ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DATE OF LECTURE: Aug 16, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

The concepts and principles contained in the course are all geared
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND towards the students' appreciation of Introduction to Anatomy as
PHYSIOLOGY this is intended for them to become better prepared for Anatomy
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY and Physiology course and as it applies to their respective fields.

It deals with the structure and functions of the human body and
mechanisms- of maintaining homeostasis within it. The subject
includes the study of the interactions amongst the cells, tissues, ANATOMY DEFINITION
organs, and all systems of the human body. It also emphasizes how
certain disease processes disrupt the equilibrium among the INTRO:
different parts of the body. It integrates lecture with laboratory
The coordinated function of all the parts of the human body allows
experiences which provide exercises and techniques necessary in
us to interact with our surroundings by adjusting how the body
clinical I situations.
responds to changes in environmental information. This
information comes from inside and outside the body. These
OVERVIEW changes serve as stimuli (stimulus, sing.). Knowing human
Overview The human body is composed of organs that are part of anatomy and physiology also provides the basis for understanding
different body systems that allow the human body to work. The disease
design of the body will be explored as well as the different tissues
that combine to make the different organs such as the heart and
lungs. ln addition, the organs that combine into systems such as the
skeletal system or digestive systems need to be explored, since ANATOMY
these systems work in groups to serve the needs of the human
body.
 Anatomy (ă-nat′ŏ-mē) investigates the “structure” of the
Human bodies vary a little from person to person, not only in the body.
visible aspects of size and, shape but also in the placement of  It means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of
internal organs. Human bodies, however, do follow a general
the body for study.
pattern. No part of the human body works in isolation; each part
does its job, day and night, supported and aided by all the other  Anatomy covers a wide range of studies, including the
organs. structure of body parts, their microscopic organization,
and the processes by which they develop.
OBJECTIVES
 Examines the relationship between the structure of a
I. Define accurately anatomy, physiology, and
pathophysiology body part and its function.
 Example: The structure of a hammer that makes it
II. Identify completely the use of anatomical position and
suitable for pounding nails
anatomical terms in the study of anatomy and physiology
 Understanding the relationship between structure and
III. Discuss systematically the levels of structural function makes it easier to understand and appreciate
organization of the body stating from chemical up to organism
anatomy.
level Summarize chronologically the 11 systems of the body and
their functions to maintain homeostasis

IV. Clearly illustrate the different mechanisms of the body in

maintaining homeostatic balance TWO GENERAL WAYS TO EXAMINE THE
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF A LIVING
PERSON
Course Description
The course introduces the students to the basic concepts and
principles of Human Anatomy with an integration of Physiology Surface Anatomy
and Pathophysiology. Emphasis is given on the usage of the study of external features, such as bony projections, which
anatomical terms and interrelatedness of structures and functions of serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures (for examples,
the different parts of the different organ systems of the human see chapters 6 and 7)
body.

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DATE OF LECTURE: Aug 16, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

• 0-8 weeks = Embryo

Anatomical Imaging
involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging • 8 – day of birth = Fetus
(MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal
structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a
ligament is torn.
SPECIALIZED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY

BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
Pathological Anatomy
Deals with the diagnosis of diseases based on the macroscopic
examination.
Gross Anatomy
Studies body structure without the use of microscope; Microscopic “Patho” = disease
it can be seen by the eye to study.
Radiographic Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy Study of internal structures visualized by X-ray; Uses radiographic
the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, films
nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems
Molecular Biology
Regional Anatomy Study of anatomical structures at a sub- cellular level
the study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each
region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied Studies macromolecules and the macromolecular mechanisms in
simultaneously. living things such as the molecular nature of the gene, and the
mechanism of gene replication, mutation, and expression
Surface Anatomy
Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin.

Ex: sternum, which can be studied by touching PHYSIOLOGY DEFINITION

Microscopic Anatomy
Requires the use of microscopic to study tissues that form from the PHYSIOLOGY
various organ so of the body.

Cytology  “Functions"
study of the cell  Comes from the Greek word for the "study of nature"
(physio= nature; logy= study of)
Histology  Study of how the structure of these organism perform
Study of the tissues their functions
 It’s the science of body functions-how the body parts
Histopathology
work.
study of tissues to identify cause of disease

Developmental Anatomy THE MAJOR GOALS FOR STUDYING

PHYSIOLOGY
Time of conception to adulthood.
1) to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli and
Embryology
(2) to understand how the body maintains internal conditions
Study of developmental changes of the body before birth. within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually
changing internal and external environments
study of prenatal I development; the first eight weeks of
development after fertilization of human being.

