The Military Balance 1961

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Erratum
Published online: 22 Jan 2009.
To cite this article: (1961) Erratum, The Military Balance, 61:1, 25-25, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459683
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04597226108459683
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TABLE n
SOME COMPARATIVE ESTIMATES OF STRATEGIC STRENGTH

EARLY 1962
CATEGORY WESTERN ALLIANCES COMMUNIST BLOC
ICBMs .. .. 63 50+
MRBMs . . 186 200
Long range bombers 600 190
Medium range bombers . . 2¿00 1,100
Aircraft carriers* 58
Nuclear submarines 22 2
Conventional submarines* 266 480
Cruisers* 67 25
Mobilized manpower 8,195,253 men 7,994,300men
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* Includes ships in reserve
Note on maps (12 and 13).

The term 'deployed manpower' is used to comprise all forces stationed in the countries or areas
illustrated irrespective of national origin, including e.g. U.S. forces in German. Federal Republic
and Soviet forces in East Germany. The figure of 2,000,000 for Western Europe includes French
forces in Algeria.
Erratum. The figures of deployed manpower for Pakistan on the map on page 13 should read 183,000
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Foreword
To cite this article: (1961) Foreword, The Military Balance, 61:1, 1-1, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459672
FOREWORD
This is the third annual estimate compiled by the Institute of the nature and size of
military forces of the groups of states involved in the Cold War - the Communist
bloc (excluding Yugoslavia but including Albania which is still formally a member
of the Warsaw Pact) and all those countries with which the United States has mutual
defence treaties. The demand for previous editions of this pamphlet has shown
that it fills an important gap in public knowledge, and is considered useful as a
guide to the strategic balance between the great powers and their allies and of the
orders of magnitude involved in the problem of disarmament.
The Institute assumes full responsibility for the facts and judgments which
the pamphlet contains. Since not all the countries have been equally co-operative
in producing the relevant information, there are some gaps and some estimated
figures.
This pamphlet examines the military balance as it existed at the end of
October 1961 and as it may change during the ensuing year. However, in view of
the number of emergency measures taken on both sides during the summer and
autumn of 1961 as a result of the Berlin crisis, some of the figures it contains, par-
ticularly of manpower, may not remain accurate throughout the whole of the next
Downloaded by [University of Toronto Libraries] at 18:01 07 January 2015
twelve-month period. No longer range projections of force levels or weapons have

been included.
Manpower strengths given are those of mobilized or regular forces and do
not include reserves or militia. Naval strengths are those of active fleets and ships
in commission only. The tabular material and the maps at the end should not be
regarded as a true guide to the balance of strategic power since they do not reflect
important advantages of geography, invulnerability of bases, efficiency, etc., on
both sides. They may, however, be found useful in the context of discussions on
disarmament.
November 1961
Contents
PAGE
PART I THE COMMUNIST BLOC
THE SOVIET UNION .. .. 2
THE WARSAW PACT NATIONS 6
CHINA 7
THE FAR EAST 7
PART II THE WESTERN ALLIANCES

STRATEGIC FORCES 8
NATO 9
CENTO .. .. 21
SEATO 22
US MUTUAL DEFENCE TREATIES 23
PART III TABLE I MOBILISED MANPOWER 24

TABLE II COMPARATIVE ESTIMATES OF STRATEGIC STRENGTH .. Cover
MAP DEPLOYED MANPOWER
EUROPE 12
FAR EAST 13
1
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The Soviet Union

To cite this article: (1961) The Soviet Union, The Military Balance, 61:1, 2-6, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459673
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PART I. THE COMMUNIST POWERS
THE SOVIET UNION a total strength of perhaps 3,800,000 men
- some five per cent larger than at the end
(Population 218 million) of 1959.
The Soviet military budget for 1961
General (calendar year) was set at 9,255 million
Throughout 1960 and the first half of 1961 roubles ($10,180 million) but it was an-
the Soviet military policy followed the same nounced on July 8, 1961, that it would be
course as that pursued by the United States increased by one-third, i.e. 3,114 million
in the mid-1950s and by Britain after 1957: roubles ($3,415 million) to 12,339 million
an attempt was made to absorb the cost of roubles ($13,573 million). In real terms, the
technological development and new weapons total size of the augmented Soviet budget is
by placing increased emphasis on nuclear estimated to be of the order of between
fire power and reducing the amount of $20,000 and $25,000 million. It is not likely
mobilized manpower. It was clear that the that all this one-third increase can be spent
Soviet government had, at the end of 1959, during 1961, and only part of it will be
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reached a considered decision that their needed to meet the increased bill for man-
progress in missile technology, coupled with power; this suggests that it is also intended
the demands of the economy, especially to accelerate weapons development and
agriculture, for more men, justified such a production.
policy. However, during July 1961, the
Soviet government announced, in response
to its own estimate of a darkening inter- Air and Missile Power
national horizon, a revision of this emphasis Soviet policy statements continue to place
on the deterrent effect of nuclear missiles, marked emphasis on the development of
and has been anxious since then to make long range missiles as a deterrent to aggres-
clear that it is building up the strength of sion and a support to diplomacy. It is con-
virtually all its forces except surface ships. sidered possible that the Soviet Union could,
Under the law of January 15, 1960, the if the programme had rated a high enough
Soviet forces were to be reduced from priority, have by now built up a force of
3,623,000 men to 2,423,000 men by the end 200 ICBMs, the original three-stage liquid-
of 1961, a reduction of 1,200,000 men over fuelled missile which has been under devel-
two years, but its suspension was announced opment since the mid-fifties. The reasons
on July 8, 1961. No official Soviet figures that make it doubtful if they have actually
of the current strength of the forces has been created an operational force of this size are:
published but it is not likely that more than (a) the difficulties of building bases for so
600,000 men were demobilized, principally large a missile and their strategic
in the ground forces. Thus the total strength vulnerability:
of the forces in mid-1961 was about 3,000,000 (b) the fact that they now have a smaller
men. In addition, it was announced on second generation ICBM under active
August 29, 1961, that the demobilization of development which is likely to be
certain categories of other ranks, whose easier to conceal:
period of military service was completed, (c) the demands of the Soviet space and
had been suspended until the signature of a other programmes upon scientific man-
German peace treaty. When men called up power:
in 1961 have completed their training and Consequently the present figure of opera-
been absorbed into units at the end of the tional ICBMs is more likely to be in the
year, the effect of this decree (unless it is neighbourhood of 50 than 200.
rescinded) will be to increase the size of the Unlike the United States Soviet policy
Soviet forces by up to 800,000 men, giving places considerable emphasis on conceal-
2
ment of bases. Apart from the two main as a result of service and industrial pressure,
missile test centres near the Caspian Sea, it higher priority is being given to aircraft
can be assumed only that the location of development than in the late fifties. The
ICBM sites are influenced by the rail com- following gives some indication of Soviet
munications network. strength in this field.
As far as MRBMs are concerned, the figure
of 200 has been quoted in the West, and in (i) Strategic Striking Power
view of Soviet concentration on MRBMs
this estimate seems reasonable. Soviet state- Missiles
ments allege that they exist in considerable (a) The principal operational ICBM is
quantities, and since there are not the same propelled by a three-stage liquid fuel engine
indications of a need to decelerate their and has an operational range of up to
build-up in order to make room for a more 8,000 miles.
advanced type as with ICBMs, this is very A second generation ICBM is now being
probably the case. From their ranges and developed. It is propelled by a storable
from published Soviet statements, it is liquid fuel and will probably be smaller and
reasonably clear that Soviet policy is to site more accurate than its predecessor, but still
them near the western, southern and eastern more bulky than the U S Minuteman.
borders of the Soviet Union, on the Pacific (b) There are two operational IRBMs.
coast and in Siberia, so that they cover the One has a range of about 1,800 miles and is
mam bases of Western medium range air propelled by a two-stage liquid fuel engine:
and missile power from Britain to Okinawa the other has a range of about 1,000 miles,
and Japan. is also liquid fuelled, and can carry a 1,800 lb
The strategic missile forces are organized atomic warhead.
as an autonomous arm of the service, under
the command of Marshal Kiril Moskalenko. Long-range and Medium Bombers
In July 1961 Marshal Malinovsky, the Soviet The Strategic Bomber Force consists
Defence Minister, spoke of the reorganiza- mainly of the following aircraft:
tion of the Soviet forces to create tactical (a) 70 turbo-prop Bears* (TU 20); range
missile units capable of operating inde- 7,000 miles, bomb-load 20 tons, maximum
pendently. speed 550 miles per hour, now able to carry
In spite of their concentration on rockets two short range air to ground missiles
and ballistic missiles, the Russians have not similar to U S Hound Dog.
neglected their Air Force, which comprises 120 4-jet Bisons; range 6,050 miles, bomb-
some 15,000 operational aircraft, organized load 10 tons, maximum speed 600 miles per
into five major components, namely: hour, operational ceiling 50,000.
(1) the long-range strategic bomber force; (b) 1,000 twin-jet medium bomber Badgers
(2) the tactical, or front line, force which (TU 16); range 3,500 miles, bomb-load 4-5
includes fighters and tactical bombers; tons, speed 587 miles per hour, operational
(3) the fighter interceptor force; ceiling 40,000 feet.
(4) the land-based fleet air arm; Delta-wing 4-jet Bounder (similar to but
(5) the air transport force. somewhat larger than the U S B58), speed
The heavy bomber force has been kept at supersonic (probably Mach 2), range 1,650
a considerably lower strength than that of miles; said to be capable of using grass
the U S Strategic Air Command, though the runways; prototype displayed in 1961.
general lines of development, including New types shown at Tushino Air Show in
stand-off bombs and missiles, are similar. 1961 included nine of a medium bomber,
On the other hand the Soviet Union has Blinder, somewhat similar to the U S B58
built up a very strong force of medium and probably being developed for use with
bombers suitable for use all over the Eurasian a longer range air to ground missile com-
theatre and its coasts, and an efficient light * It should be made clear that this menagerie of names
bomber force. It seems probable that, partly for Soviet aircraft is of NATO, not Soviet, origin.
3
parable to Skybolt, and capable of air Fighter Planes
refuelling. It is estimated that there are about 10,000
A small proportion of this force is based fighter aircraft of all kinds, and that intensive
on the Kola peninsula and in Siberia, while development is in hand to produce types
the rest is based in western and south-west with higher ceilings and improved air-to-air
Russia. Bisons and Badgers have also been weapons.
adapted as tankers for in-flight refuelling. (a) The standard all-weather interceptor
of recent years, the subsonic Yak 25 Flash-
light, is now obsolescent, although two
(ii) Tactical Air Power improved versions, one of them redesigned
It is clear that the tactical bomber forces as a light bomber, are still in service. How-
are going through a much sharper period of ever a new all-weather delta-winged inter-
transition than the heavy bomber forces, ceptor provisionally called Flashlight C, was
with older aircraft such as the turbo-jet displayed in July 1961.
Beagle and possibly the twin-jet Blowlamp (b) The most important day fighters are:
and Backfin, being replaced. The earlier Maximum Ceiling
estimate of 4,000 operational aircraft is speed
therefore now too high. The principal tactical
bombers under development had been (a) m.p.h. feet

