Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

Lab Manual of PDU

subject= Power Distribution and Utilization

Submitted to = Engr Saqif Imtiaz

Submitted by= Faizan Masood

Section = P-1 Group B.

Session =2K17-2K21.

Roll number = 2k17-ELE 104.

Department= Electrical Engineering .

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LAB NO -1

Objective:

To model a Power System using single line diagram by using ETAP12.6.0

Version

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
ETAP:
ETAP stands for Electrical Transient Analyzer Program. ETAP is the one of the most powerful
simulation tool.

Explanation:
ETAP is a full spectrum analytical engineering software company specializing in the analysis,
simulation, monitoring, control, optimization, and automation of electrical power systems.
ETAP electrical engineering software offers the best and most comprehensive suite of
integrated power system enterprise solution. ETAP has become the de facto standard for power
system analysis for all types and sizes of electrical industries.

ETAP Icon:
The Version which is used for simulation and analysis here is ETAP 12.6.0. This educational
edition provides universities with access to the latest technology for the design, modeling,
and analysis of electrical power systems and its icon is given as follows;

ETAP Interface:

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The ETAP is getting start and the following interface appears given as:

The overview of ETAP 12.6.0 with the new OLV is given as:

Now we are going to design a simple Power System. In Symbols we can use two types of
symbols:
 ANSI stands for American National Standard Institute
 IEC stands for International Electro-technical commission

There are various simulations case studies are such as;

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 Load Flow Analysis

 Short Circuit Analysis
 Motor acceleration analysis
 Harmonic Analysis
 Transient Stability Analysis

Types of Simulators:
There are also different types of simulators available for the power system modeling, designing,
monitoring and analysis given as;
 ETAP
 PWS
 MATLAB

Single Line Diagram:

In power engineering, a one-line diagram or single-line diagram is a simplified notation for
representing a three-phase power system. The one-line diagram has its largest application in
power flow studies.

Features:
Create and manage single-line drawing schematic for 3-phase and 1-phase AC / DC, and
grounding/earthling type networks with unlimited buses, distribution panel boards and other
elements including detailed instrumentation.
 Fully integrated view with multiple voltage level handling
 Unlimited main panel\/distribution boards and graphical sub-panels 
 Integrated 3-phase, 2-phase,1-phase
 Integrated AC, DC, grounding & earthing systems
 Remote connectors
 Multi-level nesting of sub-systems  
 Region classifications & coloring
 Interfaces for management of switching devices  
 Charger / Rectifier / UPS modeling

Explanation of Power system:

This Power System is AC Distribution System. In this system, only Primary Distribution is
explained after the transmission. Primary Distribution operates at somewhat higher voltages
than general utilization. The most commonly used Primary Distribution Voltages are 11KV,
33KV, 66KV. Usually, the Electrical Power is transmitted at high levels in the near city to reduce

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the power losses and then it is stepped down by using Step-Down Transformer. The big
consumers are supplied 33KV or 11KV.

Work on ETAP 12.6.0:

Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
11. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
12. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:
Now we are going to develop a single line diagram of a power System using ETAP 12.6.0 and the
single line diagram shown below shows the impedance and efficiency of the all the instruments
and cable used given as;

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The below model is the same but the only difference is of the simulation and below shows the
complete ratings of the power station, distribution and utilization system as well as power flow
from the generator/power grid to load (factory) with efficiency at each point.

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Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about application and features of ETAP and how to model a power
System by using ETAP 12.6.0 and check it all the indices as well as parameters and ROCs and see
how ETAP offers an educational software package for instructors, university computer labs,
and students.

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LAB NO -02

Objective:

To model a Power System using composite network on ETAP12.6.0

Version

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Composite network is one of ETAP’s most useful modeling tools. When building a one-line
diagram of very large and complicated systems, the model becomes prone to crisscrossing lines
and may look disorganized and messy.

Composite Networks:
A composite network is a combination of all components in a subsystem, because it can also
contain buses, sources, loads, branches and even other composite networks or composite
motors.

Explanation:
This composite network allows the engineer to create systems and nest elements by their
physical layout, geometrical requirements of elements, voltage levels, study requirements, etc.
Subsequently, composite networks offer the capability to build complicated electrical networks
while still maintaining a clean and organized one-line diagram. As a result, we can display the
system that we want to emphasize and these nested composite networks are still part of the
over-all system model.

Features:
The “Composite Network,” or sub-network allows users to model a portion of their project
and represent it as a single element, providing a more simple and organized appearance. The
“composite network” can be nested for an unlimited number of sub-networks, allowing for
multiple layers in one project.
 Visualize properties and results
 Unlimited connections
 User defined location and sizing

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 Customizable Views

Why we use composite networks:

Due to number of reasons we use the composite network in the modeling of the power
distribution system, composite network is the tool which provide easiness in the modeling of
any single line diagram of power system in which we can build any power system using multiple
layers and in this way we can also design the power supply model of any area as well as any
building also on large scale.

