Name: Megan L.

Alde Date: February 10, 2022

Course, Year and Sections: BSED Science III Rating:

UNIT 4 
AIR PRESSURE AND WIND 
INTRODUCTION: 
Wind and atmospheric pressure are both important determinants of Earth's  weather and
climate. Although these two physical variables appear to be very distinct  at first glance, they are in
fact very similar. Wind exists as a result of horizontal and  vertical pressure differences (gradients),
resulting in a correspondence that allows the  pressure distribution to be used as an alternate
representation of atmospheric  motions. The weight of air above a specific area on Earth's surface or
within its  atmosphere is comparable to atmospheric pressure, which is the force applied on a  unit
area. 

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES: 

1. Define air pressure. 
- The air surrounding you is heavy, and it pushes against everything it comes
into contact with. Atmospheric pressure, or air pressure, is the name given to this
pressure. The air above a surface exerts a force on it as gravity draws it to Earth.

2. Discuss different factors affecting air pressure. 

1. Temperature:
As the temperature rises, air expands, resulting in a fall in density and a drop
in pressure. Air, on the other hand, contracts owing to the cold, causing its
density to rise, resulting in increased pressure.
2. Height from the Sea:
Because air pressure is formed by the weight of the air, the maximum air
pressure is found near sea level. Because the higher air is light and has a low
density, air pressure lowers as we ascend upward from sea level, leaving behind
the heavier gases in the lower layers of the atmosphere.
3. Humidity (moisture in the air):
Atmospheric humidity refers to the conversion of water from a liquid to a
gaseous form due to evaporation. Because water vapours are light in weight,
they ascend to the surface, lowering the pressure of humid air in comparison to
dry air. The amount of water vapours fluctuates with time and location, and as a
result, air pressure varies as well.
4. Earth's Gravitation:
Because of the Earth's gravitational pull, the atmosphere binds itself to it. As
we get farther from the Earth's core, the gravitational attraction becomes less
intense. Another truth is that when the Earth spins around its axis, the average
distance between the polar and equatorial regions fluctuates. Polar locations, for
example, are closer to the Earth's core than Equatorial parts, and hence have
higher air pressure.

5. Earth's Rotation:

The Earth's rotation causes centrifugal force, which has a greater influence in
the Equatorial area and a lesser effect in the Polar regions. Things are pushed
 out from the center by centrifugal force. The effect on air pressure is the same,
resulting in lower pressure in Equatorial regions than in polar regions.

3. Differentiate what causes high and low air pressures. 

Ascending and descending air create high and low pressure zones. Air rises as it
heats, resulting in low pressure at the surface. As the air cools, it lowers, resulting in
a build-up of pressure near the surface.

4. Discuss different air mechanisms around the globe. 

Global atmospheric circulation is a pattern in which air in the atmosphere flows
around the globe. Because the Sun heats the Earth more at the equator than at the
poles, this pattern is known as atmospheric circulation. It's also influenced by the
Earth's rotation. Warm air rises toward the equator in the tropics.

5. Explain different regional wind systems. 

Many of the local wind systems are caused by the heating/cooling cycles that
occur on a regular basis. Air travels from a high pressure area to a low pressure
area. When one part of land receives more sunlight than another, a pressure
gradient is created and the region begins to heat up quicker.
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
17 
Lesson 1: UNDERSTANDING AIR PRESSURE

Learning Essential Questions: 

1. What is air pressure?

The air surrounding you is heavy, and it pushes against everything it
comes into contact with. Atmospheric pressure, or air pressure, is the name given to
this pressure. The air above a surface exerts a force on it as gravity draws it to Earth.

2. What is the effect of temperature to air pressure? 

Temperature affects air pressure because as the air warms, the
molecules begin to move around more, causing them to collide more frequently
and create more pressure. However, air pressure has an impact on temperature
because the more those molecules collide, the more heat is generated.

3. What is the effect of changes of volume to air pressure? 

The pressure of a gas increases as the volume of the gas decreases. Because more
collisions result in more force, the pressure will rise. The pressure rises as the volume decreases.
This demonstrates that a gas's pressure is inversely proportional to its volume.

Learning Exercise: 
1. What are the effects of varying air pressure in the atmosphere in our
day to day activities? Provide concrete examples.  

As the pressure drops, so does the amount of oxygen accessible to

breathe. At very high elevations, the available oxygen and air
pressure are so low that individuals can become ill and perhaps die.
Lesson 2: PRESSURE CENTER AND WINDS 

Essential Questions: 
1. Is typhoon similar to cyclone? 
The term 'hurricane' is used in the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific, whereas
the same disturbance is referred to as a 'typhoon' in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and a 'tropical
cyclone' - or sometimes referred to as a'severe tropical cyclone' or'severe cyclonic storms' in the
South Pacific and Indian Oceans.

