Metode de Integrare. Integrarea Functiilor Rationale: 1 2 P p+1 N 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 M 2 M M m+1 2 m+1 m+1 K
Metode de Integrare. Integrarea Functiilor Rationale: 1 2 P p+1 N 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 M 2 M M m+1 2 m+1 m+1 K
Metode de Integrare. Integrarea Functiilor Rationale: 1 2 P p+1 N 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 M 2 M M m+1 2 m+1 m+1 K
P( x)
Forma integralei: ∫ Q( x) dx unde x I R - {xQ(x)=0}
P(x) şi Q(x) sunt polinoame cu coeficienţi reali
P( x )
I. Dacă grad PgradQ atunci raportul se transformă conform teoremei impărţirii cu rest
Q(x)
P( x ) R( x )
P(x) = Q(x)C(x) + R(x) unde gradR(x)<gradQ(x) în =C ( x ) + iar integrala devine:
Q(x) Q (x)
P( x) R ( x)
∫ Q( x) dx=¿ ∫ C ( x ) dx+∫ Q( x) dx ¿
Dacă Q(x) admite o descompunere în factori de forma:
Q(x) = (x-x1) (x-x2) … (x-xp)(x-xp+1)n(a1x2+b1x+c1)(a1x2+b1x +c1) … (amx2 + bmx +cm)
P( x )
(am+1x2 + bm+1x +cm+1)k atunci raportul devine:
Q(x)
P(x) R(x)
=C ( x ) +
Q( x) n 2 2 2 2
( x −x1 ) ( x−x 2 ) … ( x−x p ) ( x−x p+1 ) ( a 1 x + b1 x + c1 )( a2 x +b2 x+ c 2) …(a¿¿ m x +b m x+ cm ) ( a m+1 x +b m+1 x+ c m
=
A1 A1 Ap A p +1 A p +2 A p +n B 1 x +C1 B 2 x +C 2 B m x +C m
C ( x )+ + + …+ + + 2
+…+ n
+ 2
+ 2
+ …+
x −x1 x−x 2
⏟ x−x p x−x p+1 ( x−x p +1 ) ( x−x p +n ) a 1 x + b1 x +c 1 a 2 x + b2 x + c2 am x 2+ bm x+ c
⏟
−n+1
1 1 −n 1 ' −n 1 (ax+ b)
4. ∫ dx= ∫ a(ax +b) dx= ∫ (ax +b) (ax +b) dx= +C
( ax+ b)n a a a −n+1
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala Nr Integrala
. .
1 1 1 1
∫ (3 x +1)2 dx 4 ∫ (5 x +2)3 dx 7 ∫ (7 x +10)5 dx
2 1 1 1
∫ (3 x−1)20 dx 5 ∫ (2 x−3)10 dx8 ∫ ( 6 x −5)7 dx
3 1 1 1
∫ (2 x−3)2012 dx 6 ∫ (3 x +5)n dx 9 ∫ ( 8 x +7)100 dx
x x−a+ a −n +1 −n (x−a)−n+2 ( x−a)−n +1
5. ∫ dx= ∫ (x−a)n dx=¿ ∫ ( x−a ) dx +a ∫ ( x−a) dx= + +C ¿
( x −a)n −n+2 −n+ 1
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala
. .
1 x x x
∫ ( x +1)2 dx 3 ∫ ( x +2)3 dx 5 ∫ ( x +10)5 dx
2 x x x
∫ ( x −1)2012 dx 4 ∫ ( x −3)100 dx 6 ∫ ( x −5)7 dx
6.
1 1 1 2a 1 x +a+ x−a 1 1 1 1 1
∫ x 2−a 2 ∫
= dx= ∫ dx = ∫ dx= ∫ dx+ ∫ dx=
(x−a)( x+ a) 2a ( x−a)( x +a) 2 a (x−a)(x+ a) 2 a x−a 2 a x +a 2
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr Integrala Nr Integrala
. . .
1 1 1 1
∫ x 2−1 dx 3 ∫ x 2−4 dx 5 ∫ x 2−9 dx
2 1 1 1
∫ 4 x2−1 dx 4 ∫ 5 x2 −125 dx6 ∫ x 2−5 dx
1 1 x
7. ∫ x 2+ a2 dx= a arctg a +C
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr Integrala Nr Integrala
. . .
1 1 1 1
∫ x 2+1 dx 3 ∫ x 2+ 4 dx 5
∫ x 2+ 9 dx
2 1 1 1
∫ 4 x2 +1 dx 4 ∫ 5 x2 +125 dx 6 ∫ x 2+5 dx
8.
1 1 b−a 1 (x +b)−( x +a) 1 1 1 1 x +a
∫ ( x +a)(x dx= ∫ dx= ∫ dx= ∫ dx−∫ dx= ln +
+b) b−a ( x+ a)(x+ b) b−a (x +a)( x +b) b−a x +a x+b b−a x +b
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr Integrala Nr Integrala
. . .