the supersonic twin-jet Blowlamp, comparable MIG 19 Farmer 900 55,000
to the R A F Canberra, with a high altitude MIG 21 Faceplate 1,200 60,000
range of 745 miles and a speed of 750 miles SU15 Fishpot 1,300 60,000+
per hour (this was not displayed at the 1961 SU 16 Fishbed Mach 2 Rocket
Air Show), and the twin-jet Backfin with a boosted
speed of 800 miles per hour. In April 1961 the Soviet Union claimed a
world height record of 110,000 feet for a
Effort now seems to be concentrated on a delta-winged "E 66" which was almost cer-
new twin-jet ground attack aircraft with tainly Fishbed. (The official world record of
transonic capabilities and a wide radius of 103,000 feet is still held by a US F102.)
action which, like the new all-weather fighter,
seems to be an improved version of Flash-
lightandisprovisionally known as FlashlightB. Land Power
No official figures of the Soviet Army have
been published but with the partial arresting
(iii) Air Defence of demobilization and the retention of the
The number of ground-to-air guided mis- 1961 conscripts its total size is estimated at
siles and high-performance fighters for air up to 2,500,000 (an increase of 250,000 on
defence has been steadily increased and 1960). As a result of this year's special
an extensive early warning system is in measures it is organized in approximately 160
operation. The following are details of air active line divisions (not all at full strength).
defence equipment: An infantry division at war strength com-
prises 12,000 men, an armoured division
Ground-to-Air Guided Missiles about 10,500 plus supporting artillery and
A radar-directed rocket, which is already anti-aircraft units.
in service and is considered to be highly Most of the active divisions are armoured
effective. It is propelled by one main and one or mechanized.
auxiliary solid fuel engine. Its slant range is In East Germany there are 10 tank
20 miles, and it rises to a height of 12 miles divisions each with 400 tanks, and 10 mech-
(60,000 feet). anized divisions, each with 250 tanks. All
There may also be a high-altitude guided are operational and comprise a total of over
missile with radio guidance, and there is an 6,000 tanks. In Hungary and Poland there
anti-aircraft missile which has a range of 18 are 6 divisions. It is estimated that the
miles and speed over 1,500 miles per hour. Soviet Union has a total mobilization
4
potential of 7 million men including all types the tactical units. Propelled by one liquid
of reservists. fuel engine, it has a range of 450 miles. It
The airborne forces of the Soviet Union can be fired from a mobile ramp, is radio
total approximately 100,000 men formed in guided and can carry a nuclear warhead.
9 divisions. The airborne troops are sup- There is a solid fuel ballistic missile with
ported by the transport fleet, which would a range of 50 miles, which may be obsolete,
enable about two divisions to be air-dropped and two smaller versions, carried on self-
or air-landed in any single operation. propelled launchers with ranges from 10 to
In recent years, the Soviet Army has 15 miles (equivalent to US Honest John).
undergone a major reorganization to meet There is also a truck-launched missile
conditions of atomic warfare. Many of its with a range of 50 miles, which fires an
units have been completely re-equipped twice HE warhead.
over in the last ten years and, thanks to the A range of anti-tank missiles has also been
introduction of modern weapons, its fire developed.
power has been vastly increased. Though the
Soviet Union has not shown as much interest
as the United States in the development of
very low yield nuclear weapons for tactical Sea Power
purposes, nuclear warheads are available for
The Soviet Navy, which is manned by about

many of the missiles mentioned below. Mr 500,000 officers and men, has increased from
Khrushchev has hinted broadly that the a total tonnage in 1940 of 600,000 to
Soviet forces in East Germany have tactical 1,600,000 tons today, which makes it the
nuclear weapons. most powerful fleet in the world after the
United States (4 million tons).
Soviet Army equipment includes:
(i) Tanks (i) Submarines
The total tank strength of the Soviet Army The main strength of the Soviet Navy lies
is estimated at 20,000 front-line tanks and in the submarine fleet.
15,000 second-line tanks. The new tanks The submarine force is generally estimated
which have been introduced into the Soviet to comprise at least 430 units, of which 85
armoured divisions are the T.54 medium are based in the Baltic, 65 in the Black Sea,
tank, fitted with a 100 mm. gun, and the 140 in the Arctic, 120 in the Far East.
54-ton heavy tank T.10, which mounts a Eight formerly based in the Mediterranean,
122 mm. gun. on the Albanian ports of Durazzo and
Valona, have been withdrawn.
It is expected that in the foreseeable future,
(ii) Artillery 75 per cent of the submarine fleet will con-
The Soviet Army is very strong in artillery. sist of ocean-going craft of which a propor-
Artillery weapons include the atomic 203 tion will be atomic powered. At the moment,
mm. cannon mounted on mobile platforms, Russia has 6 atomic powered submarines in
with a range of 15 miles; and 240 mm. various stages of construction of which one
heavy mortars or unguided rockets with a or two may be at sea.
range of 20 miles, together with many other The following are details of the conven-
types of mortars. Though many artillery tionally powered submarine fleet:
tasks are to be performed by missiles, the The F class is about 300 feet long, has a
Soviet Army still considers that many im- displacement of 2,000 tons, and a large radius
portant functions remain for rifled artillery. of action. At least 10 of these are in service.
The G class is 310 feet long and has a
submerged displacement of 2,700 tons. It
(iii) Missiles has a very large conning tower for the
An improved version of the German V2 vertical launching of an unknown number of
ballistic rocket is the standard equipment of missiles which are fired when on the surface.
5
2A
The W class is 245 feet long with a 1,050 Their displacement varies from 1,000 to
tons displacement. It has a speed of 16 knots 2,700 tons, and their speed from 28 to 38
on the surface and 13 knots submerged, and knots.
a radius of action of 10,000 miles. There are
about 130 of these in service.
The Z class is 290 feet long with a sub- (iii) Fleet Air Arm
merged displacement of 2,600 tons. It is There are no aircraft carriers in the Soviet
capable of 20 knots on the surface and 13 Navy, but there is a land-based Fleet Air
knots submerged, with a radius in excess of Arm which now appears to be getting a
20,000 miles. There are at least 20 of these lower priority than formerly. It consists
in service. A small number have been con- mainly of:
verted to fire missiles, probably in a manner (a) the torpedo-carrying IL 28 Beagle and
similar to the G class. They are stationed TU 14 Bosun with ranges of 1,500-1,800
principally in the Baltic and the Far East. miles;
The K and Q type, which were built (b) the TU 16 Badger-range of 3,500
between 1945 and 1955, are medium range miles.
vessels; their radius of action is about 7,000 A new twin-jet swept-wing flying boat and
miles and their displacement varies from an anti-submarine turbine helicopter with a
1,400 to 680 tons. short range missile were displayed in 1961.
(ii) Surface Ships (iv) Sea-to-ground Missiles

