Urinary System
Urinary System
Urinary System
KIDNEYS
PARTS:
a. RENAL CORPUSCLE
1. Bowman capsule – enlarged end of nephron
– form double-walled chamber
Renal Corpuscle > Proximal Convoluted Tubule > Thin Segment of the Descending Limb > Thin Segment of the
Ascending Limb > Thick Segment of the Ascending Limb > Distal Convoluted Tubule > Collecting Duct >
Papillary Duct > Calyx
Renal artery -> (RENAL PYRAMIDS) Interlobar artery -> (CORTEX & MEDULLA) -> Arcuate artery -> (CORTEX)
Interlobular artery -> (GLOMERULAR) -> afferent arterioles -> Efferent arterioles -> Peritubular capillaries ->
Interlobular vein -> Arcuate vein -> renal vein -> Inferior Vena Cava
NEPHRONS – sorts substances: waste products, toxins, excess materials
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS (15%) – have loops of Henle deep to the medulla
CORTICAL NEPHRONS (85%) – do not extend deep into the medulla
FILTRATION MEMBRANE – consists of glomerular capillaries, podocytes and of the basement membrane
FILTRATE – fluid that passes across the filtration membrane
RENAL ARTERIES – branch off the abdominal aorta and enter the kidneys
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INTERLOBAR ARTERIES – pass between the renal pyramids
ARCUATE ARTERIES – arch between the cortex and medulla
INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES – branch off the arcuate arteries; project to the cortex
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE – branch of interlobular arteries; extend to the glomerular capillaries
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE – from the glomerular capillaries to the peritubular capillaries
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES – surround the convoluted tubules and loop of Henle; deep into medulla
VASA RECTA – specialized portion of the peritubular capillaries
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS – secrete renin and play an important role in blood pressure regulation
URINE FORMATION
3 MAJOR PROCESSES:
1. FILTRATION – movement of materials across the filtration membrane into the Bowman’s capsule
FILTRATE – portion of the plasma entering the nephron
2. TUBULAR REABSORPTION – movement of substances from the filtrate across the nephron wall back
into the blood of the peritubular capillaries
3. TUBULAR SECRETION – active transport of solutes across the nephron wall into the filtrate
[x] Solutes move from HIGH TO LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATION between the PCT and a blood vessel
[x] Water move from LOW TO HIGH SOLUTE CONCENTRATION between the PCT and a blood vessel
[x] Solutes - Descending Loop of Henle; water - blood vessel
[x] Solutes move to the Ascending Loop of Henle -> Blood vessels
[x] The Thin Segment of the Ascending Limb is not permeable to water
[x] Sodium is transported by active transport
[x] Potassium and Chlorine are transported by means of co-transport
[x] Solutes and water move to the blood vessel from the DCT
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URETERS – small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
URINARY BLADDER – hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity; stores urine
TRIGONE – triangle-shaped portion of the bladder
[x] INCREASED VOLUME OF THE BLADDER = columnar to flat = no. of cell layer decreases
[x] DECREASED VOLUME OF THE BLADDER = flat to columnar = no. of cell layer increases
URETHRA – tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
[x] MALE URETHRA = 20 cm; FEMALE URETHRA = 4 cm
1. THIRST REGULATION
- The sensation of thirst increases if extracellular fluid becomes more concentrated or if
blood pressure decreases
2. ION CONCENTRATION REGULATION
SODIUM IONS are the dominant extracellular ions.
ALDOSTERONE increases Na reabsorption from the filtrate
ADH increases water reabsorption from the nephron
ANH increases Na loss in the urine
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system rapidly regulates pH
An increased respiratory rate raises the pH because the rate of CO2 elimination is increased & vice
versa
3. KIDNEYS
The kidneys excrete H+ in response to a decreasing blood pH
They reabsorb H+ in response to an increasing blood pH
ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
ACIDOSIS occurs when the pH of the blood falls below 7.35
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS – the respiratory system is unable to eliminate adequate amounts of CO 2
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METABOLIC ACIDOSIS – excess production of acidic substances (increased metabolism/decreased
ability of kidneys to eliminate H+ in the urine)
ALKALOSIS occurs when the blood pH increases above 7.45
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS – results from hyperventilation
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS – results from rapid elimination of H+ from the body (severe vomiting/excessive
aldosterone secretion)
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Proximal convoluted tubules COMPOSITION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM:
Thick segments of loop of henle (ascending KIDNEYS (2)
limb) URETERS (2)
Collecting ducts URINARY BLADDER (1)
URETHRA (1)
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM:
Thin segments of Loop of Henle Excretion
H2O & solutes = diffusion Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure
TRANSITIONAL EPIHELIUM Regulation of Concentration of Solutes in
Blood
Ureters
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid pH
Urinary bladder
Regulation of RBC Synthesis
Vitamin D Synthesis
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
1. BUFFERS
KIDNEYS
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
3. KIDNEYS 1. RENAL CAPSULE
2. HILUM
3. RENAL SINUS
ACIDOSIS & ALKALOSIS a. Cortex
b. Medulla
1. RESPIRATORY 4. RENAL PYRAMIDS
2. METABOLIC a. Tips
b. Base
5. CALYX
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS 6. RENAL PELVIS
1. Intracellular fluid compartment
2. Extracellular fluid compartment
NEPHRON
REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
COMPOSITION 1. RENAL CORPUSCLE
a. Glomerulus capsule
1. Thirst regulation
b. Bowman capsule
2. Ion concentration regulation
2. PROXIMAL COVOLUTED TUBULE
3. LOOP OF HENLE
3 MAJOR PROCESSES OF URINE FORMATION 4. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
1. FILTRATION
2. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
3. TUBULAR SECRETION
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