PHYC 2121 Source General Physics 1

PHYC-2121-2012S General Physics 1
Week 11-20
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1.A large stone is resting on the bottom of the swimming pool. The normal force of the bottom of the pool
on the stone is equal to the:
ANSWER:difference between the weight of the stone and the weight of the displaced water
2. Bar One has a Young's modulus that is bigger than that of Bar Two. This indicates Bar One:
ANSWER: is made of material that is different from Bar Two.
3. Two identical springs, each with spring constant k, are attached in parallel to a mass, which is then set
into simple harmonic motion. What would be the spring constant of a single spring which would result in
the same frequency of oscillation as the parallel springs?
ANSWER: 2k
4. An ideal fluid, of density 0.90 × 103 kg/m3, flows at 5.0 m/s through a level pipe with radius of 0.5 cm.
The pressure in the fluid is 1.3 × 105 N/m2. This pipe connects to a second level pipe, with radius of
1.6 cm. Find the speed of flow in the second pipe.
ANSWER: 0.49 m/s
5. An object with mass m and moment of inertia I is spinning with an angular momentum L. Its kinetic
energy is:
ANSWER: 0.5L2/I.
6. 14.5 Thermal Expansion
A brass cube, 10 cm on a side, is raised in temperature by 150°C. The coefficient of volume expansion of
brass is 57 × 10−6/°C. By what percentage does volume increase?
ANSWER: 0.86%
7. A 45-g cube of ice, initially at 0.0°C, is dropped into 220 g of water in an 80-g aluminum
container, both initially at 25°C. What is the final equilibrium temperature? (Specific heat for
aluminum is 900 J/kg⋅°C, the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg⋅°C, and Lf = 3.33 × 105 J/kg.)
ANSWER: 8.3°C
8. A windowpane is half a centimeter thick and has an area of 0.7 m2. The temperature difference between
the inside and outside surfaces of the pane is 15 °C. What is the rate of heat flow through this window?
(Thermal conductivity for glass is 0.84 J/s⋅m⋅°C.)
ANSWER: 1,800 J/s
9. 11.3 Harmonic Motion and Energy
A mass of 0.40 kg, hanging from a spring with a spring constant of 160 N/m, is set into an up-and-down
simple harmonic motion. What is the speed of the mass when moving through a point at 0.05 m
displacement? The starting displacement of the mass is 0.10 m from its equilibrium position.
ANSWER: 1.7 m/s
10. A simple pendulum has a mass of 0.27 kg and a length of 1.5 m. It is displaced through an angle of
40° and then released. After a time, the maximum angle of swing is only 14°. How much energy has been
lost to friction?
ANSWER: 0.81 J
11. A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat sinks because of a leak. What happens
to the surface level of the pond?
ANSWER: It goes down.
12. For a standing wave in an air column in a pipe that is open at both ends, there must be at least:
ANSWER: two antinodes and one node.
13. Think of Bernoulli's equation as it pertains to an ideal fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe.
Imagine that you take measurements along the pipe in the direction of fluid flow. What happens to the
sum of the pressure and energy per unit volume?
ANSWER: It remains constant as the pipe diameter increases.
14. A disk has a moment of inertia of 2.8 × 10−4 kg·m2 and rotates with an angular speed of 3.3
rad/sec. What net torque must be applied to bring it to rest within 3.9 s?
ANSWER: 2.4 × 10−4 N·m
12.3 Examples of Waves
A 2.0-m long piano string of mass 40 g is under a tension of 338 N. Find the speed with which a wave
travels on this string.
ANSWER: 130 m/s
15. A container is filled with water and the pressure at the container bottom is P. If the container
is instead filled with oil having specific gravity 0.80, what new bottom pressure results?
ANSWER: a pressure < P
16. The maximum theoretical thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine operating between hot
and cold reservoirs is a function of which of the following?
ANSWER: both hot and cold reservoir temperatures
A steel wire, 100 m long at 10°C, has a coefficient of linear expansion of 11 × 10−6/°C. Give its change in
length as the temperature changes from 10°C to 45°C.
ANSWER: 3.8 cm
18. A mass of 0.4 kg, attached to a spring with a spring constant of 60 N/m, is set into simple
harmonic motion. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the mass when at its maximum
displacement of 0.2 m from the equilibrium position?
ANSWER: 30 m/s2
19.A fan blade, initially at rest, rotates with a constant acceleration of 0.025 rad/s2. What is its
angular speed at the instant it goes through an angular displacement of 10 rad?
ANSWER:0.71 rad/s
20. 14.4 Phases of Matter and Phase Changes
If a 2100-kg car was moving at 30 m/s, what would be its kinetic energy expressed in the unusual (for
kinetic energy) units of calories? (1 cal = 4.186 J)
ANSWER: 2.3 × 105
21. An 80-kg man is one fourth of the way up a 10-m ladder that is resting against a smooth,
frictionless wall. If the ladder has a mass of 30 kg and it makes an angle of 60° with the ground,
find the force of friction of the ground on the foot of the ladder.
ANSWER: 2.0 × 102 N
22. Which type of heating causes sunburn?
ANSWER: radiation
23. A turntable has a moment of inertia of 3.00 × 10−2 kg·m2 and spins freely on a frictionless
bearing at 25.0 rev/min. A 0.600-kg ball of putty is dropped vertically onto the turntable and
sticks at a point 0.100 m from the center. What is the new rate of rotation of the system?
ANSWER: 20.8 rev/min
24. A 2-m long piano string of mass 10 g is under a tension of 322 N. Find the speed with which
a wave travels on this string?
ANSWER: 254 m/s
25. A bucket of water with total mass 22 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around
a 0.04-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and
released. The bucket is moving with a speed of 7.0 m/s upon hitting the water surface in the well.
What is the angular speed of the cylinder at this instant?
ANSWER: 175 rad/s
26. Wave #1 has frequency f1 and wavelength λ1. Wave #2 has frequency f2 = 6 f1 and
wavelength λ2 = 2λ1. How does the speed v2 of wave #2 compare with the speed v1 of wave #1?
ANSWER: v2 = 12v1
27. A buzzer with frequency f0 is thrown straight upwards. On the buzzer's trip down, what is the
frequency behavior heard by an observer below?
ANSWER: The frequency is an increasing one greater than f0.
28. A hoop with mass, M, and radius, R, rolls along a level surface without slipping with a linear
speed, v. What is the ratio of rotational to linear kinetic energy? (For a hoop, I = MR2.)
ANSWER: 1/1
29. A grindstone spinning at the rate of 20 rev/s has what approximate angular speed?
ANSWER: 126 rad/s
30. A relatively new medical device that uses ultrasonics is referred to by the acronym CUSA.
What does the letter A stand for?
ANSWER: aspirator
31.The wave-related quantity algebraically equivalent to 1/f is:
ANSWER: T
32. Quadrupling the distance between sound source and a listener will change the intensity, as
detected by the listener, by what factor?
ANSWER: 1/16
33. Which of the following best describes a sound level of intensity 1 W/m2?
ANSWER: extremely loud
34. I take 1.1 kg of ice and dump it into 1.0 kg of water and, when equilibrium is reached, I have
2.1 kg of ice at 0°C. The water was originally at 0°C. The specific heat of water = 1.00
kcal/kg⋅°C, the specific heat of ice = 0.50 kcal/kg⋅°C, and the latent heat of fusion of water is 80
kcal/kg. The original temperature of the ice was
ANSWER: -145°C.
35. A uniform rod of length L and mass M is pivoted about one end. Attached to the rod is a
mass M at its midpoint and at the end opposite the pivot is another mass M. What is the moment
of inertia of this configuration about the pivot?
ANSWER:19ML2 / 12
36. The Earth's density increases with depth. If instead the Earth had uniform density, but the
same angular velocity and mass, how would its rotational kinetic energy compare to the actual
value?
ANSWER:It would be greater than the actual value.
37. During an isobaric process which one of the following does not change?
ANSWER: pressure
38. A 3.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m, and a 6.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, −4.0) m. What is
the moment of inertia of this system of masses about the x axis?
ANSWER: 144 kg·m2
39. 12.3 Examples of Waves
For a wave traveling in a string, by what factor would the tension need to be increased to triple
the wave speed?
ANSWER: 9.0
40. A 0.3-kg object is attached to a spring with spring constant k = 10 N/m and moves with
simple harmonic motion over a horizontal frictionless surface. At the instant that it is displaced
from equilibrium by −0.058 m, what is its acceleration?
ANSWER: 1.9 m/s2
41. The kinetic energy of the bob on a simple pendulum swinging in simple harmonic motion has its
maximum value when the displacement from equilibrium is at what point in its swing?
ANSWER: zero displacement
42. A baseball pitcher loosens up his pitching arm. He tosses a 0.15-kg ball using only the
rotation of his forearm, 0.26 m in length, to accelerate the ball. If the ball starts at rest and is
released with a speed of 23 m/s in a time of 0.4 s, what torque is applied to the ball while being
held by the pitcher's hand to produce the angular acceleration?
ANSWER: 2.2 N·m
43. Two vibrating tuning forks, held side by side, will create a beat frequency of what value if the
individual frequencies of the two forks are 324 Hz and 308 Hz, respectively?
ANSWER: c. 16 Hz
44. The position of a 0.66-kg mass undergoing simple harmonic motion is given by x = (0.160
m) cos (πt/16). What is its position at t = 6.6 s?
ANSWER: 0.043 m
45. 120 g of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point of 77 K is stirred into a beaker containing 520 g
of 15°C water. If the nitrogen leaves the solution as soon as it turns to gas, how much water
freezes? The heat of vaporization of nitrogen is 48 cal/g and that of water is 80 cal/g.
ANSWER: none
46. A 16 000-N car on a hydraulic lift rests on a cylinder with a piston of radius 0.10 m. If a
connecting cylinder with a piston of 0.050-m radius is driven by compressed air, what force must
be applied to this smaller piston in order to lift the car?
ANSWER: 4 000 N
47. If two adjacent frequencies of an organ pipe closed at one end are 515 Hz and 625 Hz, what is the
length of the organ pipe? (vsound = 340 m/s)
ANSWER: 1.5 m
48. An ice cube with a small solid steel sphere frozen inside floats in a glass of water filled to the
brim. What happens to the level of water in the glass as a result of the ice melting?
49. Which of the following choices is an appropriate unit for measuring entropy changes?
ANSWER: J/K
50. 13.2 Amplitude and Intensity of a Sound Wave
If the intensity of a sound is increased by a factor of 1000, how is the decibel level changed? The
new decibel level will be:
ANSWER: thirty times greater.
51. A tetherball is attached to a pole with a 2.0-m rope. It is circling at 0.20 rev/s. As the rope
wraps around the pole, it shortens. How long is the rope when the ball is moving at 6.0 m/s?
ANSWER: 0.83 m
A 20-kg piece of aluminum (which has a specific heat of 900 J/kg · °C) is warmed so that its
temperature increases by 5.0°C. How much heat was transferred into it?
ANSWER: 9.0 × 104 J
53. A sound wave in air has a frequency of 510 Hz and a wavelength of 0.66 m. What is the air
temperature?
ANSWER: 9°C
54. 11.3 Harmonic Motion and Energy
To double the total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, by what factor should the amplitude
change?
ANSWER:SQUARE ROOT OF 2
55. 13.3 Standing Sound Waves
What is the lowest frequency that will resonate in an organ pipe 1.00 m in length, closed at one end? The
speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
ANSWER: 85.0 Hz
56. An avalanche of ice and snow of mass 1,900 kg slides a vertical distance of 170 m down a
mountainside. If the temperature of the ice, snow, mountain and surrounding air are all at 0°C,
what is the change in entropy of the universe?
ANSWER: 11,595 J/K
57. As a gust of wind blows across a field of grain, a wave can be seen to move across the field
as the tops of the plants sway back and forth. This wave is a:
ANSWER: longitudinal wave.
58. Quintupling the power output from a speaker emitting a single frequency will result in what
increase in loudness?
ANSWER: 7.0 Db
59. If it takes 7 N to stretch a spring 6 cm and if the spring is then cut in half, what force does it
take to stretch one of the halves 3 cm?
ANSWER: 7 N
60. A wave on a string has a wavelength of 0.90 m at a frequency of 600 Hz. If a new wave at a
frequency of 300 Hz is established in this same string under the same tension, what is the new
wavelength?
ANSWER: 1.8 m
61. A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.034 kg·m2 has a net torque of 0.11 N*m
applied to it. If it starts from rest, what kinetic energy will it have 8.0 s later?
ANSWER: 11.4 J
62. The tungsten filament of a light bulb has an operating temperature of about 2,070 K. If the
emitting area of the filament is 0.9 cm2, and its emissivity is 0.68, what is the power output of the
light bulb? (σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2⋅K4)
ANSWER: 64 W
63.A bucket of water with total mass 21.0 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around
a 0.050-m radius cylinder, with crank, at the top of a well. The moment of inertia of the cylinder
and crank
is 0.21 kg m2. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and released to fall back into the
well. What is the kinetic energy of the cylinder and crank at the instant the bucket is moving with
a speed of 5.0 m/s?
ANSWER: 1 050 J
64. Double both the tension in a guitar string and its mass per unit length will result in changing
the wave speed in the string by what factor?
ANSWER: 1.00 (i.e., no change)
65. A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 4.5 Hz and an
amplitude of 8.6 cm. If the mass of the object is 0.3 kg, what is the spring constant?
ANSWER: 240 N/m
66. 13.1 Sound Is a Longitudinal Wave
How far away is a lightning strike if you hear the thunderclap 2.00 s after you see the lightning bolt
strike? (vsound = 340 m/s, vlight = 3 × 108 m/s)
ANSWER: 680 m
67. A majorette takes two batons and fastens them together in the middle at right angles to make an "x"
shape. Each baton was 0.70 m long and each ball on the end is 0.10 kg. (Ignore the mass of the rods.)
What is the moment of inertia if the arrangement is spun around an axis through the center perpendicular
to both rods?
ANSWER: 0.049 kg·m2
68. A ceiling fan is turned on and reaches an angular speed of 60 rev/min in 10 s. It is then turned off and
coasts to a stop in 20 s. In the one minute of rotation, through how many revolutions did the fan turn?
ANSWER: 30
69. A uniform rod of length L and mass M is pivoted about one end. Attached to the rod is a mass M at
its midpoint and at the end opposite the pivot is another mass M. What is the moment of inertia of this
configuration about the pivot?
ANSWER. 19ML2 / 12
70. I take 1.1 kg of ice and dump it into 1.0 kg of water and, when equilibrium is reached, I have 2.1 kg of
ice at 0°C. The water was originally at 0°C. The specific heat of water = 1.00 kcal/kg⋅°C, the specific heat
of ice = 0.50 kcal/kg⋅°C, and the latent heat of fusion of water is 80 kcal/kg. The original temperature of
the ice was:
ANSWER: -145°C.
71. Which of the following best describes a sound level of intensity 1 W/m 2?
72. Quadrupling the distance between sound source and a listener will change the intensity, as detected
by the listener, by what factor?
ANSWER: 1/16
73. The wave-related quantity algebraically equivalent to 1/f is:
ANSWER: T
74. A relatively new medical device that uses ultrasonics is referred to by the acronym CUSA. What does
the letter A stand for?
ANSWER: aspirator
75: A grindstone spinning at the rate of 20 rev/s has what approximate angular speed?
ANSWER: 126 rad/s
76. A hoop with mass, M, and radius, R, rolls along a level surface without slipping with a linear speed, v.
What is the ratio of rotational to linear kinetic energy? (For a hoop, I = MR2.)
ANSWER: 1/1
77. A buzzer with frequency f0 is thrown straight upwards. On the buzzer's trip down, what is the
frequency behavior heard by an observer below?
78. Wave #1 has frequency f1 and wavelength λ1. Wave #2 has frequency f2 = 6 f1 and
wavelength λ2 = 2λ1. How does the speed v2 of wave #2 compare with the speed v1 of wave #1?
ANSWER: v2 = 12v1
79. A bucket of water with total mass 22 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around
a 0.04-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and
released. The bucket is moving with a speed of 7.0 m/s upon hitting the water surface in the well.
What is the angular speed of the cylinder at this instant?|
ANSWER: 175 rad/s
80. A 2-m long piano string of mass 10 g is under a tension of 322 N. Find the speed with which
a wave travels on this string.
ANSWER: 254 m/s
81. A turntable has a moment of inertia of 3.00 × 10−2 kg·m2 and spins freely on a frictionless
bearing at 25.0 rev/min. A 0.600-kg ball of putty is dropped vertically onto the turntable and
sticks at a point 0.100 m from the center. What is the new rate of rotation of the system?
82. Which type of heating causes sunburn?
ANSWER: radiation
83. An 80-kg man is one fourth of the way up a 10-m ladder that is resting against a smooth,
frictionless wall. If the ladder has a mass of 30 kg and it makes an angle of 60° with the ground,
find the force of friction of the ground on the foot of the ladder.
ANSWER: 2.0 × 102 N