Symbol of composite network on ETAP 12.6.0:

The composite network on ETAP 12.6.0 is represented by the following symbol given as;

Composite network
Work on ETAP 12.6.0:
Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;

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1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. Go to composite network icon and place it on the screen.
9. Then double click on the icon and place another network in it.
10. We may also connect number of different networks by this.
11. Composite network reduce the model size and provide models within model.
12. We may also one composite network into another as we did in the given model below
and also inter connect different networks like network 1 and network 3.
13. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
14. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
15. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
16. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
17. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:
The model using composite networks on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;

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The inner view of composite network 1 is given as below in which we add number of static
loads also combine with another composite network 2 and network 3 in this in which we also
add loads according to requirements;

The inner view of composite network 2 is given as below in which we add number of static
loads according to requirements;

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The inner view of composite network 3 is given as below in which we add number of static
loads and combined static load according to requirements;

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the using of composite networks and problems like
crisscrossing lines and disorganized or messy look system will be reduced or eliminated. The
importance of this feature is due to the fact that it enhances the one-line diagram, which is the
backbone of power system simulations including power quality studies.

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LAB NO (03)

Objective:

To improve power factor using capacitor bank on ETAP12.6.0 Version

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
In AC power supplies Capacitor Banks are mainly used to improve the power factor of the AC
Loads. Power factor, Pf =cos Φ = P/S. The Power factor decreases with an increase in lag or lead
of current from the voltage. That is higher the phase angle or phase shift lesser the pf.

Power factor:
Power factor is a unit-less number used in alternating current circuits, it can be used to refer to
a single piece of equipment such as an induction motor or for the electricity consumption of an
entire building. In either case it represents the ratio between true power and apparent power.
Power factor is therefore the ratio of useful power or true power in kW divided by what we’re
charged for in kVA. 
The formula is given as;
PF = kW / KVA
The term power factor comes into the picture in AC circuits only. Mathematically it is the cosine
of the phase difference between the source voltage and current. It refers to the fraction of total
power (apparent power) which is utilized to do the useful work called active power.

Whereas;
P = Active power or real power in KW
Q = Reactive power in KVAR
S = Apparent power in KVA

Power triangle:

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The active power is the power which we used and the apparent power is that amount of power
which is supplied by the grid/power companies and the reactive power ‘Q’ oscillates between
source (apparent power ‘S’) and load (active power ‘P’). To help understand this better all these
power are represented in the form of a triangle which is given as;

Explanation:
Cables are rated to handle a certain amount of current flowing through them. So if a lot of large
consumers connect with bad power factors, then the cables could over load, they could
struggle to meet demand and capacity agreements and no new customers will be able to
connect until they either replace the cables or install additional cables. Reactive power charges
occur when the power factor of a building falls below a certain level, this level is defined by the
electricity supplier but it typically starts at around 0.95 and below. A perfect power factor
would be 1.0, however in reality this is almost impossible to achieve. In large commercial
buildings, the overall power factor is likely to sit in the following categories given as;

 Good power factor is generally between 1.0 and 0.95.

 Poor power factor is anything from 0.95 and 0.85.
 Bad power factor is anything below 0.85.
 Commercial office buildings are usually somewhere between 0.98 and 0.92, industrial
buildings could be as low as 0.7. 

How to improve power factor?

There are three main ways to improve power factor:

 Capacitor Banks
 Synchronous Condensers
 Phase Advancers

Reasons to improve power factor:

There are some reasons which force us to improve the power factor given as;

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 Real power is given by P = VIcosφ. The electrical current is inversely proportional to

cosφ for transferring a given amount of power at a certain voltage. Hence higher the pf
lower will be the current flowing. A small current flow requires a less cross-sectional
area of conductors, and thus it saves conductors and money.
 From the above relation, we see having poor power factor increases the current flowing
in a conductor and thus copper loss increases. A large voltage drop occurs in
the alternator, electrical transformer and transmission and distribution lines – which
gives very poor voltage regulation.
 The KVA rating of machines is also reduced by having higher power factor, as per the
formula;

Hence, the size and cost of the machine is also reduced. This is why electrical power factor
should be maintained close to unity and it is significantly cheaper.

Capacitor banks:

Improving power factor means reducing the phase difference between voltage and current.
Since the majority of loads are of inductive nature, they require some amount of reactive
power for them to function. A capacitor or bank of capacitors installed parallel to the load
provides this reactive power. They act as a source of local reactive power, and thus less reactive
power flows through the line. Capacitor banks reduce the phase difference between the voltage
and current.

How capacitor bank improve the power factor:

As a capacitor can constitute leading phase shift the capacitor bank compensates for the
lagging phase shift of the inductive reactance; leading current counteract the lagging current.
Thereby it maintains a unity power flow by reducing the overall phase shift and the reactive
component when connected in parallel with the load. There are some benefits that we got from
the power factor improvement using capacitor banks given as;

 Thus an improved power factor offers less current requirement.

 In addition to power factor improvement, the capacitor banks improve the voltage
stability also.
 In DC power supplies it acts as a filter which reduces the AC ripple.
 It can provide a constant DC supply and eliminate sudden spikes and fluctuations in the
line.

Capacitor bank icon:

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The capacitor bank on ETAP 12.6.0 is represented by the following symbol which is the symbol
of the capacitor but when we add this in parallel with the loads then in its setting template we
get the option where we set the number of shunt capacitors which we used in the complete
system to improve the power factor and given as;

Capacitor Bank

Work on ETAP:

Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.

