MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY OF VEHICLE AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: REASEARCH METHODS

PRODUCING ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY CAR BATTERIES
Asssoc. Prof. Dr. Thanhtrung Dang
Students: Phan Duy Phong – 20145424
Huỳnh Minh Tuấn – 20145445
Huỳnh Minh Sơn – 20145459
Đỗ Quốc Khánh - 20145391

HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2021

 Table of contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................2
CHAPTER 3: NUMERICAL SIMULATION.................................................................................9
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Electric cars are predicted to be the next driver of the transportation and
technology market. They have the potential to revolutionize how energy is used, created,
and redirected. Electric cars are one of the solutions to the negative environmental impact
of conventional cars. However, they have also been shown to have more benefits for
society. The advent of electric cars has called for an improvement in overall energy use
and generation. They pointed out the importance of finding alternative fuel sources and
how they can positively affect the environment and society at large.
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
1/ The upcoming refresh due for the Tesla Model S and Model X will include a lot more
than the long-rumored cabin redesign. Ahead of its quarterly and year-end call with investors on
Wednesday, Tesla released more information than it had yet about the extensive refresh, which
includes a completely new powertrain, a new look inside and outside, and an aircraft-style yoke
replacing the steering wheel. And the top-performance tri-motor car that was named Model S
Plaid appears to have been renamed the Model S Plaid+ and still due later in the year. "While our
Model S and Model X battery module architecture evolved over the past eight years, both the
battery pack and modules have now been fully redesigned," it said of the revamped models.
Tesla reported that it produced 179,757 vehicles in the fourth quarter of 2020 and 509,737
vehicles in all of 2020. As it hinted in its preliminary update earlier in the month.

2/ Panasonic on Monday unveiled a prototype large-format 4680 cylindrical battery cell

for Tesla, The Wall Street Journal reported. The electronics giant and primary Tesla battery
supplier is aiming to start test production as early as March. The name refers to the cell's larger
size—46 millimeters wide by 80 millimeters long. For reference, the Panasonic-supplied cells
currently used in the United States-market Model 3 and Model Y are 2170-format—21
millimeters wide by 70 millimeters long. Tesla plans to use the 4680-format cells as part of a
structural battery pack in the upcoming Texas-built Model Y, and then in the Cybertruck and
Semi, among others. Other automakers and battery suppliers have expressed interest in the
format as well.

3/ Tesla has agreed to pay $1.5 million to settle claims that it used software to cut usable
battery capacity on 1,743 Model S sedans, Reuters reported Thursday.
Owners included in the lawsuit will get $625 each. According to the report, which cites
documents filed last week in the United States District Court in San Francisco.
The software update in question came after a Tesla Model S was engulfed in fire in a Shanghai
parking garage in April 2019. This scenario is partly why some automakers reserve a portion of
battery capacity outside of the usable range. Although Tesla appears to save more range at an
indicated 0% than other EV makers, according to a recent Edmunds test.

4/ Tesla is continuing its trade secrets fight with Rivian, alleging that the electric-
truck hopeful poached employees and stole «highly proprietary» battery technology,
according to a Bloomberg report. But next-generation battery tech is perhaps a much
bigger accusation. It also comes as Rivian prepares for an initial public offering , with a
reported $80 billion valuation. Rivian had reportedly objected, arguing the new
allegations were unsupported by the facts and that expanding the scope of the litigation
would delay resolving it. Rivian already lost its initial request for dismissal of the case in
March, Bloomberg noted.

5/ The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) on Thursday announced the first global
standard for wireless electric-car charging, which could help accelerate the technology's rollout.
The standard—officially SAE J2954—applies to inductive-charging systems up to 11 kilowatts.
As with existing SAE standards for other charging methods, J2954 will harmonize new systems,
allowing for increased interoperability between hardware and vehicles from different
manufacturers.

