MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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WINTER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Thermal Engineering Model Answer Subject Code:
22337
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

Q.1.
Marks
a) Define-
(i) Intensive property
(ii) Extensive property. Give one example of each.
(i)
Sol.Intensive Property: 01 mark
It is defined as the property which is does not depend upon the mass of the system.
Or

Intensive properties are those whose values are independent of the mass possessed by the
system.

Ex. Pressure, Temperature, Density, Specific volume, specific Enthalpy, etc.

(ii) Extensive Property:

01 mark
It is defined as the property which depends upon the mass of the system.

Or

Extensive properties are those whose values are dependent of the mass possessed by the
system, such as volume, enthalpy, and entropy.

Extensive properties are denoted by uppercase letters, such as volume (V), enthalpy (H) and
entropy (S).

Per unit mass of extensive properties are called specific properties and denoted by lowercase
letters. For example, specific volume v = V/m, specific enthalpy h = H/m and specific entropy
s = S/m

Ex. Total volume, Area, Enthalpy, Entropy etc.

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b) Represent Isochoric Process on P-V and T-S chart.
Sol.
01 mark
each

Figure: P-V and T-S representation of Isochoric process

c) A sample of 35 Kg of dry steam contains 0.7 Kg of water is in suspension,
find its dryness fraction.
Sol.
Mass of dry steam=35 kg
Mass water suspension=0.7 kg 01 mark
Weight of wet steam=35+0.7=35.7 kg
Formula
So,
Dryness fraction X=Actual mass of dry steam/ weight of wet steam 01 mark
= 35 / (35+0.7)
=0.098039
d) Suggest the different methods to control the speed of rotation of steam turbine
constant at all varying loads.
Sol. Following are the different methods to control the speed of rotation of steam turbine
constant at all varying loads;
½ mark
a) Throttle governing each
b) Nozzle control governing

c) By pass governing

d) Combine throttle and nozzle control governing

e) Combine throttle and by pass governing

e) Explain the functions of steam nozzle.

Sol. The steam nozzle is a passage of varying cross section by means of which the thermal energy 2 marks
of steam is converted into kinetic energy. When steam f lows through a nozzles expansion
process take place.(Only function is expected and not in detail working)
f) Write the elements of forced draught cooling tower.
Sol. Following are the elements of forced draught cooling tower;
a) Forced draught fan ½ mark
b) Eliminator each
c) Spray header
d) Spray nozzle
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e) Circulating pump
g) Define-
(i) Thermal conductivity
(ii) Thermal resistance
Sol. Thermal conductivity of material is define as ,”the amount of energy conduct through a body
of unit area and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature between the 01 mark
face causing heat flow is unit temperature difference.”

K=Thermal conductivity.
01 mark
Thermal resistance is a property of a heat and measured by a temperature difference of a
substance resist heat flow.

Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

Q.2.
Marks
a) Explain the concept of flow work associated with flow processes.
Sol. A control volume may involve one or more forms of work at the same time. ... Work is
needed to push the fluid into or out of the boundaries of a control volume if mass flow is
involved. This work is called the flow work (flow energy). Flow work is necessary for 02 marks
maintaining a continuous flow through a control volume.

02 marks

b) Two leg of gas contained in cylinder at a pressure of 7 bar and temperature

27°C expands four times its original volume at constant pressure. Calculate-
(i) Work done by gas
(ii) Heat added

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Sol.
Note:
1) Printing mistake: instead of mass(Kg), leg is printed
2) Values of CP, R are not mentioned.

(If student assume a data and solve the numerical with correct procedure then
give appropriate marks)

01 mark

01 mark

01 mark

01mark

c) In a constant pressure vapour process, the initial condition of steam is wet

and final condition is superheated. Represent the process on P-V, T-S, and H-
S chart.

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Sol.

03 marks

For
charts

01 mark
for labels

Figure: P-V, T-S, and H-S chart

d) Explain the working of Lamont boiler with neat sketch.

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Sol.
02 marks

Figure: Lamont boiler

1. This is a modern high pressure, water tube boiler working on a forced circulation.

2. The circulation is maintained by a centrifugal pump, driven by a steam turbine, using

steam from the boiler.

3. Feed water is supplied to economiser from hot well which is passed to separating and
storing drum.

4. Water from separating and storing drum, flows by gravity to circulating pump.

5. Circulating pump circulates the water to set of tubes known as convective evaporator
and then radiant evaporator. 02 marks

6. By the time, water leaves the radiant evaporator, it converts into steam.

7. This steam is passed through storage and separator drum.

8. From separator and storage drum steam is fed to super heater to superheat.

9. The superheated steam is passed to main stream to supply for required application.

Lamont boilers generates 45 to 50 tones steam per hour at 130 bar with 5000 C.