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3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. Again go to the tool bar and select the shunt capacitor in order to in parallel with load
and then select number of capacitors and their KVAR ratings from the parameter setting
block.
11. Then run model with or without capacitor bank to see the effect of capacitor bank on
the complete model or system.
12. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
13. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
14. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:

Model on ETAP before capacitor bank:

The model without the capacitor bank is given as;

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Model on ETAP after capacitor bank:

The model with capacitor banks on both sides clearly shows the improvement in the power
factor and when we increase the KVAR ratings of the capacitors then according to this power
factor of the distribution system improved.

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Model on ETAP after capacitor bank with AMPS and Losses:

The model with amperes and losses calculation is given as;

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Model on ETAP after capacitor bank with KVA:

The model with KVA ratings calculation is given as;

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Table of calculations and observations:

Sr. no Load Bus Total load Amps Losses KVA

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(P)

1. B2 12 MVA 206 12.4+j617.8 46939

2. B4 5 MVA 104 10+j498.9 41924

3. B6 40.06 MVA 2221.1 6.9+j345.3 22670

Conclusion:

In this lab, we have learned about the power factor, capacitor banks and how capacitor banks
improve the power factor according to the KVAR rating of each capacitor. And also learned
when the power factor improved then reactive power controlled and economic values of power
system enhanced, reliability of the system increased, lose in a system per unit cost decreased
due to which efficiency of a system increased. We concluded that for the best yield we need to
improve the power factor using capacitor banks, synchronous condenser and phase advancers.

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LAB NO -04

Objective:

To calculate power losses on distribution lines by using ETAP12.6.0

Version

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Losses in power system:
It is fact that the unit of electric energy generated by power station does not match with the
units distributed to the consumers. Some percentage of the units is lost in the distribution
network. This difference in the generated & distributed units is known as transmission and
distribution loss. Transmission and distribution (T&D) loss are amounts that are not paid for by
users.

T&D Losses= (Energy Input to feeder (KWH)-Billed Energy to Consumer (KWH)) / Energy Input
kwh x100.

Distribution Sector considered as the weakest link in the entire power sector. Transmission
losses are approximately 17% while distribution losses are approximately 50%. There are two
types of transmission and distribution losses;

1. Technical Losses
2. Non-Technical Losses (Commercial Losses)

Technical losses:

The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors, equipment used for
transmission line, transformer, sub- transmission line and distribution line and magnetic losses
in transformers. Technical losses are normally 22.5%, and directly depend on the network
characteristics and the mode of operation. The major amount of losses in a power system is in
primary and secondary distribution lines. While transmission and sub-transmission lines

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account for only about 30% of the total losses. Therefore, the primary and secondary
distribution systems must be properly planned to ensure within limits. The unexpected load
increase was reflected in the increase of technical losses above the normal level Losses are
inherent to the distribution of electricity and cannot be eliminated.

Reasons for Technical Losses:

There are number of reasons due to which technical losses occurs given as;
• Haphazard growths of sub-transmission and distribution system into new areas.
• Large scale rural electrification through long 11kV and LT lines.

 Unequal load distribution among three phases in L.T system causing high neutral
currents.
 Leaking and loss of power.
 Over loading of lines.
 Abnormal operating conditions at which power and distribution transformers are
operated.
 Low voltages at consumer terminals causing higher drawl of currents by inductive loads.
 Poor quality of equipment used in agricultural pumping in rural areas, cooler air-
conditioner and industrial loads in urban areas.
 In practical, 11 KV and 415 volt lines in rural areas are extended over long distances to
feed loads scattered over large areas. Thus, the primary and secondary distributions
lines in rural areas are largely radial laid usually extend over long distances. This results
in high line resistance and therefore, high I^2R losses in the line
 Bad Workmanship
 Low Power Factor of Primary and Secondary Distribution System
 Installation of Distribution Transformers away from Load Centers
 Inadequate Size of Conductors of Distribution lines
 Lengthy Distribution lines

Non-Technical losses:

Non-technical losses are at 16.6%, and related to meter reading, defective meter and error in
meter reading, billing of customer energy consumption, lack of administration, financial
constraints, and estimating unmetered supply of energy as well as energy thefts.

Reasons for Non-Technical Losses:

There are number of reasons due to which non-technical losses occurs given as;

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 Power theft
 Metering inaccuracies
 Unmetered losses for very small load
 Unmetered supply
 Error in meter reading
 Billing problems

Work on ETAP:
Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
11. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
12. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.
13. Select losses option to see the losses across branches.

Model:

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Model on ETAP before calculations:

The model of distribution system having customized cables and equipments on ETAP is given
below;

Model on ETAP after calculations:

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The losses in the power system define clearly in the below model and it may also affected by
the distance of the cables.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the power losses and how to calculate these losses that occurs in the
power system either at transmission end or at distribution end basically the power losses are the gap
between supplied power and the consumed power and we face these losses due to number of reasons
and we also learned that how we improve our complete power system by reducing these power losses.

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LAB NO -05

Objective:

To calculate voltage drop on distribution lines by using ETAP12.6.0

Version

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Voltage drop:
Voltage drop is the decrease of electrical potential along the path of a current flowing in an
electrical circuit. Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the source, across conductors,
across contacts, and across connectors are undesirable because some of the energy supplied is
dissipated. The voltage drop across the electrical load is proportional to the power available to
be converted in that load to some other useful form of energy.

