DC Machines

‫وب ال ِع ِلم في نَفَراتِ ِه‬
‫س َ‬‫فَ ِإن ُر ُ‬ ‫اص ِبر عَلى ُم ِ ِّر ال َجفَا ِمن ُمعَ ِلِّ ٍم‬
‫‪Electric Machines‬‬
‫ع ذُل الجه ِل ُ‬
‫طول حياتِ ِه‬ ‫تجر َ‬ ‫ومن ل ْم يذقْ ُم َر التعَلُّ ِم ساعة‬
‫ف َك ِبِّر عليه أربعا ِلوفاتِ ِه‬ ‫ومن فاتهُ التع ِلي ُم وقت شباب ِه‬
‫بار ِلذا ِت ِه‬

‫إذا لم يكونا ال اع ِت َ‬ ‫‪First Semester 2021-2022‬‬ ‫وذاتُ الفتى وهللا بال ِع ِلم والتُّقى‬
DC - Machines
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Contents
❑ Overview of Direct Current Machines
❑ Construction
❑ Principle of Operation
❑ Types of DC Machine
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❑ Power Flow Diagram
❑ Speed Control
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DC Generator
❑ A dc generator is a machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy (dc

voltage and current) by using the principle of
magnetic induction.
❑ In this example, the ends of the wire loop have

Principle of magnetic induction in DC machine
been connected to two slip rings mounted on
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the shaft, while brushes are used to carry the

current from the loop to the outside of the
circuit.
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DC Motor
❑DC motors are everywhere! In a house, almost every mechanical
movement that you see around you is caused by an DC (direct
current) motor.
❑An dc motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into

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mechanical energy by supplying

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a dc power (voltage and current).
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‫آفة العلم النسيان‬
Notes The bane of knowledge is forgetfulness
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‫التبكي على من ال يبكي عليك‬

DON'T cry over anyone who don't cry over you
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Advantages & Disadvantages Of D.C. Motors
Advantages
❑ High starting torque.
❑ easy to control
❑ Rapid acceleration and deceleration.
❑ Speed can be easily controlled over wide speed range.
❑ Used in tough gobs (traction motors, electric trains, electric cars,….)
❑ Built in wide range of sizes.
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Disadvantages
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❑ Needs regular maintenance.

❑ Cannot be used in explosive area.
❑ High cost.
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‫رب أخ لك لم تلده أمك‬

BEST FRIENDS are the siblings Allah didn't give us
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Construction of DC machine
Cutaway view of a dc motor

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Stator with poles visible
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‫النوم باكرا ً والنهوض باكرا ً يكسبان المرء صحة وثراء وحكمة‬

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise
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segments
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Rotor of a dc motor
brushes
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‫التعليم الممتاز هو أفضل استثمار لمستقبلك‬

Quality education is the best investment for your future
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Rotor is the rotating part – armature
Stator is the stationary part - field
Armature coil
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Brushes
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Stator: non-moving coil

Rotor: rotating part
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”‫“ال شيء مستحيل عندما يكون هللا بجانبك‬

Nothing is impossible when Allah is by your side
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ARMATURE
❑ More loops of wire = higher rectified voltage.
❑ In practical, loops are generally placed in slots of an iron core.
❑ The iron acts as a magnetic conductor by providing a low-reluctance path for magnetic lines of flux to
increase the inductance of the loops and provide a higher induced voltage.
❑ The commutator is connected to the slotted iron core.
❑ The entire assembly of iron core, commutator, and windings is called the armature.
❑ The windings of armatures are connected in different ways depending on the requirements of the
machine.
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Loops of wire are wound around slot in a metal core DC machine armature
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‫ ألن دموعك سوف تمنعك من رؤية الفرصة القادمة‬،‫ ال تبكي‬...‫إذا ضاعت فرصة‬
If you miss an opportunity don’t fill the eyes with tears, it will hide another better opportunity in front of you
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Construction of DC Machine: Armature
❑ The rotor or the armature core, which carries the rotor or
armature winding, is made of sheet-steel laminations.
❑ The laminations are stacked
together to form a cylindrical

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structure.
Portion of an armature lamination of

a dc machine showing slots and teeth
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‫ والتغلب عليها هو ما يجعل الحياة ذو معنى‬،‫التحديات هي ماتجعل الحياة مثيرة‬