6/ Panasonic is preparing to mass produce large-format 4680 battery cells for

Tesla, and facing new manufacturing challenges as part of that process, the head of the
company's new consolidated battery division in a recent interview with Nikkei Asia. Tesla
still plans to use the 4680 cells starting with Model Y crossovers assembled in Texas,
with the format also bound for the Cybertruck, Semi, and others.
 7/ At the event, Tesla is expected to showcase what’s been rumored for a long
time: a combination of technological developments that help produce batteries that
are more energy-dense, last longer, and are cheaper—and easier—to make. That said,
Musk faces an unusual kind of challenge: He needs to sell investors on the long-range
viability of the rapidly expanding global EV maker, while discouraging many fans and
prospective buyers to postpone upgrades and purchases until the new technology has
arrived. That's a fine line, and Musk is generally not one to keep to finely crafted talking
points.

8/ The surge of the EV demand surprises even Tesla. Hertz opts to add at least
100,000 Teslas because of, in part, the experience and Supercharger network. Apple and
Tesla are both looking for the same kind of batteries. The Mercedes EQC is back on,
albeit not for a few years. And VW's U.S. CEO says that the higher EV tax credit being
proposed isn't fair. This and more, here at Green Car Reports.

9/ Tesla plans to deliver its first Semi by the end of 2021, it announced in its quarterly
update Wednesday. What will allow the company to resume the Semi project is something the
company hasn’t discussed much since its Battery Day last September: its new-format 4680 cells.
Baglino noted that the refining of designs and deepened understanding have reinforced their
confidence in the design meeting performance and cost targets. At the facility, they’re nearing
volume production, with 10 gigawatt-hours worth of equipment. LG Chem announced in
October that it would triple cylindrical cell production for EVs, including new form factor cells.
 10/ After switching to lithium iron phosphate battery cells for Chinese-market Model 3
and Model Y electric cars, Tesla plans to expand use of the cells to global markets—with local
production. Tesla said in its third-quarter earnings report released Wednesday that LFP
chemistry will be used in all standard-range vehicles globally. Tesla announced a shift of the
Model 3 to LFP last year, to free up more energy-dense cells where they were needed, for the
Semi and Cybertruck, for instance. It's also in the process of shifting the base Model Y to LFP
cells. Shifting to Chinese-made batteries instead of those from the Nevada Gigafactory would
complicate logistics and that reputation. It may also be politically

11/ Tesla Model 3 prices rise yet again. The Fisker Ocean will offer a choice of very fast-
charging battery packs. The upcoming Fisker Ocean will offer very fast charging—peaking at
more than 250 kw—thanks to two packs to be supplied by CATL, Fisker revealed Tuesday. Two
battery packs will be offered, each with different cell chemistries: a LFP «high-value» pack, and
an NMC «high-capacity» pack. This time, the Model 3 gets 10 miles of additional range—to 272
miles—and although there might be other improvements underneath, this could simply be Tesla
playing supply and demand. Over at Motor Authority: Ford on Tuesday revealed the Eluminator
electric crate motor in a custom 1978 F-100 pickup truck.

12/ One of the things electric-car owners worry about is long-term battery
degradation. Only time will tell, of course, what the rate of battery degradation and range loss
will be for electric cars currently on the road. When Tesla first introduced the Roadster in
2008, it predicted that the battery pack would retain at least 70 percent of its capacity after five
years and 50,000 miles of driving.
 13/ As CEO Elon Musk had prefaced on Monday, the company will continue to increase its
battery cell purchases from Panasonic, LG, CATL, and possibly other partners supplemental to
that ramp-up of Tesla’s own cells—all on the way to what Musk sees as a long-range global
target of about 20 million cars per year.Musk called the series of decisions surrounding the new
cells as enabling “a new trajectory in the reduction of cell costs,” with differences that the
company can start to realize in about 18 months and in fuller effect about three years out.To
make these at scale, its cell manufacturing will depend on an adapted form of the straight-from
powder dry-coating process pioneered by Maxwell Technologies, a company acquired by Tesla
in 2019, although Tesla says that the process has already gone through four iterations since
then.A so-called pilot facility, capable of producing about 10 gwh of the new cells, is around the
corner from Tesla’s Fremont factory, while an actual future plant would make them on the order
of 300 gwh.Although the Tesla presentation showed whirring cell-making machines and an
industrial setting, it didn't actually show the pilot cell process.