The surface ships of the Soviet Navy There are believed to be two types. One
consist of: has a range of about 100 miles and the other
Cruisers 25 of about 400 miles. The 100 miles range
Destroyers 130 missile is believed to be solid fuelled and
Other vessels 2,500 can be fired either from a surface craft or
(There are also a number of disguised a surfaced submarine. The 400-mile missile
trawlers used for radar and recon- is designed for submarines but can only be
naissance purposes.) fired from the surface.
These are distributed more or less equally Soviet claims to have an equivalent of the
between the Baltic, Black Sea, Northern and Polaris missile, which can be fired from a
Pacific fleets. submerged submarine, are misleading.
The cruisers are of three different types:
(a) 17 Sverdlov, launched between 1951
and 1957, displacement 15,500 tons, speed THE WARSAW PACT NATIONS
34 knots, armament 12 152 mm. guns and It is estimated that the seven Soviet satellites
32 anti-aircraft guns; can muster about 68 regular divisions, mainly
(6) 5 Chapayev class, completed between of the conventional type. These satellites'
1948 and 1951, of 11,500 tons displacement, armed forces represent a total of about
with the same speed and armament as the 990,300 men under arms (a significant in-
Sverdlov; crease over 1960), and in addition there are
(c) 6 Kirov and Gorki class, launched about 360,000 men in paramalitary forma-
between 1936 and 1945, displacement 8,500 tions.
tons, speed 30 knots, armament 9 180 mm. The following are the estimated strength
guns and 20 anti-aircraft guns. of their armed forces with then* total popu-
Four or more almost completed Sverdlov lation in brackets:
cruisers appear to have been scrapped. Poland (29,731,000) 255,000
The greater part of the destroyers are Rumania (18,403,000) 222,000
modern, having been constructed since 1950, Czechoslovakia (13,649,000) 185,000
and some are fitted with guided missiles. Bulgaria (7,867,000) 120,000
6
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The Warsaw pact nations

To cite this article: (1961) The Warsaw pact nations, The Military Balance, 61:1, 6-7, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459674
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the
Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and
are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and
should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for
any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever
or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of
the Content.
The W class is 245 feet long with a 1,050 Their displacement varies from 1,000 to
tons displacement. It has a speed of 16 knots 2,700 tons, and their speed from 28 to 38
on the surface and 13 knots submerged, and knots.
a radius of action of 10,000 miles. There are
about 130 of these in service.
The Z class is 290 feet long with a sub- (iii) Fleet Air Arm
merged displacement of 2,600 tons. It is There are no aircraft carriers in the Soviet
capable of 20 knots on the surface and 13 Navy, but there is a land-based Fleet Air
knots submerged, with a radius in excess of Arm which now appears to be getting a
20,000 miles. There are at least 20 of these lower priority than formerly. It consists
in service. A small number have been con- mainly of:
verted to fire missiles, probably in a manner (a) the torpedo-carrying IL 28 Beagle and
similar to the G class. They are stationed TU 14 Bosun with ranges of 1,500-1,800
principally in the Baltic and the Far East. miles;
The K and Q type, which were built (b) the TU 16 Badger-range of 3,500
between 1945 and 1955, are medium range miles.
vessels; their radius of action is about 7,000 A new twin-jet swept-wing flying boat and
miles and their displacement varies from an anti-submarine turbine helicopter with a
1,400 to 680 tons. short range missile were displayed in 1961.
Downloaded by [University of Leeds] at 07:32 16 November 2014
(ii) Surface Ships (iv) Sea-to-ground Missiles

The surface ships of the Soviet Navy There are believed to be two types. One
consist of: has a range of about 100 miles and the other
Cruisers 25 of about 400 miles. The 100 miles range
Destroyers 130 missile is believed to be solid fuelled and
Other vessels 2,500 can be fired either from a surface craft or
(There are also a number of disguised a surfaced submarine. The 400-mile missile
trawlers used for radar and recon- is designed for submarines but can only be
naissance purposes.) fired from the surface.
These are distributed more or less equally Soviet claims to have an equivalent of the
between the Baltic, Black Sea, Northern and Polaris missile, which can be fired from a
Pacific fleets. submerged submarine, are misleading.
The cruisers are of three different types:
(a) 17 Sverdlov, launched between 1951
and 1957, displacement 15,500 tons, speed THE WARSAW PACT NATIONS
34 knots, armament 12 152 mm. guns and It is estimated that the seven Soviet satellites
32 anti-aircraft guns; can muster about 68 regular divisions, mainly
(6) 5 Chapayev class, completed between of the conventional type. These satellites'
1948 and 1951, of 11,500 tons displacement, armed forces represent a total of about
with the same speed and armament as the 990,300 men under arms (a significant in-
Sverdlov; crease over 1960), and in addition there are
(c) 6 Kirov and Gorki class, launched about 360,000 men in paramalitary forma-
between 1936 and 1945, displacement 8,500 tions.
tons, speed 30 knots, armament 9 180 mm. The following are the estimated strength
guns and 20 anti-aircraft guns. of their armed forces with then* total popu-
Four or more almost completed Sverdlov lation in brackets:
cruisers appear to have been scrapped. Poland (29,731,000) 255,000
The greater part of the destroyers are Rumania (18,403,000) 222,000
modern, having been constructed since 1950, Czechoslovakia (13,649,000) 185,000
and some are fitted with guided missiles. Bulgaria (7,867,000) 120,000
6
East Germany* (16,213,000) 100,000 tion is to embody every third person in the
Hungary (10,002,000) 80,500 population. It is static, sketchily armed, and
Albania (1,607,000) 27,800 organized as much for forced labour as
The satellite air forces number a total of defence. The Public Security forces, includ-
about 2,900 planes, about 80 per cent of ing the armed police, consist of about
which are jet fighters. 200,000 men.
The satellite naval forces are of little
importance and only of value for local
defence. The Air Force
This has a total strength of 3,000 aircraft,
CHINA including 400 naval aircraft. China is now
building jet fighters and trainers, but the
The Army backbone of the force consists of Soviet
MIG 15s, 17s and probably 19s, EL 28 light
(i) The Army consists of 2,216,000 men, bombers and helicopters. Training is in-
organized in: approximately 115 divisions hibited by shortage of aviation spirit.
of infantry; 2 or 3 armoured divisions; 1 or
2 airborne divisions; supporting troops; and
cavalry for desert areas. The Navy
There are 125,000,000 men of military age China has no operational ships heavier
Downloaded by [University of Leeds] at 07:32 16 November 2014
in 1961. About 700,000 are called up each than destroyers, of which there are 4. There
year, and serve three years in the Army. are 26 submarines (a small increase on
(ii) The armed forces are organized by the 1960), of which half are Soviet W class
Ministry of Defence, advised by a National medium range craft; frigates; MTBs; gun-
Defence Council whose Chairman is the boats and patrol craft. The Navy is not an
Chairman of the People's Republic: control offensive force and is ineffective except for
is exercised through 13 Military Regions. inshore defence.
The Land Army consists of about 30-35
armies. These are of 3 divisions each, i.e. an
Army is equivalent to a Western Army THE FAR EAST
Corps. In peacetime there is no operational
headquarters higher than the Army; but in NORTH KOREA
wartime Armies are grouped in Field Annies.
The strength of an active Army could be The Soviet Union concluded a mutual
between 50,000-60,000. defence treaty with North Korea on July 7,
(iii) No reliable figures are available for at1961. The North Korean forces are estimated
the size of the Militia, but the declared inten- 338,000 men.
* The population of East Germany is 17,298,000 if East NORTH VIETNAM

Berlin is included. The figure for its armed forces may
rise markedly during the coming year as a result of Both the Soviet Union and China assist
conscription and if para-military formations such as the in the support of a strong army which is
75,000 man Bereitschaftspolizei are incorporated into
the regular forces. estimated at 266,000 men.
7
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China
To cite this article: (1961) China, The Military Balance, 61:1, 7-7, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459675
Downloaded by [University of Arizona] at 19:16 28 October 2014

7
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On: 14 January 2015, At: 02:27

The Far East

To cite this article: (1961) The Far East, The Military Balance, 61:1, 7-7, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459676
Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 02:27 14 January 2015

