Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia

MINI PROJECT

EFA 3223 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV (Statistics)

Semester II 2019/2020

Lecturer : Dr Jestin Binti Jelani

Programme : 2ZK50A

Name Course Matrix.No

Jayaganesh a/l Veeravasathan Bachelor of Electric and Electronic 2180193
(Power)
Thipan a/l Nathan Bachelor of Electric and Electronic 2180200
(Power)
Muhammad Amirul Iman bin Yusoff Bachelor of Electric and Electronic 2180212
(Power)
Muhammad Nazirul Atif bin Othman Bachelor of Electric and Electronic 2180190
(Power)
 CONTENT

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Total Number of Cases of Covid-19 Victims in Portugal and Thailand

a) Histogram……………………………………………………………………………..4
b) Descriptive Statistic of New Cases of Portugal and Thailand……………………..5 – 6
c) Regression of New Cases of Portugal and Thailand………………………………6 – 8
d) Hypothesis Testing For New Cases of Portugal and Thailand………………………..8
 T-test Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances (2 tail)…………………………..9
 T-test Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances (1 tail)…………………….10 – 11
 F-test Two Sample For Variances (Variance Test)………………………………11
e) Anova (Single Factor)…………………………………………………………..12 – 13

Total Number od Death Of Covid-19 Victims in Portugal and Thailand

a) Histogram…………………………………………………………………………….14
b) Descriptive Statistic of Death for Portugal and Thailand……………………….15 – 16
c) Regression for Death of Portugal and Thailand………………………………...16 – 18
d) Hypothesis Testing for Death of Portugal and Thailand……………………………..18
 T-test Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances (2 tail)……………………..19 - 20
 T-test Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances (1 tail)………………………….20
 F-test Two Sample For Variances (Variance Test)………………………………21
e) Anova (Single Factor)…………………………………………………………..21 – 23

Total Number od Recoveries Of Covid-19 Victims in Portugal and Thailand

a) Histogram…………………………………………………………………………….23
b) Descriptive Statistic of Recoveries For Portugal and Thailand………………….24 -25
c) Regression For Recoveries of Portugal and Thailand…………………………..25 – 27
d) Hypothesis Testing for Recoveries of Portugal and Thailand………………………..27
 T-test Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances (2 tail)………………………….28
 T-test Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances (1 tail)………………………….29
 F-test Two Sample For Variances (Variance Test)………………………………30
e) Anova (Single Factor)…………………………………………………………...31 - 32
1.0 Introduction

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the
common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERSCoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A novel
coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans.
Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and
people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet
cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known
coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. Common
signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath
and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia,
severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. Standard
recommendations to prevent infection spread include regular hand washing, covering
mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs.
Avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as
coughing and sneezing.

A online research and survey was carried out upon Covid-19 virus pandemic by our
team which consists of 4 members. Regarding this project, we have began our
research on 22 January 2020 until 31 April 2020 and the main two countries that we
suggest to pick were Portugal and Thailand. We have collected data regarding the
following information of covid-19 pandemic in Portugal and Thailand :

· Total cases (total cumulative count) per country.

· Total death (total cumulative count) per country.

· Total recover (total cumulative count) per country

· Genders of the patients infected with the 2019-nCoV

Regarding this project, we have choose this two countries because we believe that
this both countries can full-fill all the information that we needed. Moreover we were
also instructed to conduct this project with collected data for each country using
analysing tool which is Microsoft Excel. We have included important criteria in
analysing the data we have collected such as descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing,
charts, anova and regression.

4
2.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

JAYAGANESH A/L VEERAVASATHAN

TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES OF COVID-19 VICTIMS IN PORTUGAL

AND THAILAND

A) HISTOGRAM CHART OF NEW CASES OF PORTUGAL AND THAILAND

Figure 1: Show the histogram chart of daily new cases in Portugal

5
 Figure 2: Show the histogram chart of daily new cases in Thailand
B) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC OF NEW CASES OF PORTUGAL AND
THAILAND

Descriptive statistic Number Of New Cases Portugal

Mean 247.970297
Standard Error 32.41911322
Median 17
Mode 0
Standard Deviation 325.8080556
Sample Variance 106150.8891
Kurtosis 0.998372303
Skewness 1.200429954
Range 1516
Minimum 0
Maximum 1516
Sum 25045
Count 101

Table 1: Show the descriptive statistic of daily new cases in Portugal

Number Of New Cases

Descriptive statistic Thailand
Mean 29.24752475
Standard Error 4.27278762
Median 6
Mode 0
Standard Deviation 42.94098414
Sample Variance 1843.928119
Kurtosis 1.698475711
Skewness 1.593885961
Range 188
Minimum 0
Maximum 188
Sum 2954
Count 101

Table 2: Show the descriptive statistic of daily new cases in Thailand

Based on the both table of descriptive statistics above :

a) The data collected for Portugal shows that it is normally distributed. This is
because the reading of skewness and the kurtosis is nearly to -1 and 1.

6
b) The data collected for Thailand shows that it is normally distributed. This is
because the reading of skewness and the kurtosis is in between to -3 and 3.
c) The mean of new cases in Portugal is higher than the mean of new cases in
Thailand. This indicated that the new cases in Portugal is greater than in Thailand.

C) REGRESSION OF NEW CASES OF PORTUGAL AND THAILAND

Figure 3 : Show the regression chart of new cases of Portugal

We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a) 16.78 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 1582.4 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.
c) It has weak correlation

The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR PORTUGAL

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.6473262
R Square 0.41903121
Adjusted R Square 0.413162838
Standard Error 6471.501291
Observations 101

Table 3 : Show the summary output for Portugal

7
 SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR PORTUGAL (Constant to zero)
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.767292607
R Square 0.588737944
Adjusted R Square 0.578737944
Standard Error 6561.791185
Observations 101

Table 4 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for Portugal

Figure 4 : Show the regression chart of new cases of Portugal

We have plot the points by inserting the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a) 9.9421 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 611.46 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.
c) It has weak correlation

8
 The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :
SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR THAILAND
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.369937428
R Square 0.136853701
Adjusted R Square 0.128135051
Standard Error 1077.567271
Observations 101

Table 5 : Show the summary output for Thailand

SUMMARY OUTPUT OF THAILAND (Constant to zero)

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.589015294
R Square 0.346939016
Adjusted R Square 0.336939016
Standard Error 1186.034096
Observations 101

Table 6 : Show the summary output (constant to zero) for Thailand

D) HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR NEW CASES OF PORTUGAL AND

THAILAND

Number Of New Cases

Descriptive statistic Number Of New Cases Portugal Thailand
Mean 247.970297 29.24752475
Standard Error 32.41911322 4.27278762
Median 17 6
Mode 0 0
Standard Deviation 325.8080556 42.94098414
Sample Variance 106150.8891 1843.928119
Kurtosis 0.998372303 1.698475711
Skewness 1.200429954 1.593885961
Range 1516 188
Minimum 0 0
Maximum 1516 188
Sum 25045 2954
Count 101 101

Table 7 : Show the descriptive statistic used for t-Test and F-Test

9
 A-Test : Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances(Two tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of new cases of covid-19

victims in Portugal and Thailand (µP = µT).
(Mean new cases of victim in Portugal = Mean new cases of victim in Thailand)

Hypothesis Alternative : There is difference in the mean new cases of covid-19

victims in Portugal and Thailand (µP ≠ µT).
(Mean new cases of victim in Portugal ≠ Mean new cases of victim in Thailand)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 247.970297 29.24752475
Variance 106150.8891 1843.928119
Observations 101 101
Pooled Variance 53997.40861
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 200
t Stat 6.688877338
P(T<=t) one-tail 1.10162E-10
t Critical one-tail 1.652508101
P(T<=t) two-tail 2.20323E-10 (<0.05)
t Critical two-tail 1.971896224  

Table 8 : Show the t-Test two sample assuming equal variances for two tail of
Portugal and Thailand

a/2 a/2

t
t = -1.972 t=0 t = 1.972

t = 6.689

Graph 1 : Show the two tail graph obtained for the t-Test

Conclusion : It seems the t- Stat value is in rejection region thus the Ho is rejected.
The value of P(T<=t) is also lower that 0.05 thus there is difference in the mean of
new cases between Portugal and Thailand.