14/ As part of Tesla’s update call held with the release of quarterly financial results Monday,
CEO Elon Musk delivered an update about the 4680-format cells that the company introduced at
its Battery Day in September.And Musk had previously said—in January—that Tesla wouldn’t
have enough cells for the Semi, which uses about five times as many cells as a passenger vehicle,
until it’s producing the 4680 cells in volume.Tesla has suggested that it would use those new
cells in more energy-dense applications such as the Semi and Cybertruck—allowing it to
maximize production of its other vehicles, such as the Model Y that Tesla anticipates taking a
top global sales position in 2022.The company has been subbing in somewhat less energy-dense
LFP cells into its Model 3 in China, and that could potentially extend to the Model Y or to have
enough cells for other models, such as the entry-level Tesla reportedly being developed in
China.Which begs a question Musk hasn’t answered yet: If the ramp-up of 4680 cells is more
than 18 months away, keeping the Semi and Cybertruck from volume production, are they due to
be powered by one cell type at launch and another one later?
 15/ Industry analysts have held up $100 per kilowatt-hour battery costs as the point where
electric cars will achieve cost parity with internal combustion, but now the target has shifted to
an even more ambitious $60 per kwh, according to a blog post by The Mobilist.Tesla and
Volkswagen have already discussed driving battery prices down to around $60 per kwh on the
cell level, but that is now also viewed as a viable target by the Department of Energy, the post
said.That's based on the cost of an entire battery pack, rather than per-cell cost, as discussed in
the blog post.According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, battery prices fell to an
average $137 per kwh in 2020—with prices already below $100 per kwh on a pack basis in some
instances.Granted, these analyses indicate battery costs aren't falling as rapidly as they were
earlier last decade, but the turn rate should still put parity with internal combustion in sight.

16/ Electric-car battery-pack prices have fallen 13% in 2020, in some cases reaching a
crucial milestone for affordability, according to an annual report released Wednesday by
Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF).Average prices have dropped from $1,100 per
kilowatt-hour to $137 per kwh, decrease of 89% over the past decade, according to the
analysis.At this time last year, BNEF reported an average price of $156 per kwh—itself a 13%
decrease from 2018.Battery-pack prices of less than $100 per kwh were also reported for the first
time, albeit only for electric buses in China, according to BNEF.The reported predicted that
average battery-pack prices will be $101 kwh by 2023—about the same timeframe BNEF
predicted last year.

Why did you choose tesla to make this report?

Because Tesla designs and manufactures electric cars, home-to-grid battery energy storage, solar
panels, and solar roof tiles, and related products and services In 2020, Tesla has sales of battery
electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles are the largest, accounting for 16% of the electric
vehicle market (including hybrids) and 23% of the battery-electric (pure electric) market. Tesla is
a big company and a leader in electric vehicle technology in the world and we want to learn new
something technology from Tesla. So we decided to choose tesla to make this report
 PRODUCING ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY CAR BATTERIES

Significance for the study: According to the Union of Scientists, the production of electric cars
is a process that produces a lot of carbon emissions. Because electric vehicles that store energy in
large batteries have a high cost of emissions treatment and environmental protection, that is, the
larger we are, the greater the emissions of the process. In addition, electric vehicle batteries are
made of rare earths (REEs) such as lithium, nickel, cobalt or coal, which exist only below the
earth's surface, so battery production depends on the declaration of rare earths. This mining
process exposes large cell environments. So, are electric cars completely clean and
environmentally friendly. To produce batteries for electric vehicles, in addition to using rare
earth elements REE, energy also comes from low-carbon sources. They also create negative
effects on the environment.