ANSWER: . 2.3 × 105
85. A fan blade, initially at rest, rotates with a constant acceleration of 0.025 rad/s2. What is its
angular speed at the instant it goes through an angular displacement of 10 rad?
ANSWER: 0.71 rad/s
86. A mass of 0.4 kg, attached to a spring with a spring constant of 60 N/m, is set into simple
harmonic motion. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the mass when at its maximum
displacement of 0.2 m from the equilibrium position?
ANSWER: 30 m/s2
ANSWER: 3.8 cm
88. The maximum theoretical thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine operating between hot and cold
reservoirs is a function of which of the following?
89. A container is filled with water and the pressure at the container bottom is P. If the container is
instead filled with oil having specific gravity 0.80, what new bottom pressure results?
90. In cloud formation, water vapor turns into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains.
This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to:
ANSWER: get warmer.
91. If one-fourth of the members of a symphony orchestra are absent because of head colds, thus
reducing the overall intensity of sound by 25%, what will be the reduction in the decibel level?
ANSWER: 1.2 dB
92. What is the total force on the bottom of a 2.0-m-diameter by 2.0-m-deep round wading pool due to
the weight of the air and the weight of the water? (Note the pressure contribution from the atmosphere is
1.0 × 105 N/m2, the density of water is 1 000 kg/m3, and g = 9.8 m/s2.)
ANSWER: . 3.8 × 105 N
93. Material 1 has Young's modulus Y1 and density ρ1, and material 2 has Young's modulus Y2 and
density ρ2. If Y1 is 30% more than Y2 and ρ1 is 30% less than ρ2, which material has the higher speed of
sound and how much higher is it?
ANSWER: Material 1 has a speed of sound more than 35% higher than material 2.
94. An earthquake emits both P-waves and S-waves that travel at different speeds through the Earth. A P-
wave travels at 8,000 m/s and an S-wave at 5,000 m/s. If P-waves are received at a seismic station 59.9 s
before an S-wave arrives, how far is the station from the earthquake center?
ANSWER: 799 km
95. Dmitri places one end of a copper rod in a heat reservoir and the other end in a heat sink. By what
factor is the rate of heat flow changed when the temperature difference between the reservoir and sink
is tripled?
ANSWER: 3.0
96. Water comes down the spillway of a dam from an initial vertical height of 170 m. What is the highest
possible speed of the water at the end of the spillway?
ANSWER: 58 m/s
97. For a wave on the ocean, the amplitude is:
ANSWER: one half the height difference between a crest and a trough.
98. If the distance between a point sound source and a dB detector is increased by a factor of 5, what will
be the reduction in intensity level?
ANSWER: . 14 dB
99. A 0.50-m radius automobile tire accelerates from rest at a constant 3 rad/s2. What is the
centripetal acceleration of a point on the outer edge of the tire after 6 s?
ANSWER: 162 m/s2
100. Area on a P-V diagram has units associated with:
ANSWER: energy.
101. The bottom of a flat-bottomed aluminum boat has an area of 4.3 m2 and the boat's mass is
64 kg. When set afloat in water, how far below the water surface is the boat bottom? (water
density = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3)
ANSWER: 0.015 m
102. 11.2 Examples of Simple Harmonic Motion
A pendulum on the Earth has a period T. The acceleration due to gravity on Mars is less than that on the
Earth, and the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is even less. Where would the period of an
identical pendulum be the least?
ANSWER: on the Earth
103. A bucket of water with total mass 28 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.04
m radius cylinder at the top of a well. A crank with a turning radius of 0.20 m is attached to the end of
the cylinder and the moment of inertia of cylinder and crank is 0.11 kg×m2. If the bucket is raised to the
top of the well and released, what is the acceleration of the bucket as it falls toward the bottom of the
well? (Assume rope's mass is negligible, that cylinder turns on frictionless bearings and that g = 9.8
m/s2.)
ANSWER: . 2.8 m/s2
104. In an isovolumetric process by an ideal gas, the system's heat gain is equivalent to a change in:
ANSWER: internal energy.
105. A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm 3 and mass 778 g. The aluminum is submerged in a
container of oil of density 0.650 g/cm 3. A spring balance is attached with string to the piece of aluminum.
What reading will the balance register in grams (g) for the submerged metal?
ANSWER: 591 g
106. Of the following heat engines, which has the highest efficiency?
ANSWER: Carnot engine
107. 12.8 Standing Waves
If a guitar string has a fundamental frequency of 250 Hz, what is the frequency of its third harmonic?
ANSWER: 750 Hz
108. Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?
ANSWER: sound wave in air
109. 13.5 Reflection and Scattering of Sound
13.6 The Doppler Effect
A bat, flying at 3.00 m/s toward a wall, emits a chirp at 50.0 kHz. If the wall reflects this sound
pulse, what is the frequency of the echo received by the bat? (vsound = 340 m/s)
ANSWER: 50.9 kHz
110. A 5-m-long organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other. Its fundamental tone has
wavelength:
ANSWER: 20 m.
111. A block of wood has specific gravity 0.70. When placed in water, what percent of the
volume of the wood is above the surface?
ANSWER: 30%
112. 9.4 Angular Momentum and Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion
Consider the use of the terms "rotation" and "revolution". In physics:

ANSWER: the words have different meaning.
113. 13.2 Amplitude and Intensity of a Sound Wave
A very loud train whistle has an acoustic power output of 80 W. If the sound energy spreads out
spherically, what is the intensity level in dB at a distance of 100 meters from the train? (I0 = 10−12 W/m2)
ANSWER: 88.0 dB
114. What is the intensity of sound from a band with a sound level of 124 dB? (I0 = 10−12 W/m2)
ANSWER: 2.5 W/m2
115. A tuning fork is sounded above a resonating tube (one end closed), which resonates at a length of
0.2 m and again at 1 m. What is the frequency of the fork when the speed of sound is taken to be 340 m/s?
ANSWER: 283 Hz
116. A 2.0-mol ideal gas system is maintained at a constant volume of 4.0 L. If 110 J of heat is
added, what is the work done on the system?
ANSWER: zero
117. An object consists of a rod (of length 3.0 m and negligible moment of inertia) to which
four small 2.0-kg masses are attached, one at each end and one at each point on the rod 1.0 m
from each end. (The masses are one meter apart.) The moment of inertia of this object about an
axis perpendicular to the rod and through one of the end masses:
ANSWER: is 28 kg·m2.
118. A bucket filled with water has a mass of 23 kg and is attached to a rope, which in turn, is
wound around a 0.080-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. What torque does the weight of
water and bucket produce on the cylinder if the cylinder is not permitted to rotate? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 18 N·m
119. Transverse waves travel with a speed of 100 m/s along a taut copper wire that has a
diameter of 1.67 mm. What is the tension in the wire? (The density of copper is 8.93 g/cm3.)
ANSWER: 195 N
120. 12.8 Standing Waves
A standing wave is set up in a 100-cm string fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in 5 distinct segments
when driven by a 120-Hz source. What is the wavelength?
ANSWER: 40 cm
121.Sea breezes that occur near the shore are attributed to a difference between land and water
with respect to what property?
ANSWER: specific heat
122. 11.2 Examples of Simple Harmonic Motion
If it takes 8.0 N to stretch a spring 6.0 cm, and if the spring is then cut in half, what force does it take to
stretch one of the halves 3.0 cm?
ANSWER: 8.0 N
123. When an object is moving in simple harmonic motion, which of the following is at a minimum
when the displacement from equilibrium is zero?
ANSWER: the magnitude of the acceleration
124. A rotating flywheel can be used as a method to store energy. If it has 2.0 × 106 J of kinetic energy
when rotating at 350 rad/s, and if a frictional torque of 4.0 N*m acts on the system, in what interval of
time would the flywheel come to rest?
ANSWER: 47.6 min
125. A string with fixed ends is made to go into standing wave patterns. At a given tension, the lowest
frequency for which such a pattern exists is 150 Hz. Which of the following frequencies would also cause
a standing wave pattern in this case?
ANSWER: 750 Hz
126. When a sine wave is used to represent a sound wave, the crest corresponds to:
ANSWER: condensation.
127. A solid sphere of mass 2.5 kg and radius 0.12 m starts from rest at the top of a ramp inclined
15° and rolls to the bottom. The upper end of the ramp is 1.0 m higher than the lower end. What is the
linear speed of the sphere when it reaches the bottom of the ramp? (Note: I = 0.4MR2 for a solid sphere,
and g = 9.8 m/s2.)
ANSWER: 3.7 m/s
A bowling ball has a mass of 7.0 kg, a moment of inertia of 2.8 × 10−2 kg·m2, and a radius of 0.10 m. If it
rolls down the lane without slipping at a linear speed of 3.7 m/s, what is its total kinetic energy?
ANSWER: 67.1 J
The bulk modulus of a material, as a meaningful physical property, is applicable to which of the
following?
ANSWER: solids, liquids and gases
11.2 Examples of Simple Harmonic Motion
A tiny spring, with a spring constant of 1.20 N/m, will be stretched to what displacement by a 0.0060-N
force?
ANSWER: 5.0 mm
In winter, light-colored clothes will keep you warmer than dark-colored clothes if:
ANSWER: you are warmer than your surroundings.
1300 rev/min is equivalent to which of the following?
ANSWER: 136 rad/s
By what factor should the length of a simple pendulum be changed if the period of vibration were to be
quadrupled?
ANSWER: 16
The surfaces of a Dewar flask are silvered for the purpose of minimizing heat transfer by what process?
ANSWER: radiation
A uniform solid sphere rolls down an incline of height 3 m after starting from rest. In order to
calculate its speed at the bottom of the incline, one needs to know:
ANSWER: no more than is given in the problem.
Of the planets with atmospheres, which is the warmest?
ANSWER: Venus
11.3 Harmonic Motion and Energy
A 0.40-kg object, attached to a spring with spring constant k = 10 N/m, is moving on a horizontal,
frictionless surface in simple harmonic motion of amplitude of 0.080 m. What is its speed at the instant
when its displacement is 0.040 m? (Hint: Use conservation of energy.)
ANSWER: 35 cm/s
The use of fiberglass insulation in the outer walls of a building is intended to minimize heat transfer
through the wall by what process?
ANSWER: conduction
Consider two steel rods, A and B. B has three times the area and twice the length of A, so Young's
modulus for B will be what factor times Young's modulus for A?
ANSWER: 1.0
A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat starts to sink because of a leak but quick action
plugging the leak stops the boat from going under although it is now deeper in the water. What happens
ANSWER: It stays the same.
A solid cylinder of mass 3.0 kg and radius 0.2 m starts from rest at the top of a ramp, inclined 15°, and
rolls to the bottom without slipping. (For a cylinder I = 0.5MR2.) The upper end of the ramp is 1.5 m
higher than the lower end. Find the linear speed of the cylinder when it reaches the bottom of the ramp.
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 4.4 m/s
9.4 Angular Momentum and Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion
A 2.0-kg mass in the xy plane is moving in the negative x direction at 3.0 m/s along the line y =
5.0 m. As the mass passes across the y axis (i.e., passing the point (x, y = 0, 5.0 m)), what is its
angular momentum with respect to the z axis?
ANSWER: 30 SI units
Which of the following produces greenhouse gases?
ANSWER: all of the above
An astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. An comet in orbit around the
Sun has a perihelion (near point to the Sun) of 0.50 AU and an aphelion (far point from the Sun) of 5.0
AU. If the comet's orbital speed at aphelion is v, what is its speed at perihelion?
ANSWER: 10v
In winter, light-colored clothes will keep you warmer than dark-colored clothes if:
ANSWER: you are warmer than your surroundings.
A machine gear consists of 0.1 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much total heat is generated in the
part if its temperature increases by 28 C°? (Specific heats of iron and copper are 450 and 390 J/kg⋅°C,
respectively.)
ANSWER: 3,000 J
Which of the following best describes a substance in which the temperature remains constant while at
the same time it is experiencing an inward heat flow?
ANSWER: substance undergoing a change of state
In order to overcome a surface tension of a fluid, a force of 1.35 × 10−2 N is required to lift a wire ring of
circumference 12.0 cm. What is the surface tension of the fluid?
ANSWER: 0.056 N/m
A bus is designed to draw its power from a rotating flywheel that is brought up to its maximum speed
(3000 rpm) by an electric motor. The flywheel is a solid cylinder of mass 250 kg and radius 0.500 m
(Icylinder = MR2/2). If the bus requires an average power of 10.0 kW, how long will the flywheel rotate?
ANSWER: 154 s
A figure skater with arms initially extended starts spinning on the ice at 3 rad/s. She then pulls her arms in
close to her body. Which of the following results?
ANSWER: a greater rotational rate
A 0.40-m radius automobile tire accelerates from rest at a constant 2.0 rad/s 2 over a 5.0 s interval. What
is the tangential component of acceleration for a point on the outer edge of the tire during the 5.0-s
interval?
ANSWER: 0.80 m/s2
A blimp is filled with 400 m3 of helium. How big a payload can the balloon lift? (The density of air is
1.29 kg/m3; the density of helium is 0.18 kg/m3.)
ANSWER: 444 kg
11.4 Stress, Strain, and Hooke's Law
A copper alloy wire of length 2.0 m, cross sectional area 7.1 × 10−6 m2, and Young's modulus
11 × 1010 N/m2, has a 200-kg load hung on it. What is its increase in length? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 5.0 mm
The emissivity of an ideal reflector has which of the following values?
ANSWER: 0
The use of fiberglass insulation in the outer walls of a building is intended to minimize heat
transfer through the wall by what process?
ANSWER: conduction
Water (density = 1 × 103 kg/m3) flows at 15.5 m/s through a pipe with radius 0.040 m.The pipe
goes up to the second floor of the building, 3.5 m higher, and the pressure remains unchanged.
What is the speed of the water flow in the pipe on the second floor?
ANSWER: 13 m/s
A 4-g lead bullet traveling in 20°C air at 290 m/s strikes a flat steel plate and stops. What is the
final temperature of the lead bullet? (Assume the bullet retains all heat.) The melting point of
lead is 327°C. The specific heat of lead is 0.128 J/g⋅°C. The heat of fusion of lead is 24.5 J/g.
ANSWER: 327°C
A large spring requires a force of 100 N to compress it only 0.010 m. What is the spring constant
of the spring?
ANSWER: 10,000 N/m
A 0.20-m radius grinding wheel starts at rest and develops an angular speed of 9 rad/s in 3 s. What is the
average tangential acceleration of a point on the wheel's edge?
ANSWER: 0.6 m/s2
A simple pendulum has a mass of 0.50 kg and a length of 1.0 m. It is displaced through an angle of
lost to friction?
ANSWER: 0.58 J
A 0.300-kg object is swung in a circular path and in a vertical plane on a 0.500-m length string. If the
angular speed at the bottom is 8.00 rad/s, what is the tension in the string when the object is at the bottom
of the circle?
ANSWER: 12.54 N
A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.034 kg·m2 has a net torque of 0.11 N·m applied to
it. If it starts from rest, what angular momentum will it have 9.0 s later?
ANSWER: 0.99 kg·m2/s
A meter stick is hinged at its lower end and allowed to fall from a vertical position. If its moment of
inertia is ML2/3, with what angular speed does it hit the table?
ANSWER: 5.42 rad/s
13.3 Standing Sound Waves