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DATE OF LECTURE: Aug 16, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

 It is important in physiology to recognize structures as study of the functions of the kidneys

dynamic rather than fixed and unchanging.
Pathophysiology
 Human physiology is the study of a specific organism,
study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging
the human, whereas
 Cellular physiology and systemic physiology are
subdivisions that emphasize specific organizational
levels. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical – atoms, molecules, compound

LEVELS OF PHYSIOLOGY
2. Cell

Cell Physiology 3. Tissue

Study the way cells work and interact; mostly concentrates of the 4. Organs
cell membrane and neuron transmission
5. Organ system
Systematic Physiology
6. Organism
Tries to describe the way individual cells or components of a
system converge and respond as a whole
Chemical level

Neurophysiology •The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are

determined by their chemical makeup.
Focuses on the nervous system
•Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and
Cardiovascular Physiology combine into molecules. This is important because a molecule’s
Deals with the heart and the blood vessels structure determines its function

•Subatomic particles- ATOM has electrons, protons, neutron –

Exercise Physiology charge particles.
Study of the physiology of physical exercises
•Macromolecules - protein; compose of different molecule

•FOR EXAMPLE, collagen molecules are strong, ropelike fibers

that give skin structural strength and flexibility. With old age, the
structure of collagen changes, and the skin becomes fragile and
more easily torn during everyday activities.
MORE LEVELS
•Atom - a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical
element, the smallest unit.
Endocrinology
•Elements- as living and non- living things are made up of one or
study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they
more unique substances.
control body functions

Compound
Immunology
A molecule containing atoms of more than one element. (eg. Water
study of the body's defense against disease causing agent
(H20), Carbon Dioxide (C02), Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids

Respiratory physiology
Cellular/ Cell level
study of functions of the air passageways and lungs

Renal physiology •Smallest independent unit of life

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DATE OF LECTURE: Aug 16, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

•Molecules can combine to form organelles (or′gă-nelz; little provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside
organs), which are the small structures that make up some cells. the body).

•Organelles- structures that make up a cell; composed of different

Muscle Tissue
molecules.

•DNA- considered as molecule

includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the
•FOR EXAMPLE, the nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the
information, and mitochondria manufacture adenosine triphosphate stomach.
(ATP), a molecule cells use for a source of energy.
Nerve Tissue
•The cell is the lowest level of structure capable of performing all
the activities of life.
made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry "messages" to
•The first cells were observed and named by Robert Hooke in 1665
and from various parts of the body.
from slice of cork.

•Some organisms consist of a single cell = unicellular organism, Organ level

others are multicellular aggregates of specialized cells.

Tissue level •composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or
more common functions.

•group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. •Examples of some of our organs include the heart, stomach, liver,
and urinary bladder
•The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials
determine the functions of the tissue. 13 MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY
•The many tissues that make up the body are classified into four 1. Brain
primary types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous 2. Spinal cord
3. Lung
4. Heart
TYPES OF TISSUES 5. Liver
6. Stomach
7. Spleen (behind the stomach0
8. Pancreas (behind the stomach0
9. Gallbladder
10. Kidney (right: behind the intestine) (left behind the
stomach)
11. Large intestine
12. Small intestine
13. Urinary bladder

Organ system level

•group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function

or set of functions or that they have a common goal.
Connective Tissue
•For example, the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys produce urine, which is
supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored
lymph tissues) until eliminated from the body by passing through the urethra.

Epithelial Tissue •Because the organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one
organ system can have profound effects on other systems. For
example, a heart attack can result in inadequate circulation of
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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DATE OF LECTURE: Aug 16, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

blood. Consequently, the organs of other systems, such as the brain •Organisms can also make adjustments that maintain their internal
and kidneys, can malfunction. environment. For example, if body temperature increases in a hot
environment, sweat glands produce sweat, which can lower body
ORGAN SYSTEM OF OUR BODY temperature down to the normal level.

NOTE: NRCDEMSIELR “NO RIVER CROSSES DIKE END,

MORE SHOULD I ENTER LIVING RAW”

1. Nervous system
2. Respiratory system
3. Cardiovascular system
4. Digestive system
5. Excretory system
6. Muscular system
7. Skeletal system
8. Integumentary system
9. Endocrine system
10. Lymphatic system STIMULUS
11. Reproductive system

Organism level is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change. The
plural of stimulus is stimuli.