2. How do you differentiate tropical depression and tropical storms?

- A tropical depression is a tropical storm with maximum sustained surface winds of 38
mph (33 knots) or less (one-minute average). A tropical storm is a tropical cyclone with sustained
surface winds of 39-73 miles per hour (34 to 63 knots).

3. How do tropical cyclones formed? What are the necessary atmospheric conditions are
required to form cyclones? 
- Oceans and oceans have a significant impact on the weather of continents. Water
drained from the sea/ocean is taken up into the sky and condenses, generating clouds that produce
various types of precipitation. Tropical cyclones are powerful cyclonic circulations that occur from
time to time.

Learning Exercises: 
Provide comprehensive discussions on different forms of cyclones formed in different continents or
areas of the world.  
1. Hurricane  
- A hurricane is defined as a tropical storm with sustained winds of 74 miles per hour or higher.
A storm's eye is normally 20-30 miles wide and can stretch for over 400 miles. Storms may cause
heavy rainfall, powerful winds, and storm surges, among other things.

2. Tornadoes 
- A tornado is a violent rotating column of air that originates in a thunderstorm and extends to
the ground. With wind speeds of up to 300 mph, the most severe tornadoes are capable of wreaking
havoc. They have the ability to demolish large structures, uproot trees, and hurl vehicles hundreds of
yards. They're also capable of driving straw into trees.

3. Typhoons 
- Hurricanes, also known as typhoons or cyclones, pose a three-pronged threat: high winds,
flooding, and tornadoes. Typhoons are rotating, organized clouds and thunderstorms in the
Northwest Pacific. Tropical cyclones are storms that form in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
Lesson 3: REGIONAL WIND SYSTEMS 

II. Using the same news article, discuss what were the actions of the national disaster
risk reduction management council and the PAG-ASA. 

III. Differentiate northeast monsoon (Amihan) and southwest monsoon (Habagat)

as two seasons in the Philippines. 
- Amihan and Habagat are two types of winds and seasons that occur in
the Philippines throughout the year. The Northeast monsoon is known
as Amihan, whereas the Southwest monsoon is known as Habagat.
The two monsoons exchange multiple times over the season before
settling into a routine.

IV. Discuss the effects of El Nino and La Nina in the Philippines. Cite
some recent news report to prove your claim. 
- Droughts caused by El Nio hit the Philippines in 1982–1983, affecting
450,000 hectares of agricultural. El Nio-induced drought had impacted
over 400,000 farmers and 550,000 hectares by May 2016. Later, La
Nia caused floods in low-lying farm regions, allowing crop pests and
illnesses to become more prevalent.

Essential Questions:  
1. In general, what were the different air systems experienced in the
Philippines  during the past years. Differentiate them. 
- Tropical rainforest, tropical monsoon, tropical savanna, humid
subtropical, and oceanic climates (both in higher-altitude locations)
are the five types of climates found in the Philippines. They are all
marked by high temperatures, oppressive humidity, and abundant
rainfall.

2. How was the economy affected by these systems? 

- Unemployment, taxes, income inequality, economic development, and a variety
of other issues all affect national economies. These issues have an impact on more
than simply our wallets. They also have a significant influence on the organization of
societies.

3. These are all regular phenomena that we experience. What do you

think are the necessary preparations that local people should do? 
- Create an evacuation plan for your area. Find out ahead of time what
evacuation routes have been authorized for your region by contacting your local
emergency management agency. Distribute maps to members of the community.
Before a calamity strikes, familiarize yourself with main and alternate routes out of your
region.
Learning Exercises: 

Conduct a simple interview to any local authority like the barangay captain, barangay kagawad
assigned to disaster or any old folk member of the community. The questions below will serve as
guide.
 
1. In your personal experience, what do you usually observed and experienced during
El Nino and La Nina?  
- When surface water in the equatorial Pacific becomes warmer than average
and east winds blow weaker than typical, an El Nio event develops. La Nia is the polar opposite of El
Nio. The ocean is colder than average and the east winds are stronger during this period of ENSO. El
Ninos occur every 3 to 5 years on average.

