Foundation

NGL: natural ground level
Df: depth of foundation

Foundation
flexion
Df > 3m
deep: suitable for soils prone or

Prepared by:
Engr. Kenny B. Cantila
subject to settlement
Shallow Foundation
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads

to the earth very near the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range
of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread
footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, strip
footing, combined footing, cantilever footing, pad foundations, rubble trench
foundations and earthbag foundations.
Deep Foundation
Deep foundations are those with depths > 3m below finished ground level.
Deep foundations can be used to transfer loading to a deeper, more competent
strata depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.
They are used where there are weak soils near the surface or when loads are
very high. They derive their support from deeper soils or bedrock.
http://www.slideshare.net/shamjithkeyem/vs-types-of-footings-vandana-miss
DESIGN: top -> bottom
CONSTRUCTION: bottom -> top What is a footing?
Footing has large area to minimize
stress on the soil (bearing capacity)
Footing is a structural member used to support columns or walls and
transmit their load to underlying soils in such a way that the load bearing
capacity of the soil is not exceeded, excessive settlement, differential
settlement, or rotation are prevented and adequate safety against overturning
or sliding is maintained. soft soil: clay
Soil is not uniform/homogeneous.

Differential Settlement
rotation: theta
settlement: delta
bearing capacity:
load that can be carried
settlement in this column by soil, expressed in
F/A (force over area)
Types of Footings
Isolated/Pad/Spread Footing
A type of footing that supports an

individual column. A spread
footing is circular, square or
rectangular slab of uniform
thickness. Sometimes, it is stepped
or haunched to spread the load
over a large area. These are widely
used for columns with light load
and are not closely spaced. Figure 1.1 Isolated Footing
used in column footings, residential buildings, electric posts
http://www.buildinghow.com/en-us/Products/Books/Volume-A/The-reinforcement-II/Foundation/Spread-footings
Types of Footings (cont’d)
Continuous/ Strip/ Wall Footing
A strip footing is provided for a

load-bearing wall. A strip footing is
also provided for a row of columns
which are so closely spaced that
their spread footings overlap or
nearly touch each other. In such a
case, it is more economical to
provide a strip footing than to
provide a number of spread footings
in one line. Figure 1.2 Wall Footing
http://bimandbeam.typepad.com/bim_beam/2008/10/the-fall-vintag.html
Combined Footing
A combined footing supports two columns. It is used when the two

columns are so close to each other that their individual footings would
overlap. A combined footing is also provided when the property line is so
close to one column that a spread footing would be eccentrically loaded
when kept entirely within the property line. By combining it with that of
an interior column, the load is evenly distributed. A combined footing may
be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.
Combined Footing
Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4

Rectangular Combined Footing Trapezoidal Combined Footing
http://civilconcept.com/construction-technique/foundation/shallow-foundation/
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105104/pdf/m11l28.pdf
Strap/Cantilever Footing
It consists of two isolated footings

connected with a structural strap or a
lever. The strap connects the two footings
such that they behave as one unit. The
strap is designed as a rigid beam. The
individual footings are so designed that
their combined line of action passes
through the resultant of the total load. A
strap footing is more economical than a
combined footing when the allowable
soil pressure is relatively high and the Figure 1.5 Strap Footing
distance between the columns is large.
http://www.ce-ref.com/Foundation/Straped_footing/FTG_Straped.html
Floating/Raft/Mat Foundation
It is a large slab supporting a number of

columns and walls under the entire structure
or a large part of the structure. A mat is
required when the allowable soil pressure is
low or where the columns and walls are so
close that individual footings would overlap
or nearly touch each other.
Mat foundations are useful in reducing the

differential settlements on non-homogeneous
soils or where there is a large variation in the Figure 1.6 Mat Foundation
loads on individual columns.
http://slideplayer.com/slide/7523497/
Pile Caps
These are slabs of reinforced concrete

used to distribute column loads to group
of piles.
Pile foundations are relatively long,

slender members that transmit foundation
loads through soil strata of low bearing
capacity. They are used for economic,
constructional or soil condition
considerations, when it is desirable to
transmit loads to strata beyond the
practical reach of shallow foundations. Figure 1.7 Pile Caps
https://knowledge.autodesk.com/de/support/revit-products/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2014/DEU/Revit/files/GUID-032FE80B-E4C6-
4CDD-9B27-162F29BCE344-htm.html
FOOTING ANALYSIS
Footing must be designed or checked for 6 strength conditions:
• Bearing (compression) from column on top of footing

• Dowels into the footing
• Strength of soil beneath footing, soil pressure q
• Reinforcement provided
• Shear strength
• Development length of bars
Dowels:
Dowels must carry the total load less the bearing value of the footing
concrete.
Dowels should fit the demand of the column interaction requirement for the
design column eccentricity.
Loads and Reactions in Footing
According to the Code under Section 5.15, the base area of footing and
the number of piles may be determined from unfactored forces and
moments transmitted by footing to soil or piles and permissible soil
pressure or permissible pile capacity.
Unfactored load (DL + LL)

Area of footing =
Effective soil pressure, q e
Unfactored load (DL + LL)

