Lesson 1: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT SHORT CIRCUIT- When both

points (+ & –) of voltage source in

The electric circuits are closed-loop or paths, forming
a circuit gets joint with each
a network of electrical components where electrons
other for some reason then it is
can flow. This path is made using electrical wires and
called Short Circuit. Maximum
is powered by a source, like a battery. The start of the
current starts to flow under
point from where the electrons start flowing is called
this situation. Short circuit
the source, whereas the point where electrons leave
generally happens when the conducting electrical
the electrical circuit is called the return.
wires get joint of even because of shorting in the load.
The current flows along a conductor, where it si
SERIES CIRCUITS- When 2 or more loads (Bulb, CFL,
brought from its source to where electrical energy is
LED, Fan etc) are connected to
needed such as appliances. The pathway for the
each other in a series, then it
current to move to and from the source and the
is called a Series Circuit. In a
appliance is called the electric circuit.
series circuit, if one load or
bulb gets fuse, then rest of the
bulbs will not get power
supply and will not glow.

PARALLEL CIRCUITS- When 2 or more loads (Bulb,

CFL, LED, Fan etc) are
connected to each other in
parallel, then it is called
• A functional circuit has to be "closed" or must form Parallel Circuit. In this type of
a closed loop. Closed circuits allows the current to circuit, the voltage capacity of
flow from the source of the current to the load where all loads must be equal to
the current is needed. input supply. Power of “load”
• On the other hand, an "open" circuit does not form can be different. In a parallel circuit, if one load or
a closed loop; the resulting circuit would then be bulb gets fuse, then rest of the bulbs will still get
nonfunctional. Open circuits have gap(s) where power supply and will glow.
current cannot flow. Thus, electric current cannot be
delivered to the load where it is needed.
Lesson 2: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
The current flows along a conductor, where it si
CLOSE CIRCUITS- When load brought from its source to where electrical energy is
works on its own in a circuit needed such as appliances.
then it is called Close Circuit
or Closed Circuit. Under this
situation, the value of current
flow depends on load.

OPEN CIRCUITS- When there is a faulty electrical

wire or electronic component in a circuit or the
switch is OFF, then it is called
Open Circuit. In the below
diagram you can see that the
Bulb is Not glowing because
either the switch is OFF or there
is fault is the electrical wire.
Lesson 3: LAWS OF CIRCUIT

3.1: THE SERIES CIRCUIT

In a series circuit, all components are connected

using a single pathway. In other words, a series
circuit is characterized by a single loop for current to
flow. The current is the same or all the components
along this circuit.

The total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages

across the circuit, and the total resistance of the
circuit is the sum of the individual resistances of
each circuit load. However, the PD of the voltage for
each individual component is not the same as the
total voltage.

• Three Laws for Series Circuits

⚬ There are three fundamental relationships
concerning resistance, current, and voltage
for all series circuits. It is important that
you learn the three fundamental laws for
series circuits.

Resistance

⚬ Whenever individual resistances are connected in

series, they have the same effect as one large
combined resistance. Since there is only one path for
current flow in a series circuit, and since each of the
resistors is in line to act as an opposition to this
current flow, the overall resistance is the combined
opposition of all the in-line resistors.
⚬ The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the
sum of all the individual resistances in the circuit.
⚬ Rt = R1 + R2 + R3…

Using this formula, you find that the total resistance

of the circuit is:
⚬ Rt = R1 + R2 + R3…
⚬ RT = 15 Ω + 5 Ω + 20 Ω = 40 Ω
 Current Lesson 3.2: Parallel Circuit

⚬ Since there is only one path for electron flow in a Parallel circuits use branches to allow current pass
series circuit, the current is the same magnitude at through more than one path, unlike in the series
any point in the circuit. circuit. The voltage between two points in the circuit
⚬ The total current in a series circuit is the same as does not depend on the a path taken: thus, the
the current through any resistance of the circuit. individual voltages in a parallel circuit are the same
⚬ IT = I1 = I2 = I3… as the total voltage.
• However, unlike in the series circuit, the current in
⚬ Given 120 V as the total voltage, and having
each load is not the same as the total current in the
determined the total resistance of the circuit as 40 Ω,
circuit. The total current is the sum of the individual
you can now apply Ohms law to determine the total
currents across the resistors. The reciprocal of the
current in this circuit:
total resistance in this type of circuit is equal to the
⚬ IT = 120 V/ 40 Ω = 3 A
sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
⚬ This total circuit current would remain the same
through all the individual circuit resistors.
• Three Laws for Parallel Circuits
Voltage
⚬ There are three fundamental relationships
⚬ Before any current will flow through a resistance, a concerning resistance, current, and voltage
potential difference, or voltage, must be available. for all series circuits. It is important that
When resistors are connected in series, they must you learn the three fundamental laws for
“share” the total voltage of the source. parallel circuits.
⚬ The total voltage in a series circuit is equal to the Voltage
sum of all the individual voltage drops in the circuit. In a parallel circuit, each load resistor acts as an
independent branch circuit, and because of this,
⚬ As current passes through each resistor in a series
each branch “sees” the entire voltage of the supply.
circuit, it establishes a difference in potential across
each individual resistance. This is commonly called ⚬ Total voltage of a parallel circuit has the same value
voltage drop, and its magnitude is in direct proportion as the voltage across each branch.
to the value of resistance. The greater the value of ⚬ This relationship can be expressed as:
resistance, the higher the voltage drop across that ⚬ VT = V1 = V2 = V3…
resistor. ⚬ In the above circuit, the voltage in each branch is
⚬ VT = V1 + V2 + V3… 120 V.
⚬ Using Ohms law you can determine the voltage
across each resistor.
⚬ 3 A × 15 Ω = 45 V
⚬ 3 A × 5 Ω = 15 V
⚬ 3 A × 20 Ω = 60 V
⚬ The total source voltage is equal to the sum of the
individual voltage drops:
⚬ 45 V + 15 V + 60 V = 120 V

