Carlos Hilado Memorial State College

Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus

To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

GEC -
CON
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Prepared by: MS. ROSEMARIE L. VENEGAS

MS. JUVELYN MELGAR ENCABO

Couse Instructors
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION

TIME ALLOTMENT 3 hrs per week/ 2 weeks

INSTRUCTOR

FACEBOOK NA
EMAIL
CELL NUMBER 09277167351

I. OVERVIEW

This module gives an overview of the concept of globalization. Current situation shows that globalization
is a thriving topic today. Students needed to know how globalization can help us understand ourselves,
our experiences, our communities, our country and our culture. The Contemporary World addresses the
challenge by offering a practical guide that integrates content with examples capturing the essence and
elegance of theory in the straight forward manner.
Globalization is not very easy to define. Its meaning varies depending to whose perspective it is. Many
scholars gave and tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in different sometimes contradicting
views about the concept. It also encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy,
political systems and culture. Social Structures therefore, are directly affected by globalization.
This chapter reveals variety of perspectives using different metaphors for better understanding of the
concepts related to it.
II. TARGETED COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

CLO1. Define the meaning of globalization and differentiate the competing conceptions of
globalization.
CLO2. Identify the underlying philosophies and theories of the varying definitions of globalization.
CLO3: Apply the actual concept of globalization in the different aspects of day to day life.
III. TARGETED TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOME
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

At the end of the module students be able to:

1. Explain the meaning and concept of globalization.
2. Identify the different theories related to globalization
3. Analyze the concept of globalization through conceptual metaphors; and
4. Apply the concepts of globalization in daily life.

IV- ASSESSMENT
1. Students be able to answer the prepared essay questions.
2. Students be able to summarized important concepts related to globalization.
3. Students be able to interview an OFW and make a reflection paper and write insights about the
respondent’s experience.

V- TEACHING -LEARNING ENGAGEMENT

A. ENGAGE
Guide Questions
1. How globalized are you? _______________________________________?
2. Make an inventory of everything that you possessed that are of foreign brands.
Example : watch- Fossil made in USA

a. ______________________________________

b. ______________________________________

c. ______________________________________

d. ______________________________________

3. What do you know about globalization? _______________________________________________

B. EXPLAIN
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
- “Borderless world”
- the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

across world-space.
- all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world
society.

2 types of definition for Globalization

1. Broad and inclusive -
“Globalization means the onset of the borderderless world”. (Ohmae, 1992)
If one uses such, it can include a variety of issues that deal with overcoming tradition boundaries.
However, it does not shed light on the implications of globalization due to its vagueness.
2. Narrow and exclusive – are better justified but can be limiting, in the sense that their
application adheres to only particular definitions.
“ The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new
international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive
environment that accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state…making states
into agencies of the globalizing world”. ( Robert Cox)
No matter how one classifies a definition of globalization, the concept is complex and multifaceted as
the definitions deal with either economic, political, or social dimensions.
A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015) , Globalization is a transplanetary process or a set
of processes involving increasing liquidity and growing multi directional flows of people, objects,
places, and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or
expedite those flows.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors
make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In this case, the states of matter –
Solid—liquid—will be used.
The epoch that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things and information and
places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility ( Ritzer, 2015).
“Solidity”- refers to the barriers that prevent of make difficult the movement of things. They could
either be natural or man- made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water. Made
made barriers include Great Wall of China, and the Berlin Wall. An imaginary line such as nine dash-line
of the People’s Republic of China is an example of the modern man-made solid. This creates
limited access to Filipino fishers to the West Philippine Sea ( formerly called South China Sea).
Liquid as a state of matter takes the shape of its container. However, liquids are not fixed.
LIQUIDITY therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people , things information and
places in the contemporary world.
Characteristics of liquid according to Zygmunt Bauman:
1. Today’s liquid phenomena changes quickly and their aspects spatial and temporal are in
continuous fluctuation.
2. In liquid phenomena, the movement is difficult to stop. For example, videos uploaded to
Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral.
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

3. The forces of liquid made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and
things.

Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing and
proliferating today. Therefore the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity.
Liquids do flow ( Apparaudi, 1996; Rey & Ritzer, 2010). The literature of globalization makes use of
the concept of flow.

FLOWS
--- are movement of people, things places and information brought by the growing porosity of global
limitations (Ritzer, 2015
Examples: different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos. Foods are being
globalized. (sushi, ramen, kimchi, hamburger, French fries etc.)

