Course: Electrical Circuits

Course Code: ICE-1103

Lecture 3

Dr. Kazi Abu Taher

Professor
Dept. of ICT
Bangladesh University of Professionals
 Chapter 5
Series Circuits

2
 5.1 Introduction
● Direct Current (dc):
The flow of charge (current) does not
change in magnitude (or direction) with
time.
● Alternating Current (ac):
The flow of charge is continually
changing in magnitude (and direction) with
time.

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 5.1 Introduction (Continue)
● Ac vs Dc Circuit:

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 5.1 Introduction (Continue)

● Basic Components of an Electric Circuit:

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 5.2 Series Resistors

R1 and R2 are in series R1 and R2 are not in series

Two elements are in series if :

1. They have only one terminal in common (i.e., one
lead of one is connected to only one lead of the other).
2. The common point between the two elements is not
connected to another current-carrying element.
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 5.2 Series Resistors (Continue)

R1 and R2 are in series R1 and R2 are not in series

● The current is the same through series elements.

● The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum
of the resistance levels.

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 5.2 Series Resistors (Continue)

• The total power delivered to a resistive

circuit is equal to the total power
dissipated by the resistive elements.

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5.2 Series Resistors (Continue)

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5.3 Series Circuits (Continue)

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 5.3 Series Circuits (Continue)

a.

b.

c.
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5.4 Power Distribution in a Series Circuit
● In any electrical system, the power applied
will equal the power dissipated or absorbed.

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5.4 Power Distribution in a Series Circuit
(Continue)

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5.4 Power Distribution in a Series Circuit
(Continue)

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5.4 Power Distribution in a Series Circuit
(Continue)

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5.5 Voltage Sources in Series

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 5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the

algebraic sum of the potential rises and
drops around a closed loop (or path) is zero.

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 5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Continue)

• The applied voltage of a series circuit equals the

sum of the voltage drops across the series
elements.

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 5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Continue)

• The application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law

need not follow a path that includes current-
carrying elements.

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5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Continue)

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5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Continue)

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5.7 Voltage Division in Series Circuit
● In a series circuit, the larger the
resistance the larger the voltage across
the resistance.
● There is a ratio rule that states that the
ratio of the voltages across series
resistors is in direct proportion to the
ratio of their resistive values.
Ratio Rule:

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5.7 Voltage Division in Series Circuit
(Continue)

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5.7 Voltage Division in Series Circuit
(Continue)

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 5.7 Voltage Divider Rule
● The voltage divider rule (VDR) permits the
determination of the voltage across a series
resistor without first having to determine the
current of the circuit.
● The voltage across a resistor in a series
circuit is equal to the value of that resistor
times the total applied voltage divided by
the total resistance of the series
configuration.

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5.7 Voltage Divider Rule (Continue)

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5.7 Voltage Divider Rule (Continue)

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 5.8 Interchanging Series Elements

The elements of a series circuit can be

interchanged without affecting the total
resistance, current, or power to each
element.

R2 and R3 are
Original circuit interchanged 28
 5.9 Notation (Double Subscript Notation)

• The double-subscript notation Vab specifies point a as the

higher potential. If this is not the case, a negative sign must
be associated with the magnitude of Vab.

• The voltage Vab is the voltage at point a with respect to

(w.r.t.) point b.

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 5.9 Notation (Single Subscription Notation)

The single-subscript notation Va specifies the voltage

at point a with respect to ground (zero volts). If the
voltage is less than zero volts, a negative sign must
be associated with the magnitude of Va .

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5.11 Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources

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 5.11 Voltage Regulation
A measure of how close a supply will come to ideal
conditions is given by the voltage regulation
characteristic. By definition, the voltage regulation (VR) of
a supply between the limits of full-load and no-load
conditions is given by the following:

The smaller the voltage regulation, the less the variation

in terminal voltage with change in load. A short
derivation of the voltage regulation is also given by:

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 Self Study:
Practice all mathematical problems
of Chapter 5

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 Chapter 6
Parallel Circuits

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 6.2 Parallel Resistors

• Two elements, branches, or networks

are in parallel if they have two points in
common.

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6.2 Parallel Resistors (Continue)

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 6.2 Parallel Resistors (Continue)
Total Conductance
For parallel elements, the total conductance is the sum
of the individual conductances.

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 6.2 Parallel Resistors (Continue)
The total resistance of parallel resistors is always less than the
value of the smallest resistor.

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 6.2 Parallel Resistors (Continue)
Example: Find the total resistance of the network

The total resistance of two parallel resistors is the

product of the two divided by their sum.

Parallel elements can be interchanged without

changing the total resistance or input current.
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For parallel resistors, the total resistance will
always decrease as additional elements are
added in parallel.

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 6.3 Parallel Circuits
The voltage across parallel elements is the same.

For single-source parallel networks, the source current

is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.

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6.3 Parallel Circuits (Continue)

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 6.3 Parallel Circuits (Continue)

a.

b.

c.

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 6.4 Power Distribution in a Parallel Circuit

Recall from the discussion of series circuits that the

power applied to a series resistive circuit equals
the power dissipated by the resistive elements.

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 6.5 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
● Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the
algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving
an area, system, or junction is zero.

In other words
● The sum of the currents entering an area,
system, or junction must equal the sum of the
currents leaving the area, system, or junction.

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6.5 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

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6.5 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (Continue)

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 6.6 Current Divider Rule
• For two parallel elements of equal value, the current will
divide equally.
• For parallel elements with different values, the smaller the
resistance, the greater the share of input current.
• For parallel elements of different values, the current will
split with a ratio equal to the inverse of their resistor
values.

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6.6 Current Divider Rule (Continue)

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6.6 Current Divider Rule (Continue)

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6.6 Current Divider Rule (Continue)

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6.6 Current Divider Rule (Continue)

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 6.7 Voltage Sources in Parallel

The resulting power rating is twice that available with one supply.

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6.7 Voltage Sources in Parallel (Continue)

If two batteries of different terminal voltages were

placed in parallel, both would be left ineffective or
damaged because the terminal voltage of the larger
battery would try to drop rapidly to that of the lower
supply.
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 6.8 Open and Short Circuits
● An open circuit is simply two isolated terminals not
connected by an element of any kind.

● An open circuit can have a potential difference

(voltage) across its terminals, but the current is
always zero amperes.

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 6.8 Open and Short Circuits (Continue)
● A short circuit is a very low resistance, direct connection
between two terminals of a network.
● A short circuit can carry a current of a level determined by
the external circuit, but the potential difference (voltage)
across its terminals is always zero volts.

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Note: Digital multimeter (DMM)
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 Self Study:
Practice all mathematical problems
of chapter 6.

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Thank You

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