Two loudspeakers are placed facing each other and driven by the same source at 680 Hz. A listener is
positioned between the two speakers on the line separating them, thus creating a constructive interference
at the listener's ear. If one of the speakers is gradually pushed toward the listener, how far must it be
moved to repeat the condition of constructive interference at the listener's ear? (The speed of sound = 340
m/s.)
ANSWER: 0.50 m
A heat engine exhausts 3,700 J of heat while performing 1,700 J of useful work. What is the efficiency of
the engine?
ANSWER: 31%
12.8 Standing Waves
A standing wave is set up in a 2.0-m string fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in 3 distinct segments
when driven by a 120-Hz source. In how many distinct standing wave segments will the string vibrate if
the tension is increased by a factor of 4?
ANSWER: No standing wave pattern occurs.
12.2 Describing Waves
If a radio wave has speed 3.00 × 108 m/s and frequency 99.7 MHz, what is its wavelength?
ANSWER: 3.01 m
at the listener's ear. What minimum distance would one of the speakers be moved back away from the
listener to produce destructive interference at the listener's ear? (The speed of sound = 340 m/s.
ANSWER: 0.50 m
An object moving in simple harmonic motion has an amplitude of 0.07 m and a maximum acceleration of
50 m/s2. What is the frequency of the system?
ANSWER: 4.3 Hz
By what factor should the length of a simple pendulum be changed if the period of vibration were to be
five times?
ANSWER: 25
Triple the mass per unit length of a guitar string will result in changing the wave speed in the string by
what factor?
ANSWER: 0.58
The oxygen molecule (O2) may be regarded as two masses connected by a spring. In vibrational motion,
each oxygen atom alternately approaches, then moves away from the center of mass of the system. If each
oxygen atom of mass m = 2.67 × 10−26 kg has a vibrational energy of 1.6 × 10−21 J and the effective spring
constant is 50 N/m, then what is the amplitude of oscillation of each oxygen atom?
ANSWER: 8 × 10−12 m
An electrical generating plant operates at a boiler temperature of 223°C and exhausts the unused heat into
a nearby river at 20°C. If the generating plant has a power output of 890 megawatts (MW) and if the
actual efficiency is 3/4 the theoretical efficiency, how much heat per second must be delivered to the
boiler? (0°C = 273 K)
ANSWER: 2,899 MW
If a wave pulse is reflected from a free boundary, which of the following choices best describes what
happens to the reflected pulse?
ANSWER: remains upright
13.1 Sound Is a Longitudinal Wave
A sound wave coming from a tuba has a wavelength of 0.674 m and travels to your ears at a speed of 345
m/s. What is the frequency of the sound you hear?
ANSWER: 512 Hz
Two springs, each with spring constant k, are attached end to end in a series fashion. A second pair of
identical springs are also attached in series fashion. Then the pair of series attached springs are attached
in parallel to each other. What is the effective spring constant of the resulting combination of springs?
ANSWER: k
The position of a 0.63-kg mass undergoing simple harmonic motion is given by x = (0.160 m) cos (πt/16).
What is the maximum net force on the mass as it oscillates?
ANSWER: 3.9 × 10−3 N
Entropy is a measure of the ____ of a system.
ANSWER: disorder
According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following applies to the heat received from
a high temperature reservoir by a heat engine operating in a complete cycle?
ANSWER: cannot be completely converted to work
The density of a certain solid is 7.2 × 103 kg/m3, and its Young's modulus is 8.0 × 1010 N/m2. What
is the speed of sound in this material?
ANSWER: 3300 m/s
A sound wave in air has a frequency of 515 Hz and a wavelength of 0.68 m. What is the air temperature?
ANSWER: 32°C
If an ideal gas does positive work on its surroundings, we may assume, with regard to the gas:
ANSWER: Volume increases.
A pendulum on the Earth has a period T. The acceleration of due to gravity on Mars is less than that on
the Earth, and the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is even less. Where would the period of an
When two sound waves are out of phase by ____, destructive interference will occur.
ANSWER: 1,080°
13.2 Amplitude and Intensity of a Sound Wave

Doubling the power output from a speaker emitting a single frequency will result in what increase in
loudness?
ANSWER: 3.0 dB
Two tuning forks sounding together result in a beat frequency of 3 Hz. If the frequency of one of
the forks is 265 Hz, what is the frequency of the other?
ANSWER: 262 Hz or 268 Hz
An electrical generating plant operates at a boiler temperature of 222°C and exhausts the unused
heat into a nearby river at 16°C. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of the plant?
(0°C = 273 K)
ANSWER: 42%
A string of length L with fixed ends is made to go into standing wave patterns. What is the longest
wavelength associated with all possible standing wave patterns in this situation?
ANSWER: 2L
What is its period of oscillation?
ANSWER: 24 s
12.8 Standing Waves
If I double the mass per unit length of guitar string, its natural frequency changes by what factor?
ANSWER: 0.71
12.5 Superposition and Interference
Equal wavelength waves of amplitude 0.25 m and 0.10 m interfere with one another. What is the resulting
minimum amplitude that can result?
ANSWER: 0.15 m
Sound waves of a certain frequency in air having a wavelength of 1.9 m will have what wavelength in
water? Take the speed of sound in air to be 340 m/s and in water to be 1 490 m/s.
ANSWER: 8.3 m
13.5 Reflection and Scattering of Sound
A train station bell gives off a fundamental tone of 1000 Hz as the train approaches the station at a speed
of 20.0 m/s. If the speed of sound in air is 335 m/s, what will be the apparent frequency of the bell to an
observer riding the train?
ANSWER: 1060 Hz
14.4 Phases of Matter and Phase Changes
A swimming pool heater has to be able to raise the temperature of the 30,000 gallons of water in the pool
by 10.0°C. How many kilowatt-hours of energy are required? (One gallon of water has a mass of
approximately 3.79 kg and the specific heat of water is 4186 J/kg · °C.)
ANSWER: 1320 kWh
If the tension on a guitar string is increased by a factor of 2, the fundamental frequency at which it
vibrates is changed by what factor?
A thermodynamic process that happens very quickly tends to be:
ANSWER: adiabatic.
A 3.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m, and a 6.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, −4.0) m. What is the moment
of inertia of this system of masses about the x axis?
ANSWER: 144 kg·m2
A cylinder containing an ideal gas has a volume of 2.1 m3 and a pressure of 1.6 × 105 Pa at a
temperature of 300 K. The cylinder is placed against a metal block that is maintained at 900 K
and the gas expands as the pressure remains constant until the temperature of the gas reaches 900
K. The change in internal energy of the gas is +6.2 × 105 J. How much heat did the gas absorb?
ANSWER: 12.9 × 105 J
A majorette takes two batons and fastens them together in the middle at right angles to make an "x" shape.
Each baton was 0.70 m long and each ball on the end is 0.10 kg. (Ignore the mass of the rods.) What is the
moment of inertia if the arrangement is spun around an axis through the center perpendicular to both
rods?
ANSWER: 0.049 kg·m2
Transverse waves travel with a speed of 100 m/s along a taut copper wire that has a diameter of
1.67 mm. What is the tension in the wire? (The density of copper is 8.93 g/cm3.)
ANSWER: 195 N
Which of the following choices is an appropriate unit for measuring entropy changes?
ANSWER: J/K
A bucket of water with total mass 28 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.04 m
radius cylinder at the top of a well. A crank with a turning radius of 0.20 m is attached to the end of the
cylinder and the moment of inertia of cylinder and crank is 0.11 kg×m2. If the bucket is raised to the top
of the well and released, what is the acceleration of the bucket as it falls toward the bottom of the well?
(Assume rope's mass is negligible, that cylinder turns on frictionless bearings and that g = 9.8 m/s2.)
ANSWER: 2.8 m/s2
If the intensity of a sound is increased by a factor of 1000, how is the decibel level changed? The new
decibel level will be:
On a P-V diagram, if a process involves a closed curve, the area inside the curve represents:
ANSWER: work.
Two vibrating tuning forks, held side by side, will create a beat frequency of what value if the individual
frequencies of the two forks are 324 Hz and 308 Hz, respectively?
ANSWER: 16 Hz
A 8.4-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m. Where can a 4.2-kg mass be placed so that the moment of inertia
about the z axis is zero?
ANSWER: There is no position giving this result.
A tetherball is attached to a pole with a 2.0-m rope. It is circling at 0.20 rev/s. As the rope wraps around
the pole, it shortens. How long is the rope when the ball is moving at 6.0 m/s?
ANSWER: 0.83 m
A hoop with mass, M, and radius, R, rolls along a level surface without slipping with a linear speed, v.
ANSWER: 1/1
An earthquake emits both P-waves and S-waves that travel at different speeds through the Earth.
A P-wave travels at 8,000 m/s and an S-wave at 5,000 m/s. If P-waves are received at a seismic
station 59.9 s before an S-wave arrives, how far is the station from the earthquake center?
ANSWER: 799 km What is the intensity of sound from a band with a sound level of 124 dB? (I0 =
10−12 W/m2)
ANSWER: 2.5 W/m2
For a wave on the ocean, the amplitude is:
ANSWER: one half the height difference between a crest and a trough.
In cloud formation, water vapor turns into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This
will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to:
ANSWER: get warmer.
To double the total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, by what factor should the amplitude change?
A 0.3-kg object is attached to a spring with spring constant k = 10 N/m and moves with simple harmonic
motion over a horizontal frictionless surface. At the instant that it is displaced from equilibrium by −0.058
m, what is its acceleration?
ANSWER: 1.9 m/s2
A 20-kg piece of aluminum (which has a specific heat of 900 J/kg · °C) is warmed so that its temperature
increases by 5.0°C. How much heat was transferred into it?
ANSWER: 9.0 × 104 J
Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?
How deep under the surface of a lake would the pressure be double that at the surface? (1 atm =
1.01 × 105 Pa)
ANSWER: 10.3 m
A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat sinks because of a leak. What happens to the surface
level of the pond?
A uniform, horizontal beam of length 6.0 m and weight 94 N is attached at one end to a wall by a
pin connection (so that it may rotate). A cable attached to the wall above the pin supports the
opposite end. The cable makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal. What is the tension in the
cable needed to maintain the beam in equilibrium?
ANSWER: 54.3 N
ANSWER: 8.0 N
A source of sound has an intensity I1 and when its sound level is measured at a fixed distance the value
found is 70 dB. The source then has its intensity increased to I2 and when its sound level is measured at
the same distance the value found is 96 dB. What is the ratio I2/I1?
ANSWER: 400
Which type of heating causes sunburn?