These relationships are summarized following

formulas:
Current
⚬ V total = V1 + V2 +V3 + ... +Vn
⚬ A parallel circuit has more than one path for current
⚬ I total= I1 = I2 = I3 = ... = In
flow. The number of current paths is determined by
⚬ R total = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... + Rn
the number of load resistors connected in parallel.
⚬ Total current in a parallel circuit is the sum of the
individual branch currents.
⚬ This relationship in a parallel circuit is expressed as: 3 BAND RESISTOR
⚬ IT = I1 + I2 + I3… - 2 bands of ssignificant value
⚬ A To solve for the total current, you must first - 1 for multiplier
determine individual branch currents using Ohms - 1 for tolerance (20% NONE)
law:
4 BAND RESISTOR
⚬ I1 = 120 V/ 20 Ω = 6 A
- 2 bands of significant value
⚬ I2 = 120 V/ 40 Ω = 3 A
- 1 for multiplier
⚬ I3 = 120 V/ 60 Ω = 2 A - 1 for tolerance band
⚬ IT = 6 A + 3 A + 2 A = 11 A
5 BAND RESISTOR
Resistance - 3 bands of significant value
⚬ Whenever more resistances are connected in - 1 for multiplier
parallel, they have the effect of reducing the overall - 1 for tolerance band
circuit resistance. The net resistance of a parallel
circuit is always less than any of the individual 6 BAND RESISTOR
resistance values. - 3 bands for significant value
⚬ The overall resistance is commonly determined - 1 for multiplier
using the reciprocal equation: - 1 for tolerance band
⚬ 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3… - 1 for Temp. Coeff (ppm/k) or failure rate
• Always remember that total resistance is always
less than the individual resistances. Lesson 5: RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
• These relationships are summarized following
formulas: -ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY: It is an intrinsic property
⚬ V total = V1 = V2 = V3 = ... +Vn of the material that describes how it resists the
⚬ I total= I1 + I2 + I3 + ... = In electric current flowing through it.
-LENGTH OF CONDUCTOR: It pertains to physical
⚬ 1/R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ... + 1/Rn
length of an electrical conductor such as a cable or
wire.
Lesson 4: RESISTOR: COLOR CODING
-AREA :It refers to the extent or measurement of a
surface.
-CONDUCTOR: It refers to a substance or material
that allows electricity to flow through it.
An electrical conductor is any material that allows
the free flow of electric current. A conductor
possesses characteristics that either enhance or
limit the flow of current passing through it. The
limitation to current flow is referred to as resistance.
Resistance and electric current are inversely
proportional. So a greater amount of resistance on a
conductor results in a lower amount of current
passing through the conductor, whereas a lower
resistance means less restrictions, allowing more
current to flow through the conductor.
Table 3.1 below shows how changing the properties Current Flow
of the conductor affects the resistance that it offers. -current flow is reduced by an increase in the
electrical resistivity of the material, whereas a
-decrease in the resistivity allows more current to
flow through the material.

electrical conductivity
-increase in the electrical conductivity of the
material results in a lower resistance offered by the
material and a higher current flow through it.
-decreasing the electrical conductivity of the
material increases its resistance and lowers the
flow of current through it.

temperature
ELECTRICAL INJURIES - higher temperature, its resistance increases and
Electrical injuries can be caused by a wide range of the amount of current that can flow through
voltages but the risk of injury is generally greater with decreases.
higher voltages and is dependent upon individual -lower temperature, the resistance decreases,
circumstances. Torch batteries can ignite flammable thus allowing more current to flow through it.
substances.
There are four types of injury relating to electrical length of the conductor
incidents. - Longer conductors provide more resistance to
1. Electric shock is a reflex response possibly the flow of current, which means less current can
involving trauma which occurs when electrical flow through it.
current passes over or through a worker’s body. It - Shorter conductors provide less resistance, thus
usually involves burns and abnormal heart rhythm allowing more current to flow.
and unconsciousness.
2. Electrocution occurs when electrical current cross-sectional area or fatness
passes over or through a worker’s body resulting in a -"Fat" conductors allow more charges to pass
fatality. through them, which means more current can flow
3. Electric shock may cause muscles to contract and also means lower resistance offered by the
causing a worker to lose balance and fall. An conductor.
explosion from an electrical incident can also cause -"Thin" conductors, on the other hand, have limited
a fall. space for current to flow through them, making
4. Electrical burns are the most common shock- resistance higher.
related, nonfatal injury. They occur when a worker
contacts energized electrical wiring or equipment. The resistivity, length, and
Although electrical burns can occur anywhere on the cross-sectional area of a
body, they most often occur on the hands and feet. conductor can be related
to an equivalent resistance
Electrical resistivity is an intrinsic property of the through the equation:
material that describes how it resists the electric
current flowing through it. In this equation, p is the resistivity of the conductor,
-higher electrical resistivity means higher overall L is its length, A is its cross-sectional area, and R is
resistance of the material, whereas, the equivalent resistance that can provide. As a
- lower resistivity indicates the material's lower constant value, the unit of p is ohm-meter (Ω -m) .
resistance. The unit for resistance is ohm ( Ω).