7
This article was downloaded by: [University of California Santa Cruz]
On: 11 February 2015, At: 06:21

Strategic forces
To cite this article: (1961) Strategic forces, The Military Balance, 61:1, 8-9, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459677
PART II.
THE WESTERN ALLIANCES
STRATEGIC FORCES
These are under national command and of which there are between thirty and forty
comprise the United States Strategic Air now in service, will partially replace the B.47.
Command, R A F Bomber Command, the One-third of these forces is now kept con-
United States First and Seventh Fleets and tinuously on 'ground alert', which will enable
the United States nuclear powered sub- them to leave their bases within 15 minutes
marines, equipped with the Polaris missiles. of receiving warning of attack. The propor-
In addition, IRBM bases in Europe are in tion is to be increased to one-half by the
operation or under construction. Exceptions middle of 1962.
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Cruz] at 06:21 11 February 2015
to the nationally controlled strategic forces Missiles. The First Missile Division oper-
are the NATO controlled Striking Fleet ates the Atlas and Titan ICBMs. The present
Atlantic, which is also nationally designated long-term programme comprises 25 Atlas
the US Second Fleet and the NATO and Titan squadrons, including 6 Atlas
Carrier Striking Force, South, which is squadrons with 12 missiles permanently on
nationally designated the US Sixth Fleet, launchers. By early in 1962 three main bases
operating in the Mediterranean. An essential of the present 'soft' Vandenberg and Warren
component of the strategic forces of the types will have been completed. By then
West is its air and missile warning systems. there will also be one 'hard' Titan base (at
Denver, Colorado) and two more 'semi-hard'
(1) United States Air and Missile Bases Atlas bases. This will mean that 54 Atlas
The chief concern of United States defence and nine Titans are operational.
in the eventuality of a general war will be a The Snark guided missile is to be with-
surprise attack by nuclear-armed ICBMs. drawn by the end of 1961.
For this, it is developing forces which can The Minuteman, a solid propellant ICBM,
survive and respond to a first attack. capable of being mounted on a mobile base
Strategic Air Command is divided into (though the first six squadrons are to be
(a) the Fifth Air Force with Headquarters based on fixed sites), will not be operational
in California, and the Second and until late in 1962.
Eighth Air Force with Headquarters (2) RAF Bomber Command
in Louisiana and Massachusetts. RAF Bomber Command is equipped with
(b) the First Missile Division with Head- about 180 Vulcan, Valiant and Victor
quarters in California. bombers, capable of carrying free falling
(c) the 16th Air Force in Spain, the 7th nuclear or conventional bombs. They are able
Air Division in the UK, and the 3rd to refuel in flight from Valiant jet tankers. (It
Air Division based on Guam. Each of is now doubtful if the guided stand-off bomb
these overseas units operates several Blue Steel, with a range of 400 miles, will
advance bases. be available in 1962.)
Strategic Aircraft. The SAC has over
1,500 bombers capable of delivering nuclear (3) European Missile Bases
bombs. Of these, some 1,000 are B.47s, and There are sixty Thor IRBMs based in the
600 are long-range B.52s based in the United United Kingdom. Work on the site for 30
States. Both types of aircraft use in-flight Jupiter IRBMs in Italy is scheduled to be
refuelling to extend their range. The B.58, completed by the end of 1961. There is no
8
evidence that work on the site for 15 more then serve to confirm. Fylingdales is also to
Jupiters in Turkey is proceeding. have a reception system for MIDAS signals.
(4) Seapower (6) Strategic Reserves

Surface Ships United States: The Strategic Army Corps,
(a) The United States 1st, 2nd, 6th and which forms the main element of the United
7th Fleets each comprise about fifty ships States strategic reserve, consists of two
and have aircraft carriers as a nucleus. The airborne divisions and one infantry division,
US First Fleet is based on the west coast of totalling some 110,000 men. The infantry
the United States, ready to be deployed division is supported by elements armed with
separately or to augment the US Seventh the Honest John field missile. There is a
Fleet in the Far East on a national basis. possibility that one of these divisions will be
The other western nations have six air- sent to join the 7th Army in Europe, in
craft carriers in the Atlantic area, and which case it would be replaced in the U S
Britain's will shortly have a nuclear strike by a National Guard division. The President
capability. has announced his intention of adding
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Cruz] at 06:21 11 February 2015
3 divisions to the Continental Army Com-

(b) The United States nuclear powered mand and assigning them to STRAC by the
submarine force, armed with the IRBM middle of 1962.
Polaris, is now operational. Six submarines,
each equipped with 16 missiles, will be com- The total number of men in the US
missioned by the end of 1961, and a further Continental Army Command is at present
3 by the end of 1962. The A.2, an improved about 250,000.
version of the Polaris, with a range of 1,500 United Kingdom: The elements of the
miles, is soon to be in production. Strategic Reserve which are assigned for
reinforcement of the BAOR consist of the
main part of the Parachute Brigade based in
(5) Warning Systems the UK, which will operate in association
(a) BMEWS. Two Ballistic Missile Early with some infantry battalions, and a division
Warning System stations are in operation in of two infantry brigades at present being
Greenland and Alaska. The third station, at built up in England.
Fylingdales, Yorkshire, will be completed France: There are now two divisions
early in 1962. These will provide fifteen stationed in France and two in Algeria.
minutes' warning for that part of the SAC These are considered as reinforcements for
force which is to be kept on ground alert. the Central Area of NATO in the event of
(6) MIDAS. The development of the hostilites.
Missile Defence Alarm System satellite is to Canada: Two brigade groups stationed in
be accelerated. This will provide thirty Canada are earmarked for the Supreme
minutes' warning, which BMEWS would Commander in the event of hostilities.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
(A) Allied Command, Europe the NATO Powers can muster 5,000 tac-
Allied Command has its headquarters near tical aircraft which operate from some 220
Paris and stretches from northern Norway operational bases. Nearly 5,000 miles of
to the southern frontiers of Turkey and the fuel supply systems are in service for the
Mediterranean. The Air Forces in Europe of supply of the forces, 26,500 miles of com-
9
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On: 30 December 2014, At: 14:52

North Atlantic treaty organization

To cite this article: (1961) North Atlantic treaty organization, The Military Balance, 61:1, 9-21, DOI:
10.1080/04597226108459678
evidence that work on the site for 15 more then serve to confirm. Fylingdales is also to
Jupiters in Turkey is proceeding. have a reception system for MIDAS signals.
(4) Seapower (6) Strategic Reserves

Surface Ships United States: The Strategic Army Corps,
(a) The United States 1st, 2nd, 6th and which forms the main element of the United
7th Fleets each comprise about fifty ships States strategic reserve, consists of two
and have aircraft carriers as a nucleus. The airborne divisions and one infantry division,
US First Fleet is based on the west coast of totalling some 110,000 men. The infantry
the United States, ready to be deployed division is supported by elements armed with
separately or to augment the US Seventh the Honest John field missile. There is a
Fleet in the Far East on a national basis. possibility that one of these divisions will be
The other western nations have six air- sent to join the 7th Army in Europe, in
craft carriers in the Atlantic area, and which case it would be replaced in the U S
Britain's will shortly have a nuclear strike by a National Guard division. The President
capability. has announced his intention of adding
3 divisions to the Continental Army Com-
(b) The United States nuclear powered mand and assigning them to STRAC by the
submarine force, armed with the IRBM middle of 1962.
Downloaded by [University of Alberta] at 14:53 30 December 2014
Polaris, is now operational. Six submarines,

each equipped with 16 missiles, will be com- The total number of men in the US
missioned by the end of 1961, and a further Continental Army Command is at present
3 by the end of 1962. The A.2, an improved about 250,000.
version of the Polaris, with a range of 1,500 United Kingdom: The elements of the
miles, is soon to be in production. Strategic Reserve which are assigned for
reinforcement of the BAOR consist of the
main part of the Parachute Brigade based in
(5) Warning Systems the UK, which will operate in association
(a) BMEWS. Two Ballistic Missile Early with some infantry battalions, and a division
Warning System stations are in operation in of two infantry brigades at present being
Greenland and Alaska. The third station, at built up in England.
Fylingdales, Yorkshire, will be completed France: There are now two divisions
early in 1962. These will provide fifteen stationed in France and two in Algeria.
minutes' warning for that part of the SAC These are considered as reinforcements for
force which is to be kept on ground alert. the Central Area of NATO in the event of
(6) MIDAS. The development of the hostilites.
Missile Defence Alarm System satellite is to Canada: Two brigade groups stationed in
be accelerated. This will provide thirty Canada are earmarked for the Supreme
minutes' warning, which BMEWS would Commander in the event of hostilities.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
(A) Allied Command, Europe the NATO Powers can muster 5,000 tac-
Allied Command has its headquarters near tical aircraft which operate from some 220
Paris and stretches from northern Norway operational bases. Nearly 5,000 miles of
to the southern frontiers of Turkey and the fuel supply systems are in service for the
Mediterranean. The Air Forces in Europe of supply of the forces, 26,500 miles of com-
9
munications and signal network are in use, German forces; 4th A T A F (under Ameri-
and an efifective early warning radar system can command) in southern Germany, in-
has been developed. Deployment of tactical cludes American, Canadian, French and
nuclear weapons into N A T O land forces is German forces.
now almost complete. They are principally
the Honest John missile, but include some (ii) Allied Forces Northern Europe has its
Corporals and 280 mm. cannon. Joint pro- headquarters at Kolsaas in Norway and is
duction in European NATO countries of responsible for the defence of Norway,
two anti-aircraft weapons Hawk and Side- Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein and the Baltic
winder is continuing, as well as three types approaches. It comprises approximately one
of aircraft, the F104G Starfighter, the Norwegian and one Danish division, as well
Breguet Atlantic, and the Fiat G91 light as the tactical air forces of these countries
fighters. and their naval forces. One German division
Allied Command Europe is divided into in Schleswig-Holstein and units of the
the following subordinate commands: German Baltic fleet are also committed to
AFNORTH.
(i) Allied Forces Central Europe has its
headquarters in Fontainebleau and com- (iii) Allied Forces Southern Europe has its
prises 23 divisions (out of the required 30) headquarters in Naples and is responsible
assigned to the Supreme Commander as for the defence of the Mediterranean