ANSWER: radiation
Area on a P-V diagram has units associated with:
ANSWER: energy.
A large stone is resting on the bottom of the swimming pool. The normal force of the bottom of the pool
ANSWER: difference between the weight of the stone and the weight of the displaced water.
Which of the following best describes a sound level of intensity 1 W/m 2?
If the distance between a point sound source and a dB detector is increased by a factor of 5, what will be
the reduction in intensity level?
ANSWER; 14 dB
If one-fourth of the members of a symphony orchestra are absent because of head colds, thus reducing
the overall intensity of sound by 25%, what will be the reduction in the decibel level?
ANSWER: 1.2 dB
In an isovolumetric process by an ideal gas, the system's heat gain is equivalent to a change in:
An ideal fluid, of density 0.90 × 103 kg/m3, flows at 5.0 m/s through a level pipe with radius of 0.5 cm.
ANSWER: 0.49 m/s
Material 1 has Young's modulus Y1 and density ρ1, and material 2 has Young's modulus Y2 and density ρ2.
If Y1 is 30% more than Y2 and ρ1 is 30% less than ρ2, which material has the higher speed of sound and
how much higher is it?
ANSWER: Material 1 has a speed of sound more than 35% higher than material 2.
A grindstone spinning at the rate of 20 rev/s has what approximate angular speed?
ANSWER: 126 rad/s
14.6 Heat Conduction
Dmitri places one end of a copper rod in a heat reservoir and the other end in a heat sink. By what factor
is the rate of heat flow changed when the temperature difference between the reservoir and sink is
doubled?
ANSWER: 2.0
Two identical springs, each with spring constant k, are attached in parallel to a mass, which is then set
ANSWER: 2k
An ice cube with a small solid steel sphere frozen inside floats in a glass of water filled to the brim. What
happens to the level of water in the glass as a result of the ice melting?
An 80-kg man is one fourth of the way up a 10-m ladder that is resting against a smooth, frictionless wall.
If the ladder has a mass of 30 kg and it makes an angle of 60° with the ground, find the force of friction of
the ground on the foot of the ladder.
ANSWER: 2.0 × 102 N
A Ferris wheel, rotating initially at an angular speed of 0.16 rad/s, accelerates over a 8.0-s interval at a
rate of 0.040 rad/s2. What is its angular speed after this 8.0-s interval?
ANSWER: 0.48 rad/s
A baseball pitcher loosens up his pitching arm. He tosses a 0.15-kg ball using only the rotation of his
forearm, 0.26 m in length, to accelerate the ball. If the ball starts at rest and is released with a speed of 23
m/s in a time of 0.4 s, what torque is applied to the ball while being held by the pitcher's hand to produce
the angular acceleration?
ANSWER: 2.2 N·m
A 45-g cube of ice, initially at 0.0°C, is dropped into 220 g of water in an 80-g aluminum
container, both initially at 25°C. What is the final equilibrium temperature? (Specific heat for
aluminum is 900 J/kg⋅°C, the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg⋅°C, and Lf = 3.33 × 105 J/kg.)
ANSWER: 8.3°C
What sound level change most nearly corresponds to a factor of three change in intensity?
ANSWER: 5 dB
As a gust of wind blows across a field of grain, a wave can be seen to move across the field as the tops of
the plants sway back and forth. This wave is a:
ANSWER: longitudinal wave.
simple harmonic motion. What is the speed of the mass when moving through a point at 0.05 m
displacement? The starting displacement of the mass is 0.10 m from its equilibrium position.
ANSWER: 1.7 m/s
Wave #1 has frequency f1 and wavelength λ1. Wave #2 has frequency f2 = 6 f1 and wavelength λ2 = 2λ1.
How does the speed v2 of wave #2 compare with the speed v1 of wave #1?
ANSWER: v2 = 12v1
A relatively new medical device that uses ultrasonics is referred to by the acronym CUSA. What does the
letter A stand for?
ANSWER: aspirator
Bar One has a Young's modulus that is bigger than that of Bar Two. This indicates Bar One:
ANSWER: is made of material that is different from Bar Two.
If it takes 7 N to stretch a spring 6 cm and if the spring is then cut in half, what force does it take to
stretch one of the halves 3 cm?
ANSWER: 7 N
If a heat engine has an efficiency of 10% and its power output is 570 W, what is the rate of heat
input from the combustion phase?
ANSWER: 5,700 W
A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 778 g. The aluminum is submerged in a container
of oil of density 0.650 g/cm3. A spring balance is attached with string to the piece of aluminum. What
reading will the balance register in grams (g) for the submerged metal?
ANSWER: 591 g
A bat, flying at 3.00 m/s toward a wall, emits a chirp at 50.0 kHz. If the wall reflects this sound pulse,
what is the frequency of the echo received by the bat? (vsound = 340 m/s)
ANSWER: 50.9 kHz
Water comes down the spillway of a dam from an initial vertical height of 170 m. What is the highest
ANSWER: 58 m/s
A windowpane is half a centimeter thick and has an area of 0.7 m2. The temperature difference
between the inside and outside surfaces of the pane is 15 °C. What is the rate of heat flow
through this window? (Thermal conductivity for glass is 0.84 J/s⋅m⋅°C.)
ANSWER: 1,800 J/s
14.5 Thermal Expansion
ANSWER: 3.8 cm
A solar heating system has a 25.0% conversion efficiency; the solar radiation incident on the panels is
1000 W/m2. What is the increase in temperature of 40.0-kg of water in a 1.00-h period by a 4.00 m 2 area
collector? (cw = 4186 J/kg · °C)
ANSWER: 21.5°C
A sound wave in air has a frequency of 510 Hz and a wavelength of 0.66 m. What is the air
temperature?
ANSWER: 9°C
ANSWER: 2.3 × 105
Of the following heat engines, which has the highest efficiency?
ANSWER: a Carnot engine
A disk has a moment of inertia of 2.8 × 10−4 kg·m2 and rotates with an angular speed of 3.3 rad/sec. What
net torque must be applied to bring it to rest within 3.9 s?
ANSWER: 2.4 × 10−4 N·m
For a wave traveling in a string, by what factor would the tension need to be increased to triple the wave
speed?
ANSWER: 9.0
Think of Bernoulli's equation as it pertains to an ideal fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe. Imagine
that you take measurements along the pipe in the direction of fluid flow. What happens to the sum of
the pressure and energy per unit volume?
40° and then released. After a time, the maximum angle of swing is only 14°. How much energy has
been lost to friction?
ANSWER: 0.81 J
A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 4.5 Hz and an amplitude of 8.6
cm. If the mass of the object is 0.3 kg, what is the spring constant?
ANSWER: 240 N/m
A figure skater on ice with arms extended, spins at a rate of 3.5 rev/s. After he draws his arms in, he
spins at 6.0 rev/s. By what factor does the skater's kinetic energy change when he draws his arms in?
ANSWER: 1.7
An object with mass m and moment of inertia I is spinning with an angular momentum L. Its kinetic
energy is:
ANSWER: 0.5L2/I.
A speaker designed to emit spherical sound waves is producing a sound intensity of 8 W/m 2 at a distance
of 1 m from the speaker. What would be the intensity of this sound at a distance of 2 m from the
speaker?
ANSWER: 2 W/m2
A string with fixed ends is made to go into standing wave patterns. At a given tension, the lowest
frequency for which such a pattern exists is 150 Hz. Which of the following frequencies would also cause
a standing wave pattern in this case?
ANSWER: 750 Hz
When a sine wave is used to represent a sound wave, the crest corresponds to:
A turntable has a moment of inertia of 3.00 × 10−2 kg·m2 and spins freely on a frictionless bearing at 25.0
rev/min. A 0.600-kg ball of putty is dropped vertically onto the turntable and sticks at a point 0.100 m
from the center. What is the new rate of rotation of the system?
For a standing wave in an air column in a pipe that is open at both ends, there must be at least:
An avalanche of ice and snow of mass 1,900 kg slides a vertical distance of 170 m down a mountainside.
If the temperature of the ice, snow, mountain and surrounding air are all at 0°C, what is the change in
entropy of the universe?
ASNWER: 11,595 J/K
A uniform rod of length L and mass M is pivoted about one end. Attached to the rod is a mass M at its
midpoint and at the end opposite the pivot is another mass M. What is the moment of inertia of this
configuration about the pivot?
ANSWER:19ML2 / 12
12.8 Standing Waves
ANSWER: 750 Hz
12.8 Standing Waves
ANSWER: 40 cm
A non-uniform rod of length L and mass M is pivoted about one end. The moment of inertia of this rod
about its pivoted end is 3ML2 / 4. Attached to the rod is a mass M at its midpoint and at the end opposite
the pivot is another mass 2M. What is the moment of inertia of this configuration about the pivot?
ANSWER:3ML2
Two cars, one in front of the other, are traveling down the highway at 27 m/s. The car behind sounds its
horn, which has a frequency of 515 Hz. What is the frequency heard by the driver of the lead car? (vsound =
340 m/s)
ANSWER: 515 Hz
A 2.0-mol ideal gas system is maintained at a constant volume of 4.0 L. If 110 J of heat is added, what is
the work done on the system?
ANSWER: zero
What is the total force on the bottom of a 2.0-m-diameter by 2.0-m-deep round wading pool due to the
weight of the air and the weight of the water? (Note the pressure contribution from the atmosphere is
ANSWER: 3.8 × 105 N
If a nonzero torque is applied to an object, that object will experience:
ANSWER: an angular acceleration.
Sea breezes that occur near the shore are attributed to a difference between land and water with
respect to what property?
A 5-m-long organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other. Its fundamental tone has wavelength:
ANSWER: 20 m.
During an isobaric process which one of the following does not change?
ANSWER: pressure
A wave on a string has a wavelength of 0.90 m at a frequency of 600 Hz. If a new wave at a frequency of
300 Hz is established in this same string under the same tension, what is the new wavelength?
ANSWER: 1.8 m
An inventor develops a stationary cycling device by which an individual, while pedaling, can convert all
of the energy expended into heat for warming water. What minimum power must be generated if 300 g of
water (enough for 1 cup of coffee) is to be heated in 10 min from 30°C to 90°C? (1 cal = 4.186 J, the
specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg · °C)
ANSWER: 130 W
A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.034 kg·m 2 has a net torque of 0.11 N*m applied to it. If it
starts from rest, what kinetic energy will it have 8.0 s later?
ANSWER: 11.4 J
9.2 Conservation of Energy and Rotational Motion
A solid disk of radius R rolls down an incline in time T. The center of the disk is removed up to a radius
of R/2. The remaining portion of the disk with its center gone is again rolled down the same incline. The
time it takes is:
ANSWER: more than T.
A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.038 kg·m 2 has a net torque of 0.12 N·m applied to it.
What angular acceleration does it experience?
ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2
The maximum theoretical thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine operating between hot and cold
A 0.40-m radius automobile tire accelerates from rest at a constant 2.0 rad/s 2. What is the centripetal
acceleration of a point on the outer edge of the tire after 5.0 s?
ANSWER: 40 m/s2
The quantity "strain" expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities (mass, length, time) is equivalent
to:
ANSWER: a dimensionless quantity.
If two adjacent frequencies of an organ pipe closed at one end are 515 Hz and 625 Hz, what is the length
of the organ pipe? (vsound = 340 m/s)
ANSWER: 1.5 m
The kinetic energy of the bob on a simple pendulum swinging in simple harmonic motion has its
maximum value when the displacement from equilibrium is at what point in its swing?
ANSWER: zero displacement
A buzzer with frequency f0 is thrown straight upwards. On the buzzer's trip down, what is the frequency
behavior heard by an observer below?
A bucket filled with water has a mass of 23 kg and is attached to a rope, which in turn, is wound around a
0.080-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. What torque does the weight of water and bucket produce on
the cylinder if the cylinder is not permitted to rotate? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 18 N·m
Doubling the distance between sound source and a listener will change the intensity, as detected by the
listener, by what factor?
ANSWER: 1/4
On a P-V diagram, an ____ process is represented by a horizontal line.
ANSWER:isobaric
A mass of 4.1 kg, resting on a horizontal frictionless surface, is attached on the right to a horizontal spring
with spring constant 23 N/m and on the left to a horizontal spring with spring constant 60 N/m. If this
system is moved from equilibrium, what is the effective spring constant?
ANSWER: 83 N/m
Waves propagate at 8.6 m/s along a stretched string. The end of the string is vibrated up and down once
every 1.5 s. What is the wavelength of the waves that travel along the string?
ANSWER: 12.9 m
The adiabatic index of a gas is given by which of the following?
ANSWER: CP /CV
Consider the curve f(x) = A cos(2πx/λ). The wavelength of the wave will be:
ANSWER: twice the distance x2 to x3.

