Integrarea Functiilor Rationale

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4. METODE DE INTEGRARE.

INTEGRAREA FUNCTIILOR RATIONALE

P (x)
Forma integralei:∫ dx unde x  I  R - {xQ(x)=0}
Q(x )
P(x) şi Q(x) suntpolinoame cu coeficienţireali
P( x )
I. Dacă grad PgradQatunciraportul se transformă conform teoremeiimpărţirii cu rest
Q(x)
P( x ) R( x)
P(x) = Q(x)C(x) + R(x) undegradR(x)<gradQ(x) în =C ( x ) + iar integrala devine:
Q(x) Q(x)
P (x) R( x )
∫ Q(x ) dx=¿ ∫ C ( x ) dx +∫ Q( x) dx ¿
Dacă Q(x) admite o descompunereînfactori de forma:
Q(x) = (x-x1)(x-x2) … (x-xp)(x-xp+1)n(a1x2+b1x+c1)(a1x2+b1x +c1) … (amx2 + bmx +cm)
P( x )
(am+1x2 + bm+1x +cm+1)katunciraportul devine:
Q(x)
P(x) R(x)
=C ( x ) +
Q( x) ( x−x )( x −x ) … ( x−x ) ( x−x ) ( a x +b x +c )( a x +b x+ c ) …(a¿ ¿ m x + b x+ c ) ( a x + b
n 2 2 2 2
x +c m
1 2 p p +1 1 1 1 2 2 2 m m m+1 m +1

=
A1 A1 Ap A p+1 A p+2 A p+ n B1 x+C 1 B 2 x +C2 B m x +C m
C ( x )+ + +…+ + + + …+ + + + …+

2 n 2 2 2
x−x 1 x−x 2 x−x p x−x p+ 1 ( x−x p+1 ) ( x−x p+n ) a1 x +b 1 x +c 1 a2 x + b2 x +c 2 am x + bm x+ c

II. FORME PARTICULARE


'
1 1 a 1 (ax +b) 1
1. ∫ dx= ∫ dx=¿ ∫ dx= ln |ax +b|+C ¿
ax +b a ax +b a ax+ b a
Exerciţii
Nr. Integrala Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala
.
1 1 1 1
∫ x+ 1 dx 5 ∫ x+ 2 dx 9 ∫ x+ 10 dx
2 1 1 1
∫ x−1 dx 6 ∫ x−3 dx 10 ∫ x−5 dx
3 1 1 1
∫ 2 x+1 dx 7 ∫ 5 x+7 dx 11 ∫ 3 x+ 2 dx
4 1 1 1
∫ 3 x−1 dx 8 ∫ 7 x−5 dx 12 ∫ 9 x−18 dx
2.
d da da
x+ ax + ax +b+ −b
cx + d c c c c c c da c 1 c
( c da
)
∫ ax +b dx=c ∫ ax+ b dx= a ∫ ax+ b dx= a ∫ ax+ b dx=¿ a ∫ 1 dx + c −b a ∫ ax +b dx= a x+ a 2 c − (
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala
.
1 x−3 x+ 7 x−10
∫ x +1 dx 5 ∫ x +2 dx 9 ∫ x +10 dx
2 2 x−5 6 5x+4 10 3 x +6
∫ 2 x−1 dx ∫ 3 x−3 dx ∫ 4 x−5 dx
3 5 x+1 7 2 x−9 11 2 x+3
∫ 2 x+1 dx ∫ 5 x+ 7 dx ∫ 3 x+ 2 dx
4 x +5 8 x−3 12 x−2
∫ 3 x−1 dx ∫ 7 x−5 dx ∫ 6 x−1 dx
−n +1
1 ( x−a)
3. ∫ dx=∫ ( x−a)−n dx= +C
( x −a)n
−n+ 1
Exerciţii
Nr. Integrala Nr Integrala Nr Integrala
. .
1 1 1 1
∫ ( x +1)2 dx 3 ∫ ( x +2)3 dx 5
∫ ( x +10)5 dx
2 1 1 1
∫ ( x −1)2012 dx 4 ∫ ( x −3)100 dx 6
∫ ( x −5)7 dx