10
 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (One tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of new cases of covid-19

victims in Portugal and Thailand (µP = µT).
(Mean new cases of victim in Portugal = Mean new cases of victim in Thailand).

Hypothesis Alternative : The mean of new cases of victim covid-19 in Thailand is

less than the mean of new cases of victim covid-19 in Portugal (µT - µP < 0).
(Mean new cases of victim in Thailand - Mean new cases of victim in Portugal < 0).

  Thailand Portugal
Mean 29.24752475 247.970297
Variance 1843.928119 106150.8891
Observations 101 101
Pooled Variance 53997.40861
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 200
t Stat -6.688877338
P(T<=t) one-tail 1.10162E-10 (<0.05)
t Critical one-tail 1.652508101
P(T<=t) two-tail 2.20323E-10
t Critical two-tail 1.971896224  

Table 9 : Show the t-Test two sample assuming equal variances for one tail of
Portugal and Thailand

t
t=-1.653 t=0

t=-6.689

Graph 2 : Show the one tail graph obtained for the t-Test

11
 Conclusion : As the value of t-Stat is lees than the t-Critical value where it is at the
rejection region and the value of P(T<=t) is lower than 0.05, thus the Ho is rejected.
This shows that the mean of new cases of victim covid-19 in Thailand is less than
the mean of new cases of victim covid-19 in Portugal.

A-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Variance Test)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the variance of death of covid-19 victims

in Portugal and Thailand.

Hypothesis Alternative : There is significant difference in the variance of death of

covid-19 victims in Portugal and Thailand.

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 247.970297 29.24752475
Variance 106150.8891 1843.928119
Observations 101 101
df 100 100
F 57.56780214
P(F<=f) one-tail 9.13477E-61 (<0.05)
F Critical one-tail 1.391719552  

Table 10 : Show the F-Test two sample for variances Portugal and Thailand

F = 1.392

F = 57.568

Graph 3 : Show the one tail graph obtained for the F-Test

Conclusion : As the value of F is less than the value of F-Critical where it falls at
rejection region and the value of P(F<=f) is less than 0.05, thus the Ho is rejected.

12
We can conclude that there is significant difference in the variance of death of
covid-19 victims in Portugal and Thailand.

E) ANOVA (SINGLE FACTOR)

We have divided the data of number of cases for Portugal and Thailand by month.
This is because, it will be easier for us to compare the mean of number of cases for
both Portugal and Thailand by monthly. Before we do the anova (single factor)
analysis, we have assumed two types of analysis. Following are the hypothesis:

Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of new cases for
Portugal in February, March and April (µF=µM=µA).
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least one pair is different (µF≠µM≠µA).

SUMMARY
Varianc
Groups Count Sum Average e
February 29 0 0 0
240.096 92279.6
March 31 7443 8 2
586.733 66979.1
April 30 17602 3 7

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
5145253.4 47.5119 1.13E- 3.10129
Between Groups 8 2 2572627 4 14 6
4710784.5 54146.9
Within Groups 8 87 5

9856038.0
Total 6 89        

Table 11 : Show the anova (single factor) for the number of cases for Portugal
Conclusion : As the value of P value is less than the value of 0.05 and the value of F
is larger than the value of F-Critical where it is at the rejection point, thus it reject
Ho. This means that there is at least one pair is different.

13
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of new cases of
Thailand in February, March and April. (µF=µM=µA)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least 1 pair different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Varianc
Groups Count Sum Average e
1.44827 39.6847
February 29 42 6 3
51.9032 3182.62
March 31 1609 3 4
43.4333 1173.56
April 30 1303 3 4

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
43209.9 21604.9 14.3897 3.99E- 3.10129
Between Groups 1 2 5 1 06 6
130623. 1501.41
Within Groups 2 87 7

173833.
Total 2 89        

Table 12 : Show the anova (single factor) for the number of cases for Thailand
Conclusion : As the value of P value is less than the value of 0.05 and the value of F
is at the rejection point, thus it reject Ho. This means that there is at least one pair
is different.

14
THIPAN A/L NATHAN

TOTAL NUMBER OF DEATH OF COVID-19 VICTIMS IN PORTUGAL

AND THAILAND
A) HISTOGRAM CHART FOR DEATH OF PORTUGAL AND THAILAND

Daily Death
40
35
30
Number of Death

25
20
15
10
5
0
22/01/2020 05/02/2020 19/02/2020 04/03/2020 18/03/2020 01/04/2020 15/04/2020 29/04/2020
Date

Figure 5 : Show the histogram chart for the number of death in Portugal.

Daily Death
4.5
4
3.5
Number of Death

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
21/01/2020 04/02/2020 18/02/2020 03/03/2020 17/03/2020 31/03/2020 14/04/2020 28/04/2020
Date

15
 Figure 6 : Show the histogram chart for the number of death in Thailand

B) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC OF DEATH FOR PORTUGAL AND

THAILAND

Descriptive Statistic Number Of Death Portugal

Mean 9.792079208
Standard Error 1.29127436
Median 0
Mode 0
Standard Deviation 12.97714671
Sample Variance 168.4063366
Kurtosis -1.05444266
Skewness 0.80065278
Range 37
Minimum 0
Maximum 37
Sum 989
Count 101

Table 13 : Show the descriptive statistic of number of death for Portugal.

Number Of Death
Descriptive Statistic Thailand
Mean 0.524752475
Standard Error 0.096054914
Median 0
Mode 0
Standard Deviation 0.965339934
Sample Variance 0.931881188
Kurtosis 2.385299635
Skewness 1.83385477
Range 4
Minimum 0
Maximum 4
Sum 53
Count 101

16
 Table 14 : Show the descriptive statistic of number of death for Thailand

Based on the both table of descriptive statistics above :

d) The data collected for Portugal shows that it is normally distributed. This is
because the reading of skewness and the kurtosis is nearly to -1 and 1.

e) The data collected for Thailand shows that it is normally distributed. This is
because the reading of skewness is between -1 and 1 while the value of kurtosis is in
between -3 and 3.