2. How do you prepare for such disasters? 

- Water to drink (at least one gallon per person per day)
Food that isn't perishable, such as canned vegetables and protein bars
Can opener (manual)
Extra batteries, flashlights, or portable lanterns
Kit for first aid
A radio that is powered by a crank or a battery
Toilet paper, moist towelettes, soap, garbage bags, and disinfectants are among
the sanitation materials available.
Maps of the area

3. What do you think are the necessary things to prepare or you think the community
lacks with in times of hydrological disasters?
- Create an evacuation plan for your area. Find out ahead of time what
evacuation routes have been authorized for your region by contacting your local emergency
management agency. Distribute maps to members of the community. Before a calamity
strikes, familiarize yourself with main and alternate routes out of your region.
UNIT 5 
WEATHER PATTERN AND SEVERE STORMS 
INTRODUCTION: 
Severe storms and typhoons are experienced anywhere in the world. These  brought so many
devastations in the residence, livelihood, properties and even taken  lives. All of these when not
prepared, happen naturally. The formations of these  phenomenon are caused of many natural
factors occurring in the atmosphere and  hydrosphere. One is the formation of air masses and
fronts.  
A huge volume of air with usually constant temperature and humidity is  referred to as an air
mass. The properties of an air mass are determined by the  place from which it originates. The longer
an air mass remains over its source  region, the more likely it is to take on the characteristics of the
surface below it. Air  masses are therefore linked to high-pressure systems. 
Weather fronts demarcate the separation of two air masses with typically  opposing
characteristics. For instance, one air mass could be cold and dry, whereas  the other is quite warm
and moist. A reaction (typically a band of rain) occurs as a  result of these variations in a zone known
as a front. 
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES: 
1. Discuss the effect of air masses to varying weather systems. 
2. Discuss the formation of fronts and its types. 
3. Explain the formation and occurrence of thunderstorms. 
4. Explain the development and occurrence of severe storms. 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
25 
Lesson 1: AIR MASSES 
Lesson Energizer: 
Share your thoughts based on the two pictures placed below. How
these two pictures are differ from each other.

Essential Questions: 
1. What is an Air Mass? 
- A large volume of air in the atmosphere that is mostly uniform in temperature
and moisture is referred to as an air mass. Winds transport meteorological
conditions (hot or cold, dry or moist) from one location to another as they move air
masses.

2. How are air masses affected by temperature? 

- When a warmer air mass passes over colder ground, the lowest layer of air
cools and becomes confined near the ground due to its high density. Cold air
masses tend to flow toward the equator, whereas warm air masses tend to flow
toward the poles in general. This generates heat in chilly places and cools off hot
areas.

3. What is the relationship of production of air masses to the

current weather condition? 
- Winds transport meteorological conditions (hot or cold, dry or moist) from one
location to another as they move air masses. When the air mass arrives in a new area, it may
collide with another air mass with a different temperature and humidity. This has the potential to
cause a severe storm.

 
Lesson 2: FRONTS 

Learning Exercises: 
Essay.  
Storms and typhoons are parts of the normal geochemical processes on
earth. Thus,  these can be considered as vital to living systems. Write an
essay on the advantages  and disadvantages of these phenomena with at
least 500 words and maximum of  800 words. Present some research-
based content to justify your claims. 
Please refer to the rubrics below for rating:
Criteria Excellent  Satisfactory  Fair  Needs  
(10) (8) (6) Improvement  (4)

Research  
based content

Organization  of ideas

Sentence and  grammar  

fluency
 31 
UNIT 6 
CLIMATE 
INTRODUCTION: 
A shift in a location's typical weather is referred to as climate
change. This could  be due to a shift in the amount of rain that a location
receives on a yearly basis. It  could also be a variation in a location's
normal temperature over the course of a month  or season. 
Climate change is a term that refers to changes in the Earth's
climate. This  could be due to a shift in the Earth's normal temperature. It
could also be a shift in  where rain and snow fall on Earth. 
The climate of the Earth is always changing. The Earth's climate has
been  warmer in the past than it is currently. There have been cooler days
in the past.  Thousands or millions of years can pass during these periods. 
Earth scientists see that the planet's climate is warming. In the
previous 100  years, the Earth's temperature has risen by around one
degree Fahrenheit. This may  not appear to be a significant amount of
money. Small variations in the Earth's  temperature, on the other hand, can
have significant consequences. 
Some impacts have already begun to manifest. Some snow and ice
have  melted as the Earth's climate has warmed. Oceans have also risen
as a result of global  warming. It's also shifted the time of certain plants'
growth. 
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES: 
1. Discuss different factors affecting climate. 
2. Explain the different climate around the globe. 
3. Discuss the factors and effects of climate change. 
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32 
Lesson 1: FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE 
Learning Energizer: 
Discuss the following factors how they affect climatic conditions. 
1. Latitude The term "latitude" refers to an angle that extends from 0° at the Equator
to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Parallels, or lines of constant latitude, travel
east–west as circles parallel to the equator. The terms latitude and longitude are
used to describe the precise position of features on the Earth's surface.

