SUBH Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/ 1. NUMBERS IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE 1 Numeral : In Hindu Arabic system, we use ten nymbols 0, 1,2, 3,4, 6,6, 7,89 called digidn to ropresent any cumber ‘A group of digits, denoting a number is called 0 numeral, We represent a sumber, say GAUZABIS2 nx shown below : ] ‘Ton Groves (104) ‘Ten Lace (ntitions) C10") Ten Thousands (108) ‘Thousands (103) Unite (10! =e ‘Wo rend it aa ‘Sinty-eiplt crores, ninety-reven Ines, forty-five thousand, ane hundred and thirty-two! Place Value or Local Value of a Digit im a Numeral : In the above numeral Place value of 2 is (2 x 1) =9; Plage value of @ is (9 x 101 Iriueo vatuo of 1 ie (1 x 100) = 100 anid 50 on, Place value of 6 is 6 x 10 = 600000000, Face Value : The face value of « digit in a nimers) ia the vr ai whatever place it may be. In the above numeral, the face value of 2 is 2 the face value af 3 is 3 and so on, ‘TYPES OF NUMBERS 1. Natural Numbers : Counting numbers 1, 2,3) 4, 6, 1 are eallod natural numbers, 2, Whole Numbers: All counting number together with zero form the set ofwhote numbers. Thus, i} 0 is tho only whole number which is not » natural mumber (Gi) Every natural number ie a whole number. Integers : All natural oumbers, 0 and negatives of counting numbers Le, fone 8,— 44,0, 1, 2,3, ..] together furm the set of integers, ) Positive Integers : (1, 2.9.4, | Is-the set of all positive integers 4) Negative Integers + (= 1, — 2 — 3, | is the set of all negative integers, Uit] Now-Positive and Non-Negative Integers : 0 ix neither positive nor erative. So, 0, 1, 2,3) 1 representa the set of non-negative integers, whi (0, 1, —2,—3, ) represents the set of non-positive integers. 3SUBH Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/ 4, Even Numbers : A-number divisible by @ is Galled an even number eg, 2, 46, 8, 10, ote 5: Odd Numbers nomber no dvi ty 2s ened wn bd number ew, 2 8 7 8 Th ate 6. Prime Numbers :A number grestor thas 1a called «prime number, it ne sancly two factors, namely T nd tho ember elt Prime numbers upto 100 sro 2,8, 7,12, 18, 17, 19, 28, 28,81, 9,41, 43, 47, 5, 68, 81, 67, 71,73, 79, 63,88, $7. Prime members Grealer than 100 : lat p be given sumber greater than 100. To find out whether i is rime ar not, we vse the flowing method Fda whole number nearly greater than the squate rot op. Lat» yp, That whether a is divisible by eny prime rumber less thin If sos, than pis not Fria Otherwise, » prime i), Wo have to find whether 191 ix pritne number of nok: Now, 14 > THT. Prime numbers ess thas I are 2 9 8, 7, 1,38 191 [snot divisible by any of thom, So, 101 is w prime number ; Composite Nambers : Numbers greater than 1 which aronot prime, are known aseamposite numbers. 22, 4,6, 8,8, 10, 12 Note: (i) 1 s.noiher prime nor eorosite Gi 2 inthe only over number which is prime ti) Thore are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100 8. Co-primes Two numbers « and & are sn to be co-primes, i their PLC ie 1 ais (Bs 3h (4, (3,9) (I ee are coprimee Ve TESTS OF DIVISIBSLITY 1, Diviaibiaity By 2 A namber is divisible by 2 uae ‘Ex, 54992 is divisible by 2, while 05986 is mot 2% Divisibility By 8 A number is divisible by 3, ithe sum ofc site vie ws Bs 02482 i divisible by 9, since cum of ts digits = (5494-24448 + 2) = 98, wehich ie diviaiblo by 8 Be, 664820 i nat eliible by 9, cine wu ofits digita 32, which je not divisible by 3 4 Divisibilty By- 4: A numer in dvinible by 4, ithe number formed by the last ‘wo digits i avisibo by 4 Bx. 892648 is divisible by 4, sinor the numbor furmed by the last two digit is 48, which i divisile by 4 ‘But, 749282 is not divisible by 