ATHGAON, GUWAHATI, ASSAM

PHONE : 6900044808, 6900144808 & 9707144808 ( Athgaon )

STUDY MATERIAL-2021-22 /CLASS – X

Subject– SCIENCE
CH-2 : ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
( KEY-NOTES & Topic related basic numericals )
Compiled by Pankaj sir & Team
SCIENCE TUITION CLASSES BY PANKAJ SIR FOR CLASS-9 & 10 ALSO AVAILABLE AT FOLLOWING LOCATIONS IN GUWAHATI :

* VIDYARTHI CLASSES, MALIGAON ( Ph- 9864122733, 9864854927 )

* PYTHAGORAS INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS, LOKHRA ( JYOTIKUCHI ) ( Ph- 9706374584 )
* GOSWAMI COACHING CENTRE, RAJGARH ROAD ( Ph- 9864078129, 9101386731 )

NOTE - Students are requested to go through the class-notes and school-notes besides following this study
material. If any error is found in printing and in question-answers, students are requested to bring it to the
notice of the teacher. Some modifications in material will be done during the class-room discussion.
Please like & follow following social media platform of Namann Educations

namanneducations

Facebook page NAMANN EDUCATIONS

@namanneducationsghy

YouTube Channel :
NAMANN EDUCATIONS
 CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-1
1. ACIDS -
( i) An acid is a chemical substance which when dissolved in water liberates hydrogen ion H+ ( or hydro-
nium ion H3O+ ) as the only positively charged ions.
HCl ( aq ) > H+ + Cl-

H+ + H2O > H3O+ ( hydronium ion )

* The H+ ions in acids cannot exist by by itself but with water molecule it forms hydronium ion ( H3O+ ).

EXAMPLES OF ACIDS - Sulphuric acid ( H2SO4 ), Hydrochloric acid ( HCl ), Nitric acid ( HNO3 ), etc.
( ii ) The term ‘acid’ is derrived from the Latin term ‘acidus’ which means ‘sour’.
( iii ) The acids derived from certain plants and animals are called organic acids. E.g. citric acid, acetic acid,
tartaric acid etc.
( iv ) The acids derived from minerals are called mineral acids. Eg. hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric
acid etc.
2. BASES - ( i ) A base is a chemical compound which reacts with hydrogen ion H+ ( or hydronium ion
H3O+ ) of an acid to form salt and water. Bases are oxides and hydroxides of a metal ( including ammonium
hydroxide ).
EXAMPLES OF COMMON BASES - Sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ), Calcium oxide ( CaO ) etc.

NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O

Base Acid Salt Water
* All bases are not soluble in water. Some bases are soluble in water and some are insoluble in water.

3. ALKALI - An alkali is a compound which when dissolved in water liberates hydroxide ion or hydroxyl
ions ( OH- ) as the only negatively charged ions. An alkali is a base soluble in water.
NaOH ( aq ) > Na+ + OH-
* All alklies are bases but all bases are not alkalies.
* There are some bases that are not soluble in water ( i.e. they are not alkalies ) - CuO, PbO, ZnO, Pb(OH )2 etc.
Examples of alkalies - KOH, NaOH, NH4OH etc.
* They are soapy to touch, bitter and corrosive. Never taste or touch them as they may cause harm.

4. SALTS - A salt is a chemical compound which is formed by partial or complete replacement of ionizable
hydrogen ion of an acid by a metallic ion or ammonium ion ( NH4+) .A salt is a chemical compound formed
by neutralisation reaction between acids and bases.
KOH + HCl > KCl + H2O
Base Acid Salt Water
Exaples - Sodium carbonate ( Na2CO3 ), Sodium bisulphate ( NaHSO4 ), Sodium chloride ( NaCl ) etc.
5. Differences between acids and bases-
Properties Acids Bases
a. Taste ( i ) Sour taste. ( i ) Bitter taste.
b. Litmus test ( ii ) Turn blue litmus into red. ( ii ) Turn red litmus into blue.
c. Dissolved in water ( iii ) Give H+ ions (responsible for its acidic ( iii ) Give OH- ions (responsible for
nature). its basic nature).
d. Action with metals ( iv ) Give hydrogen gas. ( iv ) Generally do not react with
metals.
6. INDICATORS - Those chemical substances which change their colour or odour in different types of
substances are called indicators. They are called indicators because they indicate the presence of an acid or a
base by showing change in colour.
( a ) INDICATORS THAT SHOW COLOUR CHANGE ( COMMONLY USED ACID-BASE INDICATORS
) - litmus, turmeric, flowers of hydrangea, red cabbage leves extract, methyl orange, phenolphthalein etc.
( b ) INDICATORS THAT SHOW ODOUR CHANGE ( OLFACTORY INDICATOR ) - onion, vanila
essence, clove oil etc.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
 CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-2
7.NATURAL INDICATORS -
Indicator Colour in the Colour in the Colour in the basic
neutral solution acidic solution solution
Litmus Purple red blue
Red cabbage leaves extract red red green
Flowers of Hydrangea blue blue pink
Turmeric yellow yellow reddish brown

8. SYNTHETIC INDICATORS -
Indicator Colour in the Colour in the Colour in the basic
neutral solution acidic solution solution
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless pink
Methyl orange orange red yellow

NOTE- Litmus solution is a purple dye, which is extracted from lichen, a plant belonging to the division
Thallophyta, and is commonly used as an indicator. When the litmus solution is neither acidic nor basic, its
colour is purple. There are many other natural materials like red cabbage leaves, turmeric, coloured petals of
some flowers such as Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium, which indicate the presence of acid or base in a
solution. These are called acid-base indicators or sometimes simply indicators.

