CONFIDENTIAL EH/OCT 2021/CHE142

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY

COURSE : INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

COURSE CODE : CHE142
ASSESSMENT : EXPERIMENT 1/2/3/4

Course Outcomes:

● Construct laboratory work to display the concept of chemical reactions in chemistry

Item Marks
Introduction &
objective
Materials,
procedure & safety
precaution
Data, results &
discussion
Organization &
appearance
Question & answer
(Post-experiment)
Peer evaluation
GRAND TOTAL
/100
(CO4,LO3)
 
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UiTM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang
Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam
81750 Masai
Johor Darul Ta’zim
Tel : 607-3818000

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Title of TITRATION OF ACID AND BASE
Exp No. :
Experiment:

Topic : ACID AND BASE Mark : 100

Date :
Students Class 1A
Course : CHE142 Semester : 1 Group:
Group 3
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1 AMMAR NUFAIL BIN MUHAMMAD HISHAMMUDDIN 2021801076
2 AIMAN HAZIQ BIN PAKHURUDDIN 2021838178
3 AINA NAZIRAH BINTI MOHD ASRI 2021205004
4
5
Lecturer 1.MRS. SALMI NUR AIN BINTI SANUSI
2.

Introduction :
Neutralization is one of the common reaction in chemistry. This reaction involved the reaction between acid
and base, and the essential feature of this process in aqueous solution is the combination of the hydroxonium
ions with hydroxide ions to form water.
H3O^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq) 2H2O (l)
In this experiment, this reaction will be used to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution accurately. The process of determining the concentration of a solution accurately is called
standardization. The technique of accurately measuring the volume of a solution required to react with another
reagent is termed titration.

An indicator solution which is phenolphthalein is also used in this experiment to determine exactly when an
acid neutralized a base. Phenolphthalein changes color when equivalent acid and base are present. The color of
phenolphthalein changes from colorless to pink at the pH of 9. This indicator solution is colorless in acidic
solution while it is pink in color in a more basic solution.

In this experiment, sodium hydroxide will be standardized by titrating it against pure sample of
potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), KHC8H4O4 of own weight. It is a monoprotic acid with the acidic
hydrogen bonded to oxygen and has a molecular mass of 204.2 g. The balanced equation for the
neutralization of KHP is,
KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + KNaC8H4O4 (aq)

In the titration of base NaOH against KHP, an equal number of moles of KHP and NaOH are
present at the equivalence point. In other words, at the equivalence point;
 Moles (NaOH) = Moles (KHP)

Molarity of NaOH is calculated from the data obtained in three titrations. The three determinations
should agree within 1.0%. If not, standardization should be repeated until agreement is reached. The
average value is taken as the molarity of the NaOH. Formula for standard deviation (SD) is given as
follows, where X = molarity of NaOH and μ = average molarity of NaOH.

SD = √ ¿ ¿ ¿

Objective :
1. To determine the molarity of the standard sodium hydroxide.
2. To determine the percentage of the potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) in an unknown acidic sample.

Materials, MATERIALS :
Procedure
10 M NaOH, potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP, primary standard), phenolphthalein solution,
& Safety unknown acidic sample, 50 ml burets, 600 ml beaker, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, 500 ml
volumetric flask, weighing paper, retort stand, analytical balance and hot plate.
Precautions
PROCEDURES :
Part I : standardization of NaOH solution :

1. Prepare about 1 L CO2 free water by boiling distilled water.

2. Weigh three samples of pure KHP with weighing paper between 0.4 and 0.6 grams of KHP.
3. Place each KHP sample into a separate 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks.
4. Record the masses and label the flasks.
5. Add the boiled water between 15 and 50 mL to each Erlenmeyer flask.
6. Swirl the contents of each flask.
7. Add two to four drops of phenolphthalein solution to each flask.
8. Pour some NaOH solution into the burette and allow it to flow through the burette. Collect in a
small
beaker.
9. Then turn stopcock to the closed position.
10. Fill the burette completely to the 0 mL mark with NaOH solution.
11. Record the initial burette reading.
12. Add NaOH solution to one of the flasks containing KHP solution while gently swirling the
contents of the flask, as shown in Figure 1.
13. Add NaOH solution until the KHP turned completely pink.
14. Record the burette reading.
15. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the two other Erlenmeyer flasks.

Part II : analysis of unknown acicid solution :

1. Calculate the approximate mass of the unknown sample that should be taken
2. Weigh three samples of unknown sample with weighing paper.
3. Disslove the sample with the boiled water to each Erlenmeyer flask.
4. Swirl the contents of each flask.
5. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein solution to each flask.
6. Add some distilled water to each flask for better visibility.
7. Fill the burette completely with NaOH solution.
8. Record the initial burette reading.
9. Add NaOH solution slowly to the first Erlenmeyer flask containing KHP in unknown sample.
10. Swirl the contents of the flask were gently during this titration.
11. Add NaOH solution until the solution turned completely pink.
12. Record the burette reading.
13. Repeat for the two other Erlenmeyer flasks.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS :

1. Make sure eyes are perpendicular to the scale reading of the burette to avoid any error for
the result.
2. Wear gloves when handling acids and bases.
3. Make sure there are no air bubbles below the tab of the burette.
4. Wash all the equipment before using it.
5. Make sure to use the equipment correctly to prevent any error for the result.
Data, PART I : STANDARDIZATION OF NaOH SOLUTION
Results &
Discussion NO. MEASUREMENTS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
1. Mass of weighing paper + 0.3481 0.3695 0.3613
KHP (g)
2. Mass of weighing paper (g) 0.0011 0.0019 0.0015
3. Mass of KHP used (g) 0.3470 0.3676 0.3598
4. Final burette reading (ml) 20.30 35.80 50.80
5. Initial burette reading (ml) 5.90 20.30 35.80
6. ml of NaOH used (ml) 14.40 15.50 15.00
7. Molarity of NaOH (M) 0.1180 0.1161 0.1175