Limitation: According that report only mentions the increase in battery life, durability, and
price, but forgets one very important thing about batteries, which is whether electric car batteries
are really environmentally friendly or not and recycling the battery after use is also a problem
that needs to be solved.

Objective of the study: This research aims to find out a process to produce batteries in an
environmentally friendly way to make electric cars truly a kind of green vehicle, limiting
environmental pollution.

Research subjects: Electric car battery and battery manufacturing process.

Research range: on Tesla car.

Provide research content: Considered on all sides, our electric car is not a non-luminescent
vehicle. We may not emit CO2 while in use, in 3 other phases: during production, energy
generation and at the end of our lifecycle, electric vehicles emit no CO2. But in the production
phase of electric vehicle pins, mining operations to extract the rare earth metals used in pins are
very energy consuming and polluting. Therefore, it is necessary to research: an alternative to
lithium-ion batteries, production process of electric motor for EV and Reduce pollution from
fossil fuels
Research methods: Literature review method, Numerical simulation method and Survey
methods.

CHAPTER 3: NUMERICAL SIMULATION

+ Parameters:

+ Geometry: create cylinder by the app comsol, with Radius (R) and Height (H)
+ Material: Lithium ion
The result
 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

The overall impact of the electric vehicle revolution will benefit society. In
the future, it is likely that all cars will be electric. In fact, many automakers have
pledged to have an all-electric fleet in just a few decades. We are in a new era of
transportation where cleaner (affordable) cars are not a fantasy.
Embracing this electric vehicle revolution will not only help solve our
environmental problems, but also benefit public health and spur technological
innovation, which is the backbone of society. It is time to accept the change and
look to our future.
 REFERENCES

1/ HALVORSON, 2021 Tesla Model S: Fresh interior, redesigned battery pack, before
520 – mile Plaid, January 27,2021
2/ EDELSTEIN, Panasonic preparing to make 4680 cells for Tesla in 2022, test
production as soon as March, October 26,2021
3/ EDELSTEIN, Tesla agrees to pay owners for cutting range and charging rate on some
cars, August 2,2021
4/ EDELSTEIN, Tesla is alleging theft of battery trade secrets by Rivian, October 6,2021
5/ EDELSTEIN, Wireless EV charging gets a boost: Single standard will harmonize
systems up to 11 kw, October 22,2021
6/ EDELSTEIN, Mass-producing Tesla 4680 cells "requires new techniques," Panasonic
says, November 5,2021
7/ HALVORSON, Musk: Battery Day tech will go high-volume in 2022, help offset cell
shortage ,November 5,2021
8/ HALVORSON, Apple seeks batteries, Hertz adds Tesla, Mercedes EQC back on, VW
and tax credit: Today’s Car News, October 25,2021
9/ HALVORSON, Tesla's own battery production will enable Semi deliveries by year-
end, January 28,2021
10/ EDELSTEIN, Tesla plans shift to LFP cells for Model 3 and Model Y, likely with us
production, October 21,2021
11/ HALVORSON, Tesla Model 3 price hike, Fisker Ocean battery packs: Today’s car
news, November 3,2021
12/ NOLAND, Tesla Model S Battery Life: How Much Range Loss For Electric car over
time, February 17,2015
13/ HALVORSON, tesla battery day: automaker aims to make breakthrough cell at half
the cost, could supply other automakers, September 23,2020
14/ HALVORSON, Tesla may be banking a lot on its new battery cell format: Semi,
cyber-truck, model S plaid+, April 28,2021
15/ EDELSTEIN, Report: $60/kwh battery pack price will make EVs cheaper than
combustion, April 28,2021
16/ EDELSTEIN, EV battery pack prices fell 13% in 2020, some are already below
$100/KwH, December 17,2020