An object moving in simple harmonic motion has an amplitude of 0.07 m and a maximum acceleration of
50 m/s2. What is the frequency of the system?
ANSWER: 4.3 Hz
Which of the following increases the internal energy of a solid metal rod?
ANSWER: having the rod absorb heat
ASNWER: CP /CV

at the listener's ear. If one of the speakers is gradually pushed toward the listener, how far must it be
moved to repeat the condition of constructive interference at the listener's ear? (The speed of sound = 340
m/s.)
ANSWER: 0.50 m
A wave is traveling in a string at 58 m/s. When the tension is then increased 17%, what will be the
resulting wave speed?
ANSWER: 63 m/s
A simple pendulum of length 1.46 m has a mass of 160 g attached. It is drawn back 34° and then
released. What is the maximum speed of the mass?
ANSWER: 1.83 m/s
A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 6 Hz and an amplitude of 3 cm.
If a timer is started when its displacement is a maximum (hence x = 3 cm when t = 0), what is the speed
of the mass when t = 7 s?
ANSWER: zero
An adiabatic expansion refers to the fact that:
ANSWER: no heat is transferred between a system and its surroundings.
A meter stick is hinged at its lower end and allowed to fall from a vertical position. If its moment of
inertia is ML2/3, with what angular speed does it hit the table?
ANSWER: 5.42 rad/s
As I use sandpaper on some rusty metal, the sandpaper gets hot because:
ANSWER: frictional processes increase the internal energy of the sandpaper.
A ceiling fan is turned on and reaches an angular speed of 60 rev/min in 20 s. It is then turned off and
ANSWER: 30
The filament temperature of a light bulb is 2,050 K when the bulb delivers 45 W of power. If its
emissivity remains constant, what power is delivered when the filament temperature is 2,450 K?
ANSWER: 92 W
A turntable has a moment of inertia of 3.00 × 10−2 kg·m2 and spins freely on a frictionless bearing at 25.0
rev/min. A 0.600-kg ball of putty is dropped vertically on the turntable and sticks at a point 0.100 m from
the center. By what factor does the angular momentum of the system change after the putty is dropped
onto the turntable?
ANSWER: 1.00 (no change)
Suppose a car has a 100,000 mile 10 year warranty on the wheels and axles of a car. How may turns will
the wheels of 0.80-m diameter make if both the mileage and time warranties run out simultaneously and
what will be the average angular velocities of the wheel? Assume that a mile = 1.6 x 103 m and that a year
is 3.16 x 107s.
ANSWER:6.4 x 107 , 1.3 rad/s
If one's hands are being warmed by holding them to one side of a flame, the predominant form of heat
transfer is what process?
ANSWER: radiation
An object of radius R and moment of inertia I rolls down an incline of height H after starting from rest. Its
total kinetic energy at the bottom of the incline:
ANSWER: cannot be found from the given information alone.
Two children seat themselves on a seesaw. The one on the left has a weight of 400 N while the one on
the right weighs 300 N. The fulcrum is at the midpoint of the seesaw. If the child on the right is not at the
end but is 1.50 m from the fulcrum and the seesaw is balanced, what is the torque provided by the
weight of the child on the left? (Take ccw as positive.)
ANSWER: 450 N·m
ANSWER: 0
As ice floats in water, about 10% of the ice floats above the surface of the water. If we float some ice in a
glass of water, what will happen to the water level as the ice melts?
ANSWER: The water level will remain unchanged.
Which of the following characterizes the net force on a particle falling through a fluid at its terminal
speed?
ANSWER: It is zero.
In an elastic solid there is a direct proportionality between strain and:
ANSWER: stress.
A tire stops a car by use of friction. What modulus should we use to calculate the stress and strain on the
tire?
ANSWER: shear modulus
Twenty grams of a solid at 70°C is place in 100 grams of a fluid at 20°C. Thermal equilibrium is
reached at 30°C. The specific heat of the solid:
ANSWER: is more than that of the fluid.
A woman who weighs 600 N stands on an 10.0 m long board that weighs 200 N. The board is supported
at each end. The support force at the right end is 3 times the support force at the left end. How far from
the right end is the woman standing?
ANSWER: 1.7 m
Of the planets with atmospheres, which is the warmest?
ANSWER: Venus
What temperature increase is necessary to increase the power radiated from an object by a factor
of 6?
ANSWER: about 57%
By what factor must one change the weight suspended vertically from a spring coil in order to double its
period of simple harmonic motion?
ANSWER: 4
An object of mass m and moment of inertia I has rotational kinetic energy KER. Its angular momentum is:
ANSWER: (2 IKER)1/2.
11.1 General Features of Harmonic Motion
What is its position at t = 6.0 s?
ANSWER: 0.061 m
rolls down the lane without slipping at a linear speed of 5.0 m/s, what is its angular speed?
ANSWER: 50 rad/s
A meterstick is supported by a knife-edge at the 50-cm mark. Doug hangs masses of 0.40 and 0.60 kg
from the 35-cm and 80-cm marks, respectively. Where should Doug hang a third mass of 0.30 kg to keep
the stick balanced?
ANSWER: 10 cm
Which of the following produces greenhouse gases?
ANSWER: all of the above
A ventilation fan has blades 0.25 m in radius rotating at 30 rpm. What is the tangential speed of each
blade tip?
ANSWER: 0.79 m/s
Suppose a car has a 100,000 mile 10 year warranty on the wheels and axles of a car. How may turns will
the wheels of 0.80-m diameter make if both the mileage and time warranties run out simultaneously
and what will be the average angular velocities of the wheel? Assume that a mile = 1.6 X 103 m and that
a year is 3.16 X 107s.
ANSWER: 6.4 x 107, 0.2 rad/s
A centrifuge rotates at 100 rev/s (i.e., 628 rad/s). If the test tube places the suspension at 9.0 cm from
the axis of rotation, by what factor are the terminal speeds of the settling particles increased as
compared to sedimentation cause by gravity?
ANSWER: 3.6 × 10 3
At a pressure of 1 atmosphere a column of mercury in a barometer is supported to the height h = 0.76

m. The density of mercury is 13.6 × 103 kg/m3. A barometer of similar design filled with water would
support a column of water how high at a pressure of 1 atmosphere?
ANSWER: more than ten times h
Inside a house, stepping on a tile floor barefooted may feel almost cold, but stepping on carpet in an
adjacent room feels comfortably warm. Why is this?
ANSWER: It's because the thermal conductivity of carpet is less than that of tile
A 40-kg boy is standing on the edge of a stationary 30-kg circular platform that is free to rotate. The boy
tries to walk around the platform in a counterclockwise direction. As he does:
ANSWER: the platform rotates in a clockwise direction while the boy goes around in a
counterclockwise direction relative to the ground
A cube of wood of density 0.78 g/cm3 is 10 cm on a side. When placed in water, what height of the block
will float above the surface? (water density = 1.00 g/cm 3)
ANSWER: 2.2 cm
A waterfall is 140 m high. What is the increase in water temperature at the bottom of the falls if all the
initial potential energy goes into heating the water? (g = 9.8 m/s2, cw = 4,186 J/kg⋅°C)
ANSWER: 0.33°C
A 0.20-kg block rests on a frictionless, level surface and is attached to a horizontally aligned spring with a
spring constant of 80 N/m. The block is initially displaced 4.0 cm from the equilibrium point and then
released to set up a simple harmonic motion. What is the speed of the block when it passes through the
equilibrium point?
ANSWER: 0.80 m/s
A rotating flywheel can be used as a method to store energy. If it is required that such a device be able to
store up to a maximum of 2.00 × 106 J when rotating at 400 rad/s, what moment of inertia is required?
A rotating flywheel can be used as a method to store energy. If it is required that such a device be able to
store up to a maximum of 2.00 × 106 J when rotating at 400 rad/s, what moment of inertia is required?
ANSWER: 25 kg*m2
A 0.60-kg rock is swung in a circular path and in a vertical plane on a 0.25-m length string. At the top of
the path, the angular speed is 12.0 rad/s. What is the tension in the string at that point?
ANSWER: 16 N
On a sunny day at the beach, the reason the sand gets so hot and the water stays relatively cool is
attributed to the difference in which property between water and sand?
The filament temperature of a light bulb is 2,050 K when the bulb delivers 45 W of power. If its
emissivity remains constant, what power is delivered when the filament temperature is 2,450 K?
ANSWER: 92 W
Three identical springs, each with spring constant k, are attached in parallel to a mass, which is then set
ANSWER: 3k
An initially installed flywheel can store 106 J of kinetic energy when rotating at 300 rad/s. It is replaced by
another flywheel of the same size but made of a stronger material. If its mass is the same as that of the
original, and it is now capable of achieving a rotational speed of 445 rad/s, what maximum energy can be
stored?
ANSWER: 2.20E+6 J
Doubling the displacement from equilibrium of an object in simple harmonic motion will bring about a
change in the magnitude of the object's acceleration by what factor?
ANSWER:2.0
An automobile accelerates from zero to 30 m/s in 6.0 s. The wheels have a diameter of 1.0 m. What is
the average angular acceleration of each wheel?
ANSWER: 10 rad/s2
Of the following systems, which contains the most heat?
ANSWER: Systems do not contain heat
Suppose a 0.30-kg mass on a spring that has been compressed 0.20 m has elastic potential energy of 1.0 J.
How much further must the spring be compressed to triple the elastic potential energy?
ANSWER: 0.15 m
Suppose a 0.30-kg mass on a spring-loaded gun that has been compressed 0.20 m has elastic potential
energy of 1.0 J. How high above the spring's equilibrium point can the gun fire the mass if the gun is fired
straight up?
ANSWER: 0.14 m
The condition for onset of turbulent flow is that the Reynolds Number reaches what value?
ASNWER: 3 000
A 6.0 kg mass in the xy plane is moving in the negative x direction at 3.0 m/s along the line y =
4.0 m. As the mass passes the point (x, y = 10 m, 4.0 m), what is its angular momentum with
respect to the z axis?
ANSWER: 72 SI units
A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 4.0 Hz and amplitude of 8.0 cm.
If the mass of the object is 0.25 kg, what is the spring constant?
ANSWER: 158 N/m
How many calories are equal to one BTU? (One calorie = 4.186 J, one BTU = 1 054 J.)
ANSWER: 252
A bucket in an old well is hoisted upward by a rope which winds up on a cylinder having a radius of
0.050 m. How many rev/s must the cylinder turn if the bucket is raised at a speed of 0.20 m/s?
ASNWER: 0.64 rev/s
An object at 19°C has its temperature increased to 33°C. The power then radiated by this object increases
by how many percent?
ANSWER: 21
The bulk modulus of a material, as a meaningful physical property, is applicable to which of the
following?
ANSWER: solids, liquids and gases
Consider the curve f(x) = A cos(2πx/λ). The wavelength of the wave will be:
ANSWER: twice the distance x2 to x3.
ANSWER: 76 m/s
A traveling wave train has wavelength 1.0 m and speed 20 m/s. Find the wave frequency.
ANSWER: 20 Hz
A sound intensity of 70 dB is observed at a distance d from the source of sound. What sound intensity
would be observed at a distance 2d from the source?
ANSWER: 64 dB
Sound waves of a certain frequency in air having a wavelength of 1.9 m will have what wavelength in
water? Take the speed of sound in air to be 340 m/s and in water to be 1 490 m/s.
ANSWER: 8.3 m
The speed of sound at 0°C is 331 m/s. What is the speed of sound at 32°C? (0°C = 273 K)
ANSWER: 350 m/s
A long string is pulled so that the tension in it increases by a factor of three. If the change in length is
negligible, by what factor does the wave speed change?
ANSWER: 1.73
You stand by the railroad tracks as a train passes by. You hear a 950-Hz frequency when the train
approaches, which changes to 820 Hz as it goes away. How fast is the train moving? The speed of sound
in air is 340 m/s.
ANSWER: 25.0 m/s
When gasoline is burned, it gives off 43,000 J/g of heat energy. If an automobile uses 12.6 kg of gasoline
per hour with an efficiency of 23%, what is the average horsepower output of the engine? (1 hp = 746 W)
ANSWER: 46 hp
Which one of the following quantities is at a maximum when an object in simple harmonic
motion is at its maximum displacement?
ANSWER: acceleration
12.8 Standing Waves
A standing wave is set up in a 2.0-m string fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in 3 distinct segments
The wavelength of a traveling wave can be calculated if one knows the:
ANSWER: frequency and speed.
ASNWER: having the rod absorb heat
A 2.00-m long organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other. Its fundamental tone has wavelength:
ANSWER: 8.00 m.
ANSWER: 3.01 m
Consider two identical and symmetrical wave pulses on a string. Suppose the first pulse reaches the fixed
end of the string and is reflected back and then meets the second pulse. When the two pulses overlap
exactly, the superposition principle predicts that the amplitude of the resultant pulses, at that moment,
will be what factor times the amplitude of one of the original pulses?
ANSWER: 0
In an isothermal process for an ideal gas system (where the internal energy doesn't change), which of
the following choices best corresponds to the value of the work done on the system?
ANSWER: the negative of its heat intake
A steel piano string is attached, under tension, at each end to secure posts. When gently struck, a faint
note can be detected coming from the string. The string is then cooled by blowing cold air over it and then
is struck again. How does the note now detected compare to the previous one.
ANSWER: It is at a higher frequency than the original one.
Carly places one end of a steel bar in a Bunsen flame and the other end in an ice cube. By what factor is
the rate of heat flow changed when the bar's cross-sectional area is tripled?
ANSWER: 3.0
14.5 Thermal Expansion
An automobile gas tank is filled to its capacity of 20.00 gallons with the gasoline at an initial temperature
of 10°C. The automobile is parked in the Sun causing the gasoline's temperature to rise to 60°C. If the
coefficient of volume expansion for gasoline is 9.6 × 10−4/°C, what volume runs out the overflow tube?
Assume the change in volume of the tank is negligible.
ANSWER: 0.96 gallon
Two springs, each with spring constant 20 N/m, are connected in parallel, and the combination is
hung vertically from one end. A 50-N weight is then suspended from the other end of the
combined spring. How far does the combined spring stretch as it comes to equilibrium?
ANSWER: 1.25 m
A standing wave is set up in a 5-m string fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in 8 distinct segments