Challenges are what make life interesting، overcoming them is what makes life meaningful
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Construction of DC Machine: Commutator
❑ Commutator: a mechanical rectifier, which converts
the alternating voltage generated in the armature
winding into direct voltage across the brush.
❑ It is made of copper segments insulated from

each other by mica and mounted on the shaft
of the machine.
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❑ The armature windings are connected to

the commutator segments.
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‫ لكن لو كان لديك فكرة ولدي فكرة وتبادلنا‬،‫لو كان لديك تفاحة ولدي تفاحة مثلها وتبادلناهما فيما بيننا سيبقى لدى كل منا تفاحة واحدة‬
‫ فعندها كل منا سيكون لديه فكرتين‬،‫هذه األفكار‬
If you have an apple and I have an apple and we exchange these apples then you and I will still each
have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of
us will have two ideas
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Construction of DC Machine: Brush
❑ The purpose of the brush is to ensure electrical connections
between the rotating commutator and stationary external load
circuit.
❑ It is made of carbon and rest on the commutator.
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Commutator and Brushes
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‫اإلحسان يبدأ باألهل‬

Charity begins at home
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Construction of DC Machine: Armature Winding
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‫ فبعضه شر لنا ونحن ال ندري‬... ‫كن شاكرا ً ألن هللا لم يستجب كل دعائك‬
Be grateful that God doesn't answer all your prayers
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‫الحلم واألناة توأمان ينتجهما علو الهمة‬

Toleration and patience are twins produced by the high determination
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!‫ فهو يعتقد أن عادات قبيلته هي قوانين طبيعية‬،‫سامحه‬

Forgive him, for he believes that the customs of his tribe are the laws of nature!
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ARMATURE WINDINGS
❑ Lap Wound Armatures
▪ are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current.
▪ armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
▪ Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles.
▪ The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This permits the current
capacity of each winding to be added and provides a higher operating current.
▪ No of current path, C = 2p ; p = no of poles

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‫ فهو الشفاء الوحيد الذي تحتاجه‬،‫ال تهجر أبدا ً قراءة القرآن الكريم‬
Never leave reading the Holy Quran، It’s the only cure you need
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ARMATURE WINDINGS
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‫ فهو بذلك ال يسامحك وال يسمح لك بمسامحة نفسك‬،‫كن حذرا ً من الرجل الذي ال يرد لك الصفعة‬
Beware of the man who does not return your blow، he neither forgives you nor allows you to forgive yourself
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ARMATURE WINDINGS (Cont)
❑ Wave Wound Armatures
▪ are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current.
▪ their windings connected in series.
▪ When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each winding
adds, but the current capacity remains the same.

▪ are used is in the small generator.
▪ No of current path, C = 2
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‫ تذكر أيامك األولى في العمل‬... ‫قبل أن تنتقد موظف جديد‬

Before criticising a new employee, remember your first days at work
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ARMATURE WINDINGS (Cont)
❑ Frogleg Wound Armatures
▪ the most used in practical nowadays.
▪ designed for use with moderate current and moderate armatures voltage.
▪ the windings are connected in series parallel.
▪ Most large DC machines use frogleg wound armatures.

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Frogleg wound armatures
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‫ ال أن يخسر الفريق اآلخر‬... ‫شجع كي يفوز فريقك‬

Root for your team to win, not the other team to lose
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FIELD WINDINGS
❑Most DC machines use wound electromagnets to provide the
magnetic field.
❑Two types of field windings are used :
➢Series field
➢Shunt field
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ً‫تذكر أن سوء الحظ أو حسنه نادراً ما يدوم طويل‬

Remember that bad luck or good luck seldom lasts long
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FIELD WINDINGS (Cont)
❑ Series field windings
❑are so named because they are connected in series with the armature.
❑are made with relatively few windings turns of very large wire and
have a very low resistance.