follows: NATO area. The forces allocated to this
command comprise 14 divisions from Tur-
United Kingdom 3 key, 9 from Greece and 7 from Italy, as well
United States 5 (plus 3 armoured as the tactical air forces of these countries
brigades and 13 which comprise some 1,000 aircraft, and
Hawk battalions) some naval forces. US forces in Italy and
Greece also operate some Honest John
France 2 guided missile units in conjunction with
Germany 8 (a ninth is form- national forces. The US Sixth Fleet would
ing) come under command o f A F S O U T H in
time of war.
Belgium 2
Netherlands 2 (iv) Allied Forces Mediterranean has its
headquarters at Malta and is primarily
Canada 1 brigade responsible for safeguarding communica-
Out of these forces, a small mobile task tions through and across the Mediterranean.
force of 5 battalions with a nuclear capa- Six areas are under national control, two
bility has been created as a tactical reserve British, one French, one Italian, one Greek,
for NATO as a whole. one Turkish. There is also a special subor-
The tactical air forces available in the dinate command for submarine forces in the
central area consist of some 3,000 aircraft, Mediterranean. The national fleets of Italy,
of which 250 US fighter-bombers and a Greece and Turkey, together with a propor-
smaller number of British Canberras, now tion of the British and - normally - the
being replaced by Vulcan 2s, and Valiants French fleets, go to make up this command.
have a nuclear capability and a range which
would cover important sections of eastern
Russia.
The tactical air forces are organized into (B) Allied Command, Atlantic
two main commands, 2nd A T A F (under Unlike the Supreme Allied Commander
British command) in northern Germany, Europe, the Supreme Allied Commander
which includes British, Dutch, Belgian and Atlantic does not have forces permanently
10
assigned to him in peacetime. The eight The surface and submarine forces are
NATO maritime powers bordering the supported by long-range patrol aircraft such
Atlantic maintain control of their forces in as the American Neptune, the British Shack-
peacetime, but have earmarked certain of leton, and Canadian Argus. In all, there are
them for S ACL ANT in the event of war. about 375 maritime patrol aircraft available
B r o a d l y s p e a k i n g , in w a r t i m e , for anti-submarine service in the eight
SACLANT's missions are to strike at NATO countries bordering the Atlantic.
enemy naval bases and airfields with aircraft
from the Striking Fleet Atlantic, to main-
tain control of the Atlantic sea lanes, to
prevent enemy forces from striking at (C) The Channel Command
European and North American land bases The role of Channel Command is to exercise
from the sea, and to support the Allied maritime control of the English Channel
Command Europe. To the Striking Fleet and southern North Sea, to deny it to the
Atlantic would be assigned a considerable enemy, to protect the sea lines of communi-
proportion of American and British attack cation and to support operations conducted
aircraft carriers. by SACLANT and SACEUR. To this
(1) The surface ships in the navies of the end, Channel Command has at its disposal
eight Atlantic maritime nations include a considerable proportion of the national
about 25 aircraft carriers. Of these, six naval forces of Belgium, France, the Nether-
American carriers have been converted for lands and the United Kingdom.
anti-submarine duties. Britain has 3
carriers, France, Canada and the Nether-
lands have one each. The carriers Norad
designated for anti-submarine missions North American Air Defence Command is
carry American and/or Canadian S2F maintained under an agreement between the
Trackers, British Fairey Gannets, largely United States and Canada, which integrates
replaced by Sea Vixens, and Scimitars and the Canadian and American Air Defence
Wessex helicopters, French 1050 Alizes and Commands. The Headquarters are at Col-
anti-submarine helicopters. In all, NATO orado Springs.
anti-submarine carriers could embark about Canadian Air Defence Command cur-
400 to 500 aircraft of various types. rently has nine squadrons of CF-100 inter-
(2) Other surface ships in these national ceptors armed with air-to-air missiles.
navies include about 440 destroyers, frigates American Air Defence Command weapons
and destroyer escorts. (The United States consist of F-104 all-weather interceptors and
has over 260 of these types, the Royal Navy Bomarc missiles. The defence of American
has over 47 to contribute, while the other cities depends mainly on 15 Nike-Hercules
navies have lesser numbers.) A considerable ground-to-air missile units.
proportion of these anti-submarine ships are In 1962, Canada should receive 2 Bomarc
of World War II construction but many missile units for which the sites in Quebec
have been modernized and progress is being and Ontario, are ready, and for the opera-
made in building replacements. tion of which 500 men have been trained.
(3) With regard to submarines the trend These defences are supported by an ex-
in most navies has been to change their role tended radar system. Supplementing the
from commerce destruction to anti-sub- BMEWS station in Greenland and Alaska,
marine warfare, although they retain the there are three lines of radar stations in
former mission in addition. Of the 16 nuclear Canada, and the 'contiguous radar system'
and 243 conventional submarines belonging in the United States is supported by ships
to NATO maritime countries, well over and radar aircraft in the Pacific and the
150 would be available for anti-submarine Atlantic and a number of 'Texas Tower'
duties in the Atlantic. radar stations near the Atlantic coast.
11
DEPLOYED MANPOWER
\M% N.A.T.O. Countries
W M Warsaw Pact Countries ICELAND
Excluding N.A.T.O. Naval
Forces in the Mediterranean
CANADA
UNITED
KINGDOM
U.S.A.
EAST
GERM.: POLAND
Miles
Copyright 'Geographia1 Ltd
12
DEPLOYED MANPOWER
S.E.A.T.O. Countries
Communist Countries
Bilateral Treaty Countries
Excluding U.S. 7th. Fleet
Sinkiang
C H I N A
680,000.
FORMOSA \ p A C I F I C
"ONG I75.000PACAF OCEAN

KONG —~~
110,000 (U.K
NEW
GUINEA
I N D O N E S I A
AUSTRALIA
Copyright 'Geographia' Ltd.
13
NATIONAL FORCES
BELGIUM (40 long range maritime aircraft
General Population: 9,200,000 are earmarked for assignment
Length of military service: one to SACLANT in the event of
year hostilities)
Total armed forces: 110,000
DENMARK
Defence Budget $321,432,302
Army Total strength: 85,000 General Population: 4,565,500
2 mechanized divisions Length of military service: 16
Navy Total strength: 5,000 months
Total active armed forces: 43,000
50 minesweepers
Defence budget: $179,068,627
Air Force Total strength: 20,000
Approximately 200 fighter and Army Total active strength: 29,000
reconnaissance aircraft, in- 2f infantry brigade groups
cluding F84s, CFlOOs, and Navy Total strength: 7,000
Hunter VI 4 ocean escorts
7 coastal escorts
CANADA
3 coastal submarines
General Population: 18,000,000 13 fast patrol boats and seaward
Voluntary military service defence craft
Total armed forces: 119,300 in- 18 minesweepers and minelayers
creasing to 135,000 (of which Air Force Total active strength: 7,000
- up to 14,000 are stationed in 3 fighter-bomber squadrons
Europe) (F.100)
Defence Budget: $1,614,500,000 3 all-weather fighter squadrons
Army Total strength: 47,800 increasing (F.86D)
to 53,750 1 interceptor day-fighter squad-
1 brigade group in Germany ron (Htmter)
3 brigade groups stationed in 1 reconnaissance flight (F.84F)
Canada 1 transport squadron
Navy Total strength: 20,000, increasing 1 search and rescue squadron
to 21,480 1 Nike battalion is established in
1 aircraft carrier the Copenhagen area
25 destroyers Apart from 1 ocean escort, 1
14 frigates coastal escort and the transport
12 small ships and SAR squadrons, all forces
3 submarines (one on loan from are earmarked for NATO
the USA, two from the UK)
FRANCE
Air Force Total strength: 51,500, increasing
to 52,490 General Population: 45,000,000
5 all-weather fighter squadrons Military service: 27 months
operating under NORAD now Total armed forces: 1,008,791
being re-equipped with the Defence budget: $2,438,177,874
F.101 Voodoo Army Total strength: 804,000
8 day fighter squadrons 2 divisions are at the disposal of
4 all-weather fighter squadrons, SACEUR in Germany and a
equipped with the F.86D and small brigade, which is being
CF.100, stationed in Europe reinforced, is in Berlin
4 transport squadrons 2 divisions are now stationed in
4 maritime squadrons France and 2 in Algeria
14
The Army is equipped with the Navy Total strength: 26,000
French SS-10 and 11 solid 1 naval air wing
propellant anti-tank guided 3 minesweeper squadrons
missile 3 MTB squadrons
Navy Total strength: 67,791 2 destroyer squadrons
1 aircraft carrier 1 landing craft squadron
1 commando carrier All at the disposal of NATO
1 battleship Air Force Total strength: 80,000
4 cruisers 1 transport wing
84 support ships, including 7 new 4 fighter-bomber wings
destroyers armed with surface- 1 fighter wing
to-air missiles. These will prob- 1 reconnaissance wing
ably join the Mediterranean All at the disposal of NATO
Fleet, and will therefore not be
at the disposal of NATO GREECE
19 submarines General Population: 8,357,000
160 other craft Length of military service: 24 to
Air Force Total strength: 137,000 30 months according to the
The Air Force is organized as arm of the service
follows: Total armed forces: 159,000