LET’S EXPLORE! Activity # 1 The World Made Closer

In this activity, you are to see the actual application of globalization to the different aspects of daily life
such as politics, music, sports, movies, celebrity and disaster.
1. Answer the following questions:
a. Write down at least five most recent songs you have listened. Where did they originate?
Identify the nationality of the writer or the artist for each music

Name of Song/ Music Artist Nationality of the Artist

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

b. What gadgets or devices do you usually use to listen to music? Where were these gadgets
made? Where is the company based?
___________________________________________________________________________
___

___________________________________________________________________________
____

___________________________________________________________________________
____
c. How did you access these music? Did you purchase these online? Or listen to them through
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

Youtube, Spotify or other music channels?

___________________________________________________________________________
___

___________________________________________________________________________
____

2. Using your own words, how do you define globalization?

THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors and
political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies and similar
forms of government. It is often linked to cultural imperialism.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM- this means a given culture influences other cultures.
For example, the dominant religion in our country is Christianity, which was brought to us by the
Spaniards.
Ritzer (2008) coined the term “ Mcdonaldization”- refers to the process by which Western societies
are dominated by the principles of fast food restaurant. It involves the global spread of rational
systems such as efficiency, calculability predictability and control.
Heterogeneity - refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or
combinations of cultures that can be produced through the different transplantery processes.
Heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural hybridization.
Example: glocalization, (as global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area, the “
glocal” is being produced. Roland Robertson (1992).
1. WORLD SYTEM THEORY
World Systems Theory posits that there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit
while others are exploited. The big idea was that the global system had a stratified structure on
inequality based on institutionalized exploitation. This implied that the whole system was the proper
unit of analysis, not national societies, and that development and underdevelopment had been
structured by global power relations for centuries.
World System Theory
-CORE: rich & developed states
-PERIPHERY: poor & dependent states
-SEMI-PERIPHERY: the ‘in-between; semi-industrialised
states

2. THEORY OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM

- The model involves TNPs at three levels:
-the economic, whose agent is transnational capital;
-the political, whose agent is a transnational capitalist
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

class (TCC);
-the cultural-ideological, whose agent is cultural elites.
3. NETWORK SOCIETY
-“techno logistic” approach to globalization or ”Age of information” or “informationalism”
-digital connectivity and empowerment of the internet and the World Wide Web
-Generation Z or Gen Z (also known as iGeneration or iGen and Post-Millennials
4. LIBERALISM
is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the
law.
Liberalism is a defining feature of modern democracy, illustrated by the prevalence of the term ‘liberal
democracy’ as a way to describe countries with free and fair elections, rule of law and protected civil
liberties. 
5. POLITICAL REALISM
The highlights of this theory is power (the heart of politics)
-Importance of sovereign states (balance of power, dominant state at a particular moment; consequent
interests)
-Stressing the uneven nature of globalization

6. MARXISM
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical
development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict as
well as a dialectical perspective to view social transformation.
It emphasizes class relations/conflict
-Production, distribution, (social class) emancipation
-Excessive emphasis on class (conflict)
7. CONSTRUCTIVISM
Constructivism is a theory in education that recognizes the learners' understanding and knowledge
based on their own experiences. Trans planetary connectivity due to the importance of symbols,
language, interpretations in constructing the social world.
8. POST MODERNISM
The theory that emphasizes relativity, subjectivity, and individualism. It critique universalist notions of
universality, morality and truth.
9. FEMINISM
The theory that criticizes the marginalization and subordination of women in the society. According to
the study, (Rios, 2005) women are poorer than men in every state, regardless of education or
geographic location.
10. ECLECTICISM
This theory does not hold rigidly into single paradigm or set of assumptions but instead draws into

Activity # 2 : What Do Experts Think About Globalization

 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

multiple theories.

In this activity, look for and read three newspaper opinion editorials discussing globalization.
You may use local and international newspapers.
Write a 100-word summary for each opinion
editorials. Identify whether they subscribe to a
particular definition discussed or they have new
definition.
Submit your summary in the email juvely@chmsc.ed.ph

ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

How did globalization start? This section discusses the
origin and history of globalization.
Hardwired
According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is because of our basic human need that made globalization
possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of globalization from our ancestors in Africa who
walked out from the continent in the late Ice Age. This long journey finally led them to all known
continents today, roughly 50,000 years. Chanda mentioned that commerce, religion, politics and
warfare are the urges pf people toward a better life.
4 aspects of Globalization:
1. Trade
2. Missionary work ‘
3. Adventure
4. Conquest
Cycles
For some globalization is a long term- cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting
task. What is important is the cycle that a globalization has gone through
( Scholte,2005). Subscribing to this view suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have
appeared. There is also a notion that this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear.
Epoch
Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epoch of globalization. These are also called “waves”
and each has its own origin. The following are the sequential occurrence of the epoch.
1. Globalization of religion (4th
2. -7th centuries)
3. European Colonial Conquest (late 15 th century)
4. Intra- European wars ( late 18th to early 19th century)
5. Heyday of European Imperialism ( mid 19 th century to 1918)
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

6. Post World War II

7. Post Cold War Period

Events
Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of
globalization. Several points can be treated as start of globalization. Gibbon(1998) argued that
Roman conquest centuries before Christ were its origin. Rosenthal(2007) gave premium to voyages
of discovery --- Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America in 1492, Vasco da Gama in the Cape of
Good Hope in 1498 and Ferdinand Magellan’s rediscovery of the Philippine archipelago in 1521.
The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of globalization with reference to
specific technological advances in transportation and communication. Some examples include the
first transatlantic telephone cable( 1956), transatlantic television broadcast (1962) founding of
modern internet in (1988) and terrorist attack in Twin Towers in New York ( 2001). Certainly with this
view, more and more specific events will characterize not just the origins of globalization but also
more of its history.
Broader, More Recent Changes
Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the last half of
twentieth century. Scholars point out to these three notable changes as the origin of globalization
that we know today. They are as follows:
1. The emergence of United States as the global power ( Post World War II)
2. The emergence of multinational corporations ( MNC’s)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of Cold War

GLOBAL MIGRATION
As a global phenomenon, people are moving just about everywhere. Global migration can be
understood as a cause and effect relationship, though the causes are as numerous as their effects.
People move across international borders for a variety of reasons including safety, natural disaster,
political conflict, education, family, career, and economic betterment.
Migrants- a person who moves from outside their country of origin. These migrants are sometimes
categorized into “vagabonds” and “ tourist”( Bauman, 1998).
Vagabonds- are on the move because they have to be. They are not faring well in their home
countries and are forced to move in the hope that their circumstances will improve.
Tourist- on the other hand, are on the move because they want to be and they can afford it.
Refugees- are vagabonds forced to flee their home countries due to safety concerns. (Haddad,2003)
Asylum seekers - are refugees who seek to remain in the country to which they flee.
Labor Migration- is driven by push factors ( lack pf employment opportunities in home countries) as
well as pull factors ( work available elsewhere). It involves the flow of less-skilled and skilled
workers, as well as illegal migrants who lived in the margins of the host society ( Landler,2007).

Although globalization is an overwhelming concept, it is experienced by people in number of ways in

Activity # 3: Ang Mundo sa Mata ng OFW
 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

real terms. Though this activity, you will be able to gain a firsthand knowledge of the experiences of
the Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who obviously reached other countries. Their stories could
provide concrete understanding of how globalization affects themselves, their families and the country.
1. Find a former or a current OFW to be interviewed. Your respondent’s name should not be
revealed to protect the person’s identity and ensure anonymity.
2. Use the following guide questions (you may have additional questions)
a. How long have you stayed abroad?
b. What are the purpose of your stay there?
c. What were your most unforgettable experience there? How would you describe them?
Good or bad?
d. How will you compare Philippines to other countries?
e. Do you want to go back abroad or to other countries in the future? Why? Why not?
3. Based on the interview conducted, write a reflection paper about the response of OFW you
have interviewed. Discuss major points and relate his or her responses to the concept you have
learned about globalization. Reflection paper must be typewritten, hard or soft copy ( soft
copies can be submitted through email) font is Times New Roman, size 11, double spaced and
justified. Not less than 300 words.

Activity # 4: #LearningforthisChapter
A hashtag, introduced by the number sign, or hash symbol, #, is a
type of metadata tag used on social networks such as Twitter and
other microblogging services. It lets users apply dynamic, user-
generated tagging that helps other users easily find messages with a
specific theme or content.

In this activity, summarize what you have learned

in this chapter using hashtag. Be creative as well as
unique in doing the activity. Write your answer inside the
box.

*****End of Module 1******

 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College
Alijis Campus | Binalbagan Campus | Fortune Towne Campus | Talisay Campus
To be a leading GREEN institution of higher learning in the global community by 2030
(Good governance, Research-oriented, Extension-driven, Education for Sustainable Development & Nation-building)

College of Arts and Sciences college.artssciences@chmsc.edu.ph (63-34) 712-0420 local 135

C.