Internet of Things (IoT 540)

L-T-P-[C] 4-0-0-[4]

Outline of the course

First half of the course –

Introduction to IoT, need, technologies used in IoT, benefits of IoTs, IoT
Implementation Challenges, Applications, IoT structure, Working process
of IoT, Components of internet of things, - Sensor, Actuator.
IoT Networking – IoT Architecture, Reference model, IoT Service Oriented
Architecture, challenges.

IoT Protocols – IEEE 804.14.5, ZigBee, Connectivity (6LowPAN, RPL),

Communication / Transport (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LPWAN), Discovery
Protocols (Physical Web, mDNS, DNS-SD), Data Protocol (MQTT, CoAP,
AMQP, Web Socket, Node), Device Management (TR-069, OMA-DM),
Semantic (JSON-LD, Web Thing Model)

Courseware and Reference Books

Text Books:
 Mayur Ramgir, Internet of Things- Architecture, Implementation, and Security, Pearson Education India,
2019.
Reference Books:
1. Raj Kamal, INTERNET OF THINGS Architecture and Design Principles, McGraw Hill Education
(India) Private Limited, 2017.
2. S. Misra, A. Mukherjee, and A. Roy, Introduction to IoT, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
3. S. Misra, C. Roy, and A. Mukerjee, 2020, Introduction to Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0,
CRC Press, 2020
4. Research Papers.
 Lecture No 03

Internet of Things (IoT)

This lecture is going to be on the basics of the IoT.

Internet of Things (IoT) Definition

Internet

 The Internet is a vast global network of connected

servers, computers, tablets and mobiles that is
governed by standard protocols for connected
systems.
 It enables sending, receiving, or communication of
information, connectivity with remote servers,
cloud and analytics platforms.

Thing
 Thing in English has number of uses and
meanings.

 In a dictionary, thing is a word used to refer to

a physical object, an action or idea, a situation
or activity, in case when one does not wish to
be precise.

 Example of reference to an object is—an

umbrella is a useful thing in rainy days.
Streetlight is also referred to as a thing.

 Example of reference to an action is— such a

thing was not expected from him.
 Example of reference to a situation is—such
things were in plenty in that regime.
IoT is the network of physical objects or ‘things’
embedded with electronics, software, sensors and
connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value and
service by exchanging data with the manufacturer,
operator and/or other connected devices.

 Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its

embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet
infrastructure.

Alternate Def.
The IoT is the network of physical objects that
contain embedded technology to communicate and
sense or interact with their internal states or the
external environment.
https://www.gartner.com/

IoT means a network of physical things (objects)

sending, receiving, or communicating information
using the Internet or other communication
technologies.
The network just as the computers, tablets and mobiles
do, and thus enabling the monitoring, coordinating or
controlling process across the Internet or another data
network.

 The connection between these devices is powered

through the internet where each devices carries
unique identifiers (UIDs) to communicate with other
devices.

 These “things” or objects are designed in such a

way that they can engage in communication without
manual intervention.

 IoT is a collection of heterogeneous end nodes,

producing huge amount of heterogeneous data
transmitted using different protocols to achieve a
common goal.
  IoT describes a system where items in the physical
world, and sensors within or attached to these
items, are connected to the internet via wireless
and/or wired Internet connections.

Why internet of things has become so popular, why it is going to be required?

Need:
The reason is that IoT is envisaged to be able to provide
advanced level of service to the society to the business
and so on.

So, advanced levels of services can be offered with the help of IoT based
technology.

So, what is going to happen is, these different things, the chairs, the tables, these lighting system, you know the
watch or anything and everything that you can think of, all of these are going to be fitted with embedded systems,
embedded electronics and information technology, so that they have some basic computing platform in them,
attached to them and then, they are going to be acting as different nodes of that particular internet, the IoT.