❑ usually found in large horsepower machines wound with square or
rectangular wire.
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❑The use of square wire permits the windings to be laid closer together,
which increases the number of turns that can be wound in a particular

space.
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ً ‫ال تضع كأسأ ً على الكتاب أبدا‬

Never set a drink down on a book
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Square and rectangular wire can also be made physically smaller
than round wire and still contain the same surface area.
Square wire contains more surface than round wire

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Square wire permits more turns than round wire in the same area
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‫من حسنت سياسته دامت رياسته‬

He who governs well may govern long
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❑Shunt field windings
❑is constructed with relatively many turns of small wire, thus, it
has a much higher resistance than the series field.
❑is intended to be connected in parallel with, or shunt, the

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armature.
❑high resistance is used to limit current flow through the field.
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*~ ‫ ما كنت تجهله‬-‫أو الوقت‬- ‫*~ ستعلّمك األيام‬

Time will soon teach you what you were ignorant of
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❑When a DC machine uses both series and shunt fields, each pole
piece will contain both windings.
❑The windings are wound on the pole pieces in such a manner that
when current flows through the winding it will produce alternate

magnetic polarities.
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‫ ولكن أبدآ ال تغيّر الهدف‬، ‫ غيّر الخطة‬.. ‫إذا لم تنجح هذه الخطة‬
If the plan doesn’t work, change the plan, but never the goal
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MACHINE WINDINGS OVERVIEW
Winding
armature field
Wave Lap Frogleg Self Separately

C=2 C=2p excited Excited
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series shunt compound
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ً ‫عندما تدعو هللا أدع لوالديك دوما‬

Include your parents in your prayers
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Principle operation of Generator
❑Whenever a conductor is moved within a magnetic field in such a
way that the conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux, voltage
is generated in the conductor.
❑The AMOUNT of voltage generated depends on:
▪ the strength of the magnetic field,

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▪ the angle at which the conductor cuts the magnetic field,

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▪ the speed at which the conductor is moved, and
▪ the length of the conductor within the magnetic field.

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‫ يمكنك فقط ان تحبهم‬، ‫ال يمكنك إنقاذ جميع الناس‬

You cannot save people, you can just love them
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Fleming’s Right hand rule (Generator Rule)
❑Use: To determine the direction of the induced emf/current of a
conductor moving in a magnetic field.
❑The POLARITY of the voltage depends on the direction of the

magnetic lines of flux and the direction of movement of the
conductor.
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... ‫بناء على مشاعر مؤقتة‬

ً ‫ﻻ تتخذ أبداً ق اررات دائمة‬
NEVER make permanent decisions on temporary feelings
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Fleming’s Right hand rule (Generator Rule)
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‫تعلم أن تعطي بدون أي سبب‬

Learn to give without any reason
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THE ELEMENTARY GENERATOR
❑The simplest elementary generator that can be built is an ac generator.
❑An elementary generator consists of a wire loop mounted on the shaft, so

that it can be rotated in a stationary magnetic field.
❑ This will produce an induced emf in the
loop.
❑ Sliding contacts (brushes) connect the

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loop to an external circuit load in order

to pick up or use the induced emf.
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‫ بل عملت لتحقيقه‬، ‫لم أحلم يوما ً بالنجاح‬

I never dream of success، I worked for it
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❑ The pole pieces (marked N and S) provide the magnetic field. The pole pieces
are shaped and positioned as shown to concentrate the magnetic field as close
as possible to the wire loop.
❑ The loop of wire that rotates through the field is called the ARMATURE.
❑ The ends of the armature loop are connected to rings called SLIP RINGS.
They rotate with the armature.

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❑ The brushes, usually made of carbon, with wires attached to them, ride
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against the rings.
❑ The generated voltage appears across these brushes.
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‫ وأحيانا ً تتعلم‬.. ‫أحيانا ً تربح‬

Sometimes you win, sometimes you learn
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00 Position (Neutral Plane) 900 Position 1800 Position

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2700 Position
3600 Position
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‫ وليس بأشخاص أو أشياء‬، ‫ فاربطها بهدف‬، ‫إن أردت أن تعيش حياة سعيدة‬
If you want to live a happy life, tie it to a goal, not to people or objects
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Elementary Generator (Conclusion)
❑ Observes
▪ The meter direction.
▪ The conductors of the armature loop.
▪ Direction of the current flow.
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‫إذا فشلت في التخطيط فأنت تخطط للفشل‬

