Example: 1. My shirt is in the shelf.

2. Please spread the cloth over the table.

Prepositions fall under three classes.

1. Simple preposition: in, at, by, to, up, off, for, from, till, with, etc.

2. Compound preposition: above, below, beneath, between, beside, behind, inside, outside, within,
without, amidst, about, along etc.
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3. Group of words in a phrase: since phrases which function as prepositions are called phrase
prepositions. by means of, in favor of, in order to, instead of, in spite of, in place, with reference to, on
account of, with regard to.

7. Conjunction: Is a word which joins words, phrases, sentences and clauses together.

Coordinate conjunction: Joins individual words, phrases and independent clauses. They are said to be
:FANBOYS.

Example: 1. Helen andAzeb are best friends.

2. He is rich but not happy.

Subordinate conjunction: Joins a clause to another clause on which it depends to reveal a proper
meaning of the sentence. They are: before, because, after, since, although, if, that, till, as, when, where,
which etc.

Example: 1. Since your promise I have to believe your words.

2. He wrote the poem when he was a student.

8. Interjection: Is a word added to a sentence to express emotional feelings.

Example: 1. Oh! What a beautiful garden.

2. Well!Both of them they selected for team.

Exercise1:Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.

1. Which one of the following is abstract noun?
A. silent B. quite C. silenced D. silence
2. Of the following, one is not an abstract noun?
A. goodness B. bravery C. family D. childhood
3. Who is that man please? I do not know ____________.
A. her B. me C. they D. him
4. Do you remember where you put _____________?
A. we B. it C. they D. he
5. Show me the road ___________ leads to the railway station.
A. where B. whose C. which D. who
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6. Helen and James know each other very well. The underlined phrase is:
A. relative pronoun C. possessive pronoun
B. reflexive pronoun D. possessive objective
7. You don’t need to help them. They can do it _____________.
A. themselves B. ourselves C. yourselves themselves
8. Thanks, this is a great testing glass of water. The underlined word is:
A. possessive adjective C. descriptive adjective
B. demonstrative adjective D. interrogative adjective
9. ______________ are you sitting here now?
A. Where B. When C. Why D. How
10. Jemila said she would go to the store in the morning. The underlined phrase is:
A. adverb of time B. adverb of manner C. adverb of frequency D. adverb of place
11. Don’t speak so ________________. I can’t understand you.
A. fast B. fastly C. fastest D. fasts
12. Read over your answers _________________ correct all mistakes before you pass them.
A. and B. or C. because D. while
13. Ayantu couldn’t go, ______________ she was tired.
A. because of B. since C. yet D. but
14. _______________ the exam starts, you will not able to talk.
A. Twice B. Whatever C. Once D. Whenever
15. We walked _____________ the river yesterday.
A. on B. at C. along D. in
16. He won the race ____________ him last month.
A. with B. between C. against D. among
17. The professor gave her class an assignment via the website. The underlined word is:
A. indirect object B. direct object C. subject D. B&C
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18. The hiker turned quickly toward the noise behind him. The verb is:
A. transitive verb C. linking verb
B. intransitive verb D. auxiliary verb
19. The farmer has a ____________ of cattle on his farm.
A. set B. class C. herd D. flock
20. The Magna Carta is an important document in history. Which one is proper noun in the
sentence?
A. document B. history C. carta D. Magna Carta