Number of piles =
Load capacity per pile
where qe is the effective soil pressure which is given as:
q e = q a − γc hc − γs hs
hs Soil, γs
hc Concrete, γc
where γc is the unit weight of concrete (usually taken 23.54 kN/m3), hc is the
total depth of footing , γs is the unit weight of soil and hs is the height of soil
above footing
Critical Sections in Footing
The critical section for moment, shear and development reinforcement in

footings in supporting a rectangular or square columns or pedestals are
measured at the face of the column or pedestal. For footings supporting a
circular or regular polygon shaped columns or pedestal, the Code permits to
treat these sections as square members with the same area.
(pi) r^2 ⇒ s^2 ⇒
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
s = sqrt(pi) * r
Critical Sections for Moment
Footings are similar to beams or slabs carrying the effective soil pressure as
the load and the column as the support, it is subjected to moments. According
to Section 5.15.4.1, the external moment on any section for a footing may be
determined by passing a vertical plane to the footing, and computing the
moment of the forces acting over the entire area on one side of that vertical
plane.
For isolated footings, the critical sections for moment are located as follows:
At the face of column, pedestal or walls for footings supporting a concrete

column, pedestal or wall.
critical section: largest area
> maximize moment
Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footing supporting a masonry
wall. t
Middle of wall Edge of wall
t/4
Halfway between the face of the column and edge steel base plate, for
footing supporting a column with steel base plate.
a
a/2
Steel base plate
For continuous footings, the critical section for moment is found by drawing
the moment diagram as in continuous or single span beams.
Distribution of Flexural or Main Reinforcement
Footings may be classified as one-way footing or two-way footing. One-way

footing is reinforced in one direction only while two-way footing is
reinforced in two-directions.
According to Section 5.15.4 in one-way footings, and two-way square

footings, reinforcement maybe distributed uniformly across the entire width
of footing.
One − way footing Two − way footing

Distribution of Flexural or Main Reinforcement
In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcements may be distributed as

follows:
a. Reinforcement in long directions may be distributed uniformly across the

entire width of footing.
b. For the reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total

reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over a bandwidth (with
center on centerline of column) equal to the length of the short side of the
footing. The rest of the reinforcement may be distributed uniformly
outside the center bandwidth of footing. The area of reinforcement in the
center band is given by the formula:
𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 2
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛽 + 1
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝛽=
𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
short side, S
outside center band, S outside
center band center band
long side, L
reinforcement in outside center band should be the same, if unequal - use higher value for both
Shear in Footings
The shear strength of slabs and footings in the vicinity of the columns,
concentrated load, or reactions is governed by more severe of two conditions,
the beam action or one-way shear and the two-way or punching shear. In any
of these conditions, the Code requires that the maximum value of 𝑉𝑢 is ∅𝑉𝑐 if
stirrups are not used.
Wide Beam Shear
Beam action (one-way shear), where each critical section to be investigated

extends in a plane across the entire width. For this case, the slab or footing
may be designed such that the shear strength provided by the concrete 𝑉𝑐 may
1
not exceed 6 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
critical section is located d distance away from the base of the column
c
Critical section for wide beam shear
c
bw
d
qu
d L
CL
1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
With reference to the figure 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 , where 𝑞𝑢 is the

factored soil pressure and 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 /𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 .
Punching Shear
Two-way action where each of the critical section to be investigated may be

located so that its perimeter 𝑏𝑜 is minimum but need not to approach closed
than d/2 to:
a. Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas, o

b. Changes in slab thickness such as edges of capitals or drop panels
c
d/2 d/2
c+d
𝐵 d
c+d
qu
L
𝐿
From the figure
bo = 4(c + d) for square column
Vu = q u × shaded area
For two-way action, Vc is the smaller value of the given equations below:
2 fc ′ long side of column

Vc = 1 + b d ; βc =
βc 6 o short side of column
1
Vc = fc ′ bo d
3
One-way shear will often control the depths for rectangular footings whereas
two-way shear will often control the depths for square footings.
Minimum Depth of Footing
The depth of footing above bottom reinforcement may not be less than 150
mm for footings on soil, and 300 mm for footings on piles.
Critical Sections for Development of Reinforcement in Footings
The development or reinforcement in footings is in accordance with Section

5.12. The critical sections for development of reinforcement may be assumed
at the same location as those of critical moment.
REFERENCES
http://www.buildinghow.com/en-us/Products/Books/Volume-A/The-reinforcement-
II/Foundation/Spread-footings
http://osp.mans.edu.eg/deepfoundation/ch1.htm
http://civilblog.org/2014/11/09/what-are-different-types-of-footings/
http://civilconcept.com/construction-technique/foundation/shallow-foundation/

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NGL: natural ground level

Df: depth of foundation

deep: suitable for soils prone or

A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads

Soil is not uniform/homogeneous.

A type of footing that supports an

used in column footings, residential buildings, electric posts

Continuous/ Strip/ Wall Footing

A strip footing is provided for a

A combined footing supports two columns. It is used when the two

Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4

It consists of two isolated footings

It is a large slab supporting a number of

Mat foundations are useful in reducing the

These are slabs of reinforced concrete

Pile foundations are relatively long,

Footing must be designed or checked for 6 strength conditions:

• Bearing (compression) from column on top of footing

Unfactored load (DL + LL)

Unfactored load (DL + LL)

where qe is the effective soil pressure which is given as:

The critical section for moment, shear and development reinforcement in

(pi) r^2 ⇒ s^2 ⇒

𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡

At the face of column, pedestal or walls for footings supporting a concrete

Middle of wall Edge of wall

Footings may be classified as one-way footing or two-way footing. One-way

According to Section 5.15.4 in one-way footings, and two-way square

One − way footing Two − way footing

In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcements may be distributed as

a. Reinforcement in long directions may be distributed uniformly across the

b. For the reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total

𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

Beam action (one-way shear), where each critical section to be investigated

With reference to the figure 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 , where 𝑞𝑢 is the

Two-way action where each of the critical section to be investigated may be

a. Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas, o

bo = 4(c + d) for square column

2 fc ′ long side of column

Critical Sections for Development of Reinforcement in Footings

The development or reinforcement in footings is in accordance with Section

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