If U fail to PLAN U plan to FAIL
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THE ELEMENTARY DC GENERATOR
❑ Since DC generators must produce DC current instead of AC current, a device must be used
to change the AC voltage produced in the armature windings into DC voltage.
❑ This job is performed by the commutator.
❑ The commutator is constructed from a copper ring split into
segments with insulating material between the segments.
❑ Brushes riding against the commutator segments carry the
power to the outside circuit.
❑ The commutator in a dc generator replaces the slip rings of the

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ac generator. This is the main difference in their construction.
❑ The commutator mechanically reverses the armature loop
connections to the external circuit.
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‫دِرهم وقاية خير من قنطار علج‬

Prevention is better than cure
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00 Position (DC Neutral Plane) 900 Position (DC) 1800 Position (DC)
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2700 Position (DC) 00 Position (DC Neutral Plane)
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ّ
‫إن بَعد العسر يسرا‬
After the storm comes sunshine
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❑Observes
▪ The meter direction.
▪ The conductors of the armature loop.
▪ Direction of the current flow.
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‫ بعض الكلمات تشفي أسرع بكثير من األدوية‬... ‫تذكر‬

Remember that loving words quickly heal
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Effects of additional turns
❑ To increase the amount of output voltage, it is common practice to increase
the number of turns of wire for each loop.
❑ If a loop contains 20 turns of wire, the induced voltage will be 20 times
greater than that for a single-loop conductor.
❑ The reason for this is that each loop is

connected in series with the other loops.
Since the loops form a series path, the
voltage induced in the loops will add.
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❑ In this example, if each loop has an induced

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voltage of 2V, the total voltage for this

winding would be 40V
Effects of additional turns
(2V x 20 loops = 40 V).
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"‫ وقل "لم ال؟‬... ‫أنت ترى أشياء تحدث وتقول «لماذا؟» و لكن احلم بأشياء لم تحدث بعد‬
You see things، and you say "Why?" But dream things that never were... and say "Why not?"
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Effects of additional coils
❑When more than one loop is used, the average output voltage is higher and
there is less pulsation of the rectified voltage.
❑Since there are four segments in the commutator, a new segment passes each
brush every 900 instead of every 1800.
❑ Since there are now four commutator segments in
the commutator and only two brushes, the voltage
cannot fall any lower than at point A.
❑ Therefore, the ripple is limited to the rise and fall

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between points A and B on the graph. By adding

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more armature coils, the ripple effect can be

further reduced. Decreasing ripple in this way
increases the effective voltage of the output. Effects of additional coils
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‫نصف المعرفة أكثر خطورة من الجهل‬

Beware of false knowledge، it is more dangerous than ignorance
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The Practical DC Generator
❑The actual construction and operation of a practical dc generator differs
somewhat from our elementary generators.
❑Nearly all practical generators use electromagnetic poles instead of the
permanent magnets used in our elementary generator.
❑The main advantages of using electromagnetic poles are:
▪ increased field strength and possible to
control the strength of the fields.
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▪ By varying the input voltage, the field strength

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is varied.
▪ By varying the field strength, the output
voltage of the generator can be controlled. Four-pole generator (without armature)
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‫العفاف زينة الفقير والشكر زينة الغني‬

Chastity is the ornament of poverty, and giving thanks is the ornament of richness
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DC Motor Operation
❑In a dc motor, the stator poles are supplied by dc excitation
current, which produces a dc magnetic field.
❑The rotor is supplied by dc current
through the brushes, commutator and

coils.
❑The interaction of the magnetic field

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and rotor current generates a force that

drives the motor.
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ّ
‫إن الطيور على أشكالها تقع‬
Birds of a feather flock together
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DC Motor Operation
❑ The magnetic field lines enter into the rotor v
a
B
from the north pole (N) and exit toward the S N
1
30 Vdc
2
south pole (S). b
v
❑ The poles generate a magnetic field that is Ir_dc
(a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot a to b)
perpendicular to the current carrying B

a
conductors.
S N
2
v 30 v Vdc
❑ The interaction between the field and the
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current produces a Lorentz force,

Ir_dc
❑ The force is perpendicular to both the magnetic
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)
field and conductor .
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‫ وليس الشخص‬...‫إنتقد الفعل‬

Criticize the behavior, not the person
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DC Motor Operation
❑ The generated force turns the rotor until the coil v
a
B
reaches the neutral point between the poles. S N
1
30 Vdc
2
❑ At this point, the magnetic field becomes practically b
v
Ir_dc
zero together with the force.
❑ However, inertia drives the motor beyond the neutral B

a
zone where the direction of the magnetic field reverses.