A 500-Hz whistle is moved toward a listener at a speed of 10.0 m/s. At the same time, the listener moves
at a speed of 20.0 m/s in a direction toward the whistle. What is the apparent frequency heard by the
listener? (The speed of sound is 340 m/s.)
ANSWER: 545 Hz
A solar heating system has a 25.0% conversion efficiency; the solar radiation incident on the panels is
1000 W/m2. What is the increase in temperature of 40.0-kg of water in a 1.00-h period by a 4.00 m 2 area
collector? (cw = 4186 J/kg · °C)
ANSWER: 21.5°C
ASNWER: 40 m/s2
1.9 kilogram of water at 1.00 atm at the boiling point of 100°C is heated until all the water
vaporizes. What is its change in entropy? (For water, Lv = 2.26 × 106 J/kg)
ANSWER: 11,512 J/K
ANSWER: v2 = 12v1
120 g of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point of 77 K is stirred into a beaker containing 520 g of 15°C water.
If the nitrogen leaves the solution as soon as it turns to gas, how much water freezes? The heat of
vaporization of nitrogen is 48 cal/g and that of water is 80 cal/g.
ANSWER: none
If the intensity of a sound is increased by a factor of 1000, how is the decibel level changed? The new
decibel level will be:
Of the following heat engines, which has the highest efficiency?
ANSWER: a Carnot engine
lost to friction?
ANSWER: 0.81 J
On a P-V diagram, if a process involves a closed curve, the area inside the curve represents:
ANSWER: work.
The maximum theoretical thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine operating between hot and cold
During an isobaric process which one of the following does not change?
ANSWER: pressure
ANSWER: 1.8 m
If it takes 7 N to stretch a spring 6 cm and if the spring is then cut in half, what force does it take to
stretch one of the halves 3 cm?
ANSWER: 7 N
Quadrupling the distance between sound source and a listener will change the intensity, as detected by
the listener, by what factor?
ANSWER: 1/16
Two cars, one in front of the other, are traveling down the highway at 27 m/s. The car behind sounds its
horn, which has a frequency of 515 Hz. What is the frequency heard by the driver of the lead car? (vsound =
340 m/s)
ANSWER: 515 Hz
ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2

to:

For a wave traveling in a string, by what factor would the tension need to be increased to triple the wave
speed?
ANSWER: 9.0
When a sine wave is used to represent a sound wave, the crest corresponds to:
ANSWER: 0.48 rad/s
A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm 3 and mass 778 g. The aluminum is submerged in a container
of oil of density 0.650 g/cm3. A spring balance is attached with string to the piece of aluminum. What
reading will the balance register in grams (g) for the submerged metal?
ANSWER: 591 g
The lower A on a piano has a frequency of 29.5 Hz. If the tension in the 4-m-long string is 301 N and one-
half wavelength occupies the string, what is the mass of the string?
ANSWER: 22 g
A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 4.5 Hz and an amplitude of 8.6
cm. If the mass of the object is 0.3 kg, what is the spring constant?
ANSWER: 240 N/m

A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat sinks because of a leak. What happens to the surface
level of the pond?
ANSWER: It goes down
ANSWER: zero
An avalanche of ice and snow of mass 1,900 kg slides a vertical distance of 170 m down a mountainside.
If the temperature of the ice, snow, mountain and surrounding air are all at 0°C, what is the change in
entropy of the universe?
ANSWER: 11,595 J/K
ANSWER: A tetherball is attached to a pole with a 2.0-m rope. It is circling at 0.20 rev/s. As the rope
wraps around the pole, it shortens. How long is the rope when the ball is moving at 6.0 m/s?
ANSWER; 0.83 m

A speaker designed to emit spherical sound waves is producing a sound intensity of 8 W/m 2 at a distance
of 1 m from the speaker. What would be the intensity of this sound at a distance of 2 m from the
speaker?
ANSWER; 2 W/m2
Which of the following best describes a sound level of intensity 1 W/m 2?
A tuning fork is sounded above a resonating tube (one end closed), which resonates at a length of 0.2 m
and again at 1 m. What is the frequency of the fork when the speed of sound is taken to be 340 m/s?
ANSWER: 283 Hz
When an object is moving in simple harmonic motion, which of the following is at a minimum when the
displacement from equilibrium is zero?
ANSWER: the magnitude of the acceleration
A pendulum on the Earth has a period T. The acceleration due to gravity on Mars is less than that on the
Earth, and the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is even less. Where would the period of an
ANSWER; on the Earth
A tuning fork is sounded above an adjustable length resonating tube (one end closed), which resonates at
a length of 0.250 m and again at 0.750 m. If the tube length were extended further, at what point will the
tuning fork again create a resonance condition?
ANSWER; 1.25 m
Think of Bernoulli's equation as it pertains to an ideal fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe. Imagine
that you take measurements along the pipe in the direction of fluid flow. What happens to the sum of
the pressure and energy per unit volume?
Bar One has a Young's modulus that is bigger than that of Bar Two. This indicates Bar One:
ANSWER; is made of material that is different from Bar Two.
A baseball pitcher loosens up his pitching arm. He tosses a 0.15-kg ball using only the rotation of his
forearm, 0.26 m in length, to accelerate the ball. If the ball starts at rest and is released with a speed of 23
m/s in a time of 0.4 s, what torque is applied to the ball while being held by the pitcher's hand to produce
the angular acceleration?
ANSWER: 2.2 N·m
A 0.200-kg object is swung in a circular path and in a vertical plane on a 0.500-m length string. If the
angular speed at the bottom is 8.00 rad/s, what is the tension in the string when the object is at the
bottom of the circle?
ANSWER: 8.36 N
Transverse waves travel with a speed of 100 m/s along a taut copper wire that has a diameter of 1.67 mm.
What is the tension in the wire? (The density of copper is 8.93 g/cm 3.)
ANSWER: 195 N
ANSWER: 144 kg·m2
In an isovolumetric process by an ideal gas, the system's heat gain is equivalent to a change in:
A bucket filled with water has a mass of 23 kg and is attached to a rope, which in turn, is wound around a
0.080-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. What torque does the weight of water and bucket produce on
the cylinder if the cylinder is not permitted to rotate? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 18 N·m
A bucket of water with total mass 21.0 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.050-m
radius cylinder, with crank, at the top of a well. The moment of inertia of the cylinder and crank is 0.21
kg m2. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and released to fall back into the well. What is the
kinetic energy of the cylinder and crank at the instant the bucket is moving with a speed of 5.0 m/s?
ANSWER: 1 050 J
A hoop with mass, M, and radius, R, rolls along a level surface without slipping with a linear speed, v.
ANSWER: 1/1
ANSWER: 0.043 m
12.8 Standing Waves
ANSWER: 40 cm
A solid sphere of mass 2.5 kg and radius 0.12 m starts from rest at the top of a ramp inclined 15° and
rolls to the bottom. The upper end of the ramp is 1.0 m higher than the lower end. What is the linear
speed of the sphere when it reaches the bottom of the ramp? (Note: I = 0.4MR2 for a solid sphere,
and g = 9.8 m/s2.)
ANSWER: 3.7 m/s
The bottom of a flat-bottomed aluminum boat has an area of 4.3 m2 and the boat's mass is 64 kg. When
set afloat in water, how far below the water surface is the boat bottom? (water density = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3)
ANSWER: 0.015 m
ANSWER: 16 Hz
A bucket of water with total mass 22 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.04-m
radius cylinder at the top of a well. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and released. The bucket is
moving with a speed of 7.0 m/s upon hitting the water surface in the well. What is the angular speed of
the cylinder at this instant?
ANSWER: 175 rad/s
A 45-g cube of ice, initially at 0.0°C, is dropped into 220 g of water in an 80-g aluminum container, both
initially at 25°C. What is the final equilibrium temperature? (Specific heat for aluminum is 900 J/kg⋅°C,
the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg⋅°C, and Lf = 3.33 × 105 J/kg.)
ANSWER: 8.3°C

ANSWER: 8.0 N

Double both the tension in a guitar string and its mass per unit length will result in changing the wave
speed in the string by what factor?
A 16 000-N car on a hydraulic lift rests on a cylinder with a piston of radius 0.10 m. If a connecting
cylinder with a piston of 0.050-m radius is driven by compressed air, what force must be applied to this
smaller piston in order to lift the car?
ANSWER: 4 000 N
A hot (70°C) lump of metal has a mass of 250 g and a specific heat of 0.25 cal/g·°C. John drops the metal
into a 500-g calorimeter containing 40 g of water at 20°C. The calorimeter is constructed of a material
that has a specific heat of 0.10 cal/ g·°C. When equilibrium is reached, what will be the final temperature?
(cwater = 1.00 cal/g·°C.)
ANSWER: 40°C
A 8.4-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m. Where can a 4.2-kg mass be placed so that the moment of inertia
about the z axis is zero?
ANSWER: There is no position giving this result.
ANSWER: 30
An 80-kg man is one fourth of the way up a 10-m ladder that is resting against a smooth, frictionless wall.
If the ladder has a mass of 30 kg and it makes an angle of 60° with the ground, find the force of friction
of the ground on the foot of the ladder.
ANSWER: 2.0 × 102 N
Water comes down the spillway of a dam from an initial vertical height of 170 m. What is the highest
ANSWER: 58 m/s
At high noon, the Sun delivers 900 W to each square meter of a blacktop road. What is the equilibrium
temperature of the asphalt, assuming its emissivity e = 1? (σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2×K4) .
ANSWER: 82°C
14.2 Temperature and Heat
Arrange the following units, Calorie, calorie, and Joule from smallest to largest.
ANSWER: Joule, calorie, Calorie
How much heat energy is required to vaporize a 5.0-g ice cube at 0°C? The heat of fusion of ice is 80
cal/g. The heat of vaporization of water is 540 cal/g, and cwater = 1.00 cal/g⋅°C.
ANSWER: 3,600 cal
1400 rev/min is equivalent to which of the following?
ANSWER: 147 rad/s
An ice skater spins at 3.5 rev/s with his arms are extended. He draws his arms in and spins at 8.3 rev/s.
By what factor does his moment of inertia change in the process?
ANSWER: 0.42
speed?
ANSWER: It is zero.
ANSWER: 176 kg·m2
A non-uniform round object of mass M and radius R is found to have its total kinetic energy to be given
by KE = 3/5 Mv2 when rolling down an incline. What is this object's moment of inertia?
ANSWER: 1/5 MR2

A 0.30-m radius automobile tire rotates how many rad after starting from rest and accelerating at a
constant 4.0 rad/s2 over a 3.0-s interval?
ANSWER: 18 rad
A 0.19-m radius grinding wheel takes 2.8 s to speed up from 3.0 rad/s to 12.0 rad/s. What is the wheel's
average angular acceleration?
ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2
An ideal fluid, of density 0.85 × 103 kg/m3, flows at 0.27 kg/s through a pipe of radius 0.018 m. What is
the fluid speed?
ANSWER: 0.31 m/s
If a 1,000-kg car was moving at 30 m/s, what would be its kinetic energy expressed in the unusual (for
ASNWER: 1.1 × 105
The surfaces of a Dewar flask are silvered for the purpose of minimizing heat transfer by what process?
ANSWER: radiation
speed?
ANSWER: It is zero.
A circular disk is rotating about a central axis with an angular velocity which is increasing at a constant
rate. Point 1 on the disk is located at a distance r1 from the center of the disk and point 2 on the disk is
located at a distance r2 from the center of the disk. If r2 = 2r1 , which of the following ratios is the
largest? 1 and 2 refer to being at points 1 and 2 in the subscripts below, all values occurring at the same
time.
answer: ac2 / ac1
about its pivoted end is 1ML2 / 4. Attached to the rod is a mass 3M at its midpoint and at the end
opposite the pivot is another mass 2M. What is the moment of inertia of this configuration about the
pivot?
ANSWER: 3ml2
A 4-g lead bullet traveling in 20°C air at 290 m/s strikes a flat steel plate and stops. What is the final
temperature of the lead bullet? (Assume the bullet retains all heat.) The melting point of lead is 327°C.
The specific heat of lead is 0.128 J/g⋅°C. The heat of fusion of lead is 24.5 J/g.
ANSWER: 327°C
What is the total mass of the Earth's atmosphere? (The radius of the Earth is 6.4 × 106 m, and
atmospheric pressure at the surface is 10 5 N/m2.)
ANSWER: 5 × 1018 kg
A non-uniform round object of mass M and radius R is found to have its total kinetic energy to be given
by KE = 3/5 Mv2 when rolling down an incline. What is this object's moment of inertia?
ANSWER: 1/5 MR2

