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Geog Notes

The document summarizes information about volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, including their causes and effects, as well as human responses to these events. It discusses how volcanic eruptions and tectonic plate movement can cause volcanism and earthquakes. It also outlines the damaging effects of ash falls, lava flows, ground shaking, flooding and more. Finally, it covers methods used by scientists to monitor and predict these disasters, and measures taken to protect communities such as early warning systems, reinforced infrastructure and evacuation planning.

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matthew liang
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51 views

Geog Notes

The document summarizes information about volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, including their causes and effects, as well as human responses to these events. It discusses how volcanic eruptions and tectonic plate movement can cause volcanism and earthquakes. It also outlines the damaging effects of ash falls, lava flows, ground shaking, flooding and more. Finally, it covers methods used by scientists to monitor and predict these disasters, and measures taken to protect communities such as early warning systems, reinforced infrastructure and evacuation planning.

Uploaded by

matthew liang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cause of volcanism . . . . . . . .

(Oxford 1-22, 64)

1 Two plates move away from each other. Magma is formed and rises along the fissures.
2 Two plates move toward each other. Oceanic plate is subducted. Magma is formed and
rises along the cracks.

Effects of volcanic eruption . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-84)

1 *Volcanic ash* bury farms and houses. The heavy ash can cause roofs to collapse.
2 Volcanic ash reduces visibility, damages plane engines and disrupts *land/ sea/ air* traffic
3 Volcanic ash causes respiratory illness. Sulphuric gases poison people.
4 Volcanic ash mixes with rain ( or melting snow) and causes mudflow which can bury
villages.
5 *Lava flow* causes fire and burn houses, crops, vegetation and communication links.
6 Lava flow may block river and causes flooding.
7 Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide cause acid rain which damages trees and buildings.
8 Volcanic ash blocks sunlight and reduces local/ global temperature months after a major
eruption.
9 However, in the even longer term, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and cause global
warming.

Human response to volcanic eruption . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-85)

1 Scientists predict volcanic eruption for the government to issue early warning.
Scientists monitor gases escaping from a volcano and changes in local magnetic fields.
*Laser surveying / tilt meter* tilting and swelling of the volcano.
There are changes in groundwater level and temperature, pressure of the volcano.
*Seismographs* monitor the many small earthquakes in the areas before an eruption.
2 Settlement is protected from lava flow by lava barrier. Lava flow is diverted by *lava
diversion* channel.
3 Reinforced and steep slope roofs shed volcanic ash to prevent the roof from collapse.
Cause of earthquake . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-59)

1 Plates movement create stress ( tension, compression, shearing) in the crust.


2 Plates cannot move freely along a fault because of friction.
3 The rigid rocks deform ( bend). Energy is stored in the rocks.
4 When the stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, the rocks suddenly break.
5 The rocks displace and release energy in form of seismic waves.

Effects of earthquake . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-77)


1 The ground ruptures and displaces. Ground shaking destroys building and road.
2 People are killed or injured by falling objects (e.g. furniture) and collapsing buildings.
3 Damaged underground gas pipes and power lines cause fire.
4 Tsunami floods coastal areas and drown people and houses.
5 Landslide and *avalanche* bury houses and roads.
6 Aftershocks cause the collapse of weakened structures and further loss of life and
property. 7 *Soil liquefaction* occurs in moist, loose sandy soil and causes
land subsidence. Building collapse. 8 Flooding occurs if a dam is destroyed, or
if landslide blocks a river forming a quake lake.

Human response to earthquake . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-79)


1 Scientists cannot predict earthquake. They are still studying clues to big earthquakes.
Foreshocks may indicate the cracking that precedes a major rupture along a fault.
*Laser surveying, **creepmeter* and *tiltmeter* detects small movement along a
fault.
*Strainmeter* and *gravity meter* detects changes in pressure and gravity caused
by rock deformation.
There are changes in groundwater level and gas composition, and unusual animal
behaviour.
2 In Japan, early warning is issued within seconds after body waves are detected by
seismograph.
People have less than a minute to prepare before the stronger surface waves arrive.
3 Buildings are shockproof (e.g. reinforces steel foundation sunk into bedrock). Height is
restricted.
4 There are earthquake drill to educate people what to do during earthquakes.
Cause of tsunami . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-68)
1 (1) An earthquake (2) volcanic eruption, or (3) landslide occurs on the sea floor.
2 This causes a large vertical displacement of the seafloor and vertically displaces a large
volume of water.
3 Waves radiate to all directions rapidly with long wavelength.
4 When the waves approach the coast, the water becomes shallow. The waves slow down.
5 Wavelength decreases. Wave height increases and produces huge wave.

Effects of tsunami . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-88)

1 The coastal area is flooding. People are drowned and die.


2 Objects ( e.g. buildings, cars, ships) are swept onshore or out to the sea.
3 Dyke, pier, bridge, buildings, roads, etc. are destroyed.
4 A devastating tsunami may permanently flood coastal areas and change the coastline.

Human response to tsunami . . . . . . . . (Oxford 1-91)

1 The Pacific Tsunami Warning System issues warning to countries of the Pacific.
Ocean bottom pressure gauges detect changes in water pressure.
Buoys on the ocean surface then transmit the data to a satellite.
2 Land use planning or building design reserves open space for evacuation.
The waterfront is used as parks. Ground floor of buildings is used as car parks.
3 Sea wall, dyke and breakwater are built to protect coastal areas from flood.

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