4, since the number formed by the last two fs 82, which In sot divisible by 4, 4, Divisibility By 5 +A number is divisible by 6, if its units digit ie either O ar 6. ‘Thus, 20820 and 60340 are divisible by 5, while 30084 snd 40046 are aot. 8, Divisibility By 6 +A number is divisible by 6; i it fe divisible by both 2 and 3. Ex. The tumbior 36966 is clearly divisible by 2 ‘Sum of ite digite = (+5 +245 ~ 8) 21, whieh i divisible by 8. ‘Thus, d5266 is divisible by. 2-as well as 3. Honee, 36256 ja divisible by 6. ite unit's digit is eny of 0, 2, Bi 8sayas ayo)SUBH Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/ Numbers 5 Divisibility By 8 A number i divisibe hy 8 ifthe number formed by the Tast three digits of the given aumber i divisile by 8. Bx, 96960 is divisible by 8 since the nummbor formed by last three digit is 350, which is divisible by 8, But, 620414 is not divisible ly 8, since the number formed by last three diets is $18, which is not divisible by 6 Divisibility By 9 : A number is divisible by 9, i the sum of te digits is divisible by 8. ee, 6072 i divi by 9, since sum of digits = (6 + 0-4 7 + 3+ 2)= 28, which fs dlyitbe by 8. But, 88066-is not divisible by 8, since sum ef digits = + 8.4.94 6+ 6) <34 which is not divisible Uy 2. Difvietbility By 10+ A number is divisible by 40, if ends with 0 Bx. 96410, 10480 are divisible by 10, while B6975 is nat Diviaibility By 115 A-mumber is divieihle by 1, ithe difference of the sun of ite digits at odd places andthe sum of ite digits at oven places, is either O or a -number divisible by 11, Ex. The number 4852718 is divisible by 14, singe (oum of digits at od places) ~ (sum of digits at even places) wi T4844) ~ (1+ 248) = 11, which ie dviible by 11, Divisibility By 12::A norsher ix divisible by 42, itis divisible by both ¢ and a Ex. Consider the sumber 34682 i) The number formed by last twa digits is 92, which is divisible by 4 (W8) Sum of digits = (3 + 4-643 4 2) = 18, which is divisible by 3. ‘Thus, 94682 is divisible by 4 as well as 9. Hence, 81632 is divisible by 12, Divisibility By 141 A number is divisible by 14, if it is divisible by 2 us well a? Divisibility By 16 A number is divieible by 15, itis divisible by both 3 and 5, Divisbility By 16 A mabe i dvb by 16, the number formed bythe 4 digits is divisible by 16 Ya. 7967506 ln dvlatie by 18, since the number fred by ihe Bast four gta 4 036, hich i vii by 18. Divisibility By 24 £A piren mame i divisiie by 24, if vse by both fad & Divisibility By 40 A given nomber is divisible by 40, if ts divisible by bad 5 ond 8 Divlability By 60 +A gives nub i Avsie by 8, if in vibe by bat 5 and 16 Nove Ifa number ie divisible by pas well as q, where p and ¢ are cops ‘then the given number ie divisible by pq. Ip end q are not co-primes, then the given number need not be divisible by pq, oven whem it it divisible by Both p and Ex. 96 is divisible by both 4 and 6, but it io'not divisible by (4 x 6) = 24, since 4 and 6 are not co-primes,SUBH Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/ s ‘Quenthatv: Aptitude Vin MUMTIPLICATION BY SHORT CUT METHODS 2 Multiplication By Distibative Law Me) 857958 oe = seas » abb60 1) = Soros out — roa = isrossnonn = Soese) = seme Gi) #0 14 ote sg ~ 70 ~ 8k « Au) ~ 678 1 = S700 2 Maliplenion ofa Numbec By 6: Porn sree pe othe mpd td ide the sins re by 2 He, 076486505» sia6st ~ STEED. agian asic voRMULAE 1. a + OF =a? + b% 4 Bob 2 (a — bP =a? +b? —pab 3 (a + BP — to - BF = dab, 4+ OP + (am OF = 208 + bi) ak ~ b= fa + bla —B) Casb veh abst eet Blab + be sc! 7 4a8 + 8) = (a4 6) ab +07) 8 a — be a by at + abs BD 9. (a8 = 68 +c} — Babe) = (a> + ¢) fa? + 02 +c? = 0b de = ea) 10 Was bsesatheal