C) REGRESSION FOR DEATH OF PORTUGAL AND THAILAND

Portugal
1200

1000

800
Cummulative

f(x) = 18.8873675410252 x + 1.35043071213903 Portugal

600 R² = 0.649142326908861
Linear (Portugal)

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Number of death

Figure 7 : Show the regression chart for the death cases of Portugal

We have plot the points by inserting the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have added the equation
(Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the chart.
Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a) 18.887 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 1.3504 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.
c) It has weak correlation

The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR PORTUGAL

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.805693693

17
 R Square 0.649142327
Adjusted R Square 0.64559831
Standard Error 181.1042216
Observations 101

Table 15 : Show the summary output for number of death of Portugal

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR PORTUGAL (Constant to zero)

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.863434269
R Square 0.745518737
Adjusted R Square 0.735518737
Standard Error 180.1996701
Observations 101

Table 16 : Show the summary output (constant to zero) for number of death of
Portugal

Thailand
60

50

f(x) = 9.23385040373991 x + 7.56045473863153

40 R² = 0.220684159435775
Cummulative

30 Thailand
Linear (Thailand)

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Number of death

Figure 8 : Show the regression chart for the number of death of Thailand

We have plot the points by inserting the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have added the equation
(Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the chart.
Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a) 9.2339 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 7.5605 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.

18
 c) Its has weak correlation

The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR THAILAND

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.469770326
R Square 0.220684159
Adjusted R Square 0.212812282
Standard Error 16.83513801
Observations 101

Table 17 : Show the summary output for number of death of Thailand

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR THAILAND (Constant to zero)

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.607811572
R Square 0.369434907
Adjusted R Square 0.359434907
Standard Error 18.02914307
Observations 101

Table 18 : Show the summary output (constant to zero) for the number of death of
Thailand
D) HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR DEATH OF PORTUGAL AND
THAILAND

Number Of Death
Descriptive Statistic Number Of Death Portugal Thailand
Mean 9.792079208 0.524752475
Standard Error 1.29127436 0.096054914
Median 0 0

19
 Mode 0 0
Standard Deviation 12.97714671 0.965339934
Sample Variance 168.4063366 0.931881188
Kurtosis -1.05444266 2.385299635
Skewness 0.80065278 1.83385477
Range 37 4
Minimum 0 0
Maximum 37 4
Sum 989 53
Count 101 101

Table 19 : Show the descriptive statistic used to obtain t-Test and F-Test
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Two tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of death of covid-19 victims in

Portugal and Thailand (µP = µT). (Mean of death of victim in Portugal = Mean of
death in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : There is difference in the mean of death of covid-19
victims in Portugal and Thailand (µP ≠ µT). (Mean of death of victim in Portugal ≠
Mean of death in Thailand).

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 9.792079208 0.524752475
Variance 168.4063366 0.931881188
Observations 101 101
Pooled Variance 84.66910891
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 200
t Stat 7.157109627
P(T<=t) one-tail 7.6554E-12
t Critical one-tail 1.652508101
P(T<=t) two-tail 1.53108E-11 (<0.05)
t Critical two-tail 1.971896224  

Table 20 : Show the t-Test two sample assuming equal variances for number od
death of Portugal and Thailand

a/2 a/2

20
 t
t = -1.972 t=0 t = 1.972

t = 7.157

Graph 4 : Show the two tail graph for the t-Test

Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is less than the value of t-Critical and it falls at the
rejection region as shown in Graph 4 while the value of P(T<=t) is less than 0.05.
Thus we can conclude that Ho is rejected. It means that there is difference between
the mean for number of death of Portugal and Thailand.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (One tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of death of covid-19 victims in

Portugal and Thailand (µP = µT). (Mean of death of victim in Portugal = Mean of
death of victim in Thailand).
Hypothesis Alternative : The mean of death of victim covid-19 in Portugal is greater
than the mean of death of victim covid-19 in Thailand (µ T - µP < 0). (Mean of death
of victim in Portugal - Mean of death of victim in Thailand > 0).

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 9.792079208 0.524752475
Variance 168.4063366 0.931881188
Observations 101 101
Pooled Variance 84.66910891
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 9
df 200
t Stat 0.206455085
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.418322734 (>0.05)
t Critical one-tail 1.652508101
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.836645468
t Critical two-tail 1.971896224  
Table 21 : Show the data of two sample assuming equal variances of number of death
for Portugal and Thailand

21
 t
t=0 t = 1.653
t = 0.206

Graph 5 : Show the one tail graph obtained from the t-Test
Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is not at the rejection region as showed in Graph 5
and the value of P(T<=t) is larger than 0.05 as showed in Table 21 thus this clearly
shows that the t-Test failed to reject Ho. So it means that there is no difference in
the mean of death of covid-19 victims in Portugal and Thailand.
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Variance Test)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 9.792079208 0.524752475
Variance 168.4063366 0.931881188
Observations 101 101
df 100 100
F 180.7165321
P(F<=f) one-tail 4.1494E-85 (<0.05)
F Critical one-tail 1.391719552  

Table 22 : Show the result obtained for F-Test

F = 1.392

F = 180.717

Graph 6 : Show the graph obtained from the F-Test

Conclusion : We can conclude that Ho is rejected because the value of F is at the

rejection region as shown in Graph 6 and the value of P(F<=f) is also less than 0.05.
Thus there is significant difference in the variance of death of covid-19 victims in
Portugal and Thailand.
E) ANOVA (SINGLE FACTOR)
We have divided the data of number of deaths for Portugal and Thailand by month.

22
This is because, it will be easier for us to compare the mean of number of death for
both Portugal and Thailand by monthly. Before we did the anova (single factor)
analysis, we have assumed two types of analysis. Following are the hypothesis:
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of death of Portugal
in February, March and April. (µF=µM=µA)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least 1 pair is different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Varianc
Groups Count Sum Average e
February 29 0 0 0
60.9397
March 31 160 5.16129 8
27.6333 33.2057
April 30 829 3 5

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
12865.8 6432.91 200.512 2.64E- 3.10129
Between Groups 3 2 4 9 33 6
Within Groups 2791.16 87 32.0823

15656.9
Total 9 89        

Table 23 : Show the anova (single factor) for the number of death of Portugal
Conclusion : The value of the F is less than the value of F-critical and the value of F
falls at the rejection area. The value of P is also less than the value of 0.05 thus the
Ho is rejected. This shows that there is at least one pair is different.
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of death of Thailand
in February, March and April. (µF=µM=µA)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least 1 pair different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
February 29 0 0 0

23
 0.29032
March 31 9 3 0.47957
1.46666
April 30 44 7 1.36092

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
35.9351 17.9675 29.0263 3.10129
Between Groups 3 2 6 5 2.2E-10 6
53.8537 0.61900
Within Groups 6 87 9

89.7888
Total 9 89        
Table 24 : Show the anova (single factor) for the number of death of Thailand
Conclusion : As the data in Table 24 shows that the value of F is greater than the
value of F-critical and the value of P is also lesser than the significant level which is
0.05, Ho is rejected. This means that there is at least one pair is different.

ATIF
A) HISTOGRAM CHART OF NUMBER OF RECOVERIES FOR
PORTUGAL AND THAILAND.