Voltage drop on Distribution lines:

For sensitive electronic equipment, branch circuits can't have more than a 1.5% voltage drop,
and the combined voltage drop of feeder and branch-circuit conductors can't exceed 2.5%.
Equipment manufacturers typically recommend or require a minimum circuit voltage or
percentage of the equipment voltage rating.

Explanation:
Low voltage on a system means high voltage drop which increases maintenance costs and
decreases safety and performance. Operating electrical equipment below its acceptable voltage
rating can lead to premature failure and hazardous situations. Inductive loads, such as motors
and ballasts can overheat, shortening equipment life and increasing energy consumption. If
operated below their rated voltage, resistive loads, such as heaters, simply won't provide the
desired output. A 10% reduction of voltage reduces the power output by 19%, because power
output reduces as the square of voltage. Reduced circuit voltage can cause lights to flicker
when other appliances or equipment cycle on.

Method to reduce voltage drop:

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The simplest way to reduce voltage drop is to increase the diameter of the conductor between
the source and the load, which lowers the overall resistance. In power distribution systems, a
given amount of power can be transmitted with less voltage drop if a higher voltage is used.

Work on ETAP:
Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
11. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
12. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.
13. Select voltage drop option from the display icon menu and then run the system
complete calculations of voltage drop across elements shown on the model or single
line diagram.

Model:
Model on ETAP before calculations:
The model of distribution system having customized cables and equipments on ETAP is given
below;

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Model on ETAP after calculations:

The model below shows the complete calculations of voltage drop across each point.

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Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the voltage drop and effect of voltage drop on the power
distribution lines and see how the maximum voltage drop causes maximum losses, decreased
the efficiency of a power system and also high voltage drop which increases maintenance costs
and decreases safety and performance.

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LAB NO -06

Objective:

To calculate efficiency of distribution lines by using ETAP12.6.0 Version

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Efficiency allows you to save time, save money, ensure accountability, provides the right
environment, allow you to improve communication. So, more efficient power system improves
the communication between the transmission line and distribution lines.
The efficiency of an entity (a device, component, or system) in electronics and electrical
engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed (a
fractional expression), typically denoted by the Greek letter small Eta.
Mathematically given as;
Efficiency = Useful power output/Total electrical power consumed
If energy output and input are expressed in the same units, efficiency is a dimensionless
number. Where it is not customary or convenient to represent input and output energy in the
same units, efficiency-like quantities have units associated with them. For example, the heat
rate of a fossil-fuel power plant may be expressed in BTU per kilowatt-hour. Luminous efficacy
of a light source expresses the amount of visible light for a certain amount of power transfer
and has the units of lumens per watt.

Methods to improve efficiency:

While there are many ways to make a distribution channel more efficient, the three high-level
ways to increase the efficiency of a distribution channel are increasing or carefully picking the
channel intermediaries, increasing the focus on supply chain management or consolidating the
various distribution channels into a single, strong channel.

Model on ETAP before calculations:

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The model of distribution system having customized cables and equipments on ETAP is given
below;

Model on ETAP after calculations:

The efficiency of the distribution at each point is given as below;

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Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the efficiency and how to calculate the efficiency of
distribution lines and also see how the efficiency tells us about the stability of a power system,
reliability of power equipments and life of complete system.

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LAB NO -07

Objective:

Modeling of feeders distribution scheme system by using ETAP12.6.0

Version

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Feeders:
The term “Electrical feeder” is mostly related to the Distribution System (Providing Electricity to
the Consumer i.e. primary and secondary). After Power is being transferred via Transmission
Line it reaches up to Substation. For example, if Power is transferred through the 132kV line
and A substation step down the voltage to lower voltage of 33 or 11kV.
After Substation, many lines are extended to give electric power to consumer (Domestic,
Commercial or Industrial). These lines which fed the Electric power from the substation to the
consumer through Primary Voltage (11kV or 33kV) are Feeders. These feeders supply through
high voltage and in the way step down transformer transfer energy to secondary voltage or
operational voltage (110 or 220V) for domestic consumer.

Distribution Feeder systems:

The four most common distribution feeder systems applied nowadays. There are few other
variations, but we will stick to the basic ones. It’s very important that why and where each of
distribution feeder systems (topologies) are used, because whatever we do (design of
secondary substations, performing testing of secondary switchgears or transformers or
planning etc.) this would be the very first thing to know and given as;
1. Radial
2. Parallel
3. Ring main
4. Meshed systems

But here we focused on the first three types of the feeder distribution scheme system.

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Radial Feeder:
Many distribution systems operate using a radial feeder system. A typical radial feeder
system is shown schematically in model below. Radial feeders are the simplest and least
expensive, both to construct and for their protection system. This advantage however is
offset by the difficulty of maintaining supply in the event of a fault occurring in the feeder. A
fault would result in the loss of supply to a number of customers until the fault is located
and cleared. The next level of reliability is given by a ‘parallel feeder’ system.

Work on ETAP:
Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
11. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
12. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:
The model below shows the radial type distribution system on the ETAP.

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Parallel Feeder:
A greater level of reliability at a higher cost is achieved with a parallel feeder. A typical
parallel feeder system is shown schematically in model below. In the event of a line fault  only

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one of the feeder sets of cables will be affected, thus allowing the remaining parallel feeder
to continue to supply the load.