A hole is poked through the metal side of a drum holding water. The hole is 19 cm below the water
surface. What is the initial speed of outflow?
ANSWER: 1.9 m/s
The torque caused by a force F applied at a distance r from the axis of rotation, is given by τ = rF
sinθ, where θ is the angle between r and F. If the magnitudes r and F remain the same, what other
angle θ' will produce the same torque as was produced at angle θ if θ was less than 90°?
ANSWER: θ' = 180° - θ
A plot of the temperature versus the energy per kg added to a piece of ice as it goes from below freezing
at − 10°C to becoming steam at 110°C consists of straight lines, some horizontal and some with an
upward slope. What do the upward slopes represent?
ANSWER: reciprocals of specific heats
A 4-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic process where it expands and does 24 J of work on its
environment. How much heat is received by the system?
ANSWER: zero
What is the maximum net force on the mass as it oscillates?
ANSWER: 3.9 × 10−3 N
If the speed of a wave on a violin string is 400 m/s, what will be the speed of the wave if the tension in
the string is halved?
ANSWER: 280 m/s
A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 6 Hz and an amplitude of 3 cm.
If a timer is started when its displacement is a maximum (hence x = 3 cm when t = 0), what is the speed
of the mass when t = 7 s?
ANSWER: zero
A pound of body fat has an energy content of about 4,100 kcal. If a 1,100-kg automobile had an
equivalent amount of translational kinetic energy, how fast would it be moving? (0.447 m/s = 1 mph,
1 kcal = 4 186 J)
ANSWER: 395 mph
force?
ANSWER: 4.6 mm
The superposition principle has to do with which of the following?
ANSWER: how displacements of interacting waves add together
On a P-V diagram, an ____ process is represented by a horizontal line.
ANSWER: isobaric
13.4 Beats
A vibrating guitar string emits a tone simultaneously with one from a 500-Hz tuning fork. If a beat
frequency of 4 Hz results, what is the frequency of vibration of the string?
ANSWER: Either choice B or C is valid.
Equal wavelength waves of amplitude 0.25 m and 0.10 m interfere with one another. What is the resulting
minimum amplitude that can result?
ANSWR: 0.15 m
ANSWER: CP /CV
Three Carnot engines operate between temperature reservoirs as follows: Engine A: Th = 1,100 K, Tc = 800
K; Engine B: Th = 1,100 K, Tc = 700 K; Engine C: Th = 550 K, Tc = 400 K. Which two engines have the same
thermal efficiency?
ANSWER: A and C
The Carnot cycle consists of a combination of ____ and ____ processes.
ANSWER: adiabatic, isothermal
A pendulum on the Earth has a period T. The acceleration of due to gravity on Mars is less than that on
the Earth, and the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is even less. Where would the period of an
The wavelength of a traveling wave can be calculated if one knows the:
ANSWER: frequency and speed.
Which is not an example of approximate simple harmonic motion?
ANSWER: A ball bouncing on the floor.
In which system is heat usually transferred from the cooler part to the warmer part?
ANSWER: a refrigerator that is running
If the frequency of a traveling wave train is increased by a factor of three in a medium where the speed
is constant, which of the following is the result?
ANSWER: wavelength is one third as big
A chamber that can be filled with different gases has placed in it a source of sound that in air produces a
frequency of 200 Hz and a microphone to pick up the sound for frequency analysis. First the chamber is
filled with helium (speed of sound 1 000 m/s at room conditions), then the helium is replaced with
oxygen (speed of sound 330 m/s at room conditions), and then finally the helium is replaced with carbon
dioxide (speed of sound 269 m/s at room conditions). In which gas is the highest frequency of sound
found by the microphone during this experiment?
ANSWER: They all have the same frequency of sound.
I take 2.0 kg of ice and dump it into 1.0 kg of water and, when equilibrium is reached, I have 3.0 kg of ice
at 0°C. The water was originally at 0°C. The specific heat of water = 1.00 kcal/kg·°C, the specific heat of
ice = 0.50 kcal/kg·°C, and the latent heat of fusion of water is 80 kcal/kg. The original temperature of the
ice was:
ANSWER: −80°C.
A cylinder containing an ideal gas has a volume of 2 m3 and a pressure of 2 × 105 Pa at a temperature of
320 K. The cylinder is placed against a metal block that is maintained at 860 K and the gas expands as the
pressure remains constant until the temperature of the gas reaches 860 K. The change in internal energy
of the gas is 6.1 × 105 J. Find the change in entropy of the block associated with the heat transfer to the
gas.
ANSWER: -1,130 J/K
Heat is applied to an ice-water mixture to melt some of the ice. In this process:
ANSWER: the internal energy increases.
What is the next harmonic frequency over the fundamental for an organ pipe 1.50 m in length, closed at
one end? The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
ANSWER: 170 Hz
In which system is heat usually transferred from the cooler part to the warmer part?
ANSWER: a refrigerator that is running
13.4 Beats
ANSWER: 5 Hz
If the air temperature decreases, how does the resonant frequency in a pipe closed at one end change?
ANSWER: It decreases.
14.8 Heat Flow by Radiation
The filament temperature of a light bulb is 2000 K when the bulb delivers 50 W of power. If its emissivity
remains constant, what power is delivered when the filament temperature is 2500 K?
ANSWER: 122 W
In cloud formation, water vapor turns into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This
will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to:
ANSWER: get warmer.
ANSWER: 0.48 rad/s
When water freezes, it expands about nine percent. What would be the pressure increase inside your
automobile engine block if the water in there froze? (The bulk modulus of ice is 2.0 × 109 Pa, and 1 atm =
1.0 × 105 Pa.)
ANSWER: 1 800 atm
ANSWER: 40 m/s2
A windowpane is half a centimeter thick and has an area of 0.7 m 2. The temperature difference between
the inside and outside surfaces of the pane is 15 °C. What is the rate of heat flow through this window?
(Thermal conductivity for glass is 0.84 J/s⋅m⋅°C.)
ANSWER: 1,800 J/s
A large stone is resting on the bottom of the swimming pool. The normal force of the bottom of the pool
ANSWER: difference between the weight of the stone and the weight of the displaced water.
What is the total force on the bottom of a 2.0-m-diameter by 2.0-m-deep round wading pool due to the
weight of the air and the weight of the water? (Note the pressure contribution from the atmosphere is
ANSWER: 3.8 × 105 N

to:
ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2
ANSWER: 0.49 m/s
To double the total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, by what factor should the amplitude change?
ANSWER: SQUAREROOT OF 2
Transverse waves travel with a speed of 100 m/s along a taut copper wire that has a diameter of 1.67
mm. What is the tension in the wire? (The density of copper is 8.93 g/cm 3.)
ANSWER: 195 N
Suppose a power plant uses a Carnot engine to generate electricity, using the atmosphere at 300 K as
the low-temperature reservoir. Suppose the power plant produces 1 × 106 J of electricity with the hot
reservoir at 500 K during Day One and then produces 1 × 106 J of electricity with the hot reservoir at 600
K during Day Two. The thermal pollution was:
ANSWER: greatest on Day One.

A very loud train whistle has an acoustic power output of 80 W. If the sound energy spreads out
spherically, what is the intensity level in dB at a distance of 100 meters from the train? (I0 = 10−12 W/m2)
ANSWER: 88.0 dB