Number of Recoveries
350

300
Number of Recovery

250

200

150

100

50

0
22/01/2020 05/02/2020 19/02/2020 04/03/2020 18/03/2020 01/04/2020 15/04/2020 29/04/2020
Date

Figure 9 : Show the histogram chart of numbers of recoveries for Portugal

24
 Recoveries
300

Number of Recoveries 250

200

150

100

50

0
21/01/2020 04/02/2020 18/02/2020 03/03/2020 17/03/2020 31/03/2020 14/04/2020 28/04/2020
Date

Figure 10 : Show the histogram chart of numbers of recoveries for Thailand

B) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC OF RECOVERIES FOR PORTUGAL

AND THAILAND

Descriptive Statistic Number Of Recovered in Portugal

Mean 15.03960396
Standard Error 4.213907215
Median 0
Mode 0
Standard Deviation 42.34924339
Sample Variance 1793.458416
Kurtosis 27.96722002
Skewness 4.856944269
Range 307
Minimum 0
Maximum 307
Sum 1519
Count 101

Table 25 : Show the descriptive statistic obtained for number of recoveries of

Portugal
Number Of Recovered
Descriptive Statistic Thailand
Mean 26.51485149
Standard Error 4.71228884
Median 0
Mode 0

25
 Standard Deviation 47.35791673
Sample Variance 2242.772277
Kurtosis 4.140355595
Skewness 1.995964156
Range 244
Minimum 0
Maximum 244
Sum 2678
Count 101

Table 26 : Show the descriptive statistic obtained for number of recoveries of

Thailand

Based on the Table 25 and Table 26 :

a) We can conclude that number of recoveries in Portugal is not normally

distributed because the value of skewness and kurtosis are not between the
range of -1 to 1 or between -3 to 3 as shown in Table 25.
b) We can conclude that number of recoveries in Thailand is not normally
distributed as the value of skewness and kurtosis is not in the range of -1 to 1
and -3 to 3 as shown in Table 26.

C) REGRESSION CHARTS FOR RECOVERIES OF PORTUGAL AND

THAILAND

Portugal
1600
f(x) = 5.41475632289625 x + 105.306783619016
1400 R² = 0.338058907541487

1200

1000
Cummulative

800 Portugal
Linear (Portugal)
600

400

200

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Number of recovered

Figure 11 : Show the regression chart obtained for the number of recoveries in
Portugal

26
We have plot the points by inserting the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have added the equation
(Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the chart.
Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a) 5.4148 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 105.31 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.

The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR PORTUGAL

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.581428334
R Square 0.338058908
Adjusted R Square 0.331372634
Standard Error 322.4931207
Observations 101

Table 27 : Show the summary output for the number of recoveries in Portugal

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR PORTUGAL (Constant to zero)

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.638901533
R Square 0.408195169
Adjusted R Square 0.398195169
Standard Error 336.0010359
Observations 101

Table 28 : Show the summary output (constant to zero) for the number of recoveries
in Portugal

27
 Thailand
3000
f(x) = 10.7544994260992 x + 209.301490464418
2500 R² = 0.37442549975286

Cummulative 2000

1500 Thailand
Linear (Thailand)

1000

500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Number of recovered

Figure 12 : Show the regression chart for the number of recoveries in Thailand

We have plot the points by inserting the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have added the equation
(Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the chart.
Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a) 10.754 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 209.3 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart

This equation and the R square value has been proved at the summary output as
following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR THAILAND

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.611903178
R Square 0.3744255
Adjusted R Square 0.368106565
Standard Error 661.6403806
Observations 101

28
 Table 29 : Show the summary output for the number of recoveries in Thailand

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR THAILAND (Constant to zero)

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.709258185
R Square 0.503047173
Adjusted R Square 0.493047173
Standard Error 683.3709712
Observations 101

Table 30 : Show the summary output (constant to zero) for the number of recoveries
in Thailand

D) HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR THE RECOVERIES OF PORTUGAL

AND THAILAND

Number Of Recovered
Descriptive Statistic Number Of Recovered in Portugal Thailand

Mean 15.03960396 26.51485149

Standard Error 4.213907215 4.71228884
Median 0 0
Mode 0 0
Standard Deviation 42.34924339 47.35791673
Sample Variance 1793.458416 2242.772277
Kurtosis 27.96722002 4.140355595
Skewness 4.856944269 1.995964156
Range 307 244
Minimum 0 0
Maximum 307 244
Sum 1519 2678
Count 101 101
Table 31 : Show the descriptive statistic used to obtain t-Test and F-test
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Two tail)

Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of recovered of covid-19 victims

in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT). (Mean of recovered in Portugal = Mean of
recovered in Thailand).
Hypothesis Alternative: There is difference in the mean of recovered of covid-19
victims in Portugal and Thailand. (µP ≠ µT). (Mean of recovered in Portugal ≠ Mean
of recovered in Thailand).

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 15.03960396 26.51485149

29
Variance 1793.458416 2242.772277
Observations 101 101
Pooled Variance 2018.115347
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 200
t Stat -1.81524295
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.035492228
t Critical one-tail 1.652508101
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.070984457 (>0.05)
t Critical two-tail 1.971896224  

Table 32 : Show the t-Test obtained for the number of recoveries for Portugal

a/2 a/2

t
t = -1.972 t=0 t = 1.972

t = 3.569

Graph 7 : Show the two tail graph obtained from t-Test

Conclusion : Referring to the Table 32, the value of P(T<=t) is greater than the value
of 0.05 while the value of t-Stat is also not in the rejection region as shown in Graph
7. Thus we can conclude that the Ho is failed to reject. So there is no difference in
the mean of recoveries between Portugal and Thailand.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (One tail)

Hypothesis null: There is no difference in the mean of recovered of covid-19 victims

in Portugal and Thailand (µP = µT). (Mean of death of victim in Portugal = Mean of
death of victim in Thailand).
Hypothesis Alternative: The mean of recovered of victim covid-19 in Thailand is
greater than the mean of death of victim covid-19 in Portugal (µ T - µP > 0). (Mean of
death of victim in Thailand - Mean of death of victim in Portugal > 0).

  Thailand Portugal

30
Mean 26.51485149 15.03960396
Variance 2242.772277 1793.458416
Observations 101 101
Pooled Variance 2018.115347
Hypothesized Mean Difference 11
df 200
t Stat 0.07517831
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.470073992 (>0.05)
t Critical one-tail 1.652508101
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.940147984
t Critical two-tail 1.971896224  

Table 33 : Show the t-Test obtained for the number of recoveries

t
t=0 t = 1.653

t = 0.075

Graph 8 : Show the one tail graph obtained from the t-Test
Conclusion : Referring to Table 33, the value of P(T<=t) is less than the value of
0.05 and the value of t-Stat is also not at the rejection region as shown in the Graph
8. This clearly show that the Ho is failed to reject thus there is no difference in the
mean of number of recoveries between Portugal and Thailand.

F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Variance Testing)

Hypothesis null : There is no difference in the variance of new case of covid-19

victims in Portugal and Thailand.
Hypothesis Alternative : There is significant difference in the variance of new cases
of covid-19 victims in Portugal and Thailand.

  Thailand Portugal
Mean 26.51485149 15.03960396
Variance 2242.772277 1793.458416

31
Observations 101 101
df 100 100
F 1.250529289
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.132663515 (>0.05)
F Critical one-tail 1.391719552  

Table 34 : Show the F-test obtained for the number of recoveries

F = 1.392
F = 1.251

Graph 9 : Show the one tail obtained for the F-test

Conclusion : The Table 34 show the value of P(F<=f) is greater than the value of
0.05 and the Graph 9 show that the value of F-Stat in not at the rejection area. Thus
Ho is rejected which means there is no difference in the variance of recoveries of
Portugal and Thailand.