−n +1
(ax +b)
4. ∫ ( ax+1 b)n dx= 1a ∫ a(ax+ b)−n dx= 1a ∫ (ax +b)' (ax +b)−n dx= 1a −n+1
+C

Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala
. .
1 1 4 1 7 1
∫ (3 x +1)2 dx ∫ (5 x +2)3 dx ∫ (7 x +10)5 dx
2 1 5 1 8 1
∫ (3 x−1)20 dx ∫ ( 2 x−3)10 dx ∫ ( 6 x −5)7 dx
3 1 6 1 9 1
∫ ( 2 x−3)2012 dx ∫ (3 x +5)n dx ∫ ( 8 x +7)100 dx
−n+2 −n +1
x x−a+ a (x−a) (x−a)
5. ∫ dx=∫ dx=¿∫ ( x−a ) dx +a ∫ (x −a)−n dx=
−n+1
+ +C ¿
( x −a)n
(x−a) n
−n+2 −n+ 1
Exerciţii
Nr. Integrala Nr Integrala Nr Integrala
. .
1 x 3 x x
∫ ( x +1)2 dx ∫ ( x +2)3 dx 5 ∫ ( x +10)5 dx
2 x x x
∫ ( x −1)2012 dx 4 ∫ ( x −3)100 dx 6 ∫ ( x −5)7 dx
6.
1 1 1 2a 1 x +a + x−a 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 2 2
=∫
(x−a)(x+ a)
dx= ∫
2 a (x −a)(x+ a)
dx= ∫
2 a (x −a)(x +a)
dx= ∫
2 a x−a
dx + ∫
2 a x+ a
dx = ln
2a
x −a
Exerciţii
Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala
1 1 3 1 5 1
∫ x 2−1 dx ∫ x 2−4 dx ∫ x 2−9 dx
2 1 1 1
∫ 4 x2−1 dx 4 ∫ 5 x 2−125 dx 6 ∫ x 2−5 dx
1 1 x
7. ∫ x 2+ a2 dx = a arctg a +C
Exerciţii
Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala
1 1 3 1 5 1
∫ x 2+1 dx ∫ x 2+ 4 dx ∫ x 2+ 9 dx
2 1 4 1 6 1
∫ 4 x2 +1 dx ∫ 5 x 2+125 dx ∫ x 2+5 dx
8.
1 1 b−a 1 (x +b)−(x +a) 1 1 1 1 x+ a
∫ ( x + a)(x +b)
dx= ∫
b−a (x +a)( x +b)
dx=
b−a
∫ ( x +a)(x +b)
dx= ∫
b−a x +a
dx−∫
x+ b
dx= ln
b−a x+ b
+
Exerciţii
Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala Nr Integrala
.
1 1 5 1 9 1
∫ ( x +1 )( x +2 ) dx ∫ ( x +2 ) ( x + 4 ) dx ∫ ( x +1 )( x + 4 ) dx
2 1 6 1 10 1
∫ ( x−1 ) ( x−2 ) dx ∫ ( x +2 ) ( x−4 ) dx ∫ ( x +2 ) x dx
3 1 7 1 11 1
∫ ( x +2 ) ( x +7 ) dx ∫ ( x +2 ) ( x−7 ) dx ∫ ( x−2 ) ( x+ 7 ) dx
4 1 8 1 12 1
∫ ( 3 x+ 2 )( 5 x +3 ) dx ∫ ( x−5 ) ( x−1 ) dx ∫ ( 2 x−1 )( 2 x +1 ) dx
1
9. ∫ ax 2 +bx +c 2 dx cu următoarelesubcazuri:
9.1. Cazul = b2-4ac < 0 ax2+bx+c = a(x – xv)2+yvunde xv = -b/2a, yv = -/4a.
1 1 1 1 x−x v
∫ ax 2 +bx dx= ∫ dx= arctg +C

