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Chloride Induced Corrosion Corrosion

Chloride induced corrosion, carbonation, sulfate attack, and alkali silica reaction are major corrosion and deterioration mechanisms in concrete structures. Chloride ions above a critical threshold can depassivate reinforcing steel leading to corrosion. Carbonation reduces pH and allows corrosion. Sulfate ions react with products of hydration causing expansion and cracking. Alkali silica reaction involves a reaction between alkalis in cement and certain forms of silica in aggregates, requiring water to form an expansive gel. Proper mix design, materials selection, and curing can improve concrete durability and service life by resisting these deterioration mechanisms.

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40 views32 pages

Chloride Induced Corrosion Corrosion

Chloride induced corrosion, carbonation, sulfate attack, and alkali silica reaction are major corrosion and deterioration mechanisms in concrete structures. Chloride ions above a critical threshold can depassivate reinforcing steel leading to corrosion. Carbonation reduces pH and allows corrosion. Sulfate ions react with products of hydration causing expansion and cracking. Alkali silica reaction involves a reaction between alkalis in cement and certain forms of silica in aggregates, requiring water to form an expansive gel. Proper mix design, materials selection, and curing can improve concrete durability and service life by resisting these deterioration mechanisms.

Uploaded by

apoorv mishra
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CHLORIDE INDUCED

CORROSION
Corrosion
• This is a severe problem in the Civil Engineering.
It drains resources in both the public and private
sectors.
• Corrosion can be seen in Marine Structures,
Chemical Industries, Buildings, Highway Bridges,
Parking Structures and Pavements.
• This is the severe problem which dictates the
Service Life of Structures.
• Solutions are needed, both in the design and
rehabilitation.
Mechanism of Corrosion
Chloride Attack on a Kerb of a Bridge
Chloride Attack Below
A Deck Slab
Chloride Attack on Both
Off-Shore and On-Shore
RC Structures.
CRITICAL CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION

1. A Critical Chloride Concentration is one, which breaks


down Protective Environment around Reinforcing
Steel

2. The Threshold Value of Cl-/OH- is 0.6


3. The Threshold Concentration Depends on Type of
Cation. The Diffusion Coefficient Depends on Cation
Cation. Cation..
The Order is:
MgCl2>CaCl2>KCl
KCl>>NaCl

4. This is a Critical Parameter for Service Life of RC


Structures
Specified Chloride Limits
1. General Range: 0.4 to 0.6% by wt. of Cement.

2. According to RILEM Report up to 1.5% by wt. of


Cement can be allowed in Dense Concretes.

3. British Code allows 0.35% by wt. of Cement in Fresh


Concrete.

4. ACI Committee 222 Recommends:


0.10% in RCC
0.06% in PSC
5. IS: 456-
456-2000 Recommends:
Steam Cured or PSC 0.4 (Kg/m3)
RCC 0.6 (Kg/m3)
Plain Concrete 3.0 (Kg/m3)
Resistance to Entry of Chlorides

• Pozzolanic Reaction and Low Permeability of


the System
• The Concrete has to be Designed with Lower
Water/Cementitious Ratio
• Adequate Curing is Required to form Dense
Micro-Structure.
CARBONATION
Carbonation
Process

Passivating film
CaCO CaCO+ Ca(OH)
3 3 2

Ca(OH)
2

pH

Concrete
Passivating

Steel bar
film

pH >12
pH<9

9<pH<12

Implication of carbonation on reinforcement


corrosion
a. Loss of CH and consequent reduction of pH
b. Deposition of CaCO3 /Ca(HCO3)2
Carbonation Induced Corrosion (Uniform Corrosion)
Ill-Effects of Carbonation
 Increase in Permeability
 Increase in Shrinkage
 Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel

Favorable Conditions for Carbonation

•Availability of CO2
•Relative Humidity should be in Between 50 to 75%
•The Average Pore-Size should be Above 1000 Ao

Un-Favorable Conditions
•RH 0-50% or 75-100%
•Average Pore-Size Less Than 650 Ao
Sulfate Attack
Sulphate Attack in Concrete and Mortar
Sulphate Attack can be ‘External' or ‘Internal’
External: Due to penetration of sulphates in
solution, in groundwater into the
concrete from outside.
Internal: Due to a soluble source being
incorporated into the concrete at the
time of mixing, gypsum in the aggregate.
Factors Influencing Sulfate Attack
• The amount and nature of the sulphate
present (MgSO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4, &
Ammonium Sulphate)
• The level of the water table and its seasonal
variation,
• The flow of ground water and soil porosity,
• The form of construction,
• The quality of the concrete.
External Sulphate Attack
• Extensive cracking
• Expansion
• Loss of bond between the cement paste and
aggregate
• Alteration of paste composition, with
monosulfate phase converting to ettringite
formation.
Internal Sulphate
Sulphate Attack
Occurs where a source of sulphate is incorporated
into the concrete when mixed. Examples include
the use of sulphate-rich aggregate, excess of added
gypsum in the cement or contamination.

Proper screening and testing procedures should


generally avoid internal sulphate attack.
MANIFESTATIONS OF SULFATE ATTACK

 Conversion of Ca(OH)2 into Gypsum and


Crystallization of this Compound, with
Consequent Expansion (124%) and Disruption.
 Conversion of C3A to Hydrated Calcium Sulpho
Sulpho--
Aluminates (Ettringite). The Products of this
Reaction Occupy Greater Volume (227%) and
tends to Cause Expansion and Disintegration.
 Decomposition of CSH gel.
Smaller Gap Around Smaller Aggregate and
Bigger Gap Around Bigger Aggregate
DEF
Mechanism of Counteracting Sulfate Attack
• Fly ash combines with free lime and reduces the
possibility of producing gypsum,
• Fly ash helps to form a dense microstructure and
reduces permeability of water, which may carry
the sulphate ions,
• With the partial replacement of OPC with fly ash,
the concentration of C3A is reduced,
• Since pozzolanic reaction reduces the amount of
free lime, this reaction makes the alumina-
bearing phase inactive.
Alkali Silica Reaction
GENESIS
• This involves reaction between the cement alkalis
and various forms of silica namely, opal,
tridymite, cristabalite, chalcedony, chert, flint,
microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz,
strained quartz and volcanic glasses etc.
• This reaction is similar in appearance to concrete
damaged by sulphate expansion or shrinking
aggregate.
PHENOMENA
• Warping of structural members and pavements
and mis-alignment of machinery due to expansion
of concrete,
• A typical map pattern of cracking,
• Presence of resinous gel on the surface of
concrete,
• Pop-outs on the surface of the concrete,
• Grey discoloration of concrete surfaces along the
edges of cracks,
• Damp patches on the surface of the concrete.
Major Sources of Alkalis
Alkalis
• Cement,
• Water used for mixing,
• Aggregates containing alkali salts,
• Sea spray,
• De-icing salts.
Conditions Required for ASR to Occur

• Sufficiently high alkali content in the cement (or


alkali from other sources),

• A reactive aggregate, such as chert,

• ASR will not occur if there is no available water


in the concrete, since alkali-silica gel formation
requires water.

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