E) ANOVA (SINGLE FACTOR)

We have divided the data of number of recoveries for Portugal and Thailand by
month. This is because, it will be easier for us to compare the mean of number of
recoveries for both Portugal and Thailand by monthly. Before we did the anova
(single factor) analysis, we have assumed two types of analysis. Following are the
hypothesis:

32
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of recovered for
Portugal in February, March and April. (µF=µM=µA)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least one pair is different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Varianc
Groups Count Sum Average e
February 29 0 0 0
1.38709 17.7118
March 31 43 7 3
4447.61
April 30 1476 49.2 4

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
23520.7 3.10129
Between Groups 47041.5 2 5 15.8001 1.4E-06 6
129512. 1488.64
Within Groups 2 87 5

176553.
Total 7 89        

Table 35 : Show the anova for the number of recoveries of Portugal

Conclusion : As we see the Table 35, the value of F is less than the value of F-critical
where it fall at the rejection area. The value of P is also less than the value of 0.05 so
the Ho is rejected. This show that there is at least one pair is different.
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of recoveries of
Thailand in February, March and April. (µF=µM=µA)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least 1 pair different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Varianc
Groups Count Sum Average e
0.65517 2.94827
February 29 19 2 6
10.1290 928.582
March 31 314 3 8

33
 78.1666 2787.93
April 30 2345 7 7

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
106808. 53404.2 42.7075 3.10129
Between Groups 4 2 1 8 1.2E-13 6
108790. 1250.46
Within Groups 2 87 2

215598.
Total 6 89        

Table 36 : Show the anova for the number of recoveries of Thailand

Conclusion : Table 36 show that the value of F is less than the value of F-critical and
it fall at the rejection area. Other than that, the value of P is also less than the value
0.05 so it reject Ho. Thus, there is at least one pair is different.

AIMAN

TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES OF COVID-19 VICTIMS FOR AGE AND SEX

34
IN PORTUGAL AND THAILAND
A) HISTOGRAM CHART OF NEW CASES OF MALE IN PORTUGAL AND
THAILAND

Figure 12: Show the histogram chart of confirmed cases for male in Portugal

HISTOGRAM OF CONFIRMED CASES FOR MALE

120

100

80
Number of cases

60

40

20

0
00- 09

10 -19

20- 29

30- 39

40- 49

50- 59

60- 69

70- 79

80

Age

Figure 13: Show the histogram chart of confirmed cases for male in Thailand

35
 Histogram of Confirmed Cases for Female
3000

Confirmed Cases for Female

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

20- 29
00- 09

10 -19

30- 39

40- 49

50- 59

60- 69

70- 79

80+
Age

Figure 14: Show the histogram chart of confirmed cases for female in Portugal

Histogram of confirmed cases for Female

120

100

80
Number of cases

60

40

20

0
00- 09

10 -19

20- 29

30- 39

40- 49

50- 59

60- 69

70- 79

Age 80+

Figure 15: Show the histogram chart of confirmed cases for female in Thailand

B) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC OF NEW CASES OF AGE AND SEX IN

PORTUGAL AND THAILAND

i) MALE

PORTUGAL THAILAND
Mean 1142.111111 39.555556
Standard Error 178.0611977 12.461174
Median 1283 34
Mode #N/A #N/A
Standard Deviation 534.1835931 37.383523

36
 Sample Variance 285352.1111 1397.5278
Kurtosis -0.046109336 -0.533096
Skewness -1.079292505 0.6726338
Range 1471 108
Minimum 199 0
Maximum 1670 108
Sum 10279 356

Table 37: Show the descriptive statistic of daily new cases of male

ii) FEMALE

PORTUGAL THAILAND
Mean 1656.777778 39.55556
Standard Error 307.0456796 12.46117
Median 1675 34
Mode #N/A #N/A
Standard Deviation 921.1370389 37.38352
Sample Variance 848493.4444 1397.528
Kurtosis -1.089717246 -0.5331
Skewness -0.479641169 0.672634
Range 2465 108
Minimum 212 0
Maximum 2677 108
Sum 14911 356
Table 38: Show the descriptive statistic of daily new cases of female

Based on the both table of descriptive statistics above :

a)The data collected for male shows that it is normally distributed. This is because
the reading of skewness and the kurtosis is nearly to -1 and 1.

b)The data collected for female shows that it is normally distributed. This is because
the reading of skewness and the kurtosis is in between to -3 and 3.

37
C) REGRESSION OF NEW CASES OF AGE AND SEX PORTUGAL AND
THAILAND

Confirmed Cases for Male

1800

1600
f(x) = 114.133333333333 x + 571.444444444444
1400 R² = 0.342377468149487

1200
Confirmed Cases

1000
Confirmed Cases for Male
800 Linear (Confirmed Cases for Male)

600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Age

Figure 16: Show the regression chart for the confirmed cases of male in Portugal
We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)114.13 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 571.44 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.
The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN PORTUGAL

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.993406368
R Square 0.986856211
Adjusted R Square 0.98466558
Standard Error 29.45730738
Observations 8

Table 39 : Show the summary output for male in Portugal

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN PORTUGAL (Constant to

zero)

38
 Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.993841204
R Square 0.98772034
Adjusted R Square 0.844863197
Standard Error 30.40320628
Observations 8

Table 40 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for male in Portugal

Confirmed Cases for female

3000

2500
f(x) = 206.9 x + 622.277777777778
R² = 0.378384862136694
2000
Confirmed Cases

1500 Confirmed Cases for female

Linear (Confirmed Cases for female)

1000

500

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Age

Figure 17 : Show the regression chart for the confirmed cases female in Portugal
We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)206.9 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) 622.28 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.
The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR FEMALE IN PORTUGAL

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.996095134
R Square 0.992205517
Adjusted R Square 0.990906436
Standard Error 22.68435405
Observations 8

39
 Table 41 : Show the summary output for male in Portugal

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR FEMALE IN PORTUGAL (Constant to

zero)
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.995910341
R Square 0.991837407
Adjusted R Square 0.848980264
Standard Error 24.78793143
Observations 8

Table 42 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for male in Portugal

CONFIRMED CASES FOR MALE

120

100

80
Number of cases

60 MALE
Linear (MALE)
f(x) = 5.86315789473684 x
40 R² = 0.387829025497002

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age

Figure 18: Show the regression chart for the confirmed cases male in Thailand
We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)5.863 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) -4.186 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.
The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN THAILAND

Regression Statistics

40
 Multiple R 0.971751477
R Square 0.944300934
Adjusted R Square 0.935017756
Standard Error 17.10378962
Observations 8

Table 43 : Show the summary output for male in Thailand

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN THAILAND (Constant to

zero)
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.9875479
R Square 0.975250855
Adjusted R Square 0.832393712
Standard Error 16.07962444
Observations 8

Table 44 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for male in Thailand

CONFIRMED CASES FOR FEMALE

120

100

80
Number of cases

60 Female
Linear (Female)
f(x) = 5.86315789473684 x
40 R² = 0.387829025497002

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age

Figure 19 : Show the regression of confirmed cases female in Thailand

We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)5.863 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b) -2.435 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.