(a) The 1st Tactical Air Force Defence budget: $176,430,000
under NATO operational Army Total strength: 120,000 (probably
command, equipped with more)
F84-F86 and Mirage III I armoured division
fighters II infantry divisions, including
(b) The Air Defence of the Terri- Nike and Honest John units
tory, equipped with Mystere Navy Total strength: 17,000
IV, Super Mystere B2 inter- 1 cruiser
ceptors and Vautour and B.26 20 destroyers and frigates
bombers 4 submarines
(c) T r a n s p o r t C o m m a n d , 45 other craft
equipped with some 300 Nord Air Force Total strength: 22,000
250s and Breguet 12 squadrons equipped with 400
(d) A Tactical Forces Command F.84 and F.86
which is now being formed Some units of ground-to-air mis-
siles
GERMANY
General Population: 53,963,000 ITALY
Length of military service: 1 year General Population: 50,000,000
Total armed forces: 330,000 Length of military service: 18
increasing to 365,000 months for the Army and Air
Defence budget: $2,796,000,000 Force, 24 months for the Navy
Army Total strength: 224,000 Total armed forces: 466,392
4 armoured infantry divisions Defence budget: $ 1,189,284,029
2 armoured divisions Army Total strength: 369,000
1 mountain division 5 infantry divisions
1 airborne division 5 infantry brigades
(All assigned to SACEUR) 2 armoured divisions
2 more armoured infantry divi- 5 mountain brigades
sions and 1 armoured division Honest John and Corporal sup-
are in preparation porting units
15
Navy Total strength: 40,814 Air Force Total strength: 10,000
55 cruisers, destroyers and sup- 140 F.86K fighters
port ships And 50 reconnaissance maritime
6 submarines and transport aircraft
74 minesweepers
Air Force Total strength: 55,978 PORTUGAL
3 fighter-bomber wings
2 fighter wings General Population: 9,150,000
3 units of ground-to-air missiles Length of military service:
18 months to 24 months for the
LUXEMBOURG Army
General Population: 350,000 36 months for the Air Force
Length of military service: 9 48 months for the Navy
months Total armed forces: 80,000
Defence budget: $7,000,000 Army Total strength 58,000 of which
Army 5,500 about 30,000 are in Angola.
One division remains at the
NETHERLANDS disposal of NATO
General Population: 11,556,008 Navy Total strength: 9,000 plus 500
Length of military service:
marines
21-24 months for the Navy and 16 destroyers and frigates
Air Force for non-specialists 3 submarines
20-22 months for the Army 22 minesweepers
Total armed forces: 142,000 30 small craft
Defence budget: $530,000,000 The Fleet Air Squadron com-
Army Total strength: 98,000 prises about 50 aircraft
2 infantry divisions assigned to Air Force Total strength: 12,500
NATO 350 aircraft including a number
Navy Total strength: 23,000 of F.84Gfighter-bombersunder
1 aircraft carrier national command
2 light cruisers
22 destroyers and frigates
6 coastal escort vessels TURKEY
6 submarines General Population: 28,000,000
65 minesweepers Length of military service:
Air Force Total strength: 21,000 24 months for the Army and
Approx. 225 fighters and recon- Air Force
naissance aircraft 36 months for the Navy
NORWAY Army 22 divisions
General Population: 3,600,000 Navy 9 destroyers
Length of military service: 10 submarines
16 months for the Army 100 other craft
18 months for the Navy and Air Force 1 squadron of F. 100s,
the Air Force 2 squadrons of F.84s and 86s
Army Total strength: 20,000 UNITED KINGDOM
1 division General Population: 52,000,000
Navy Total strength: 7,000 Military service: Voluntary.
6 destroyers and frigates National Service ends in 1962
5 submarines Total armed forces: 454,330
25 other craft Defence budget: $4,653,360,000
16
Army Total strength: 200,000 1 guided-missile destroyer will be
Of this total 53,000 are stationed completed in 1962 and will be
in Germany and Berlin, some be equipped with Sea Slug and
20,000 in the Mediterranean, Sea Cat surface-to-air missiles.
Middle East and Africa, and An improved version of Sea
20,000 in the Far East. In Slug is now being developed.
terms of infantry battalions, The new anti-submarine heli-
the division is: Germany and copter Wessex is now coming
Berlin 20; Middle East and into service. Aircraft carriers
Africa 13; Caribbean 1; Far are receiving the Scimitar
East 4. In Malaya, these form fighter-bombers and the Sea
part of a Commonwealth Vixen which will be equipped
Brigade Group. There are 7 with the US Sidewinder and
Gurkha battalions in the Far British Firestreak air-to-air
East, but one is shortly to be missile respectively.
transferred to Britain.
In terms of formations, 7 brigades The first operational squadron of
are committed to NATO in Buccaneer low-level supersonic
Germany, 1 brigade is in Ber- bombers is expected to be
formed in 1962.
lin, 3 brigades are based in the

Middle East and Africa. In the Air Force Total strength: 158,000 men
United Kingdom, 3 brigades,
plus most of the Parachute Bomber Command
Brigade form the strategic About 180 V-bombers, including
reserve. Vulcan Us which can deliver
The armoured formations in Ger- the Skybolt stand-off bomb
many are equipped with Cen- and are now in squadron ser-
turion and Conqueror tanks, vice. Although Blue Steel is
some of which have received a making its final trials, it is
105 mm. howitzer. Three regi- doubtful whether it will be in
ments are now equipped with service in 1962.
Honest John and one with Fighter Command
Corporal missiles (see US). The supersonic Lightning is now
The deployment of the Thun- in service, armed with the
derbird anti-aircraft missile is Firestreak air-to-air missile.
to be completed soon. The This is also carried by the
Vigilant anti-tank missile may Javelin all-weather fighter.
shortly become operational.
The deployment of the Blood-
Navy Total strength: 96,330 men hound is expected to be com-
The operational strength of the pleted early in 1962. An im-
Royal Navy comprises about proved version, capable of
210 ships (140 operational craft being transported by air, is
and 70 auxiliaries) also being developed.
3 aircraft carriers and 1 com- The BMEWS station at Fyling-
mando carrier {Albion is also dale should be completed by
due for completion this year) the summer of 1962.
5 cruisers
20 destroyers Coastal Command
33 frigates Main equipment is the high-
31 submarines (including the endurance Shackleton which
nuclear-powered submarine can remain airborne for 24
Dreadnought) hours without refuelling.
17
Transport Command Sergeant: to replace Corporal,
Main force for long-distance air- range 75 miles, has a self-con-
lift comprises 23 Britannias and tained guidance system
10 Comets. They are supple- Honest John: unguided field artil-
mented by the medium-range lery missile, range 12 miles
Beverley and Hastings aircraft. Lacrosse: a solid propellant rocket
5 Argosies will be in service by against field fortification, range
the end of 1961. 20 miles
Tactical Aircraft Little John: unguided field artil-
The Canberra, of which the later lery lightweight missile
versions are capable of 580 SS 10 and 11: solid propellant
m.p.h. at 40,000 feet, and the anti-tank missile (See France)
Hunterfighter,speed 700 m.p.h. (ii) Surface-to-air
are the basic aircraft of RAF Nike-Ajax: liquid-powered guided
tactical power overseas. rocket, range 25 miles
Nike-Hercules: solid propellant
UNITED STATES guided missile, range 80 miles
General Population: 181,000,000 Hawk: solid propellant rocket
Military service: Selective service for use against low-flying
for two years, but over 90% planes. Range 20 miles. Pro-
of men serving in the US forces gress is being made with an
are volunteers improved version
Total armed forces: 2,606,000
Estimated defence expenditure: The equipment of the American
$48,506,000,000 Army with the M60 tank is
Army Total strength: 967,000 still proceeding. The M60
weighs 50 tons, mounts a 105
The Army consists of a Strategic mm. gun. The 8 in. self-
Army Corps of two airborne propelled M55 howitzer is also
and one infantry divisions, and in use. It has a range of over
11 combat divisions. The pre- 10 miles and can fire a nuclear
sent increase to over 1,000,000 shell. Most armoured units are
by the end of 1961 will raise still equipped with the 44-ton
the number of combat divisions M48 tank.
to 16.
The Seventh Army of 5 divisions Navy Total strength: 635,787
and 3 armoured brigades, and The Navy consists of 819 opera-
comprising 200,000 men, is tional ships (383 warships, 232
allocated to NATO and sta- combatants and 204 auxiliaries)
tioned in Germany. This at the end of 1961. These are
strength may be increased to organized into four fleets (1st,
300,000 during 1962. Three 2nd, 6th and 7th), each of
divisions are stationed in the which includes attack carriers,
Far East. anti-submarine carriers, sur-
MISSILES face and sub-surface anti-sub-
CD Surface-to-surface short range marine forces, cruisers, and
include: associated logistic and amphi-
Redstone: A liquid-propellant bious forces.
missile, range 200 miles The attack carriers Constellation
Pershing: a solid-fuel develop- and Kitty Hawk have been
ment of Redstone, range 100- commissioned and the Navy
300 miles has received the nuclear-pow-
Corporal: range 75 miles ered attack carrier Enterprise
18
and the nuclear-powered (ii) Attack
cruiser Long Beach. Seventeen A3J Vigilante: An all-weather
new destroyers and frigates attack twin-jet supersonic air-
armed with guided missiles craft which can be carrier and
have joined the fleet in recent land-based: can use conven-
years and 28 more are under tional or nuclear weapons
construction. against sea and land targets in
The Navy has 21 nuclear-pow- any weather: maximum speed
ered submarines in service, six about Mach 2; will enter fleet
of which are fleet ballistic service in 1962.
missile submarines. A2F Intruder: A twin turbo-jet-
In August 1961, the Navy an- powered low level naval attack
nounced that it would operate bomber. It is designed to per-
one additional attack carrier form close ground support
and air group. 22 amphibious missions for tactical forces or
ships and 11 fleet support ships fly long distances to deliver
are also to be reactivated. The nuclear bombs.
Navy will operate one addi- A3D Skywarrior: Twin-jet, car-
tional support carrier and air rier-based, heavy attack plane,
which can carry nuclear weap-
group for anti-submarine war-