Hye ie DIVISION ALGORITHM. OR ELCLIDEAW ALCORERHEN Ife divide ven smber by stir smo then Dividend = (Diisor x Qvotiond = Remainder (0 GP ie ale by (x) fr al val of Gi e— i ve ye 0) al een vas i 2 a ae br als alan PRoeiession A txcnsin of rer fra ond arrzge i eft rer toring cern Geta ru, led 3 page 1 Aeidhmeti Progression AE): 86 = 986 x (187 + 863) = BER x 1000 = 986000. (G8) 989 x 207 — 985 x 107 = 983 « (207 ~ 107) = 989 x 190 = 96900, Ex. 6 Simplify : i) 005 1605 (il) 1398 x 1398 Sol, (21805 x 3805 ~ ¢1806)? = (xen9 + 5) = (1600) + (6) + 2 w 160% § 2560000 + 25 + 18000 — 2576025, 19987 = (1400 ~ 22 = (1400) « (2)2 — 2 x a40n «2 = 1860000 + 4 ~ 5000 = 1904404 Bx 1, Lealuate (813 x 313 4 297 = 87), Sol (a= 08) = Fa 07 2le-+B21 L GH) 1308 x 1398 & @tsF + ean? = Leas sen? 4 exis 27 z = }roano0e + 676) = isos Ex. 8 Which of the following are prime numbers ? (GN 887i) 902 ey TL Sol (i) Clearly, 16 > 241, Prime mmbors los thas 16 ave 2, 3, 8,2, 11; 18 241 is not divisible by any one of thom, 5 241 18 a prime number,Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hip.lwww-fexitsoftware. conf eewcaia ney. net/ ut) hearty, 18 > VOEF. Pritie mumbers Joes than 19 aré-2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 18, 17, ‘387 is not divisible by amy one of ther * 397 ig @ prime number: Gi) Clearly, 20 > J391. Prime numbers less than 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 1, 18, 17, 19, We find thas 291 is divisible by 1. 381 is not prime Gv) Clearly, 24 > JETT, Prime numbers leer than 24 are 2,3, 5,7, 1, 13, 17, 19,23. B71 ia not divisible by any one of them, aL is a prime onmber Bix. 9, Find the unit's digit im the product (2467) x (91). Sol. Clearly, unit's digit in the given product - units digit im 77 x 17 Now, 74 gives unit digit 1, ‘TM pivot git 1 7! gives unit digit (1 7) = 7. Also, 17% gives unit digit 1 Flonee, unit's digit is the produet = (7 x 1) © 7. Rx. 10, Find! the unit's digit in oan" (364). SSO. 1989) Sol Required unit's digit ~ wnit’s digit in (4i80? + (4)18 Now, 4 gives unit digit 6 + 4! gives unie digit 6 (4° gives unie digit of the peaduct x 4) Le ‘Hence, unit's digit in (264)! = (264) = units digit in (6 + 4) = 0 Bx. 11. Find! the total number of prime factors in the expression (A)! x (7)8x UD)? Sok (ac wnt w Baz" x CTE x tna = ax aT x A asd = 2 tS oA, Total number of prime factors = (22 +5 + 21 = 29, Ex. 12, Simplify: (4) 896 x 896 ~ 204 x 204 (ii) 387 ¥ 987 + 214 11d + 2 x 987 x Hd Gigb) BI oe B14 68% 68 — 8 x BT X68 Sol. (i) Given exp. = (B04 — (204) = (896 + 204) (808 ~204) » 1100 692= 701200. i) Given exp. = (a7 + a14y + 2x 987114 a? +0? +2ab where « = 387, b = 114 ia + bP = (387 +116" = Gor? = 261001, (i) Given exp. = G1) « 687 —2x8L x68 <0! +64 Dab, where a = 81, b = 68 = (o- HF = (81-687 «= 3 = 168, Ex, 19, Which of the following numbers is divisible by 37 041926 (di) 5967018 Sol. i) Sum of digite in 541996 =15 +4414 84 26)= 21, which ts divisible by 3, Hence, 641826 i divistole by 0. (aiy Sam of digite in 8067013 - (5 + 046+ 740+149)=81, which is not divisible bys, Hence, 5967018 is not divisible by & Bx 14. What least value must Be anigned fo * so that the number 197+0402 is ivisidte by 9? ‘Sol. Let the misting digit be 2 . Sum of digits= (149+ 7+256+44642= 9+ For (G4 +2) to be divisthle by 9, x must be replaced. by 2. lence, the digit in place of « must be 2httpuwww.visionias.net! 10 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software (Quantiatve Apttade Ex 15, Whick of the following aumbers és divisible by 4 Sal. ) 67920508 «io ars7assz2 (0 The number formed by the last two digits in the given mumber is 94, which ie ‘ot: cvisible by Hence, 67820504 ss not