2. Elevation The term "elevation" refers to the height above sea level. In most
cases, elevations are expressed in meters or feet. Contour lines, which link points of
the same height; color bands; or numerals, which represent the precise elevations of
specific locations on the Earth's surface, can all be used to depict them on maps.

3. Topography The study of the shapes and characteristics of land surfaces is

known as topography. The topography of a place can be a description or a
description of the surface shapes and characteristics.

4. Water Bodies Any considerable collection of water on the surface of Earth or

another planet is referred to as a body of water or waterbody. Oceans, seas, and
 lakes are the most common examples, but it also includes smaller bodies of water
like ponds, marshes, and, less frequently, puddles.

5. Atmospheric Circulation The term "atmospheric circulation" refers to the overall

circulation of the Earth as well as localised air movements around zones of high and
low pressure. On average, this circulation corresponds to large-scale wind systems
that surround the Earth in multiple east–west bands.

6. Vegetation Plant species and the ground cover they give are referred to as
vegetation. It is a broad word that refers to a wide range of species, life forms,
structure, spatial expanse, and other botanical and geographic aspects.

Essential Questions: 
Can we consider human as one of the main factors affecting
climate? Explain.
 By burning fossil fuels, tearing down forests, and raising animals, humans are
progressively impacting the climate and the earth's temperature. This adds
massive volumes of greenhouse gases to the already existing ones in the
atmosphere, amplifying the greenhouse effect and contributing to global
warming.

Learning Exercise: 
Discuss how the following chemical compounds affect climate. 
1. Carbon dioxide At normal temperatures and pressures, carbon dioxide is a
colorless, non-flammable gas. Carbon dioxide is a vital component of our planet's
air, although being far less prevalent than nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere.  

2. Methane Methane (/men/ in the US, /mien/ in the UK) is a chemical molecule

having the formula CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It's a
group-14 hydride, the most basic alkane, and the most abundant component of
natural gas.

3. Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide, commonly known as dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen

monoxide, is a tiny inorganic chemical molecule. It has a mildly pleasant odor and is
colorless and nonflammable. Nitrous oxide also has the potential for illegal
recreational usage and misuse. It is frequently employed in a variety of non-medical
fields.
  
Lesson 2: WORLD CLIMATES 
Learning Energizer: 
Share your analysis on the photos below showing the temperature and amount of greenhouse
gases around the world. 

Essential Questions: 
1. How does the varying and fluctuating temperature affect the global climate? 
Storms, heat waves, floods, and droughts are all worsening as a result of rising temperatures.
A warmer temperature produces an atmosphere that can gather, hold, and drop more water, altering
weather patterns such that wet areas grow wetter and dry ones become drier.

2. What is/are the effects of increasing volume of greenhouse gases to world  climate?  
The increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere is at the root of the global warming and
climate change phenomena. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which contributes to
global warming, by increasing the amount of heat in the atmosphere.

Learning Exercises:  
Complete the diagram:  

The factors that affect climate  are: 

6. Elevation or Altitude effect climate
7. Prevailing global wind patterns
8.  Topography
9.  Effects of Geography
10. Climate change over time
The effects to the climate change  are: 
1. Hotter temperatures
2. More severe storms
3.  Increased drought
4.  A warming, rising ocean
5. Loss of species
Lesson 3: CLIMATE CHANGE 

Essential Questions: 
1. What do you observe on the current climatic condition in the world nowadays?
People from all walks of life use thermometers, rain gauges, and other instruments to keep a
record of their weather. Furthermore, automated networks of scientific devices monitor weather and
climate across the world at all hours of the day and night.

2. What are the primary factors to consider on the worsening of the climate changes in the world?  
The increased use of fossil fuels – such as coal, oil, and gas – to generate electricity, power
cars and other modes of transportation, and power manufacturing and industry are the primary
causes of climate change. Deforestation – because live trees absorb and store carbon dioxide.

Learning Exercises: 
1. Present through a poster the
current climatic condition of the
world. You have to present the
condition based on evidence. 

2. Given the different atmospheric phenomena experience in the Philippines, how can you predict its
future climatic changes? 
To understand how our world is evolving, scientists use computer programs called climate
models to forecast future climate. Climate models function in the same way that a computer lab does.
They let scientists to investigate how various elements combine to affect a region's climate.