To improve the reliability factor it may be possible to have the separate sets of cables follow
different routes. In this case the capital cost is double that of a radial feeder but there is a
greater reliability factor for the line. This may be justified if the load is higher, more
customers are being supplied, or there are loads such as hospitals which require high levels of
reliability. Parallel feeders are more common in urban areas or for feeders to large single
customers, where load shedding in an emergency may be possible.

Work on ETAP:
Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
11. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
12. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:

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The model below shows the parallel type distribution system on the ETAP.

Ring main Feeder:

A similar level of system reliability to that of the parallel arrangement can be achieved by
using ring main feeders. This usually results from the growth of load supplied by a parallel
feeder where the cabling has been installed along different routes. These are most common
in urban and industrial environments . Whilst the start and finish ends of the ring are at the
same location, power is delivered by both pathways of the ring into substations located
around the ring. Should a fault occur on a feeder cable at any point around the ring the

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faulty section may be isolated by the operation of the protecting circuit breakers, at the same
time maintaining supply to all substations on the ring main.

In typical urban/suburban ring main arrangements, the open ring is operated manually and
loss of supply restored by manual switching.

Work on ETAP:
Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select GENERATOR and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
11. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
12. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:
The model below shows the ring main type distribution system on the ETAP.

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Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the feeders and different distribution feeders schemes. Here
we saw that at where we use which feeder scheme in according to the area and requirements
because these are the main parameters which tell us about the use of radial, parallel or ring
main feeder use in practical. And also by using these main schemes we may design any of the
power system.

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LAB NO (08)

Objective:

Integration of PV System with Distribution Grid on ETAP 12.6.0.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Photovoltaic System:
A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of one or more solar panels combined with
an inverter and other electrical and mechanical hardware that use energy from
the Sun to generate electricity. PV systems can vary greatly in size from small rooftop or
portable systems to massive utility-scale generation plants. Although PV systems can operate
by themselves as off-grid PV systems, this article focuses on systems connected to the utility
grid, or grid-tied PV systems.

How does the system works?

The light from the Sun, made up of packets of energy called photons, falls onto a solar
panel and creates an electric current through a process called the photovoltaic effect. Each
panel produces a relatively small amount of energy, but can be linked together with other
panels to produce higher amounts of energy as a solar array. The electricity produced from a
solar panel (or array) is in the form of direct current (DC). Although many electronic devices use
DC electricity, including your phone or laptop, they are designed to operate using the electrical
utility grid which provides (and requires) alternating current (AC). Therefore, in order for the
solar electricity to be useful it must first be converted from DC to AC using an inverter. This AC
electricity from the inverter can then be used to power electronics locally, or be sent on to
the electrical grid for use elsewhere.

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System components:
In addition to the solar panels, there are other important components of a photovoltaic system
which are commonly referred to as the "balance of system" or BOS. These components (which
typically account for over half of the system cost and most the of maintenance) can
include inverters, racking, wiring, combiners, disconnects, circuit breakers and electric meters.

Icon of PV on ETAP:

PV
Work on ETAP 12.6.0:
Procedure:
The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;
1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select POWER GRID and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.

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10. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
11. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
12. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:
The model of PV system on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;

Model after calculations:

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The below given model shows the integration of PV system in a way that when we open circuit
breaker then only grid provide power to the system but when circuit breaker is closed then we
may see actual increase in efficiency of the system and also saw the effect of presence of
number of solar panels.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the photovoltaic system and how the photovoltaic system
works and its important components. Then we saw how we can integrate PV system on ETAP
when we design a complete photovoltaic system including a power grid and circuit breakers in
which we also add capacitor banks to improve the power factor if we face any decrease in
efficiency.

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LAB NO -09

Objective:

Integration of Wind Power System with Distribution Grid on ETAP

12.6.0.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Wind Power System:
A wind energy conversion system (WECS) is powered by wind energy and generates mechanical
energy that sends energy to the electrical generator for making electricity. The generator of
the wind turbine can be a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), doubly fed
induction generator, induction generator, synchronous generator, etc. Wind energy acquired
from the wind turbine is sent to the generator. To achieve maximum power from the WECS,
the rotational speed of the generator is controlled by a pulse width modulation converter. The
output power of the generator is supplied to the grid through a generator-side converter and a
grid-side inverter. A wind farm can be distributed in onshore, offshore, seashore, or hilly areas.
The WECS might be the most promising DG for future SG.

History:
Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are designed to convert the energy of wind movement
into mechanical power. With wind turbine generators, this mechanical energy is converted into
electricity and in windmills this energy is used to do work such as pumping water, mill grains, or
drive machinery. The first wind machines were probably vertical axis windmills used for
grinding grain in Persia dating back to 200 BC. They had a number of arms on which sails were
mounted, with the sails initially made from bundles of reeds.

How to Improve Efficiency of wind power system?