•An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether TWO LEVELS OF STIMULI
composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, Without external and internal stimuli, your body would not be able
such as a human. to maintain homeostasis.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Internal Stimuli

is a stimulus that comes from inside an organism. You may have
experienced an internal stimulus of hunger after a long day at
Humans are organisms sharing characteristics with other school, and this prompts you to eat some food in order to regain
organisms. The most important common feature of all organisms is needed energy
life.
External Stimuli
Organization
 are changes to conditions outside of the body, or in
refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts of an general, information from outside the body that our
organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and working senses detect.
together. Living things are highly organized.
 The external stimulus includes touch and pain, vision,
Metabolism smell, taste, sound, and balance (equilibrium). These
ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, sensory stimuli are activated by external changes.
movement, and reproduction. (Ex: in plants, they make energy in a
process called photosynthesis)
 For example, our bodies respond to changes in light and
temperature and to sources of danger. Light affects our
Responsiveness
bodies' circadian rhythms, which cause us to feel sleepy
ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and or awake at the correct times. Temperature causes our
make the adjustments that help maintain its life. bodies to rapidly find ways to heat up or cool down. It
does this by sweating, shivering, increasing or decreasing
•Example (of responses) movements toward food or water and
the size of the blood vessels near the surface of the skin,
away from danger or poor environmental conditions such as
and creating goosebumps to reposition hair.
extreme cold or heat.

Growth

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DATE OF LECTURE: Aug 16, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism. It can  "Unchanging sameness", "staying the same". (horneo=
result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of sameness, stasis= standing still)
substance surrounding cells
 is the maintenance of a variable, such as body
Development temperature, around an ideal normal value, or set point.
The value of the variable fluctuates around the set point
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time.
to establish a normal range of values.
•Development usually involves growth, but it also involves
differentiation.
 is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's
•Differentiation is change in cell structure and function from internal environment due to the constant interaction of
generalized to specialized. For example, following fertilization, the body's many regulatory processes.
cells start to specialize to become different cell types, such as skin,
bone, muscle, or nerve cells. These differentiated cells form tissues •Variables – a narrow range of conditions, including temperature,
and organs. volume, and chemical content because their values can change.

•The organ systems help control the internal environment so that it

Reproduction remains relatively constant. For example, the digestive, respiratory,
is the formation of new cells or new organisms. cardiovascular, and urinary systems function together so that each
cell in the body receives adequate oxygen and nutrients and so that
waste products do not accumulate to a toxic level
HOMEOSTASIS

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM

such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature

near an average normal value, or set point.

HOMEOSTASIS AND BODY

FLUIDS
Intracellular (ICF) - fluid within cells

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - fluid outside body cells

Interstitial Fluid ECF

fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

Blood Plasma ECF

Within blood vessels

Lymph Fluid ECF

Within lymphatic vessels

 “State of balance”; Equilibrium; Stable environment Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF

ECF within brain and spinal cord
 (hō′mē-ō-stā′sis; homeo-, the same; -stasis, to stop) is the
existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
Synovial Fluid ECF
environment within the body despite fluctuations in
either the external environment or the internal In the joints
environment
Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body ECF
In the eyes

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 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DATE OF LECTURE: Aug 16, 2021
BY: MA. EM CONCEPCION LAGARE

RECEPTOR
monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by
detecting stimuli.
SET POINT
Is important in homeostasis CONTROL CENTER
A normal range that the body tries to stay in/ within such as part of the brain, determines the set point for the
variable and receives input from the receptor about the
variable.

2 WAYS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS EFFECTOR

such as the sweat glands, can change the value of the
variable when directed by the control center.
Negative Feedback
“To decrease” REMEMBER:
is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is
resisted. Negative feedback does not prevent variation but
A changed variable is a stimulus because it initiates a
maintains variation within a normal range.
homeostatic mechanism.
A mechanism that opposes a deviation from the set point.

Positive Feedback
“To increase”

the deviation from the set point becomes even greater.

A mechanism that responds to the deviation by making the

deviation greater.

Ex: Birth is another example of a normally occurring positive

feedback mechanism. Near the end of pregnancy, the uterus is
stretched by the baby’s large size. This stretching, especially
around the opening of the uterus, stimulates contractions of the
uterine muscles. The uterine contractions push the baby against the
opening of the uterus, stretching it further. This stimulates
additional contractions, which result in additional stretching. This
positive-feedback sequence ends when the baby is delivered from
the uterus and the stretching stimulus is eliminated.

On the other hand, occasionally a positive-feedback mechanism

can be detrimental instead of helpful

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