IoT Vision
 Things becoming intelligent, smart and behaving
alive
IoT is a vision where things (wearable watches, alarm
clocks, home devices, surrounding objects) become
‘smart’ and function like living entities by sensing,
computing and communicating through embedded
devices which interact with remote objects (servers,
clouds, applications, services and processes) or persons
through the Internet or Near-Field Communication (NFC)
etc.

The vision of IoT can be understood through Examples.

A smart Umbrella
Use of Internet of Things concept for streetlights in a city

Smart and Hyperconnected Devices

 Smart devices are devices with computing and
communication capabilities that can constantly
connect to networks.
For example, a city network of streetlights which
constantly connects to the controlling station/server.

 Hyperconnectivity means use of multiple systems

and devices to remain constantly connected to social
networks and streams of information.
IoT Conceptual Framework
The following equation describes a simple conceptual
framework of IoT

Physical Object + (Controller, Sensor and Actuators)

+ Internet = Internet of Things
Eq.1

Equation 1 conceptually describes the Internet of

umbrellas as consisting of an umbrella, a controller,
sensor and actuators, and the Internet for connectivity to
a web service and a mobile service provider.

Generally, IoT consists of an internetwork of devices and

physical objects wherein a number of objects can gather
the data at remote locations and communicate to units
managing, acquiring, organising and analysing the data
in the processes and services.
 Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire +
Organise and Analyse
= Internet of Things with connectivity to data centre,
enterprise or cloud server
Eq.2

Oracle’s IoT architecture

The steps are as follows:
 At level 1 data of the devices (things) using sensors
or the things gather the pre data from the internet.

 A sensor connected to a gateway, functions as a

smart sensor (smart sensor refers to a sensor with
computing and communication capacity).
The data then enriches at level 2, for example, by
transcoding at the gateway.
Transcoding means coding or decoding before data
transfer between two entities.

 A communication management subsystem sends or

receives data streams at level 3.

 Device management, identity management and

access management subsystems receive the
device’s data at level 4.

 A data store or database acquires the data at level 5.

 Data routed from the devices and things organises
and analyses at level 6.
 For example, data is analysed for collecting business
intelligence in business processes.

Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble +

Manage and Analyse = Internet of Things with
connectivity to cloud services
Eq.3

Equation 3 represents a complex conceptual framework

for IoT using cloud-platform-based processes and
services.

IBM IoT conceptual framework

The steps are as follows:
 Levels 1 and 2 consist of a sensor network to gather
and consolidate the data.
First level gathers the data of the things (devices)
using sensors circuits.
The sensor connects to a gateway.
Data then consolidates at the second level, for
example, transformation at the gateway at level 2.

 The gateway at level 2 communicates the data

streams between levels 2 and 3.
The system uses a communication-management
subsystem at level 3.

 An information service consists of connect, collect,

assemble and manage subsystems at levels 3 and
4.
The services render from level 4.

 Real time series analysis, data analytics and

intelligence subsystems are also at levels 4 and 5.
A cloud infrastructure, a data store or database
acquires the data at level 5.
IoT Technologies
 Internet technology connecting devices, machines
and tools to the internet by means of wireless
technologies.

 These sensors enabled IoT can use various types of

local area connections such as RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth (BLE), and Zigbee.

 Sensors can also have wide area connectivity such

as GSM, GPRS, 3/4G, and LTE.

 Over 9 billion “Things” connected to the internet and

near future they may more than 20 billion.

 Unification of technologies such as low-power

embedded systems, cloud computing, big-data,
machine learning, and networking.
 Coursera.com

 The term “Internet of Things” is first used by Kevin

Ashtom of MIT, 1999.

Characteristics of IoT:

 Efficient, scalable and associated architecture.

 Unambiguous naming and addressing architecture

 Abundance of sleeping nodes, mobile, and non-IP

devices

 Intermittent connectivity
Summary

We learnt

(i) Definition of Internet,

(ii) Definition of the Thing and
(iii) Definition of Internet of Things
(iv) IoT Vision
(v) Conceptual framework of IoT in terms of
equations