Phy331 L1

PHY331
Magnetism
Lecture 1
Overview
• Course syllabus / general information
• Quick revision of basic concepts
• Magnetization and susceptibility
• Using susceptibility to define magnetic
materials
– Diamagnetic
– Paramagnetic
– Ferromagnetic
• Summary
SYLLABUS
• Lecture 1: General introduction and revision, dipoles, magnetic

materials, magnetisation, susceptibility.
• Lecture 2: Magnetic dipole moment of a circulating electron.
• Lecture 3: Langevin’s theory of diamagnetism.
• Lecture 4: Classical treatment of paramagnetic susceptibility.
• Lecture 5: Magnetic dipole moment of an atom via Hund’s Rules.
• Lecture 6: Quantum theory of paramagnetism.
• Lecture 7: Domain theory of ferromagnetism. Antiferromagnets.
• Lecture 8: Spontaneous magnetisation and the exchange interaction.
• Lecture 9: Weiss molecular field model of ferromagnetism.
• Lecture 10: Paramagnetic susceptibility of free electrons (Pauli
paramagnetism).
What if we can’t understand the
lecture notes?
The material is covered in the two recommended text books,
“Introduction to Solid State Physics” Charles Kittel

7th Edition (John Wiley & sons)
Chapters 14 and 15
“Solid State Physics” J. R. Hook & H. E. Hall

2nd Edition (John Wiley & sons)
Chapters 7 and 8
All of these notes can be downloaded from PHY331 website. Can also get .pdf
versions of the notes. These contain a little more ‘background’ information.
www.sheffield.ac.uk/physics/teaching/phy331/index.htm
Magnets - what’s the big attraction?
• i) important physical state and

• ii) of considerable technological
significance
(all electrical motors and transformers,
magnetic fields for all purposes, including
medical, magnetic storage, sensors, security
tags, etc etc)
Magnetic fields from conduction currents (i)
Biot Savart Law
µ0idL sin θ
dB =
4 πr 2 µ0i
dB =
The strength of the magnetic interaction 2πr
is defined by µ0
which is known as the permeability of
free space. µ0 has a value of 4 x 10-7
For an infinitely long wire
€ Hm-1. The unit of B is the tesla (T).
See lecture 10 of 2nd year EM notes
€
Force on a current carrying element
Experimentally the magnetic force
dF acting
on a current element length dL
carrying a current i and placed
in a uniform field B is found to be
dF = BidL sin θ
The direction of the magnetic force
is normal to the plane
containing both B and dL. In vector
notation:
€ dF = idL × B
Magnetic ‘dipoles’
• Easiest way to think of a magnetic dipole is as a result of a

current flowing in a miniature wire. Leads naturally to a picture
of electron ‘currents’ in atoms.
• This results in a magnetic dipole moment m, defined by a

current i, and a vector area A. Arrow shows the sense of the
vector area.
m A
i m = iA
Magnetic fields…
Potential (scalar) field
Magnetic induction field (B-field)
B = −∇VM
N S
m cosθ
VM = 2
€ 4 πr
Placing a magnetic dipole in a B field
• The energy U of a magnetic dipole m in a uniform Magnetic
Induction Field B
U = − m⋅B
• The torque Γ on a magnetic dipole m in a uniform Magnetic
Induction Field B (Torque is a measure of how much a force acting
on an object causes that object to rotate) Γ = m× B
€
• Scalar field can be used to ‘generate’ forces (which are usually
vector fields). In general, the force F can be described by the
gradient of a scalar field U, i.e.
F = − ∇U
€
• The force F on a magnetic dipole m in a non-uniform
Magnetic Induction Field B
F = − ∇ m⋅ B
€
B-field and H-field
• Can view a magnetic material as being composed of many
individual current-carrying loops - each with a magnetic dipole
moment. If all loops are identical, then current flow in the
material is zero.
• However the effects of the magnetic dipoles can be modelled by
thinking of them resulting from a surface current termed an
Amperian current (see L15, 2nd year EM course).
• Also have magnetic fields that result from the flow of ‘real’
conduction currents.
• Both currents (Amperian and conduction) can contribute to
the B-field. However only conduction currents can contribute to
the H-field.
• Can write B field in terms of the Magnetization of the material
and the conduction currents that flow.
B = µo (H + M)
From magnetic
From conduction currents material
Magnetization
• Each small volume dτ of a magnetized material will
posses a magnetic dipole moment dm.
• Magnetization is defined as the magnetic dipole