divisible by 4. |W) Phe number formed by the last cwo digits fn the sven number is 72, which is divisible by 4, Henes, 18703672 te divisible by 4, Ex. 16. Which digits should come in place of = and 8 if the number 6268408 in Sa Kvisible by both 8 and 5? ‘Sinee the given number is divisible by §, to 0 or 8 tnust come in place af §. But, ‘= umber ending with & is nevor divisibla by 8. Se, 0 will replece 8 ‘Now, the number dormed by the last three digits is 40, which becortes divicible by 8, if ie replaced by 4 Henco, digits tn place of + ancl are 4 und 0 respectively: Ex 17. Show thal 4838718 is divisibte by 11. Sol. (Sum of digite at odd plscos) — (Sum of digits at even places) = (Bt T4844) = (1 +24 8) 11, which is divisthlo by 11 Hanes, 4889718 ie divisible by 11, ‘Ex. 18. fe 59569744 divlelble by 24% Sol, 24 = 88, whoro # and 8 ave co-primes. ‘The sum of the digits in the given number in 86, which le divietble by 3. 8, the given umber is diviaible by 2, ‘The number forme! by the last 3 digits of the given nurhber is 742, which is divisible bby 8. Sa, the given number is divisible by 8. ‘has, the given number is divisible by both 9 and’8, where @ and 8 are-co-primer. So, it ie divisible by $8, ie, Be Ex. 19. What least number must be added to 3000 to obtain a member exactly Aivisible by 19% Sal, Qn dividing 3000 by 10, we get 17 ae remainder Munsber to be added ~ (29 - 17) = 2 Ex. 20. What least number must be subtracted from 2000 to get « number exactly divieible by 17% Sol, On dividing 2000 by 17, we get 11 as remainder: Roquired number to be subtracted 1 Ex. 91. Find the number which is nearest ta 3105 and is exactly divisible by 22. Sol. On dividing 3105 by 21, we fot 18 us remainder, Number to be added to 8105 = (2t— 18) Hence, sequired number = 3105 +9 = 3108, a Ex 22, Find the smallest number of 6 digits which ds exactly divisible By 111, 0 ‘Smallest aumber of @ digits is 100000. ‘On dividing 100000 by 114, we get 100 as remainder, ‘Number to be added = (141 — 100) = 11. Hence, required umber = 10091, Bx, 29. On dividing 15068 by a certain number, the quotient in 89 and the remainder 6 97. Find the divisor Sol. Divisa hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/SUB# Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/ Numbers " Ex. 24, A number when divided by 249 glves a remainder 47, When the same number ix divided by 19, what would be the remainder ? ‘Sol. On dividing the given aumber by 44%, let A'be the quotient und 47 as remndinder, ‘Then, number = 340b +47 = (19 x 18 4 18 x2 +9) = 19 (BK + 2) + 9. ‘The given number when divided by 18, gives (184-2) as quotiont and 9.25 remainder Bx, 28. A number being successively divided by 3, 5 and 8 leases remainders 1, 4 and 7 respectively. Find the respective remainders if the arder of divisors be reversed. ‘Sol, 0x 104-4) = TH x= [y+ = (3% 1942) = 236, Respective remainders are 6,4, 2. lex. 26, Find the remainder when 2 ts divided by Sol, 2! 6 1034, Taft ight of BD 210 ND jn 4 ag x £54 given uit digit 4 Uae digit of 2 is 8 ‘Now, 8 when divided by 5, gives as remainder, Hence, 2" when divided by 6, wives § as remainder. Bx, 7, Howe many numbers between 11 and 90 are divisible by 7? Sol. ‘The required sumbers urv 14, 21, 28 $5, .. 7, 64 ‘This fe an AP. witha = 14 andd = @1—34)= 7 Let it contain m tarma ‘Then, T, = 8 > a+ ln 1)d = Bt > + (n= De 784 orn =I ‘Required number of terms = 1, Ex. 28, Find the sum of all odd numbers plo 100, Sol, The given numburé are 1, 2,5, 7... 98 ‘Thie it an AP. with @ = and d Lat it contain n terms. Then, Te fa) x2 = 09 ore = 50. Required ausm = 5 (fst term + Hast term) ~ Sect +00) = 2600. 