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Efficiency of a wind-energy conversion system (WECS) rotor is greatly dependent on the ratio of
the rotational or tip speed to the wind speed driving it. Unless some provision is made for
varying the rotor pitch or speed, optimum tip-speed/wind-speed (TS/WS) ratios normally will
not be maintained over a wide range of wind speeds. Maximum efficiency, therefore, will not
be obtained, and less than optimum power output will result. Approaches for controlling the
field of an alternator driven by a fixed-pitch rotor are described that optimize the TS/WS ratio
and thus enhance the efficiency of a wind system.
Improvements in power output of wind systems from use of the field controls have been
significant, ranging from 10% to 80%. At wind speeds of 8–12 m/s, power-output increases have
ranged from approximately 1 to 5.5 kW for a typical 10–kW machine, depending on the wind
system characteristics.
Icon of Wind Power System on ETAP:

Wind power system

Work on ETAP 12.6.0:
Procedure:

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The procedure to make model on ETAP 12.6.0 is given as;

1. Click on the ETAP icon on your desktop, a window appears on which from files select
new project tab and save it.
2. Then a blank window appears with tool bar on left its left side and also having menu bar
on top.
3. Go to the tool bar and select POWER GRID and double click on it and add parameters
according to the requirement of the single line diagram.
4. Then again go to the tool bar and select bus in order to connect with the generator.
5. Select transformers both step-up and step-down according to the requirement of the
sequence and also add the primary and secondary bus voltages in its parameter block
and also add the transformer impedance and ratings.
6. Then select cable to transfer the either step-up or step-down voltages, here we also
define the type of cable, distance or length, impedance and ID.
7. We may change the ID or symbol of any tool from the tool bar because we have two
types of symbols define in the ETAP 12.6.0.
8. By following the all above steps we may create the complete single line diagram.
9. In the end we may add load either simple or lumped in the distribution system.
10. Also add high voltage circuit breakers and switches in the system in order to perform
the integration of the complete wind power system.
11. Step-by-step remove the high voltage circuit breaker and see the effect on the complete
system.
12. It may effect on the load bus voltage, power factor and efficiency of the system.
13. Also remove switches that we add across loads and see how removal of high value load
effect the efficiency of the system and voltage across load buses.
14. Then, see how removal of “low value load” affects the efficiency of the system and
voltage across load buses.
15. After completion of the model click on the “PQ” option on the top right side and run the
model to see the results.
16. Now in the model running bar go to the display and select which calculation you want
on the model to show.
17. From here we find voltage drop across buses and branches, efficiency, losses, power
factor and many different electrical parameters.

Model:

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Integration of Model:
When we integrate the model then have some cases given as;
 Complete model runs
 When above part disconnect
 When below capacitor bank closes
 When below part disconnect or island
 When both capacitor bank opens and also decrease in load

These are some cases which we verify on the model.

Complete model runs:

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Explanation:
In the above model we see that PV and grid both plays their role and effect on the voltages
across each bus. When we run complete model it means we may closed all the high voltage
circuit breakers, switches and capacitor banks, then both the power grid and wind power
system plays their role and its effect clearly shown on load bus and in this case voltages shown
on the load bus are 84.55%
When above part disconnect:

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Explanation:
In the above model we may start integration and remove the above part of the wind power
system by opening the high voltage circuit breaker, then we see the drop across above wind
power system eliminates from the system and percentage of voltages on the load bus are
increase as shown 89.59%.

When below capacitor bank closes:

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Explanation:
In the above model, we only opens the switch which we connect with the capacitor bank and
closed the switch of below capacitor bank then both above wind power system and below wind
power system plus power grid provide power and the voltages appears across load bus are
90.77%.

When below part disconnect:

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Explanation:
in the above model, when we disconnect the below wind power system by opening high
voltage circuit breaker, then see due to the island of the below wind power system we may
eliminates its part on the system which may also decrease the percentage of voltages appear
on the load bus and now the voltages on the load bus are 82.04%.

When both capacitor banks opens and also decrease load:

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Explanation:
In the above model we see when we remove the both capacitor banks then we face decrease in
the voltages on the load bus but at the same time we may also disconnect some heavy loads
from the system due to which voltages on the load bus increase and become 89.52%.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the integration of the wind power system and how different
parameters affect the performance or voltages on the load bus. We see how wind power
system with the power grid improves the overall system and after that capacitor banks also play
their role to improve efficiency, power factor and voltages across load bus.

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LAB NO -10

Objective:

Modeling of star connected balance and unbalanced R load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Star connections:
Star Connection (Y) System is also known as Three Phase Four Wire System (3-Phase 4 Wire)
and it is the most preferred system for AC power distribution while for transmission,  Delta
connection is generally used.

In Star (also denoted by Y) system of interconnection, the starting ends or finishing ends

(similar ends) of three coils are connected together to form the neutral point. Or
Star Connection is obtained by connecting together similar ends of the three coils, either
“Starting” or “Finishing”. The other ends are joined to the line wires. The common point is
called the neutral or Star Point, which is represented by N as shown below;

Star Connection is also called Three Phase 4 wires (3-Phase, 4-Wires) system.

Line voltages and phase voltages in star connection:

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Line voltages VRY = VYB = VBR is line voltages (VL) in Star Connection. Therefore, in Star
Connection Line and phase voltages are given as;

VL = √3 VPH or VL = √3 EPH

Important points are given as;

 Line voltages are 120° apart from each other

 Line voltages are 30° leading from the corresponding phase voltages
 The angle Ф between line currents and respective line voltages are (30°+Ф), i.e. each line
current is lagging (30°+Ф) from the corresponding line voltage.

Line current and phase current in star connection:

Each line is in series with individual phase winding, therefore, the value of line current is same
as in Phase windings to which the line is connected. i.e;

 Current in Line 1 = IR
 Current in Line 2 = IY
 Current in Line 3 = IB

Since, the flowing currents in all three lines are same, and the individual current in each line is
equal to the corresponding phase current, therefore;

IR = IY = IB = IPH …. The phase current

Line Current = Phase Current

I L = IPH

In simple words, the value of Line Currents and Phase Currents are same in Star Connection.

