MODULE-MATRICES BY: SALAMATULLAH PGT MATHS COORDINATOR

➢ Definition: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (may be real or complex) or

functions.

• Elements or Entries of the matrix: The numbers or functions in the array

• Rows of Matrix: The horizontal lines of elements

• Columns of Matrix: The vertical lines of elements

➢ General Format:
➢ Simple Matrix:
▪ has one Row and Column
▪ Represented as (Row, Column)
➢ Higher Level Matrix
▪ has many Rows and Columns
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … … 𝑎1𝑛
▪ Represented as: A = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … … 𝑎2𝑛 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 … … 𝑎3𝑛
(Or)
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … … 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎
( 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … … 𝑎2𝑛 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 … … 𝑎3𝑛
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯
𝑎2𝑛
Example of m x n, 𝐴 = [ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑚×𝑛
Or A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 where, 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑚, 1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖, 𝑗 ∈ 𝑁
i -row elements
j-column elements
Order of a Matrix

• If a matrix has “m” rows and “n” columns, then order of the matrix is m x n

• The total numbers of elements in the matrix of m x n will be mn

• Eg: Order of the below matrix is 2 x 3

1 3 5
A=[ ]
2 4 6
With total number of elements = product of 2 and 3 = 6

Suppose if the matrix has 12 elements, then all possible order of the matrix can be found as below.

Find the Factors of 12→ 1,2,3,4,6,12

All possible ways Types of a Matrices.

1x12, 2x 6, 3x4, 4x 3, 6x2, 12x1, 4x3.

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Types of matrices

1. Column Matrix
• A matrix having only one column and any number of rows
1
• Eg:A = [2] of order 4 x 1
3
4
• General Form : A= [aij]m x 1, order of the matrix is m x 1
2. Row Matrix
• A matrix having only one row and any number of columns
• Eg: 𝐴 = [1 2 3 4]of order 1 x 4
• General Form = A= [aij]1 x n, Order of the matrix is 1 x n
3. Square Matrix
• A matrix of order m x n, such that m = n
1 4 7
• Eg: A= [2 5 8]of order 3 x 3
3 6 9
• General Form A= [aij]m x m, Order of the matrix is m
4. Diagonal Matrix
• A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero
−1 0 0
• Eg 𝐴 = [ 0 2 0 ] of order 3x3
0 0 −3
• General Form = A= [bij] mx m, Order of the matrix is m where bij =0, if i≠j
5. Scalar Matrix
• A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal
2 0 0
• Eg: 𝐴 = [0 2 0] of order 3x3
0 0 2
• General Form = A = [bij]mx m, Order of the matrix is m where
▪ bij =0, if I ≠ j
▪ bij =k, if i = j for k = constant
6. Identity Matrix
• A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero
1 0 0
• Eg: 𝐴 = [0 1 0] of order 3x3
0 0 1
• General Form = A= [bij]mx m, Order of the matrix is m where
▪ bij =0, if i≠j o bij =1, if i = j
7. Zero Matrix
• A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero
0 0 0
• Eg: 𝐴 = [0 0 0] of order 3 x 3
0 0 0
• Denoted by O
8. Equal Matrices
• Two matrices are said to be equal if
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▪ They are of the same order

▪ Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B
1 0 −3 1 0 −3
• Eg: 𝐴 = [ √3 1 5 ] and 𝐵 = [ √3 1 5 ] are equal matrices
−1.1 0 13 −1.1 0 13
𝑥 + 3 𝑧 + 4 2𝑦 − 4 0 6 3𝑦 − 2
Examp.If 𝐴 = [ −6 𝑎 − 1 0 ] = [ −6 −3 2𝑐 + 2 ].Find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
𝑏 − 3 −21 0 2𝑏 + 4 −21 0
Solution:- as the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements,
We get x + 3 = 0, z + 4 = 6, 2y – 7 = 3y – 2 a – 1 = – 3,
0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4, Simplifying, we get a = – 2, b = – 7,
c = – 1, x = – 3, y = –5, z = 2.
9. Operation on Matrices
Addition of Matrices
• Let A and B be two matrices each of order m x n. Then, the sum of matrices A + B is defined
only if matrices A and B are of same order.
• If A = [aij]m x n and B = [bij]m x n
Then, A + B = [aij +bij]m x n
• General Format
a11 a 12 a 13 b b 12 b 13
If 𝐴 = [a a a ] and B = [ 11 ]
21 22 23 b 21 b 22 b 23