S N
2
Vdc
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v 30 v
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1
❑ To avoid the reversal of the force direction, the b
commutator changes the current direction, which Ir_dc
maintains the counterclockwise rotation. (b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)
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‫كن األخ الذي يلجأ إليه الجميع عند الحاجة‬

Become a Big Brother or Big Sister
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DC Motor Operation
❑ Before reaching the neutral zone, the current enters in v B
a
segment 1 and exits from segment 2. S 1

N
30 Vdc
2
❑ Therefore, current enters the coil end at slot a and exits b
v
from slot b during this stage. Ir_dc
❑ After passing the neutral zone, the current enters segment B

a
2 and exits from segment 1.
S N
2
v 30 v Vdc
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1
❑ This reverses the current direction through the rotor coil,
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when the coil passes the neutral zone. Ir_dc
❑ The result of this current reversal is the maintenance of

(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)
the rotation.
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‫كن أول من يعتذر بعد الخلفات‬

Be the first to apologise to a family member after a disagreement
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Multi-Pole Machines
If p is the number of poles, then p/2 cycles of variation of the flux
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ً ‫ وأطعها دوما‬... ‫ال تجادل والدتك‬

Don't argue with your mother
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Principle of Operation: Armature Voltage
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑚𝑓𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑚𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∗
𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ
𝑃 ∗ ∅ ∗ 𝑁𝑚 𝑍 𝑃 ∗ ∅ ∗ 𝑍 ∗ 𝑁𝑚
𝐸𝑚𝑓𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∗ =
60 𝑎 60 ∗ 𝑎
Where
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P -number of poles.
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Z-total number of armature conductor.

a-number of parallel paths, 2 for wave and p for lab.
Φ-flux per pole (weber).
Nm-speed of motor in the revolution per minute (rpm).
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‫ فالوقت سيمضي على أية حال‬، ‫أبدا ً ال تتخلى عن حلمك فقط ألنه يتطلب وقتا ً طويلً لتحقيقه‬
Never give up on a dream just because of the time it will take to accomplish it،
The time will pass anyway
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Principle of Operation: Armature Voltage
2𝜋𝑁𝑚 𝜔𝑚 60
𝜔𝑚 = 𝑁𝑚 =
60 2𝜋
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‫ ال تؤنبه أو تعتب عليه‬... ‫إذا إعتذر منك شخص ما‬

After someone apologises to you, don't lecture them
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Developed (or Electromagnetic) Torque
Consider the turn shown in the following Figure.
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‫للضرورة أحكام‬
Necessity knows no law
20 November 2021 90
Production of Unidirectional Torque and Operation of an Elementary
Machines
Electric
20 November 2021 91
Machines
Electric
‫ ولك ّل عالم هفوة‬،‫لك ّل جواد كبوة‬

Any horse may stumble, any sage may err
20 November 2021 92
Classification of DC Machine
Machines
Electric
20 November 2021 93
Machines
Electric
‫مصائب قوم عند قوم فوائد‬

The misfortunes of some people are advantages to others
20 November 2021 94
Machines
Electric
20 November 2021 95
Machines
Electric
‫نحن في التفكير وهللا في التدبير‬

Man proposes and God disposes
20 November 2021 96
Machines
Electric
20 November 2021 97
Machines
Electric
‫من طلب العلى سهر الليالي‬

He who desires the top must sit up many nights
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DC Machine Representation
Machines
Electric
20 November 2021 99
Machines
Electric
‫من زرع الريح حصد العاصفة‬

He that sows the wind shall reap the whirlwind
20 November 2021 100

Magnetization Curve of a DC Machine
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
!‫ فاشتريه‬،‫إذا إستعرت شيئا ً أكثر من مرتين‬

If you borrow something more than twice, buy one for yourself

DC Motors Equations
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫عش وفقا ً لمبادئك‬

Live beneath your means

DC Motors Equations
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫ من راتبك الشهري ألعمال الخير‬% 5 ‫تبرع‬

Contribute five percent of your income to charity

DC Motors Equations
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫تقبل األلم وخيبة األمل كجزء من الحياة‬