Balanced load:

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When the load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
load is said to be balanced. If three equal loads are connected to form a star, connected across
a 3-phase supply the currents in the three loads will be equal in magnitude and / or phase. The
neutral current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced load:

When the load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal loads are connected to form a star, connected
across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three loads will not be equal in magnitude and / or
phase. The neutral current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.
5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select R type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three Voltage measurement block and connect with each R load and measure
phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select Current measurement block and place on the model
window and connect with the all loads and marked as IN.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.

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12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected resistive load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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VL, IL and IN waveform:

Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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VL, IL and IN waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the star connection system on SIMULINK and place resistive
load in the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then
neutral current is zero but when we place unbalanced load then some amount of current flow
through the neutral path.

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LAB NO -11

Objective:

Modeling of star connected balance and unbalanced RL load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Balanced star connected RL load:
When the RL load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
RL load is said to be balanced. If three equal RL loads are connected to form a star, connected
across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RL loads will be equal in magnitude and / or
phase. The neutral current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced star connected RL load:

When the RL load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both,
the RL load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal RL loads are connected to form a star,
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RL loads will not be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The neutral current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.

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5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select RL type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three Voltage measurement block and connect with each RL load and
measure phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select Current measurement block and place on the model
window and connect with the all loads and marked as IN.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.
12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected RL load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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VL, IL and IN waveform:

Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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VL, IL and IN waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the star connection system on SIMULINK and place RL load in
the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then
neutral current is zero but when we place unbalanced load then some amount of current flow
through the neutral path.

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LAB NO -12

Objective:

Modeling of star connected balance and unbalanced RC load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Balanced star connected RC load:
When the RC load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
RC load is said to be balanced. If three equal RC loads are connected to form a star, connected
across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RC loads will be equal in magnitude and / or
phase. The neutral current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced star connected RC load:

When the RC load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both,
the RC load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal RC loads are connected to form a star,
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RC loads will not be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The neutral current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.

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5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select RC type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three Voltage measurement block and connect with each RC load and
measure phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select Current measurement block and place on the model
window and connect with the all loads and marked as IN.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.
12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected RC load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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VL, IL and IN waveform:

Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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VL, IL and IN waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the star connection system on SIMULINK and place RC load in
the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then
neutral current is zero but when we place unbalanced load then some amount of current flow
through the neutral path.

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LAB NO -13

Objective:

Modeling of star connected balance and unbalanced RLC load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Balanced star connected RLC load:
When the RLC load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
RLC load is said to be balanced. If three equal RLC loads are connected to form a star,
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RLC loads will be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The neutral current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced star connected RLC load:

When the RLC load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both,
the RLC load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal RLC loads are connected to form a star,
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RLC loads will not be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The neutral current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.

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5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select RLC type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three Voltage measurement block and connect with each RLC load and
measure phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select Current measurement block and place on the model
window and connect with the all loads and marked as IN.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.
12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected RLC load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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VL, IL and IN waveform:

Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

VL, IL and IN waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the star connection system on SIMULINK and place RLC load
in the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then
neutral current is zero but when we place unbalanced load then some amount of current flow
through the neutral path.

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LAB NO -14

Objective:

Modeling of delta connected balance and unbalanced R load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Delta connection:

Delta or Mesh Connection (Δ) System is also known as Three Phase Three Wire System (3-
Phase 3 Wire) and it is the most preferred system for AC power transmission while for
distribution, Star connection is generally used.
In Delta (also denoted by Δ) system of interconnection, the starting ends of the three phases or
coils are connected to the finishing ends of the coil. Or the starting end of the first coil is
connected to the finishing end of the second coil and so on (for all three coils) and it looks like
a closed mesh or circuit as shown below;

In more clear words, all three coils are connected in series to form a close mesh or  circuit.
Three wires are taken out from three junctions and the all outgoing currents from junction
assumed to be positive.

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In Delta connection, the three windings interconnection looks like a short circuit, but this is not
true, if the system is balanced, then the value of the algebraic sum of all voltages around the
mesh is zero in Delta connection. When a terminal is open in Δ, then there is no chance of
flowing currents with basic frequency around the closed mesh.

Line voltages and phase voltages in Delta connection:

If the line voltage between;

 Line 1 and Line 2 = VRY

 Line 2 and Line 3 = VYB
 Line 3 and Line 1 = VBR

Then, we see that VRY leads VYB by 120° and VYB leads VBR by 120°.

Let’s suppose,
VRY = VYB = VBR = VL   …………… (Line Voltage)

Then;

V L = VPH
Therefore in Delta connection, the Line Voltage is equal to the Phase Voltage.

Line current and phase current in Delta connection:

The total current of each Line is equal to the vector difference between two phase
currents in Delta connection flowing through that line.

IR = IY = IB = IPH …. The phase currents

Then;

IL= √3 IPH

Therefore in Delta Connection, The Line current is √3 times of Phase Current.