moment per unit volume M = dm / dτ (units Am-1)
The magnetisation of materials
• In the presence of a magnetic material, there will
be two contributions to the total Magnetic
Induction Field B B = Bcurrent elements + Bmagnetic materials
Using our relation between B, H and M
B = µ0 H + µ0 M
We define the susceptibility (chi) as χ = M / H
€
B = µ 0 H + µ 0 χH
so that, €
B = µ 0 (1+ χ ) H
and define,
so that, µr €
= (1+ χ )
€ B = µr µ0 H
• Here µr is the relative permeability of the
material, which we use in place of, µ0 the
permeability of free space.
• All the equations used when there are no magnetic

materials are simply modified by replacing,
µ0 with µrµ0
when magnetic materials are present.
Units
• When M and H both have the (same) units of
amperes / meter, then susceptability (χ) is called the
“volume magnetic susceptability” and is
dimensionless.
• There are however two other (SI) measures of
susceptibility, the mass magnetic susceptibility
(χmass), measured in m3 kg−1 and the molar magnetic
susceptibility (χmol) measured in m3mol−1
• Can convert between these using ρ the density in kg
m−3 and M (molar mass) kg mol−1.

χmass = χ / ρ

χmol = Mχmass = Mχ / ρ
How do we classify magnetic
materials?
Depending on χ, we class all

materials as being
Diamagnetic,
Paramagnetic or
Ferromagnetic.
Diamagnetic materials
χ < 0, i.e negative and µr < 1 small negative magnetisation.
Examples χ (per kg)
bismuth -1.7 x 10-8

copper -0.107 x 10-8
germanium -0.15 x 10-8
gold -0.19 x 10-8
hydrogen -2.49 x 10-8
helium -0.59 x 10-8
Diamagnetic levitation
Discuss diamagnetism lecture 2 / 3 of a frog in a magnetic
field
Paramagnets
Characterized by χ > 0 and µr > 1
Examples χ × 10-6 (per kg)

aluminium 0.82
calcium 1.40
magnesium 0.69
platinum 1.65
tantalum 1.10
Discuss paramagnetism lecture 4 / 6 / 10

Ferromagnets
χ > 0, and µr >> 1
Large positive magnetisation
• Examples χ between 102 - 103 but only an in

‘initial χ’ is it is proportional to H
• Examples Iron, nickel, cobalt, NiFe, FeCo alloys
etc and other amorphous alloys
• Discuss ferromagnetism in lectures 7 / 8 / 9

Summary
• Revised basic concepts (B and H-field,

energy, torque and force in a magnetic field).
• Introduced magnetization, susceptability and
relative permeability.
• Talked about different types of magnetic
materials (diamagnetic, paramagnetic,
ferromagnetic).

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PHY331

• Lecture 1: General introduction and revision, dipoles, magnetic

“Introduction to Solid State Physics” Charles Kittel

“Solid State Physics” J. R. Hook & H. E. Hall

• i) important physical state and

Biot Savart Law

• Easiest way to think of a magnetic dipole is as a result of a

• This results in a magnetic dipole moment m, defined by a

• Magnetization is defined as the magnetic dipole

• All the equations used when there are no magnetic

Depending on χ, we class all

bismuth -1.7 x 10-8

Examples χ × 10-6 (per kg)

Discuss paramagnetism lecture 4 / 6 / 10

• Examples χ between 102 - 103 but only an in

• Discuss ferromagnetism in lectures 7 / 8 / 9

• Revised basic concepts (B and H-field,

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