Accept pain and disappointment as part of life

DC Motors Equations
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
ً ‫أكثر من قول شكرا‬

Say "thank you" a lot

DC Motors Equations
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫كن األول لتهنئة خصمك الذي ينجح‬

Be the first to congratulate an opponent who succeeds

DC Motors Equations
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
ً‫ُك ْل قليلً تَعش طويل‬

Eat little, live long

Power Flow and Efficiency
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫إعمل باخلص فهذا هو اإلستثمار األمثل الذي يمكن أن تقدمه للحياة‬

Give your best to your employer. It's one of the best investments you can make

Power Flow and Efficiency
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
ً ‫إلتزم بتحسين نفسك دوما‬

Commit yourself to constant self-improvement

Torque-Speed Characteristics
Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫ دون أن تهمل القديمة‬،‫إصنع دوما ً صداقات جديدة‬

Make new friends but cherish the old ones

Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫أظهر اإلحترام لمدرسيك‬

Show respect for teachers

Machines
Electric

Machines
Electric
‫عدو عاقل خير من صديق جاهل‬

ّ
Better have a wise enemy than a foolish friend

Starting of DC Machine
Machines
Electric

Electric
Machines
Electric
Machines

DC Machines

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What are the main components of a DC machine?

What are the main components of a DC machine?

How does a DC generator work?

How does a DC generator work?

‫وب ال ِع ِلم في نَفَراتِ ِه‬

‫بار ِلذا ِت ِه‬

❑ Power Flow Diagram

mechanical energy into electrical energy (dc

❑ In this example, the ends of the wire loop have

the shaft, while brushes are used to carry the

movement that you see around you is caused by an DC (direct

❑An dc motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy by supplying

a dc power (voltage and current).

‫التبكي على من ال يبكي عليك‬

❑ Needs regular maintenance.

‫رب أخ لك لم تلده أمك‬

Cutaway view of a dc motor

Stator with poles visible

‫النوم باكرا ً والنهوض باكرا ً يكسبان المرء صحة وثراء وحكمة‬

‫التعليم الممتاز هو أفضل استثمار لمستقبلك‬

Stator: non-moving coil

”‫“ال شيء مستحيل عندما يكون هللا بجانبك‬

❑ In practical, loops are generally placed in slots of an iron core.

armature winding, is made of sheet-steel laminations.

❑ The laminations are stacked

together to form a cylindrical

Portion of an armature lamination of

‫ والتغلب عليها هو ما يجعل الحياة ذو معنى‬،‫التحديات هي ماتجعل الحياة مثيرة‬

❑ It is made of copper segments insulated from

❑ The armature windings are connected to

Commutator and Brushes

‫اإلحسان يبدأ باألهل‬

‫الحلم واألناة توأمان ينتجهما علو الهمة‬

!‫ فهو يعتقد أن عادات قبيلته هي قوانين طبيعية‬،‫سامحه‬

▪ armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current

▪ Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles.

▪ No of current path, C = 2p ; p = no of poles

▪ their windings connected in series.

adds, but the current capacity remains the same.

‫ تذكر أيامك األولى في العمل‬... ‫قبل أن تنتقد موظف جديد‬

▪ the most used in practical nowadays.

▪ the windings are connected in series parallel.

▪ Most large DC machines use frogleg wound armatures.

Frogleg wound armatures

‫ ال أن يخسر الفريق اآلخر‬... ‫شجع كي يفوز فريقك‬

❑Two types of field windings are used :

ً‫تذكر أن سوء الحظ أو حسنه نادراً ما يدوم طويل‬

have a very low resistance.

which increases the number of turns that can be wound in a particular

ً ‫ال تضع كأسأ ً على الكتاب أبدا‬

Square wire contains more surface than round wire

‫من حسنت سياسته دامت رياسته‬

❑is constructed with relatively many turns of small wire, thus, it

has a much higher resistance than the series field.

❑is intended to be connected in parallel with, or shunt, the

❑high resistance is used to limit current flow through the field.

*~ ‫ ما كنت تجهله‬-‫أو الوقت‬- ‫*~ ستعلّمك األيام‬

piece will contain both windings.

when current flows through the winding it will produce alternate

~ ‫ ما كنت تجهله‬-‫أو الوقت‬- ‫~ ستعلّمك األيام‬