a11 + b11 a 12 + b 12 a 13 + b 13
Then, A+B= [ ]
a 21 + b 21 a 22 + b 22 a 23 + b 23
Properties of Addition of Matrices
• If A = [aij], B = [bij]and C = [cij]are three matrices of order m x n, then
o Commutative Law
➢A+B=B+A
o Associative Law
➢ (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
o Existence of Additive Identity
➢ A zero matrix (0) of order m x n (same as of A), is additive identity,
if A + 0 = A = 0 + A
o Existence of Additive Inverse
➢ If A is a square matrix, then the matrix (- A) is called additive inverse, if A + (– A) = 0 = (- A) +
A
• – A is the additive inverse of A or negative of A.
o Cancellation Law
A + B = A + C ⇒ B = C (left cancellation law)
B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C (right cancellation law)
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Multiplication of Matrices
• Let A and B be two matrices of the same order, then subtraction of matrices, A – B, is defined as A
–B = [aij– bij]n x n, where A = [aij]m x n, B = [bij]m x n
1 2 3 3 −1 3
• Eg: If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ]
3 2 1 −1 0 2
−2 3 0
A-B= [ ]
4 2 −1
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
o Let A = [aij ] be a matrix and k be any scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by multiplying each
mxn
element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k and is denoted by kA, given as
kA= [kaij ]
mxn
2 −2 3
Eg: If A =[1 2 −1]. Find 3A ▪ Here A is the mtrix of order 3 x3 and k =3, constant ▪ Hence
0 0 5
6 −6 9
3A = [3 6 −3].
0 0 15
o Properties of Scalar Multiplication If A and B are matrices of order m x n, then
▪ k(A + B) = kA + kB
▪ (k1 + k2)A = k1A + k2A
▪ k1k2A = k1(k2A) = k2(k1A)
▪ (- k)A = – (kA) = k( – A) also called as negative of a matrix
• Multiplication of two Matrices
o Consider two matrices A and B, then for the multiplication to e possible umber of columns in A
should be equal to the number of rows in B.
o If A = [aij] of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and B = [bij] of order n xp then the product C = [cij]will be a matrix of
the order m x p
1 1 −1 1 3
o Eg: A= [2 0 3 ] of order 3 x 3, B = [ 0 2]of order 3 × 2
3 −1 2 −1 4
1+0+1 3+2−4 2 1
Then A×B =[2 + 0 − 3 6 + 0 + 12] = [−1 18]
3+0−2 9−2+8 1 15
o Note:
▪ If AB is defined, and then BA need not be defined.
▪ If A, B are, respectively m × n, k × l matrices, then both AB and BA are defined if and only if
n = k and l = m.
▪ If both A and B are square matrices of the same order, then both AB and BA are defined.
▪ If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA.

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▪ If the product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary that one of the matrices is a
zero matrix.
Properties of Multiplication of Matrices
If A = [aij], B = [bij]and C = [cij]are three matrices of order m x n, then
• Commutative Law
o AB ≠ BA
• Associative Law
o (AB) C = A(BC)
• Distributive Law
o A (B+C) = AB + AC o (A+B) C = AC + BC, whenever both sides of equality are defined.
• Existence of Multiplicative Identity
o for every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of same order such that IA = AI = A
• Cancellation Law
o If A is non-singular matrix, then
▪ AB = AC ⇒ B = C (Left cancellation law)
▪ BA = CA ⇒B = C (Right cancellation law)
▪ AB = 0, does not necessarily imply that A = 0 or B = 0 or both A and B =0
10. Transpose of a Matrix
• Let A = [aij]m x n, be a matrix of order m x n. Then, the n x m matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A and is denoted by ’or AT.
• A’ = AT = [aij]n x m
1 2
1 3 5
• Eg: 𝐴 = [3 4] , 𝐴′ = [ ]
2 4 6
5 6
Properties of Transpose
• (A’)’ = A • (kA)’ = kA’
• (A + B)’ = A’ + B’ • (An)’ = (A’)n
• (AB)’ = B’A’ • (ABC)’ = C’ B’ A’

11. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrices

• A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if A′ = A
√3 2 3
o Eg: A =[ 2 −1.5 −1].. Here A′ = A
3 −1 1
• A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric matrix
if A′ = – A
0 𝑒 𝑓
o Eg: A =[ −𝑒 0 𝑔]., A′ = -A
−𝑓 −𝑔 0

• Note:
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o If A is Symmetric then, [aij] = [aji]

o If A is Skew Symmetric then, [aij] = -[aji] o All the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix
are zero.
12. Theorem 1
o for any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and A – A′ is a
skew symmetric matrix.
13. Theorem 2
o Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
𝐴 = (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) + (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )
2 2
Salamat Ullah
PGT mathematics
LPS Head Office

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