2 Find the sum of all 2 digit numbers divtaibte by 3. ‘All 2 digit numbers divisible by 8 are 19, 51, 18, 21, 99, ‘This in me AP, with «= 1andd = 8, Let it contain we terms, Then, 124 (n— Me 3-09 ora = 90 £e Raqie m= 289) =SUBH Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/ 2, Quanttative:Apttude Ex. 00. How many terms are there in 2, 4, 8, 16, .., 1024? Sok Clearly 2 4, #, 16, ..5 1024 form 9 Let the mumber af terme be n. Thes, 2x MTs 1034 oF Bt LR 20 Opn = Ot Be 9194942 ote Sol. Given serias is a 0.P. with & = 4 Pwith a= 2and r= t= EXERCISE 1 (OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS) Directions : Mork (/) against the correct answe ‘The difforence between the local value and free value of 7 in the numeral 657000 is (ao @) 7896 () e909 Wd) 90g 2 The difference between the place values of 7 and @ in the number 527436 is fe 8 Ge) 45, (@) 6970 (ARB. 2001) 3. ‘The sum of the smallest shcdligit mumber and the greatest five-digit number is (a) 199999 20100 fe) 2110 ia} nesses ‘4 If the largest three-digit number is subtracted trom the smallest five-digit number, thon the remainder i (SS.C. 1908) (a) 1 (6) 9000 (o) 9001 «@ 90001 5 5078 4 B1984 7O14 = ‘Bank 7.0, 1999 (@) 1226 (6) 19126 (eo) 10216 ad} 10228, 6. 15208 + 2785 + 1529 ‘(Bank P.0. 2000) (a) 61829 (b) 02230 (e) 62819 rer) 7 w97D8 + 9798 + 378 = 7 ‘tank P.O. 2002) (a) 43076 8) 43974 te) 4964 (a) 49882 8 9958 - 601d + 3107 = ? «SIDBI, 2000) Xa) 9981 tb) ear ) 6561 (a) era ‘9. 967 — 4018 m184 = 9 fa) 8200 cm) 3390 fe) 3870 @ 718 10, 7osp — 7 = a198 (Bank PO. 2003) fa) 721 (B) 3048 fe) A188 (ay 11028 1, 2648 + TAM e862 + 7 (SB.LPO. 2000) (a) e230 @) 8x0 (e2 8600 a 8600 12, 7845 — 7-= 8481 — 3550 fa) 2593 @ aris (2 9568 (ay Noma of tase 13, as7a + 5799 — 2ase = 5521 fat aa ws (ed) Nene of these 14, 1 B43 ~ 48,0 = 1904, which of che following should come in place of x ? a4 ws : ea (a) Cannot be determined —_(e) None of theseGenerated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software httpuwww.visionias.net! hitp:/lwww foxitsoftware. cont feo! eawaleon nely.net/ Numbers 13 15 What should be the marimum vatue of B in the following equation ? (Bank P.O, 2000) BAS — 7B + 9C6 = B25 (6 ws wot ao 1G In the following sum, ‘P stands fue which digit? OLBA, 1988) Dw At ys BeBe Me BP laa On we ae 27, saga Bt =? (a) args (w) 273208 (© 274368 @) 273308 18 990% 17=7 (RBLL. 2007) (e) 6139 (&) 5920 e 6120 ‘d) 130 19, 597 9B0 =? OGRA. 1998) (a) sa6e13 (a) sa7s28 (e) 614828, a) 1173, 20, 490157 x 2909 = fe) 4686970843 (b) 4686E70743 —_(«) 4092100843) SB4B4925 1. 8756 x e9909 = 7 (a) Toea91244 (b) a1s491266 (© a7ssoi244 (cd) None ofthese 22, Tho valve of 12 = of OCB, 2002) (ei) 8700 (&) 70000 (e) 76800 (et) 77300 33, 9aS421 x 605-7 (a) Sts04e125 (6) Be4an8125 (© soagnr25 (a) seboza125 24 12866 x 093 4 USK x 407 ~ (a) 12846000 () 14909708 te) Boasc0s (eh, 24064000 25, 1014 « O96 =? (e) s9se04 w) soasl4 (© s98004 (a) seee04 98. 1907 = 1307 = 7 (a) 1601240, (@) weor2u8 () tro1249 (d) rtoasan 27, 1389 x 1399 = (@) 1687403 e) 1901543 (©) 1949212 (oh 1987201 BR 106 x 10 = 04 94 = 7 (a) 20052 (b) 20072 (e) 21092 (@) za032 29, 217 x 217 + 18h NS = 7 (Hotel Mansgement, 2002) (a) T9098 ib) 80078. fe) 90098 @) siz68, ‘80, 12945870 » 72 io qual to + (SC. 2000) (e) segge88e @) BeapasaRe (e) aogoRne08 (a) 900000008 BL. What number should replace x in this multiplication problem ? axt iai8 (Hotel Management, 2000) wo we os as ‘32. A positive intogor, which when added to 1000, gives a gum which is greater than when iplied by 1000. This positive integer is : LAT. 2003) (ea ra © wt ‘98. Which of the following can be a product of two d-digit musnbers #63 and +68 7 (a) 1010024 (b) so1014 (© e124 (a) None ofthese