41
The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN THAILAND

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.960817973
R Square 0.923171177
Adjusted R Square 0.910366373
Standard Error 20.08771227
Observations 8

Table 45 : Show the summary output for male in Thailand

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN THAILAND(Constant to zero)

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.976620977
R Square 0.953788533
Adjusted R Square 0.810931391
Standard Error 21.97205479
Observations 8

Table 46 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for male in Thailand

D) HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR NEW CASES OF PORTUGAL AND

THAILAND

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Two tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of confirmed cases of covid-19

victims for males in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ) (Mean of confirmed cases for
males in Portugal = Mean of confirmed cases for males in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : There is difference in the mean of confirmed cases of covid-
19 victims for males in Portugal and Thailand. (µP ≠ µT ) (Mean of confirmed cases
for males in Portugal ≠ Mean of confirmed cases for males in Thailand)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 55.88888889 39.55555556
Variance 9906.611111 1397.527778
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 5652.069444

42
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 0.460868831
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.325547603
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.651095206
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299  

Table 47 : Show the t-Test two sample assuming equal variances for number of
confirmed cases of male in Portugal and Thailand

a/2 a/2

t
t= t=
-2.120 t=0 2.120

t=
0.461

Graph 10 : Show the two tail graph for the t-Test

Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is more than the value of t-Critical and it falls not at
the rejection region as shown in Graph 10 while the value of P(T<=t) is more than
0.05. Thus we can conclude that Ho is failed to rejected. It means that there is
difference between the mean for number of confirmed cases of male in Portugal and
Thailand.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (One tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of confirmed cases of covid-19

victims for males in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ). (Mean of confirmed cases for
males in Portugal = Mean of confirmed cases for males in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : The mean of confirmed cases for male of covid-19 victims
in Portugal is greater than the mean of confirmed cases for male of covid-19 victims
in Thailand (µP - µT > 0). (Mean of confirmed cases for males in Portugal - Mean of

43
confirmed cases for males in Thailand > 0)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 55.88888889 39.55555556
Variance 9906.611111 1397.527778
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 5652.069444
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 0.460868831
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.325547603
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.651095206
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299  
Table 48 : Show the data of two sample assuming equal variances of number of
confirmed cases for male in Portugal and Thailand

a/2 a/2

t
t = -2.120 t=0 t = 2.120

t = 0.461

Graph 11 : Show the one tail graph obtained from the t-Test
Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is not at the rejection region as showed in Graph 11
and the value of P(T<=t) is larger than 0.05 as showed in Table 21 thus this clearly
shows that the t-Test failed to reject Ho. So it means that there is no difference in the
mean of confirmed cases of covid-19 victims in Portugal and Thailand.
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Variance Test)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 55.88888889 39.55555556
Variance 9906.611111 1397.527778
Observations 9 9
df 8 8
F 7.088668482
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.005991451
F Critical one-tail 3.438101233  

44
 Table 49 : Show the result obtained for F-Test

F=
3.438

F=
7.08867

Graph 12: Show the graph obtained from the F-Test

Conclusion : We can conclude that Ho is rejected because the value of F is at the

rejection region as shown in Graph 12 and the value of P(F<=f) is also less than 0.05.
Thus there is significant difference in the variance of confirmed cases of covid-19
victims in Portugal and Thailand.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Two tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of confirmed cases of covid-19

victims for females in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ).(Mean of confirmed cases
for females in Portugal = Mean of confirmed cases for females in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : There is difference in the mean of confirmed cases of covid-
19 victims for females in Portugal and Thailand. (µP ≠ µT ) (Mean of confirmed
cases for females in Portugal ≠ Mean of confirmed cases for females in Thailand)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 57.77777778 25.66666667
Variance 16434.19444 951.5
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 8692.847222

45
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 0.730601512
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.237792867
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.475585735
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299  

Table 50 : Show the t-Test two sample assuming equal variances for number of
confirmed cases of female in Portugal and Thailand

a/2 a/2

t
t = -2.120 t=0 t = 2.120

t = 0.731

Graph 13 : Show the two tail graph for the t-Test

Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is more than the value of t-Critical and it falls not at
the rejection region as shown in Graph 13 while the value of P(T<=t) is more than
0.05. Thus we can conclude that Ho is failed to rejected. It means that there is
difference between the mean for number of confirmed cases of male in Portugal and
Thailand.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (One tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of confirmed cases of covid-19

victims for females in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ) (Mean of confirmed cases
for males in Portugal = Mean of confirmed cases for males in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : The mean of confirmed cases for female of covid-19
victims in Portugal is greater than the mean of confirmed cases for female of covid-
19 victims in Thailand (µP - µT > 0) (Mean of confirmed cases for females in
Portugal - Mean of confirmed cases for females in Thailand > 0)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 57.77777778 25.66666667

46
Variance 16434.19444 951.5
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 8692.847222
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 0.730601512
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.237792867
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.475585735
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299  
Table 51 : Show the data of two sample assuming equal variances of number of
confirmed cases for female in Portugal and Thailand

t
t=0 t = 1.746

t = 0.731

Graph 14: Show the one tail graph obtained from the t-Test
Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is not at the rejection region as showed in Graph 14
and the value of P(T<=t) is larger than 0.05 as showed in Table 42 thus this clearly
shows that the t-Test failed to reject Ho. So it means that there is no difference in the
mean of confirmed cases of covid-19 victims in Portugal and Thailand.

F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Variance Test)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 57.77777778 25.66666667
Variance 16434.19444 951.5
Observations 9 9
df 8 8
F 17.27188066
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.000274611
F Critical one-tail 3.438101233  

Table 52 : Show the result obtained for F-Test

47
 F

F = 3.438

F = 17.271

Graph 15 : Show the graph obtained from the F-Test

Conclusion : We can conclude that Ho is rejected because the value of F is at the

rejection region as shown in Graph 15 and the value of P(F<=f) is also less than 0.05.
Thus there is significant difference in the variance of confirmed cases of covid-19
victims in Portugal and Thailand.
E) ANOVA (SINGLE FACTOR)

We have divided the data of number of confirmed cases for Portugal and Thailand by
sex. This is because, it will be easier for us to compare the mean of number of
confirmed cases for both Portugal and Thailand by sex. Before we did the anova
(single factor) analysis, we have assumed two types of analysis. Following are the
hypothesis:
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of confirmed cases
for male in Portugal and Thailand. (µP=µT)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least one pair is different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
55.8888 9906.61111
PORTUGAL 9 503 9 1
39.5555 1397.52777
THAILAND 9 356 6 8

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 4.4939984
Groups 1200.5 1 1200.5 0.21240008 0.651095 8
90433.1111 5652.06
Within Groups 1 16 9

Total 91633.6111 17        

48
 1

Table 44 : Show the anova for the number of confirmed cases of male
Conclusion : As we see the Table 44, the value of F is less than the value of F-critical
where it fall at the rejection area. The value of P is more than the value of 0.05 so the
Ho is failed to rejected. This show that there is at most one pair is different.
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of confirmed cases of
female in Portugal and Thailand. (µP=µT)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least 1 pair different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Averag Varianc
Groups Count Sum e e
57.7777 16434.1
PORTUGAL 9 520 8 9
25.6666
THAILAND 9 231 7 951.5

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
4640.0555 4640.05 0.53377 0.4755857 4.49399
Between Groups 56 1 6 9 35 8
139085.55 8692.84
Within Groups 56 16 7

143725.61
Total 11 17        

Table 53 : Show the anova for the number of confirmed cases of female

Conclusion : Table 45 show that the value of F is less than the value of F-critical and
it fall at the rejection area. Other than that, the value of P is also more than the value
0.05 so it fail to reject Ho. Thus, there is at most one pair is different.