PART II : ANALYSIS OF UNKNOWN ACIDIC SOLUTION

NO. MEASUREMENTS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

1. Mass of weighing paper + 0.9458 0.9258 0.9512
unknown (g)
2. Mass of weighing paper (g) 0.0013 0.0018 0.0016
3. Mass of unknown used (g) 0.9445 0.9240 0.9496
4. Final burette reading (ml) 20.35 40.55 61.90
5. Initial burette reading (ml) 0.00 20.50 41.50
6. ml of NaOH used (ml) 20.35 20.05 20.40
7. Mass of KHP in unknown (g) 0.3470 0.3676 0.3598
8. Percent of KHP in unknown 36.74 39.78 37.89
(%)

DISCUSSION :
1. Calculate the percentage of KHP in the sample.
Trial 1 :
= 0.3470 ÷ 0.9445 × 100
= 36.74%

Trial 2 :
=.03676 ÷ 0.9240 × 100
= 39.78%

Trial 3 :
= 0.3598 ÷ 0.9496 × 100
= 37.89%

2. Compute the standard deviation (SD) of the result.

X = T1= 0.1180
T2= 0.1161
T3= 0.1175
µ = 0.1180 + 0.1161 + 0.1175
= 0.3516 ÷ 3
= 0.1172
(0.1180−0.1172)2 +( 0.1161−0.1172)2 +(0.1175−0.1172)2
SD=
√ ¿ 9.849 ×10 −4
3−1
 3. Compute the average deviation from the mean to test the result. Explain the test result.

|0.1180−0.1172|=0.0008 |0.1161−0.1172|=0.0011|0.1175−0.1172|=0.0003

0.0008+0.0011+0.0003
=7.33 × 10−4
3
4. Describe the effect of NaOH molarity to the percentage KHP in unknown sample.
The molarity of NaOH is needed to find the percentage of KHP in this experiment because
moles of KHP is needed to calculate the percentage of KHP. Moles of KHP are obtained
from the moles of NaOH that are calculate to find the molarity of NaOH since the theory
has stated that moles of NaOH is equal to moles of KHP. Therefore, the percentage of
KHP is also affected by the molarity of NaOH. When the molarity of NaOH higher, the
moles of NaOH is higher,so the percentage of KHP id higher.

5. Explain the effects of wrong titration techniques to the experiment result.

First, misreading the volume such as misread the scale reading of burette will cause error
of the result. So, the calculations are also affected and can be wrong.
Next, using the equipment incorrectly will give the wrong result. For example, swirling
the solution can result in loss of solution that will affect results.
Lastly, end point error also will affect the experiment result. The indicator solution will
change color when the reaction has stopped. In this experiment, phenolphthalein will
changes from colorless to pale pink when the reaction has stopped. So, it is mentioned as
overshooting when the indicator turn into brighter pink. Therefore, the result will be
wrong.

Conclusion: The end point of the titration is detected with the help of indicator, which is phenolphthalein as the
color of the solution turn from colorless to pale pink. This show the neutralization process has
occurred. The experiment are also conducted several time to get more accurate result. The reading
obtained from the first, second and third trial are slightly close. Therefore, the accurate result can
be obtained from the average value from the trials. So, this experiment can be consider as succeed.

Reference:
1. https://www.britannica.com/science/phenolphthalein
2. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/acid-base-titrations/
3. https://youtu.be/IaTFpp-uzp0
4. https://sciencing.com/
ALLOCATION OF ROLES AND TEAMWORK :

NO. TASK DESCRIPTION MEMBER

1. Introduction and theory AINA
2. Collecting data AINA
3. Analyze the result AMMAR & AIMAN
4. Safety awareness AMMAR & AIMAN

PEER EVALUATION :

AMMAR NUFAIL :

Very
Weak Fair Good
weak
(3-5) (6-8) (9-10)
(1-2)
Always
Usually
Rarely Sometimes provides
provide
Name of group member provide provide practical
useful
information information and useful
information
*Peer when when information
when
Evaluation participatin participating when
participating
g in group in group participatin
in group
discussion discussion g in group
Team role, discussion
discussion
duties and
contribution 1 AIMAN HAZIQ 

2 AINA NAZIRAH 

4
AIMAN HAZIQ :

Very
Weak Fair Good
weak
(3-5) (6-8) (9-10)
(1-2)
Always
Usually
Rarely Sometimes provides
provide
Name of group member provide provide practical
useful
information information and useful
information
*Peer when when information
when
Evaluation participatin participating when
participating
g in group in group participatin
in group
Team role, discussion discussion g in group
discussion
discussion
duties and
contribution 1 AMMAR NUFAIL 

2 AINA NAZIRAH 

AINA NAZIRAH :

Very
Weak Fair Good
weak
(3-5) (6-8) (9-10)
(1-2)
Always
Usually
Rarely Sometimes provides
provide
Name of group member provide provide practical
useful
information information and useful
information
*Peer when when information
when
Evaluation participatin participating when
participating
g in group in group participatin
in group
discussion discussion g in group
Team role, discussion
discussion
duties and
contribution 1 AMMAR NUFAIL 

2 AIMAN HAZIQ 