Medical Physics: Al-Amarah University College

Al-Amarah University College
Medical Physics
Lecture 1& 2: Forces on and in the body
Dr. Hadeel Salih

Applied Physics/ Nanotechnology
E= V/d
Where, (E) is the field, (V) is the potential difference and (d ) thickness of the membrane
B: Forces on the body
1. Static forces.
2. Frictional forces.
3. Dynamic forces
There are two types of problems involving force on the body, those
where the body is in equilibrium (static) and those where the
bodies accelerated( dynamic) . Friction is involved in both static
and dynamic.
1- static forces:
When objects are stationary (static) they are in a state of
equilibrium, the sum of the forces in any direction is equal
zero, and the sum of the torques about any axis also equals
zero.
Many of the muscle and bone systems of the body act as

levers. Levers are classified as first, second, and third class
systems.
1- First class lever: the force at the fulcrum point (F)

between the muscle force (M) and the weight (W) (e.g. the
head).
The muscle force is 7.5 times the weight
The arm can be raised and held out horizontal from the shoulder
the deltoid
Raising the right arm. (a) The

deltoid muscle and bones
involved (b).The forces on the
arm. (T) is the tension in the
deltoid muscle fixed at the
angle α, (R) is the reaction
force on the shoulder joint ,
(W1) is the weight of the arm
located at its center of gravity,
and (W2) is the weight in the
hand.
2- Frictional Forces
In the body frictional effects are often important.

when person walk heel of the foot touches the ground a force is transmitted
from foot to the ground, We can resolve this force in to horizontal and
vertical components.
1- The vertical force N (normal force) supplied by surface.

2- The horizontal force supplied by frictional forces.
Max. force of frictional (F) = µ N
When: µ is the coefficient of friction between the two surface, N is the

normal force.
The value of 𝜇 depends upon:
1. The two materials in contact.

2. Essentially independent of the surface area.
If we let 𝑁=𝑊 then we can apply a frictional force as large as
𝑓=𝜇𝑊
In general ,the frictional force is large enough both when the heel touches
down and when the toe leaves the surface To prevent a person from
slipping.
This table explains values of coefficient of friction for some of materials
3- Dynamic force
This force is important, When apportion of the body (or the whole body)
moving, hitting, and bumps into a solid object, it rapidly decelerates,
resulting in large forces. If we consider the deceleration to be constant
and limit our selves to one-dimensional motion, we can use the original
form of Newton’s second law. Force equals the rate of change of
momentum.
F= ma = m ∆v/ ∆t = ∆ (mv)/ ∆t
When:
a = Acceleration, V= velocity, t= time , m= mass.
Effects of Acceleration on Humans
There are many effects when the body accelerated which are :
1- An apparent increase or decrease in body weight.
2- Changes in internal hydrostatic pressure.
3- Distortion of the elastic tissues of the body.

If the acceleration becomes large ,the body will lose control because
it does not have the adequate muscle forced to work against the
larger acceleration force.
Under certain conditions ,the blood may pool in various regions of

the body, the location of pooling depends upon the direction of
acceleration . If the person accelerated in the head ,the lack of blood
flow to the brain can cause blackout and unconsciousness.
Each of our major organs has its own resonant frequency (or natural period)
which depends on its mass and elastic forces that act on it . Pain or
discomfort occurs if particular organ is vibrated vigorously and its resonant
frequency.
Pain symptoms of
human subjected
to vibrations from
1 to 20Hz
Forces at the Hip
1- A assuming the weight of person W. 0.7 W
2- weight of each leg is = 0.15 W.
3- weight of the rest of the body 0.7 W. 0.35 W
0.35 W
- When the person standing on two legs the

forces at the head of each femur is 0.35 W.
- When the leg lift off the floor the force at the
head of the femur increase from 0.35 W – 2.5
W and this extra weight has to support by
contraction of the abductor muscle.
Thank you

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Al-Amarah University College

Dr. Hadeel Salih

Many of the muscle and bone systems of the body act as

1- First class lever: the force at the fulcrum point (F)

Raising the right arm. (a) The

In the body frictional effects are often important.

1- The vertical force N (normal force) supplied by surface.

Max. force of frictional (F) = µ N

When: µ is the coefficient of friction between the two surface, N is the

1. The two materials in contact.

If we let 𝑁=𝑊 then we can apply a frictional force as large as

1- An apparent increase or decrease in body weight.

2- Changes in internal hydrostatic pressure.

3- Distortion of the elastic tissues of the body.

Under certain conditions ,the blood may pool in various regions of

- When the person standing on two legs the

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