fare purposes and purchase ons, on high altitude or low
additional air and surface naval strike missions: maxi-
launched guided missiles. One mum speed over 630 m.p.h.
attack transport, one destroyer A4D Skyhawk: Lightweight at-
and five destroyer escorts due tack bomber: maximum speed
for withdrawal from active about 700 m.p.h.; armament
service will be retained. includes nuclear bombs, air-to-
surface rockets, air-to-air mis-
AIRCRAFT
siles, ground attack gun pods,
torpedoes, etc.; maximum
(0 Fighters range 1,150 miles.
F4H Phantom II: Carrier-based, (iii) Anti-submarine
all-weather fighter carrying a The three principal aircraft used
crew of two. Armed with air- by the US Navy in anti-sub-
to-air guided missiles, capable marine warfare are: the P2VF
of speeds in excess of Mach 2: Neptune for land-based, long-
now being introduced. range patrol; the S2F Tracker
F8U Crusader: All-weather, su- for carrier-based missions, and
personic carrier-based fighter: the HSS1 helicopter for carrier-
armed with air-to-air rockets based missions. In addition,
and conventional weapons; production has begun on the
maximum range of 1,400 miles HSS2 amphibian helicopter,
F4D Skyray: Delta-wing, carrier- which is powered by two gas
based, interception fighter: turbine engines, and is sched-
maximum speed exceeds 755 uled for fleet introduction in
m.p.h.: a range of approxi- 1962.
mately 900 miles. MISSILES
F3H Demon: Carrier-based (i) Surface-to-surface
fighter designed for day or Polaris: see strategic forces
night missions: range approxi- Regulus I: jet-powered winged
mately 1,500 miles, speed super- missile for ship-based launch-
sonic. ings, range 500 miles
19
Regulus II: winged missile cap- by a fleet of KC 135 strata-
able of Mach 2 speeds and a tankers capable of a speed of
range of more than 1,000 miles. 550 m.p.h. and slower KC 97s.
Some submarines are equipped The B.58 is capable of flying
with this missile at Mach 2.
(ii) Surface-to-air The tactical bombers and fighters
Terrier I and //: ship-based solid available to Tactical Air Com-
propelled AA robot, range 10- mand and North American
20 miles Air Defence Command include:
Tartar: lighter and smaller im- F.100 Super Sabre interceptor
proved version of Terrier, fighter. Speed of 1,000 m.p.h.
range over 10 miles Range 1,800 miles without
Talos: long-range ship-based AA aerial refuelling.
ram-jet missile, range 65 miles F.101 Voodoo long-range fighter.
(in) Sub-surface Cruising speed 1,200 m.p.h.
Asroc: surface to underwater Range 1,000 miles.
solid propellant rocket F.102 Dagger. Supersonic all-
(iv) Air-to-air weather interceptor (principally
Sidewinder: solid rocket with for North American Air De-
infra-red guidance, range 6 fence).

miles, speed 1,800 m.p.h. F.104 Starfighter. Has reached
Sparrow III: range 5-8 miles, speeds of 1,400 m.p.h. and
speed over 1,500 m.p.h. height of 91,000 feet.
(•) Air-to-surface F.105 Thunderbird. Single-seater
Bullpup: a solid fuel radio-con- fighter-bomber. A more power-
trolled missile which carries a ful version is now being pro-
conventional warhead and has duced, able to refuel in flight
a range of 15,000 feet and carry heavier payloads of
non-nuclear warheads, e.g. the
Air Force Total strength: 824,900. This may Bullpup or Sidewinder missiles.
be increased to 888,000 by the F.106 Dart. All-weather intercep-
summer of 1962 tor, with speed of over 1,500
There are 91 wings, of which 88 m.p.h.
are combat wings consisting of
37 strategic wings, 19 air de- Transport: 129 new long-range
fence wings and 32 tactical airlift aircraft are to be pro-
wings. (There are 45 aircraft in cured by the middle of 1962.
a bomber wing and 75 in a The Military Air Transport Ser-
fighter wing.) The creation of vice at present comprises about
two more tacticalfightingwings 480 4-engined piston aircraft
has been decided. designed for cargo and troops.
Strategic Air Command MISSILES
(see strategic forces, page 8) (i) Surface-to-surface
The B.47 has a range of 3,250 Atlas: liquid-fuelled ICBM, range
miles. The B.52, which can 6,000 miles. Speed 15-20,000
carry the Hound Dog air-to- m.p.h.
surface missile in addition to Titan: liquid-fuelled ICBM, cap-
free-falling bombs, has a range able of carrying a heavier
of 6,000 miles, with a speed of nuclear warhead than Atlas.
over 650 m.p.h. Both can ex- Range 6,000 miles.
tend their range by in-flight Jupiter: liquid-fuelled IRBM,
refuelling, which is provided range 1,500 miles.
20
Thor: liquid-fuelled IRBM, range (iv) Air-to-air
1,500 miles. Genie: missile with a nuclear
Matador: jet-powered winged warhead carried by fighter-
missile, range 300-500 miles. interceptors, range 2-4 miles,
Mace: improved version of Mata- speedMach3.
dor. Range 350 miles, speed
supersonic, nuclear warhead. Falcon: with nuclear or non-
nuclear warhead, range 5 miles,
(ii) Air-to-ground speed supersonic.
Hound Dog: for use on B.52s.
Range 350 miles, speed super-
sonic, nuclear warhead.
Bullpup: see under Navy. Marine Total strength: 177,000. This will
Corps be increased to 190,000 in the
(iii) Surface-to-air first half of 1962. Organized in
Bomarc: long-range ram-jet mis- three divisions, each with then-
sile interceptor, range 400 miles, own air wing and amphibious
speed 1,600-2,000 m.p.h. support
CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION

The members of CENTO are Pakistan, Iran, military deputies including an American
Turkey, and the United Kingdom, with the representative in Ankara. The main emphasis
United States as an associate member. The so far has been on the development of com-
scope of the Treaty involves co-operation munications and air field to give flexibility
over a wider field than defensive preparation. to the forces available in the area.
CENTO does not have an international Strategic deterrent forces could be rapidly
command structure as NATO does, nor are deployed in the area by the US 6th Fleet,
national forces allocated to it at present. from SAC bases in Turkey, and from
Co-ordination is exercised by a Council of British bases in Cyprus.
NATIONAL FORCES
IRAN F.84 Thunderjets

General Population: 20,000,000 C.47 transports
Two years military service
Total armed forces: 210,000 PAKISTAN
Defence budget: $147,587,000 General Population: 94,000,000
Voluntary military service
12 divisions
6 independent brigades Defence budget: $207,780,000
Army Total strength: 160,000
Navy Total strength: 6,000 Navy Total strength: 7,700
2 corvettes I cruiser
3 coastal minesweepers 8 destroyers and frigates
5 small ships II small ships
Air Force Total strength: 8,000 Air Force Total strength: 15,000
Equipped with: F.86 fighter squadrons
F.86 Sabrejets Transport units
21
This article was downloaded by: ["Queen's University Libraries, Kingston"]
On: 02 February 2015, At: 15:53

Central treaty organization

To cite this article: (1961) Central treaty organization, The Military Balance, 61:1, 21-21, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459679
Thor: liquid-fuelled IRBM, range (iv) Air-to-air
1,500 miles. Genie: missile with a nuclear
Matador: jet-powered winged warhead carried by fighter-
missile, range 300-500 miles. interceptors, range 2-4 miles,
Mace: improved version of Mata- speedMach3.
dor. Range 350 miles, speed
supersonic, nuclear warhead. Falcon: with nuclear or non-
nuclear warhead, range 5 miles,
(ii) Air-to-ground speed supersonic.
Hound Dog: for use on B.52s.
Range 350 miles, speed super-
sonic, nuclear warhead.
Bullpup: see under Navy. Marine Total strength: 177,000. This will
Corps be increased to 190,000 in the
(iii) Surface-to-air first half of 1962. Organized in
Bomarc: long-range ram-jet mis- three divisions, each with then-
own air wing and amphibious
Downloaded by ["Queen's University Libraries, Kingston"] at 15:53 02 February 2015
sile interceptor, range 400 miles,

speed 1,600-2,000 m.p.h. support
CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION

The members of CENTO are Pakistan, Iran, military deputies including an American
Turkey, and the United Kingdom, with the representative in Ankara. The main emphasis
United States as an associate member. The so far has been on the development of com-
scope of the Treaty involves co-operation munications and air field to give flexibility
over a wider field than defensive preparation. to the forces available in the area.
CENTO does not have an international Strategic deterrent forces could be rapidly
command structure as NATO does, nor are deployed in the area by the US 6th Fleet,
national forces allocated to it at present. from SAC bases in Turkey, and from
Co-ordination is exercised by a Council of British bases in Cyprus.
NATIONAL FORCES
IRAN F.84 Thunderjets

General Population: 20,000,000 C.47 transports
Two years military service
Total armed forces: 210,000 PAKISTAN
Defence budget: $147,587,000 General Population: 94,000,000
Voluntary military service
12 divisions
6 independent brigades Defence budget: $207,780,000
2 corvettes I cruiser
3 coastal minesweepers 8 destroyers and frigates
5 small ships II small ships
Air Force Total strength: 8,000 Air Force Total strength: 15,000
Equipped with: F.86 fighter squadrons
F.86 Sabrejets Transport units
21
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On: 03 February 2015, At: 00:16