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12
Q.3. Attempt any THREE of the following:
Marks
a) Write the criteria for selection of nozzle for given situation.
Sol. Following are the situation for selection criteria of nozzle.
Situation first:
It is used when the back pressure is equal or more than the critical pressure ratio. It is also used
for non – compressible fluids.
Convergent nozzle: Cross sectional area is decreases continuously from entrance to exit. 02 marks
Situation second:
When back pressure is less than critical pressure divergent nozzle is used.
Divergent nozzle: Cross sectional area is increases continuously from entrance to exit.

Situation third:
When back pressure is less than critical pressure convergent divergent nozzle is used.
Convergent and Divergent nozzle: Cross sectional area of nozzle first continuously decreases 02 marks
and then increases from entrance to exit.

b) Explain the need of compounding. Suggest the method of compounding for reaction
steam turbine with justification.

Sol. Need of compounding:

✔ The compounding of steam turbine means the methods to reduce the speed of rotor 02 marks
shaft.
✔ To increase the thermal efficiency in power plants, high pressure and high temp. steam
is used.
✔ If the entire pressure drop (from boiler pressure to condenser pressure)is carried out
one stage only.
✔ Then the velocity of steam entering into the turbine will be extremely high.
✔ This will make the rotor to run at a very high speed, which is not useful from practical
point of view.
02 marks
✔ Hence it becomes necessary to reduce the rotor speed of turbine by gearing or no. of
stages.
Following are the methods of compounding:
i. Velocity compounding
ii. Pressure compounding
iii. Pressure-Velocity compounding
c) A nitrogen gas is expanded from 8 bar to 1 bar at 47°C according to law PV
= C. Plot the process on P- V and T-S diagram and state the formulas to
be used to find out work done, Amount of heat supplied and change in
entropy.

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Sol.
01 marks
for
figure

01 marks
each
formula

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d) Determine the amount of heat supplied to 2kg of water at 25°C to convert

it into steam at 5 bar and 0.9 dry.

Sol. Note: Value of Cp of water is not given assuming it standard value.

01 marks

01 marks

02 marks

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Q.4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks

a) Explain Dalton's law of partial pressure. How it is applicable to condenser?
Sol. It states that’ “The pressure exerted by mixture of air and steam is equal to sum of partial
pressures, which each constitute would exert, if it occupies the same volume”. 02 marks

02 marks
Figure: Dalton’s law of partial pressure

In condenser total pressure is the sum of partial pressure of steam and air.

Mathematically,

P c= P a + P s

Where;

Pc = Pressure in condenser containing mixture of air and steam

Pa = Partial pressure of air

Ps = Partial pressure of steam

b) A system is composed of a gas contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston.

The gas expands from the state 1 for which internal energy U 1 = 75 KJ to
state 2 for which U2 = -25 KJ. During the expansion the gas does 60 KJ of
work on the surrounding. Determine the heat transferred to or from the
system during the process.

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Sol.
02 marks

02 marks

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c) 3 m3 of gas of 30°C and 6 bar pressure is expanded isothermally to 1 bar. Find

work done, change in internal energy and heat transferred during the process.
Sol.

01 mark

01 mark

01 mark

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01 mark

d) Explain construction and working of shell and tube type heat exchanger. A ice plant
producing 2000 Kg ice per day required the condenser. Suggest the type of
condenser with justification.
Sol.

02 marks

Shell and tube heat exchanger consist of a bundle of round tubes placed inside the cylindrical
shell.Tube axis parallel to that of shell. One fluid inside the tubes while the other over the
tubes.
The main components of this type of heat exchanger are:
i. Shell
ii. Tube bundle
iii. Front and rear headers of shell 01 mark
iv. baffles
The baffles provide the support to tubes and also deflect the fluid flow approximately normal
to tubes. This increase the turbulence of shell side fluid and improves heat transfer. The
various types of baffles are existing and their type, spacing, shape, will depend on the flow
rate, shell side pressure drop, required tube support, flow vibrations etc.
The fluid combination may be :
1 Liquid to liquid
2 Liquid to gas
3 Gas to gas

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A ice plant producing 2000 Kg ice per day required the evaporative condenser is
01 mark
used.
Justification:

The evaporative condenser is essentially a combination of a water-cooled condenser and an

air-cooled condenser, utilizing the principle of heat rejection by the evaporation of water into
an air stream traveling across the condensing coil.