1 1 1 1
∫ ( x+ 1 )( x +2 ) dx 5 ∫ ( x+ 2 )( x +4 ) dx 9 ∫ ( x+ 1 )( x +4 ) dx
2 1 1 1
∫ ( x−1 ) ( x −2 ) dx 6 ∫ ( x+ 2 )( x−4 ) dx10 ∫ ( x+ 2 ) x dx
3 1 1 1
∫ ( x+ 2 )( x +7 ) dx 7 ∫ ( x+ 2 )( x−7 ) dx11 ∫ ( x−2 ) ( x+7 ) dx
4 1 1 1
∫ ( 3 x+2 )( 5 x+ 3 ) dx8 ∫ ( x−5 ) ( x−1 ) dx12 ∫ ( 2 x −1 )( 2 x+ 1 ) dx
1
9. ∫ 2 dx cu următoarele subcazuri:
a x + bx+ c 2
9.1. Cazul = b2-4ac < 0 ax2+bx+c = a(x – xv)2+yv unde xv = -b/2a, yv = -/4a.
1 1 1 1 x−x v
∫ ax 2 +bx+ 2
dx= ∫ dx= arctg +C
c a yv yv yv
2
(x −x v ) +
2
a
2
a
a √
9.2. Cazul = b -4ac = 0 ax +bx+c = a(x – xv) unde xv = -b/2a.2
√
a
−2
1 1 1 1 −2 1 ( x−x v )
∫ ax 2 +bx+ c 2 dx= a ∫ (x −x )2 dx= a ∫ (x−x v ) dx= a −1 +C
v
−b ± √ ∆
9.3. Cazul = b2-4ac > 0 ax2+bx+c = a(x – x1)(x - x2) unde x1,2 =
2a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x −x1
∫ ax 2 +bx+ c 2
dx= ∫
a ( x −x1 )( x−x 2)
dx= ∙
a x 2−x 1
∫ ( −
x−x 1 x−x 2
¿) dx= ∙ | |
ln
a x 2−x 1 x −x2
+C ¿
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala
. .
1 1 9 1 1
∫ x 2−x+ 1 dx ∫ x 2−2 x+1 dx 17 ∫ x 2−4 x+3 dx
2 1 10 1 18 1
∫ x 2+ x +1 dx ∫ x 2−10 x+25 dx ∫ x 2−6 x+ 5 dx
3 1 11 1 19 1
∫ x 2+ 2 x +2 dx ∫ x 2+ 4 x +4 dx ∫ x 2+3 x +2 dx
4 1 1 1
∫ x 2+ 2 x +10 dx12 ∫ x 2+ 6 x +36 dx 20
∫ x 2+7 x +12 dx
5 1 1 1
∫ 4 x2−4 x +2 dx13 ∫ x 2−7 x+ 49 dx 21
∫ x 2−7 x+ 10 dx
6 1 1 1
∫ 4 x2−3 x +1 dx14 ∫ 4 x2−4 x +1 dx 22 ∫ x 2−5 x+ 6 dx
7 1 1 1
∫ x 2−3 x+5 dx 15 ∫ 9 x 2−6 x+ 1 dx 23
∫ 2 x2−5 x +2 dx
8 1 1 1
∫ x 2+5 x +7 dx 16 ∫ 5 x2 −2 √5 x+ 1 dx24 ∫ 7 x 2−8 x+ 1 dx
10. Forme combinate studiate sub forma exerciţiilor.
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala
. .
1 1 10 x +1 2
∫ 3 x+5 dx ∫ x 2+ 2 x +10 dx 19 ∫ x + x +2 2
dx
( x +1)(x +1)
2 1−3 x x
∫ 2 x+3 dx 11 ∫ x 8 dx 20
3
∫ ( x +1)(x+ 3)( x +5) dx
1+ x
3 1 x
∫ ( x +2)(x+ 3) dx12 ∫ ( x −1)10 dx 21 ∫ x 2−2 x +24 dx
3 2
x (x−2)
4 1 x −4 2
∫ x 3+ x−2 dx 13 ∫ ( x −2)(x−5) dx22 ∫ 3 x +2 3
x−3
dx
x −x
5 1 2
x 5+ 2 x 3 +2 x 2 + x +1
∫ 3 x 2+5 dx 14 ∫ x +5 x +7
dx
23
∫ dx
x +3 x3 + x
6 1 2
x +4
∫ x 2−3 x+ 2 dx 15 ∫ xx−1 +1
dx
24
∫ x ( x 2+2 x +2) dx
7 1 5
∫ 3 x 2+ x +1 dx 16 ∫ x 2+ x +1 dx 25 ∫ 3 x2
2
dx
x + 5 x +8 x+ 4
8 1 2x
∫ 2 x2−3 x +1 dx17 ∫ x 2−6 x+ 5 dx 26 ∫ x 3+1 dx
3
x ( x −8)
9 5 x−2 18 5 27 x 5+ x 4−8
∫ x 2+ 4 dx ∫ x (x+1)(x +3) dx ∫ x 3−4 x dx
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