South‐East Asia treaty organization

To cite this article: (1961) South‐East Asia treaty organization, The Military Balance, 61:1, 22-22, DOI:
10.1080/04597226108459680
SOUTH-EAST ASIA TREATY ORGANIZATION
The members of SEATO are Australia, p. 9) based on Manila, units of Strategic
France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philip- Air Command based on Okinawa and Guam
pine Republic, Thailand, the United King- and the British Far Eastern Fleet based on
dom and the United States. SEATO does Singapore.. The Commonwealth Strategic
not yet have a centralized command struc- Reserve in Malaya includes British, Austra-
ture and forces remain under national con- lian and New Zealand battalions and sup-
trol. SEATO co-operation is concerned not porting units, and Australian and New
only with military defence against aggression, Zealand naval and tactical air units, but the
but also with the problem of subversion. Malay Federation has recently made it clear
The main strategic forces are provided by that bases in Malaya would not be available
the US Seventh Fleet (see strategic forces, for SEATO operations.
NATIONAL FORCES
AUSTRALIA 4 frigates
Downloaded by [Simon Fraser University] at 00:16 03 February 2015
General Population: 10,500,000 15 small ships

Voluntary military service Air Force Total strength: 4,500
Total armed forces: 48,500 6 squadrons
1 task group which includes 1 PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
armoured regiment and 2 battle General Population: 24,000,000
groups Voluntary military service
1 battalion group in Malaya Total armed forces: 32,000
1 battalion of the Pacific Islands
Regiment Army Total strength: 21,500
1 aircraft carrier 60 small ships
12 destroyers and frigates Air Force Total strength: 6,250
67 other ships 200 aircraft including 3 squadrons
Air Force Total strength: 16,000 ofF.86s
12 squadrons including:
3 tactical bomber squadrons
4 fighter squadrons THAILAND
General
Population: 25,000,000
2 years military service
NEW ZEALAND Total armed forces: 135,300
General Population: 2,403,000 Army Total strength: 92,000
Voluntary military service 5 divisions
Total armed forces: 12,740 Navy Total strength: 21,300
Defence budget: $84,300,000 5 frigates
Army Total strength: 5,340 67 small ships
One brigade group (including 1 Air Force Total strength: 22,000
battalion in Malaya) 6 wings, equipped with F.84s and
Navy Total strength: 2,900 F.86s
1 cruiser Transport units
22
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On: 19 October 2014, At: 14:10

US mutual defence treaties

To cite this article: (1961) US mutual defence treaties, The Military Balance, 61:1, 23-23, DOI: 10.1080/04597226108459681
U S MUTUAL DEFENCE TREATIES
Those countries which have Mutual Defence Voluntary military service
Treaties with the United States are Japan, Defence budget: $112,857,143
Formosa, and South Korea. Army Total strength: 550,000
Their forces are as follows: 18 divisions, including 40 artillery
battalions and 7 tank com-
JAPAN panies
General Population: 93,400,000 There are also about 12,000
Voluntary military service Koreans serving in the country
Total armed forces: 233,000 with the US Army
Defence budget: $3,050,500,000 Navy 6 destroyers and frigates
Army Total strength: 170,000 12 minesweepers and minelayers
6 divisions 44 other craft
4 combined brigades Air Force 1 wing of 75 F.86F fighter-
Downloaded by [The University of Manchester Library] at 14:10 19 October 2014
3 tank groups bombers and 1 squadron of

The combined brigades consist of F.86D interceptors
a mechanized infantry regi-
ment of 3 battalions and an
artillery regiment TAIWAN
The air component of the army General Population: 9,410,000
possesses 100 light aircraft and Total armed forces: 680,000
some helicopters Military service: 2 years
Navy Total strength: 30,000
42 destroyers and frigates Army Total strength: 400,000
5 submarines 21 infantry divisions
200 anti-submarine craft 2 armoured divisions
The naval air component has Special units, including tank bat-
talions and Nike-Hercules mis-
about 200 aircraft sile units
Air Force Total strength: 33,000
2 tactical wings Navy Total strength: 170,000
2 fighter-interceptor wings 30 destroyers and frigates
Transport squadrons 14 minesweepers and minelayirets
The main aircraft are F.104s and 123 other ships
F.86s. There are some air-to-air Air Force Total strength: 110,000
missiles including Sidewinder, Interceptor wings are equipped
and a guided missile corps is with F.104, F.100 and F.86
being formed fighters armed with Sidewinder
air-to-air missiles
5 fighter-bomber wings of FlOOs
SOUTH KOREA Transport and reconnaissance
General Population: 22,974,000 units. Total number of aircraft
Total armed forces: 600,000 is about 500
23
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On: 22 November 2014, At: 10:44

Part III Table I Mobilized manpower

To cite this article: (1961) Part III Table I Mobilized manpower, The Military Balance, 61:1, 24-25, DOI:
10.1080/04597226108459682
TABLE I MOBILIZED MANPOWER
WESTERN ALLIANCES COMMUNIST BLOC
Percentage Percentage
Total of male Total of male
Country forces labour Country forces labour
force force
United States 2,606,000 5.26 Soviet Union 3,800,000* 5.43

France 1,008,791 7.21 Poland 255,000 2.83
Turkey 500,000 6.25 Rumania 222,000 3.58
Italy 466,392 2.91 Czechosolvakia .. 185,000 4.87
United Kingdom .. 454,330 2.67 Bulgaria 120,000 4.29
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Cruz] at 10:44 22 November 2014
Germany 330,000 1.98 East Germany 100,000 2.00

Greece 159,000 5.68 Hungary 80,500 2.30
Netherlands 142,000 4.18 Albania .. 27,800 5.56
Canada 120,000 2.40
Belgium 110,000 3.79
Portugal 79,000 2.26
Norway 37,000 3.08
Denmark 43,000 2.87
Luxembourg 5,500 4.78
TOTAL NATO 6,061,013 4.30 TOTAL WARSAW 4,790,300

PACT
Iran 210,000 3.00
China 2,600,000t
Pakistan 182,700 .70
North Korea 338,000
Thailand 135,300 1.85
North Vietnam .. 266,000
Australia 48,500 1.51
Philippine Republic 32,000 2.19
New Zealand 12,740 1.42
TOTAL WESTERN
ALLIANCES 6,682,235 3.47
Japan 233,000 .85
Taiwan 680,000 25.19
South Korea 600,000t 10.91
TOTAL US TREATY TOTAL COMMUNIST
POWERS 8,195,253 3.49 BLOC 7,994,300
* Maximum t Estimated
24
TABLE n
SOME COMPARATIVE ESTIMATES OF STRATEGIC STRENGTH

EARLY 1962
CATEGORY WESTERN ALLIANCES COMMUNIST BLOC
ICBMs .. .. 63 50+
MRBMs . . 186 200
Long range bombers 600 190
Medium range bombers . . 2¿00 1,100
Aircraft carriers* 58
Nuclear submarines 22 2
Conventional submarines* 266 480
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Cruz] at 10:44 22 November 2014
Cruisers* 67 25
Mobilized manpower 8,195,253 men 7,994,300men
* Includes ships in reserve
Note on maps (12 and 13).

The term 'deployed manpower' is used to comprise all forces stationed in the countries or areas
illustrated irrespective of national origin, including e.g. U.S. forces in German. Federal Republic
and Soviet forces in East Germany. The figure of 2,000,000 for Western Europe includes French
forces in Algeria.
Erratum. The figures of deployed manpower for Pakistan on the map on page 13 should read 183,000

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This article was downloaded by: [University of York]

On: 09 October 2014, At: 01:44

The Military Balance

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SOME COMPARATIVE ESTIMATES OF STRATEGIC STRENGTH

CATEGORY WESTERN ALLIANCES COMMUNIST BLOC

* Includes ships in reserve

Note on maps (12 and 13).

The Military Balance

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twelve-month period. No longer range projections of force levels or weapons have

PART II THE WESTERN ALLIANCES

PART III TABLE I MOBILISED MANPOWER 24

The Military Balance

The Soviet Union

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bombers under development had been (a) m.p.h. feet

The Soviet Navy, which is manned by about

1,400 to 680 tons. short range missile were displayed in 1961.

(ii) Surface Ships (iv) Sea-to-ground Missiles

The Military Balance

The Warsaw pact nations

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(ii) Surface Ships (iv) Sea-to-ground Missiles

* The population of East Germany is 17,298,000 if East NORTH VIETNAM

The Military Balance

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* The population of East Germany is 17,298,000 if East NORTH VIETNAM

The Military Balance

The Far East

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* The population of East Germany is 17,298,000 if East NORTH VIETNAM

The Military Balance

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(4) Seapower (6) Strategic Reserves

3 divisions to the Continental Army Com-

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

The Military Balance

North Atlantic treaty organization

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(4) Seapower (6) Strategic Reserves

Polaris, is now operational. Six submarines,

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

assigned to the Supreme Commander as for the defence of the Mediterranean

Copyright 'Geographia1 Ltd

"ONG I75.000PACAF OCEAN

Copyright 'Geographia' Ltd.

follows: Total armed forces: 159,000

lin, 3 brigades are based in the

group for anti-submarine war-

infra-red guidance, range 6 fence).