√ √
2
+c a 2 yv yv yv
(x−x v ) + a
a a a
9.2. Cazul = b -4ac = 0 ax +bx+c = a(x – xv) unde xv = -b/2a.
2 2 2

−2
1 1 1 1 1 (x−x v )
∫ ax 2 +bx +c 2 dx= a ∫ (x−x )2 dx= a ∫ (x−x v ) dx = a −1 +C
−2

v
−b ± √ ∆
9.3. Cazul = b2-4ac > 0 ax2+bx+c = a(x – x1)(x - x2) unde x1,2 =
2a
1
∫ ax 2 +bx +c
2
1
dx= ∫
1
a (x−x 1)(x−x 2 )
1
dx= ∙
1
a x 2−x 1
∫ (
1

1
x−x 1 x−x 2
¿ )dx= ∙
1 1
a x2 −x1
ln
x−x 1
x−x 2
+C ¿
| |
Exerciţii
Nr Integrala Nr. Integrala Nr Integrala
. .
1 1 9 1 17 1
∫ x 2−x+ 1 dx ∫ x 2−2 x+1 dx ∫ x 2−4 x+3 dx
2 1 10 1 18 1
∫ x 2+ x +1 dx ∫ x 2−10 x+ 25 dx ∫ x 2−6 x +5 dx
3 1 11 1 19 1
∫ x 2+ 2 x +2 dx ∫ x 2+ 4 x +4 dx ∫ x 2+ 3 x +2 dx
4 1 12 1 20 1
∫ x 2+ 2 x +10 dx ∫ x 2+ 6 x+36 dx ∫ x 2+7 x +12 dx
5 1 13 1 21 1
∫ 4 x2−4 x +2 dx ∫ x 2−7 x+ 49 dx ∫ x 2−7 x+ 10 dx
6 1 14 1 22 1
∫ 4 x2−3 x +1 dx ∫ 4 x2−4 x +1 dx ∫ x 2−5 x+ 6 dx
7 1 15 1 23 1
∫ x 2−3 x+5 dx ∫ 9 x 2−6 x +1 dx ∫ 2 x2 −5 x +2 dx
8 1 16 1 24 1
∫ x 2+5 x +7 dx ∫ 5 x 2−2 dx ∫ 7 x 2−8 x+ 1 dx
√5 x+ 1
10. Formecombinatestudiate sub forma exerciţiilor.
Exerciţii
Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala Nr. Integrala
1 1 10 x +1 19 2
x + x +2
∫ 3 x+5 dx ∫ x 2+ 2 x +10 dx ∫ ( x +1)(x 2+ 1) dx
2 1−3 x 11 3
20 x
∫ 2 x+ 3 dx ∫ 1+x x 8 dx ∫ ( x +1)(x +3)(x+5) dx
3 1 x 3 2
∫ ( x +2)(x +3) dx 12 ∫ ( x −1)10 dx 21
∫ xx 2−2 x +4
2
dx
(x−2)
4 1 13 x −4 22 2
3 x +2 x−3
∫ x 3+ x−2 dx ∫ ( x −2)(x−5) dx ∫ x 3−x dx
5 1 14 2
x +5 x +7 23 5 3 2
x + 2 x +2 x + x +1
∫ 3 x 2+5 dx ∫ x +3 dx ∫ 3
dx
x +x
6 1 2
x+4
∫ x 2−3 x+ 2 dx 15 x +1
∫ x−1 dx
24
∫ x ( x 2+ 2 x +2) dx
7 1 5 2
∫ 3 x 2+ x +1 dx 16 ∫ x 2+ x +1 dx 25 x
∫ x 3+ 5 x 2 +8 x +4 dx
8 1 2x 3
∫ 2 x2 −3 x +1 dx 17 ∫ x 2−6 x +5 dx 26 x +1
∫ x ( x 3−8) dx
9 5 x−2 18 5 27 5
x + x −8
4
∫ x 2 +4 dx ∫ x ( x+ 1)(x +3) dx ∫ x 3−4 x dx

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