I take 1.1 kg of ice and dump it into 1.0 kg of water and, when equilibrium is reached, I have 2.1 kg of ice
at 0°C. The water was originally at 0°C. The specific heat of water = 1.00 kcal/kg⋅°C, the specific heat of
ice = 0.50 kcal/kg⋅°C, and the latent heat of fusion of water is 80 kcal/kg. The original temperature of the
ice was:
ANSWER: -145°C.
ANSWER: J/K
about its pivoted end is 3ML2 / 4. Attached to the rod is a mass M at its midpoint and at the end opposite
the pivot is another mass 2M. What is the moment of inertia of this configuration about the pivot?
ANSWER: 3ML2
A 5-m-long organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other. Its fundamental tone has wavelength:
ANSWER: 20 m.
9.2 Conservation of Energy and Rotational Motion
A solid disk of radius R rolls down an incline in time T. The center of the disk is removed up to a radius
of R/2. The remaining portion of the disk with its center gone is again rolled down the same incline. The
time it takes is:
ANSWER: more than T.
Arrange the temperatures 40 ºF, 40 ºC, and 40 K from highest to lowest.
ANSWER: 40 ºC, 40 ºF, 40 K
A grindstone spinning at the rate of 20 rev/s has what approximate angular speed?
ANSWER: 126 rad/s
How deep under the surface of a lake would the pressure be double that at the surface? (1 atm =
1.01 × 105 Pa)
ANSWER: 10.3 m
tripled?
ANSWER: 3.0 For a standing wave in an air column in a pipe that is open at both ends, there must be at
least:
ANSWER: zero
The wave-related quantity algebraically equivalent to 1/f is:
ANSWER:T
11.1 General Features of Harmonic Motion
ANSWER: 0.061 m
A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat starts to sink because of a leak but quick action
plugging the leak stops the boat from going under although it is now deeper in the water. What happens
ANSWER: It stays the same.
A uniform rod of length L and weight W is placed on a fulcrum a distance of 0.4L from the left end. On
the left end is placed a mass of weight 2W and on the right end a vertical force F is applied to keep the
system in balance. What are the magnitude and direction of the force F?
ANSWER:7/6 W, DOWN
rate of 0.0500 rad/s2. What angular displacement does the Ferris wheel undergo in this 7.00-s interval?
ANSWER: 4.73 rad
What temperature increase is necessary to increase the power radiated from an object by a factor of 6?
ANSWER: about 57%
A simple pendulum has a period of 1.0 s. What is the pendulum length? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 0.25 m
An 80.0-g piece of copper, initially at 290°C, is dropped into 200 g of water contained in a 250-g
aluminum calorimeter; the water and calorimeter are initially at 12.0°C. What is the final temperature of
the system? (Specific heats of copper and aluminum are 0.092 0 and 0.215 cal/g⋅°C, respectively. cw =
1.00 cal/g⋅°C)
ASNWER: 31.2°C
Spherical particles of density 1.6 g/cm3 are shaken in a container of water (viscosity = 1.0 × 10−3 N⋅s/m3).
The water is 8.0 cm deep and is allowed to stand for 30 minutes. What is the radius of the largest
particles still in suspension at that time?
ANSWER: 5.8 × 10−6 m
A cube of wood of density 0.78 g/cm3 is 10 cm on a side. When placed in water, what height of the block
will float above the surface? (water density = 1.00 g/cm 3)
ASNWER: 2.2 cm
The Earth's gravity exerts no torque on a satellite orbiting the Earth in an elliptical orbit. Compare the
motion of the satellite at the point nearest the Earth (perigee) to the motion at the point farthest from the
Earth (apogee). At these two points:
ANSWER: the angular momenta are the same.
A solid sphere of radius R is placed on an incline that makes an angle θ with the horizontal. The sphere
rolls down the incline without slipping. What is its acceleration?
ANSWER: 5/7 g sin θ
A fan blade, initially at rest, rotates with a constant acceleration of 0.020 rad/s 2. What is the time
interval required for it to reach a 8-rad displacement after starting from rest?
ASNWER: 28 s
Water is sent from a fire hose at 25 m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. What is the maximum
height reached by the water?
ANSWER: 8 m
By what factor is the total pressure greater at a depth of 890 m in water than at the surface where
pressure is one atmosphere? (water density = 1.0 × 103 kg/m3, 1 atmosphere pressure = 1.01 × 105 N/m2,
and g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 86
ANSWER: 0
A 0.40-kg object, attached to a spring with spring constant k = 10 N/m, is moving on a horizontal,
frictionless surface in simple harmonic motion of amplitude of 0.080 m. What is its speed at the instant
when its displacement is 0.040 m? (Hint: Use conservation of energy.)
ANSWER: 35 cm/s
rolls down the lane without slipping at a linear speed of 5.0 m/s, what is its angular speed?
ANSWER: 50 rad/s
A bucket of water with total mass 23 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn, is wound around a 0.080-m
radius cylinder at the top of a well. A crank with a turning radius of 0.5 m is attached to the end of the
cylinder. What minimum force directed perpendicular to the crank handle is required to just raise the
bucket? (Assume the rope's mass is negligible, that the cylinder turns on frictionless bearings, and
that g = 9.8 m/s2.)
ANSWER: 36 N
ANSWER: 63 m/s
ANSWER: CP /CV
A heat engine exhausts 3,700 J of heat while performing 1,700 J of useful work. What is the efficiency of
the engine?
ANSWER: 31%
Which is not an example of approximate simple harmonic motion?
ANSWER: A ball bouncing on the floor.
force?
ANSWER: 4.6 mm
A wave travels in a string at 60 m/s. A second string of 40% greater linear density has the same tension
applied as in the first string. What will be the resulting wave speed in the second string?
ANSWER: 51 m/s
I place a 250-g ice cube (initially at 0°C) in a Styrofoam box with wall thickness 1.0 cm and total surface
area 600 cm2. If the air surrounding the box is at 20°C and after 2 hours the ice is completely melted, what
is the conductivity of the Styrofoam material? (Lf = 80 cal/g)
ANSWER: 2.3 × 10−4 CAL/S / CM* DEGREE SIGN C
The Carnot cycle consists of a combination of ____ and ____ processes.
ANSWER: adiabatic, isothermal
An electrical power plant manages to send 88% of the heat produced in the burning of fossil fuel into the
water-to-steam conversion. Of the heat carried by the steam, 40% is converted to the mechanical energy
of the spinning turbine. Which of the following choices best describes the overall efficiency of the heat-
to-work conversion in the plant (as a percentage)?
ANSWER: less than 40%
If a guitar string has a fundamental frequency of 531 Hz, what is the frequency of its third overtone?
ANSWER: 2,124 Hz
Suppose there is an object for which F = +kx. What will happen if the object is moved away from
equilibrium (x = 0) and released?
ANSWER: It will move further away with increasing acceleration.
Marc attaches a falling 250-kg object with a rope through a pulley to a paddle wheel shaft. He places the
system in a well-insulated tank holding 12 kg of water. When the object falls, it causes the paddle wheel
to rotate and churn the water. If the object falls a vertical distance of 100 m at constant speed, what is the
temperature change of the water? (1 kcal = 4186 J, the specific heat of water is 4186 J/kg · °C, and g = 9.8
m/s2)
ANSWER: 4.9°C
What is the change in entropy (ΔS) when one mole of silver (108 g) is completely melted at 966°C? (The
heat of fusion of silver is 8.82 × 104 J/kg.)
ANSWER: 7.69 J/K
ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2
A cylinder containing an ideal gas has a volume of 2.1 m 3 and a pressure of 1.6 × 105 Pa at a temperature
of 300 K. The cylinder is placed against a metal block that is maintained at 900 K and the gas expands as
the pressure remains constant until the temperature of the gas reaches 900 K. The change in internal
energy of the gas is +6.2 × 105 J. How much heat did the gas absorb?
ANSWER: 12.9 × 105 J
A bucket of water with total mass 22 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.04-m
radius cylinder at the top of a well. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and released. The bucket is
moving with a speed of 7.0 m/s upon hitting the water surface in the well. What is the angular speed of
the cylinder at this instant?
ANSWER: 175 rad/s
How far away is a lightning strike if you hear the thunderclap 2.00 s after you see the lightning bolt
strike? (vsound = 340 m/s, vlight = 3 × 108 m/s)
ANSWER: 680 m
If two adjacent frequencies of an organ pipe closed at one end are 515 Hz and 625 Hz, what is the length
of the organ pipe? (vsound = 340 m/s)
ANSWER: 1.5 m
lost to friction?
ANSWER: 0.81 J
ANSWER: v2 = 12v1
ANSWER: 1.8 m
Quadrupling the distance between sound source and a listener will change the intensity, as detected by
the listener, by what factor?
ANSWER: 1/16
A solid object is made of two materials, one material having density of 2 000 kg/m3 and the other having
density of 5 000 kg/m3. If the object contains equal volumes of the materials, what is its average density?
ANSWER: 3 500 kg/m3
Which type of heating causes sunburn?
ANSWER: radiation
ANSWER: 0.49 m/s
At high noon, the Sun delivers 900 W to each square meter of a blacktop road. What is the equilibrium
temperature of the asphalt, assuming its emissivity e = 1? (σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2×K4) .
ANSWER: 82°C
ANSWER: J/K
12.6 Reflection
Two water waves meet at the same point, one having a displacement above equilibrium of 60 cm and the
other having a displacement above equilibrium of 40 cm. At this moment, what is the resulting
displacement above equilibrium?
ANSWER: 100 cm
Double both the tension in a guitar string and its mass per unit length will result in changing the wave
speed in the string by what factor?
doubled?
ANSWER: 2.0
120 g of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point of 77 K is stirred into a beaker containing 520 g of 15°C water.
If the nitrogen leaves the solution as soon as it turns to gas, how much water freezes? The heat of
vaporization of nitrogen is 48 cal/g and that of water is 80 cal/g.
ANSWER: none
A tetherball is attached to a pole with a 2.0-m rope. It is circling at 0.20 rev/s. As the rope wraps around
the pole, it shortens. How long is the rope when the ball is moving at 6.0 m/s?
ANSWER: 0.83 m
Suppose a power plant uses a Carnot engine to generate electricity, using the atmosphere at 300 K as
the low-temperature reservoir. Suppose the power plant produces 1 × 106 J of electricity with the hot
reservoir at 500 K during Day One and then produces 1 × 106 J of electricity with the hot reservoir at 600
K during Day Two. The thermal pollution was:
ANSWER: greatest on Day One.
A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.034 kg·m 2 has a net torque of 0.11 N*m applied to it. If it
starts from rest, what kinetic energy will it have 8.0 s later?
ANSWER: 11.4 J
A container is filled with water and the pressure at the container bottom is P. If the container is instead
filled with oil having specific gravity 0.80, what new bottom pressure results?
A 45-g cube of ice, initially at 0.0°C, is dropped into 220 g of water in an 80-g aluminum container, both
initially at 25°C. What is the final equilibrium temperature? (Specific heat for aluminum is 900 J/kg⋅°C,
the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg⋅°C, and Lf = 3.33 × 105 J/kg.)
ANSWER: 8.3°C
A tuning fork is sounded above an adjustable length resonating tube (one end closed), which resonates at
a length of 0.250 m and again at 0.750 m. If the tube length were extended further, at what point will the
tuning fork again create a resonance condition?
ANSWER: 1.25 m
A solid sphere of mass 2.5 kg and radius 0.12 m starts from rest at the top of a ramp inclined 15° and
rolls to the bottom. The upper end of the ramp is 1.0 m higher than the lower end. What is the linear
speed of the sphere when it reaches the bottom of the ramp? (Note: I = 0.4MR2 for a solid sphere,
and g = 9.8 m/s2.)
ANSWER: 3.7 m/s
1.9 kilogram of water at 1.00 atm at the boiling point of 100°C is heated until all the water vaporizes.
What is its change in entropy? (For water, Lv = 2.26 × 106 J/kg)
ANSWER: 11,512 J/K
A closed 2.0-L container holds 3.0 mol of an ideal gas. If 110 J of heat is added, what is the change in
internal energy of the system?
ANSWER: 110 J
12.8 Standing Waves
ANSWER: 750 Hz
ANSWER: 16 Hz
ANSWER: 30
tripled?
ANSWER: 3.0
A bus is designed to draw its power from a rotating flywheel that is brought up to its maximum speed
(3000 rpm) by an electric motor. The flywheel is a solid cylinder of mass 250 kg and radius 0.500 m
(Icylinder = MR2/2). If the bus requires an average power of 10.0 kW, how long will the flywheel rotate?
ANSWER: 154 s
Carly places one end of a steel bar in a Bunsen flame and the other end in an ice cube. By what factor is
the rate of heat flow changed when the bar's cross-sectional area is doubled?
ANSWER: 2
The pressure inside a commercial airliner is maintained at 1.00 atm (10 5 Pa). What is the net outward
force exerted on a 1.0 m × 2.0 m cabin door if the outside pressure is 0.30 atm?
ANSWER: 140 000 N
Arrange from smallest to largest: the BTU, the joule, and the calorie.
ANSWER: J, cal, BTU
A box slides down a frictionless incline, and a hoop rolls down another incline. Both inclines have the
same height, and both the box and the hoop have the same mass. If both objects start from rest, upon
reaching the bottom of the incline which one will have the greater kinetic energy and which one will
have the greater speed?
ANSWER: Both will have the same kinetic energy, but the box will have the greater speed.
A woman who weighs 500 N stands on an 8.0 m long board that weighs 100 N. The board is supported at
each end. The support force at the right end is 2 times the support force at the left end. How far from
the right end is the woman standing?
ANSWER: 1.6 m
11.4 Stress, Strain, and Hooke's Law
A copper alloy wire of length 2.0 m, cross sectional area 7.1 × 10−6 m2, and Young's modulus
11 × 1010 N/m2, has a 200-kg load hung on it. What is its increase in length? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
ANSWER: 5.0 mm
A ventilation fan has blades 0.25 m in radius rotating at 30 rpm. What is the tangential speed of each
blade tip?
ANSWER: 0.79 m/s
A hole is poked through the metal side of a drum holding water. The hole is 19 cm below the water
surface. What is the initial speed of outflow?
ANSWER: 1.9 m/s
A 0.60-kg rock is swung in a circular path and in a vertical plane on a 0.25-m length string. At the top of
the path, the angular speed is 12.0 rad/s. What is the tension in the string at that point?
ANSWER: 16 N
Legend says that Archimedes, in determining whether or not the king's crown was made of pure gold,
measured its volume by the water displacement method. If the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm 3, and the
crown's mass is 610 g, what volume would be necessary to prove that it is pure gold?
ASNWER: 31.6 cm3
Suppose a 0.30-kg mass on a spring that has been compressed 0.10 m has elastic potential energy of 1.5 J.
What is the spring constant?
ANSWER: 300 N/m
A blimp is filled with 400 m3 of helium. How big a payload can the balloon lift? (The density of air is 1.29
kg/m3; the density of helium is 0.18 kg/m 3.)
ANSWER: 444 kg
A container is filled with water and the pressure at the bottom of the container is P. Then the container
is emptied halfway and topped off with oil of density 0.9 × 103 kg/m3, which floats on top of the water.
What is the pressure at the bottom of the container now?
The intensity level of sound 30 m from a jet airliner is 120 dB. At what distance from the airplane will the
sound intensity level be a tolerable 100 dB? (Assume spherical spreading of sound.)
ANSWER: 300 m
13.4 Beats
Two tuning forks sounding together result in a beat frequency of 3 Hz. If the frequency of one of the forks
is 512 Hz, what is the frequency of the other?
ANSWER: 509 Hz or 515 Hz
A traveling wave train has wavelength 1.0 m and speed 20 m/s. Find the wave frequency.
ANSWER: 20 Hz
13.4 Beats
A vibrating guitar string emits a tone simultaneously with one from a 500-Hz tuning fork. If a beat
frequency of 4 Hz results, what is the frequency of vibration of the string?
ANSWER: Either choice B or C is valid.
ANSWER: 3.01 m
12.8 Standing Waves
A C note (f = 128 Hz) is sounded on a piano. If the length of the piano wire is 1.00 m and its mass density
is 5.00 g/m, what is the tension in the wire?
ANSWER: 328 N
System 1 is 3.3 moles of a monatomic ideal gas held at a constant volume of 2.34 L as it undergoes a
temperature increase. System 2 is 3.3 moles of a diatomic ideal gas held at a constant volume of 2.34 L
as it undergoes a temperature increase equal to the temperature increase of System 1. The pressure
increase for system 1 is and for System 2 is during the temperature increases. What is the
ratio of ?
ANSWER: 1.00
Waves propagate at 4.0 m/s along a stretched string. The end of the string is vibrated up and down once
every 3.0 s. What is the wavelength of the waves that travel along the string?
ANSWER: 12 m
An object at 27°C has its temperature increased to 47°C. The power then radiated by this object increases
by how many percent?
ANSWER: 29
By what amount does the sound intensity decrease when the distance to the source triples?
ANSWER: 9.5 dB
simple harmonic motion. What is the speed of the mass when moving through the equilibrium point? The
starting displacement from equilibrium is 0.19 m.
ANSWER: 3 m/s
A chamber that can be filled with different gases has placed in it a source of sound that in air produces a
frequency of 200 Hz and a microphone to pick up the sound for frequency analysis. First the chamber is
filled with helium (speed of sound 1 000 m/s at room conditions), then the helium is replaced with oxygen
(speed of sound 330 m/s at room conditions), and then finally the helium is replaced with carbon dioxide
(speed of sound 269 m/s at room conditions). In which gas is the highest frequency of sound found by the
microphone during this experiment?
ANSWER: They all have the same frequency of sound.
Suppose there is an object for which F = +kx. What will happen if the object is moved away from
equilibrium (x = 0) and released?
ANSWER: It will move further away with increasing acceleration.
Bats can detect small objects such as insects that are of a size approximately that of one wavelength. If
bats emit a chirp at a frequency of 50 kHz, and the speed of sound waves in air is 330 m/s, what is the
smallest size insect they can detect?
ANSWER: 6.6 mm

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6. 14.5 Thermal Expansion

84. 14.4 Phases of Matter and Phase Changes

Consider the use of the terms "rotation" and "revolution". In physics:

13.3 Standing Sound Waves

13.2 Amplitude and Intensity of a Sound Wave

Which type of heating causes sunburn?

ANSWER: twice the distance x2 to x3.

13.3 Standing Sound Waves

11.1 General Features of Harmonic Motion

At a pressure of 1 atmosphere a column of mercury in a barometer is supported to the height h = 0.76

12.3 Examples of Waves

13.3 Standing Sound Waves

13.5 Reflection and Scattering of Sound

ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2

ANSWER: a dimensionless quantity.

ANSWER: 240 N/m

Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?

11.2 Examples of Simple Harmonic Motion

ANSWER: specific heat

ANSWER: an angular acceleration.

14.2 Temperature and Heat

ANSWER: 3,600 cal

1400 rev/min is equivalent to which of the following?

ANSWER: 147 rad/s

ANSWER: 176 kg·m2

ANSWER: 1/5 MR2

ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2

ANSWER: 0.31 m/s

ASNWER: 1.1 × 105

ANSWER: 1/5 MR2

ANSWER: 1.9 m/s

ANSWER: θ' = 180° - θ

ANSWER: reciprocals of specific heats

12.5 Superposition and Interference

14.4 Phases of Matter and Phase Changes

ANSWER: get warmer.

ANSWER: 0.48 rad/s

ANSWER: 1 800 atm

ANSWER: 1,800 J/s

ANSWER: 3.8 × 105 N

ANSWER: a dimensionless quantity.

ANSWER: 3.2 rad/s2

ANSWER: 0.49 m/s

Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?

ANSWER: sound wave in air

11.3 Harmonic Motion and Energy

ANSWER: greatest on Day One.

ANSWER: specific heat

9.2 Conservation of Energy and Rotational Motion

ANSWER: 40 ºC, 40 ºF, 40 K

If a nonzero torque is applied to an object, that object will experience:

ANSWER: an angular acceleration.

ANSWER: 126 rad/s

ANSWER: It goes down.

ANSWER: two antinodes and one node.

The wave-related quantity algebraically equivalent to 1/f is:

11.1 General Features of Harmonic Motion