Balanced load:

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When the load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
load is said to be balanced. If three equal loads are connected to form a delta, connected
across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three loads will be equal in magnitude and / or
phase. The line current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced load:

When the load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal loads are connected to form a delta, connected
across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three loads will not be equal in magnitude and / or
phase. The line current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.
5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select R type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three voltage measurement blocks and connect with each R load and
measure phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select three Current measurement blocks and place on the
model window and connect with the all loads and marked as IPh1, IPh2 and IPh3.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.

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12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected resistive load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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Phase currents waveform:

VL and IL waveform:

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Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

Phase currents waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

VL and IL waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the delta connection system on SIMULINK and place resistive
load in the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then
line current is equal but when we place unbalanced load then unequal or unbalanced line
current flow through it.

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LAB NO -15

Objective:

Modeling of delta connected balance and unbalanced RL load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Balanced delta connected RL load:
When the RL load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
RL load is said to be balanced. If three equal RL loads are connected to form a delta, connected
across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RL loads will be equal in magnitude and / or
phase. The line current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced delta connected RL load:

When the RL load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both,
the RL load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal RL loads are connected to form a delta,
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RL loads will not be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The line current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.

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5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select RL type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three voltage measurement blocks and connect with each RL load and
measure phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select three Current measurement blocks and place on the
model window and connect with the all loads and marked as IPh1, IPh2 and IPh3.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.
12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected RL load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

Phase currents waveform:

VL and IL waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

Phase currents waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

VL and IL waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the delta connection system on SIMULINK and place RL load
in the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then line
current is equal but when we place unbalanced load then unequal or unbalanced line current
flow through it.

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

LAB NO -16

Objective:

Modeling of delta connected balance and unbalanced RC load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Balanced delta connected RC load:
When the RC load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
RC load is said to be balanced. If three equal RC loads are connected to form a delta, connected
across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RC loads will be equal in magnitude and / or
phase. The line current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced delta connected RC load:

When the RC load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both,
the RC load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal RC loads are connected to form a delta,
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RC loads will not be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The line current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.

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5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select RC type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three voltage measurement blocks and connect with each RC load and
measure phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select three Current measurement blocks and place on the
model window and connect with the all loads and marked as IPh1, IPh2 and IPh3.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.
12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected RC load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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Phase currents waveform:

VL and IL waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

Phase currents waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

VL and IL waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the delta connection system on SIMULINK and place RC load
in the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then line
current is equal but when we place unbalanced load then unequal or unbalanced line current
flow through it.

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LAB NO (17)

Objective:

Modeling of delta connected balance and unbalanced RLC load.

Requirements:
 ETAP 12.06
 Personal Computer

Theory:
Balanced delta connected RLC load:
When the RLC load impedance in the three phases are equal in magnitude or phase or both, the
RLC load is said to be balanced. If three equal RLC loads are connected to form a delta,
connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RLC loads will be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The line current will also be balanced or zero.

Unbalanced delta connected RLC load:

When the RLC load impedance in the three phases are not equal in magnitude or phase or both,
the RLC load is said to be unbalanced. If three un-equal RLC loads are connected to form a
delta, connected across a 3-phase supply the currents in the three RLC loads will not be equal in
magnitude and / or phase. The line current will also be unbalanced.

Work on SIMULINK:
Procedure:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon, then MATLAB windows appears with the menu bar at the top
and from which select SIMULINK and open the model window.
2. Then go to files and save the model in any directory.
3. Go to the SIMULINK LIBRARY icon and click on it, then SIMULINK library opens and
shows number of tabs.
4. From the specialized power system tab go to foundation tab then go to electrical and
from which select the electrical sources library and from which select 3 AC Voltage
source and place on the model window.

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5. Double-click on the AC Voltage source and add value of 312Vp, 60Hz frequency and
phase difference 0, -120 and 120 respectively.
6. Then from the same library drag Ground and place on the model window and connect
with all the three phase AC Voltage sources.
7. Then again go to library and select Three-Phase V-I Measurement block and place on the
model window also connect it with AC Voltage sources.
8. Select three RLC series branch and place on the model window, then go to setting block
and select RLC type load and also set the values first for balance case and then for
unbalance case attach it with Three-Phase V-I Measurement block.
9. Then take three voltage measurement blocks and connect with each RLC load and
measure phase voltages Vph1, Vph2 and Vph3 across each load.
10. Then go to the library and select three Current measurement blocks and place on the
model window and connect with the all loads and marked as IPh1, IPh2 and IPh3.
11. Then select GOTO icon and place on the model window for all the phase voltages, line
voltages, Line current and neutral current.
12. Now, select FROM icon from library and place on the model window to catch the phase
voltages, line voltages, Line current and neutral current.
13. In the end take two scopes from the sources and place on the model window in order to
see the resultant waveforms.
14. Then connect all the icons and compile the complete model.
15. In the end to see the resultant waveforms click on the scopes and note the resultant
waveform of all the parameters.

Model:
The model of star connected RLC load system is given as;

Output of balanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

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Phase currents waveform:

VL and IL waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

Output of unbalanced load:

Phase voltages waveform:

Phase currents waveform:

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Faizan Masood 2k17-ele-104

VL and IL waveform:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we have learned about the delta connection system on SIMULINK and place RLC load
in the system. We saw from the output waveforms that when we place balanced load then line
current is equal but when we place unbalanced load then unequal or unbalanced line current
flow through it.

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