Aim and Objective

Aim and Objective:
1. To verify Bernoulli's theorem.

2. To plot the total energy line vs distance
Introduction:
Bernoulli’s theorem states that when there is a continuous connection between
particles of flowing mass of liquid, the total energy at any section of now will remain the
same provided there is no reduction or addition of energy at any point.
Theory:
When an incompressible fluid is flowing through a closed conduit, it may be subjected to
various forces which causes change in velocity, acceleration or energies involved. The
major forces involved are pressure and body forces. Due to elevation of conduits,
pressure may change due to change of cross-sectional area, velocity of fluid may
change. But though there is change of velocity, pressure also changes accordingly. In
other words, if velocity of fluid is changed, pressure is also changed. This theorem is
called as Bernouli's theorem.
It is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of mechanical energy.
This equation states that at two sections of low field the total energy remains the same.
Provided that there is no loss or gain of energy between the two sections. This equation
is valid only for steady flow.
1. Potential Head: It is also known as potential energy/weight. This is due to

configuration or portion above some suitable datum denoted by Z.
2. Velocity Head: It is can be expressed in terms of kinetic energy/weight. This is
due to velocity of flowing liquid and denoted by V 2/2g.
3. Pressure Head: It is also known as pressure energy/weight. This is due to
pressure of liquid and is denoted as P/ρg.
4. Total Head: It is sum of potential head, velocity head and pressure head.
Bernouli's Theorem. It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the
total energy at any point in the fluid is always constant.
The Bernouli's theorem was derived on the assumption that fluid is non-viscous and
therefore frictionless. But all the real fluids are viscous and hence offer resistance to
flow. Thus there are always some losses in fluid flow and hence in the application of
Bernouli's equation. These losses have to be taken into consideration.
Thus the Bernouli's theorem for real fluids between points 1 and points 2 is given by:
E = P1/ρg + V12/2g + Z1 = P2/ρg + V22/2g +Z2
Where,
E = Total Energy
P1/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 1.
V12/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid or kinetic head at point 1.
Z1 = Potential energy per unit weight of fluid or potential head at point 1
P2/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 2.
V22/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid or kinetic head at point 2.
Z2 = Potential energy per unit weight of fluid or potential head at point 2.
P1 = Pressure of fluid at point 1.
P2 = Pressure of fluid at point 2.
V1 = Velocity of fluid at point 1.
V2 = Velocity of fluid at point 2.
ρ = Density of the fluid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
Apparatus:
Since the experiment could not be conducted in the laboratory, an online simulator was
used to carry out the experiment. The link to the simulator is given below:
http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-dev/labs/mit_bootcamp/fluid_mechanics/experiments/
bernoullis-theorem-pvg/simulation.html
Experimental method:
The experiment was carried out in an online simulator.
1. The drop-down list of ‘Water Flow’ was clicked to select the water flow, which
was set at 100%.
2. The 'Start' button was clicked to start the experiment. The valve to the supply
tank was closed when the water started to fall back into the supply tank by
clicking the ‘Close Valve’ button.
3. The water started filling up the marked container. The ‘Stop Timer’ button was
clicked when it reached the 10cm mark, and the observations for the manometer
and the timer were noted by clicking the ‘Generate Table’ button.
4. The 'Reset' button was clicked to reset the setup, and the above procedure was
repeated for 75% flow rate. The observations were recorded.
Experimental setup:
Experimental run on simulator for 75% flow rate.
Observations:
Specifications:
1. 14 piezometric tubes.
2. Measuring tank size 250 x 250 mm2.
3. Reserve chamber 250 x 250 x 250 mm2.
4. 1/2 HD self priming pump.
5. Channel - 750 mm.
6. Flow rate for 100% flow : 2.738*10-4 m3/s.
7. Flow rate for 75% flow : 2.053*10-4 m3/s.
The observation tables are recorded below.

Results and Discussions:
The results were tabulated and plotted on an excel file.
Calculations:
Sample calculations for observation 1 (flow rate = 100%):
Pressure head = P/ρg
We know, P = ρgh, and h = Piezometric reading.
Thus, P = ρgh/ρg = h = Piezometric reading = 194*10^-3 m = 0.194 m
Velocity = Q/Area
= 2.738*10-4/(9.46*10-4)
= 0.2894 m/s
Velocity head = V2/2g
= (0.2894)2/(2*9.81) = 0.004268 m
Total head = Pressure head + Velocity head
= 0.194 + 0.004268 m = 0.198268 m
Conclusions:
The graph between the total head and the manometer number clearly shows that the
total head is constant. Thus, Bernoulli’s theorem was verified.
Precautions:
When the experiment is done in the laboratory, the following points must be followed to
ensure proper usage and maintenance of the experimental apparatus and accurate
results.
1. The pump should not be run at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
2. The delivery line and By-pass line valve should never be closed simultaneously.
3. The apparatus should always be kept free from dust.
4. The pump should be run at least once in fortnight to prevent clogging of moving
parts.
5.The rotating parts should be frequently greased/oiled, once in three months.
6. Clean water should always be used.
7. If the apparatus will not be in use for more than one month, the apparatus should be
drained completely, and the pump should be filled with cutting oil.

Aim and Objective

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aim and Objective

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aim and Objective

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aim and Objective:

1. To verify Bernoulli's theorem.

1. Potential Head: It is also known as potential energy/weight. This is due to

Experimental run on simulator for 75% flow rate.

The observation tables are recorded below.

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.