Q.5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks

a) (i) Suggest the methods to improve the performance of steam turbine.
Explain anyone in brief.
(ii) Identity the different losses occurred in steam turbine.

Sol. i) Methods to improve turbine efficiency

1) Reheating of Steam

2) Regenerative feed heating 01 mark

3) Binary Vapour Plant

Regenerative feed heating System

The process of draining steam from turbine at certain points during it’s expansion and using this steam
for heating feed water supplied to boiler is known as regenerative feed heating. It increases the thermal
efficiency of plant, The temperature stresses in the boiler are reduced due to decreased range of 01 mark
working temperature.

01 mark

ii) Losses occurred in steam turbine

Residual velocity loss- The steam leaves the turbine with a certain absolute velocity which results in
loss of KE. This loss is about 10 to 12% .It can be reduced by multistaging.

Losses in regulating valves-Due to throttling action in valve , steam pressure drop occurs. Hence

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steam pressure at entry to turbine is less than the boiler pressure.

Losses due to friction in nozzle-Friction occurs both in nozzle and turbine blades. In nozzle, nozzle
efficiency is considered, whereas in turbines, blade velocity coefficient is taken into account. This loss
is about 10% 03 marks
Loss due to leakage-The leakage occurs between the shaft, bearings and stationary diaphragms (Any 3
carrying the nozzles in case of impulse turbines. In reaction turbine the leakage occurs at blade tips. Point)
This is about 1-2%.

Loss due to mechanical friction-This occurs in bearings and may be reduced by lubrication

Loss due to wetness of steam-In multistage turbine, condensation occurs at last stage ,so in dragging
water particles with steam, some KE of stem is lost

Radiation loss-As turbines are heavily insulated to reduce the heat loss to surroundings by radiation
and so these losses are negligible

b) An exterior wall of house consists 10.6 cm layer of common brick. It is

followed by 3.8 cm layer of gypsum plaster and 5.83 cm of rock wool
insulation. Estimate the amount of heat transferred through structure it.
Thermal conductivity of brick = 0.7 W/mK

Thermal conductivity of Plaster = 0.48 W/mK

Thermal conductivity of Insulation = 0.065 W/mK

Sol. Note:
1. Temperature gradient not mentioned.

(If student assume a data and solve the numerical with correct procedure then
gives appropriate marks)

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03marks

03marks

c) The initial condition of steam is 15% wet at a pressure of 7 bar It expands to

1.2 bar by PV1.3 = C. Find

(i) Quality of steam at the end of expansion

(ii) Work done.

Sol.

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03 marks

03 marks

Q.6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks

a) A mass of 0.8 Kg of air at 1 bar and 25°C is contained in a gas tight
frictionless piston cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final
pressure of 5 bar. During this process the heat is transferred from air such
that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Calculate the heat
transferred and work done during process and direction of each in the
process.

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Sol. 01 mark

02 marks

02 marks

01 mark

b) For steam power plant having capacity 600 MW capacity a cooling tower is
required to set up with condenser. Suggest the type of condenser and cooling
tower with justification.
Sol. For Steam power plant having Capacity 600 MW the requirement of condenser and cooling tower is as
follow.
3 marks
1) Condenser:- Given Capacity is medium to low capacity for this we can use Jet Condenser

-Which cooling water and steam are mixed to each other ,

-Mainly it requires less quantity of cooling water.

-It is simple in construction and less costly.

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-Maintenance cost Is also less.

2) Cooling Tower :- For this Capacity we can use Force draught cooling tower
- Less space is required

-Cooling rate and efficiency of tower is high 3 marks

-Temperature of water coming out from tower can be controlled.

c) Suggest the type of heat exchangers for following applications -

(i) Dairy plant (Milk Chilling Plant)
(ii) Condenser of refrigeration system. (House hold system) Justify your answers.

Sol. Types of Heat Exchanger Used for

1) Dairy Plant (Milk Chilling Plant)- Plate Type Heat Exchanger 1 mark
Because , It is made up of aluminum alloy which provides higher rate of heat transfer.

Due to larger surface area, It has more heat transfer as compare to other heat exchanger which 2 marks
is useful for dairy plant.

It is lighter in weight.
1 mark
2) Condenser of Refrigeration System:- Counter Flow tube type heat Exchanger

Because , High performance due to large surface area

2 marks
Compact and light in weight

In tubes generally turbulent flow is develop which reduces scale deposition.

Less installation and maintenance cost.

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