TOTAL NUMBER OF DEATH OF COVID-19 VICTIMS FOR AGE AND SEX

IN PORTUGAL AND THAILAND
A) HISTOGRAM CHART OF DEATH OF MALE IN PORTUGAL AND
THAILAND

49
 Death Cases for Male
350

300

250

200
Death

150

100

50

More
80+
00- 09

10 -19

20- 29

30- 39

50- 59

60- 69

70- 79
40- 49
Age

Figure 20: Show the histogram chart of death for male in Portugal

DEATH CASES OF MALE

12

10

6
DEATH

0
80+
50- 59

60- 69

70- 79
00- 09

10 -19

20- 29

30- 39

40- 49

AGE

Figure 21: Show the histogram chart of death for male in Thailand

50
 Death Cases for Female
450
400
350
300
250
Death 200
150
100
50
0

00- 09

10 -19

20- 29

30- 39

50- 59

60- 69

70- 79
40- 49

More
80+
Age

Figure 22: Show the histogram chart of death cases for female in Portugal

DEATH CASES OF FEMALE

7

4
DEATH

0
10 -19

20- 29

40- 49

50- 59

60- 69

70- 79
00- 09

30- 39

80+
AGE

Figure 23: Show the histogram chart of death cases for female in Thailand

B) DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC OF DEATH OF AGE AND SEX IN

PORTUGAL AND THAILAND

iii) MALE

PORTUGAL THAILAND
Mean 55.88888889 4.555555556
Standard Error 33.17732008 1.302893267
Median 5 4
Mode 0 0
Standard Deviation 99.53196025 3.9086798
Sample Variance 9906.611111 15.27777778
Kurtosis 5.13381968 -1.16985124
Skewness 2.241846921 0.268466772
Range 299 11
Minimum 0 0
Maximum 299 11

51
 Sum 503 41

Table 54: Show the descriptive statistic of death of male

iv) FEMALE

PORTUGAL THAILAND
Mean 57.77777778 1.555555556
Standard Error 42.73197404 0.689426314
Median 5 1
Mode 0 1
Standard Deviation 128.1959221 2.068278941
Sample Variance 16434.19444 4.277777778
Kurtosis 7.861939408 1.925210226
Skewness 2.768841661 1.642443615
Range 392 6
Minimum 0 0
Maximum 392 6
Sum 520 14
Table 55: Show the descriptive statistic of death female

Based on the both table of descriptive statistics above :

a)The data collected for male shows that it is normally distributed. This is because
the reading of skewness and the kurtosis is nearly to -1 and 1.

b)The data collected for female shows that it is normally distributed. This is because
the reading of skewness and the kurtosis is in between to -3 and 3.

C) REGRESSION OF DEATH OF AGE AND SEX PORTUGAL AND

THAILAND

52
 Death Cases for Male
350

300

250

200
Death

150 f(x) = 28.1666666666667 x − 84.9444444444445

R² = 0.600630050639584
100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age

Death Cases for Male Linear (Death Cases for Male)

Figure 24: Show the regression chart for the death of male in Portugal
We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)28.167 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b)-84.944 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.

The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN PORTUGAL

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.993406
R Square 0.986856
Adjusted R Square 0.984666
Standard Error 29.45731
Observations 8

Table 56 : Show the summary output for male in Portugal

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN PORTUGAL (Constant to

zero)
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.993841
R Square 0.98772

53
 Adjusted R Square 0.844863
Standard Error 30.40321
Observations 8

Table 57: Show the summary output(constant to zero) for male in Portugal

Death Case for Female

450

400

350

300

250
Death Case for Female
Death

200 Linear (Death Case for Female)

f(x) = 31.45 x − 99.4722222222222
150 R² = 0.451392295197514
100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age

Figure 25 : Show the regression chart for the death female in Portugal
We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)31.45indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b)-99.472indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.

The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR FEMALE IN PORTUGAL

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.996095
R Square 0.992206
Adjusted R Square 0.990906
Standard Error 22.68435
Observations 8

Table 3 : Show the summary output for female in Portugal

54
 SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR FEMALE IN PORTUGAL (Constant to
zero)
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.99591
R Square 0.991837
Adjusted R Square 0.84898
Standard Error 24.78793
Observations 8

Table 58 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for female Portugal

DEATH CASES OF MALE

12

10

8 f(x) = 0.929824561403509 x
R² = 0.79742235848521
Male
DEATH

6
Linear (Male)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE

Figure 26 : Show the regression chart for the death male in Thailand
We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)0.9298 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b)-0.54362 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.

The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

55
 SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN THAILAND
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.972913
R Square 0.94656
Adjusted R Square 0.937654
Standard Error 1.39622
Observations 8

Table 59 : Show the summary output for male in Thailand

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR MALE IN Thailand (Constant to zero)

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.989515
R Square 0.979141
Adjusted R Square 0.836283
Standard Error 1.333796
Observations 8

Table 60 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for male Thailand

DEATH CASES OF FEMALE

7

4
Female
DEATH

3 Linear (Female)
f(x) = 0.31578947368421 x
2 R² = 0.507518796992481

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AGE

Figure 27 : Show the regression of death female in Thailand

We have plot the points by using the scatter plot graph. We have also added the
trendline to show the linearity of the regression chart. We have also added the
equation (Y=mX+c) that can be derived from the chart and the R square value of the
chart. Based on scatter plot chart, we can conclude that :
a)0.3158 indicates the gradient of the trendline.
b)2.6667 indicates the y-intercept of the regression chart.

56
The R square value has been proved at the summary output as following :

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR FEMALE IN THAILAND

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.912282
R Square 0.832259
Adjusted R Square 0.804302
Standard Error 2.473671
Observations 8

Table 61 : Show the summary output for female in Portugal

SUMMARY OUTPUT FOR FEMALE IN THAILAND(Constant to

zero)
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.940692
R Square 0.884901
Adjusted R Square 0.742044
Standard Error 3.133102
Observations 8

Table 62 : Show the summary output(constant to zero) for female Portugal

D) HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR DEATH OF PORTUGAL AND

THAILAND

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Two tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of death of covid-19 victims for
males in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ) (Mean of death for males in Portugal =
Mean of death for males in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : There is difference in the mean of death of covid-19 victims
for males in Portugal and Thailand. (µP ≠ µT ) (Mean of death for males in Portugal
≠ Mean of death for males in Thailand)

57
   Portugal Thailand
Mean 4.555555556 55.8888889
Variance 15.27777778 9906.61111
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 4960.944444
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat -1.54605002
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.070820593
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.141641186
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299  

Table 63 : Show the t-Test two sample assuming equal variances for number of death
of male in Portugal and Thailand

a/2 a/2

t
t = -2.120 t=0 t = 2.120

t = -1.546

Graph 16 : Show the two tail graph for the t-Test

Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is more than the value of t-Critical and it falls not at
the rejection region as shown in Graph 16 while the value of P(T<=t) is more than
0.05. Thus we can conclude that Ho is failed to rejected. It means that there is no
difference between the mean for number of death of male in Portugal and Thailand.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (One tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of death of covid-19 victims for
males in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ) (Mean of death for males in Portugal =
Mean of death for males in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : The mean of death for male of covid-19 victims in Thailand

58
is greater than the mean of death for male of covid-19 victims in Portugal (µT - µP >
0) (Mean of death for males in Thailand - Mean of death for males in Portugal > 0)

  Thailand Portugal
Mean 55.88888889 4.55555556
Variance 9906.611111 15.2777778
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 4960.944444
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 1.546050022
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.070820593
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.141641186
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299  
Table 64 : Show the data of two sample assuming equal variances of number of death
for male in Portugal and Thailand

t
t=0 t = 1.746

t = 1.546

Graph 17 : Show the one tail graph obtained from the t-Test
Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is not at the rejection region as showed in Graph 17
and the value of P(T<=t) is larger than 0.05 as showed in Table 48 thus this clearly
shows that the t-Test failed to reject Ho. So the mean of death for male of covid-19
victims in Thailand is greater than the mean of death for male of covid-19 victims in
Portugal
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Variance Test)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 4.555555556 55.8888889
Variance 15.27777778 9906.61111
Observations 9 9
df 8 8
F 0.00154218
P(F<=f) one-tail 1.96031E-10
F Critical one-tail 0.290858219  

59
 Table 65 : Show the result obtained for F-Test

F = 0.2909

F = 0.001542

Graph 18 : Show the graph obtained from the F-Test

Conclusion : We can conclude that Ho is rejected because the value of F is at the

rejection region as shown in Graph 18 and the value of P(F<=f) is also less than 0.05.
Thus there is difference in the variance of death for males of covid-19 victims in
Portugal and Thailand.

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Two tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of death of covid-19 victims for
females in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ). (Mean of death for females in Portugal
= Mean of death for females in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : There is difference in the mean of death of covid-19 victims
for females in Portugal and Thailand. (µP ≠ µT ) (Mean of death for females in
Portugal ≠ Mean of death for females in Thailand)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 55.88889 1.555556
Variance 9906.611 4.277778
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 4955.444
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0

60
df 16
t Stat 1.637311
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.06054
t Critical one-tail 1.745884
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.12108
t Critical two-tail 2.119905  

Table 66 : Show the t-Test two sample assuming equal variances for number of death
of female in Portugal and Thailand

a/2 a/2

t
t = -2.120 t=0 t = 2.120

t = 1.637

Graph 19 : Show the two tail graph for the t-Test

Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is more than the value of t-Critical and it falls not at
the rejection region as shown in Graph 19 while the value of P(T<=t) is more than
0.05. Thus we can conclude that Ho is failed to rejected. It means that there is
difference between the mean for number of death of male in Portugal and Thailand.
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (One tail)

Hypothesis Null : There is no difference in the mean of confirmed cases of covid-19

victims for females in Portugal and Thailand. (µP = µT ) (Mean of confirmed cases
for males in Portugal = Mean of confirmed cases for males in Thailand)
Hypothesis Alternative : The mean of confirmed cases for female of covid-19
victims in Portugal is greater than the mean of confirmed cases for female of covid-
19 victims in Thailand (µP - µT > 0) (Mean of confirmed cases for females in
Portugal - Mean of confirmed cases for females in Thailand > 0)

  Thailand Portugal
Mean 1.555556 55.88889
Variance 4.277778 9906.611
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 4955.444

61
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat -1.63731
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.06054
t Critical one-tail 1.745884
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.12108
t Critical two-tail 2.119905  
Table 67 : Show the data of two sample assuming equal variances of number of death
for female in Portugal and Thailand

t
t= -1.746 t=0

t= -1.637

Graph 20 : Show the one tail graph obtained from the t-Test
Conclusion : The value of t-Stat is not at the rejection region as showed in Graph 20
and the value of P(T<=t) is larger than 0.05 as showed in Table 51 thus this clearly
shows that the t-Test failed to reject Ho. So it means that there is no difference in the
mean of death for female of covid-19 victims in Thailand is greater than the mean of
death for female of covid-19 victims in Portugal

F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Variance Test)

  Portugal Thailand
Mean 55.88889 1.555556
Variance 9906.611 4.277778
Observations 9 9
df 8 8
F 2315.831
P(F<=f) one-tail 1.21E-12
F Critical one-tail 3.438101  

Table 68 : Show the result obtained for F-Test

62
 F

F = 3.438

F = 2315.83

Graph 21 : Show the graph obtained from the F-Test

Conclusion : We can conclude that Ho is rejected because the value of F is at the

rejection region as shown in Graph 21 and the value of P(F<=f) is also less than 0.05.
Thus there is significant difference in the variance of death for females of covid-19
victims in Portugal and Thailand.
E) ANOVA (SINGLE FACTOR)

We have divided the data of death for Portugal and Thailand by sex. This is because,
it will be easier for us to compare the mean of number of confirmed cases for both
Portugal and Thailand by sex. Before we did the anova (single factor) analysis, we
have assumed two types of analysis. Following are the hypothesis:
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of death for male in
Portugal and Thailand. (µP=µT)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least one pair is different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
4.55555
PORTUGAL 9 41 6 15.27778
55.8888
THAILAND 9 503 9 9906.611

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 11858 1 11858 2.390271 0.141641 4.493998
4960.94
Within Groups 79375.11 16 4

Total 91233.11 17        

Table 69: Show the anova for the number of death of male

63
Conclusion : As we see the Table 53, the value of F is less than the value of F-critical
where it fall at the rejection area. The value of P is more than the value of 0.05 so the
Ho is failed to rejected. This show that there is at most one pair is different.
Hypothesis Null: There is no difference in the mean of number of death of female in
Portugal and Thailand. (µP=µT)
Hypothesis Alternative: There is at least 1 pair different. (µF≠µM≠µA)

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
55.8888 9906.61
PORTUGAL 9 503 9 1
1.55555 4.27777
THAILAND 9 14 6 8

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
2.68078 4.49399
Between Groups 13284.5 1 13284.5 9 0.12108 8
4955.44
Within Groups 79287.11 16 4

Total 92571.61 17        

Table 70 : Show the anova for the number of death of female

Conclusion : Table 54 show that the value of F is less than the value of F-critical and
it fall at the rejection area. Other than that, the value of P is also more than the value
0.05 so it fail to reject Ho. Thus, there is at most one pair is different.

CONCLUSION

By carry out research, we could learn more about the pandemic of Covid-19 that is
happening in Portugal and Thailand. Moreover, we could increase or gain or
knowledge in predicting and analyse the data that we have collected starting from
February until April. For example, we could learn and do the T-test that carried out
to test the mean of every data. Other than that, we could also learn how to tabulate
the data collected systematically using the Microsoft Excel which will be very useful
for every engineering students to carry out their final year project reports.

64
REFERENCE

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Portugal
3. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
4. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-
reports/
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/
Thailand_medical_case

65
66