* Have you noticed that a stain of curry on a white-cloth becomes reddish-brown when soap, which is basic
in nature, is scrubbed on it? It turns yellow again when the cloth is washed with plenty of water. This is
because curry contains turmeric ( which is a natural acid-base indicator ) which reacts with soap ( which is
basic ) and turns reddish-brown. When cloth is washed with plenty of water, it neutralises the basic nature of
soap and turmeric again turns yellow.
9. ACTIVITY 2.1
Collect the following samples from the science laboratory– hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
nitric acid (HNO3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], potassium
hydroxide (KOH), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). Put a drop of each of the
above solutions on a watch-glass and test with a drop of red litmus solution, blue litmus solution, phenolphthalein
and methyl orange solution. What change in colour did you observe with red litmus, blue litmus, phenolphthalein and
methyl orange solutions for each of the solutions taken? Tabulate your observations in a table.
SAMPLE SOLUTION RED LITMUS BLUE LITMUS PHENOPHTHALEIN METHYL ORANGE
HCl RED RED COLOURLESS RED
SULPHURIC ACID RED RED COLOURLESS RED
NITRIC ACID RED RED COLOURLESS RED
ACETIC ACID RED RED COLOURLESS RED
NaOH BLUE BLUE PINK YELLOW
Ca(OH)2 BLUE BLUE PINK YELLOW
KOH BLUE BLUE PINK YELLOW
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE BLUE BLUE PINK YELLOW
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE BLUE BLUE PINK YELLOW
10. ACTIVITY 2.2
Take some finely chopped onions in a plastic bag along with some strips of clean cloth. Tie up the bag tightly
and leave overnight in the fridge. The cloth strips can now be used to test for acids and bases. Take two of these cloth
strips and check their odour. Keep them on a clean surface and put a few drops of dilute HCl solution on one strip
and a few drops of dilute NaOH solution on the other. Rinse both cloth strips with water and again check their odour.
Note your observations.Now take some dilute vanilla essence and clove oil and check their odour. Take some dilute
HCl solution in one test tube and dilute NaOH solution in another. Add a few drops of dilute vanilla essence to both
test tubes and shake well. Check the odour once again and record changes in odour, if any. Similarly, test the change
in the odour of clove oil with dilute HCl and dilute NaOH solutions and record your observations.
OBSERVATION: It is observed that Onion extract, Vanilla essence and Clove oil retain their smell in acids
but their smell is destroyed in bases. These can be used as olfactory indicators.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-3
11. INDICATORS THAT SHOW ODOUR CHANGE ( OLFACTORY INDICATOR ) -
( i ) ONION - Onion have a characteristic smell in the acidic medium which is completely destroyed in the basic medium.
( ii ) VANILA ESSENCE - Vanilla retain its smell in the acidic medium but loses its smell in the basic medium.
( iii ) CLOVE OIL - Clove oil retains its smell in the acidic medium but loses its smell in the basic medium.
12. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS -
( A ) When an acid reacts with metals, salt is produced and hydrogen gas is liberated.
ACID + METAL > SALT + HYDROGEN GAS
* Hydrogen gas on burning produces pop sound and burns with explosion.
Examples - ( i ) When zinc metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, zinc chloride and hydrogen gas are
formed.
Zn + 2HCl > ZnCl2 H2
Zinc Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride Hydrogen gas
* Carbonic acid (H2CO3) however, does not react with metals
( B ) . Reaction of acid with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen-carbonates.
Metal-carbonate + Acid > Metal salt + water + carbon dioxide
Metal hydrogen-carbonate + Acid > Metal salt + Water + carbon dioxide
Acids react with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates (also called bicarbonates ) to form the
respective salts, carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide gas is evolved with brisk effervescence.

Na2CO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) > 2NaCl (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Sodium carbonate Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Water Carbon dioxide
2NaHCO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > NaSO4 (aq) + 2H2O + 2 CO2(g)
Sodium hydrogen Sulphuri acidc Sodium sulphate Water Carbondioxide
carbonate
*carbon-di-oxide gas on passing through lime water turns lime water milky.
( C )Reaction of acids and bases with each other
Acids and bases react with each other to give a salt and water. In all acid-base reactions both acids
and bases lose their character. In other words, their acidity and basicity is destroyed and therefore, such
reactions are called neutralisation reactions. In general, neutralisation reaction may be represented as :
Acid + Base > Salt + Water
For example, the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide may be written as :
HCl (aq) NaOH(aq) > NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)
( D )Reaction of metallic oxide with acids Acids react with metallic oxides to form their respective salts
and water. Metal oxide + Acid > Salt + Water
To understand this reaction, take a small amount of black copper oxide in a beaker and add dil. HCl
slowly with stiring. you will observe that the colour of the solution becomes blue green and copper oxide
dissolves. The blue green colour of the solution is due to the formation of copper (II) chloride.
CuO (s) + 2HCl(aq) > CuCl2 + H2O (l)
Copper oxide Hydrochloric acid Copper chloride Water
( black ) blue-green
13. Chemical properties of bases-
a) Bases react with some of the metals, to produce hydrogen gas. For example, Zinc metal reacts with so-
dium hydroxide solution to form sodium zincate and hydrogen gas.
Zn + 2NaOH > Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium Zincate
b) Bases do not react with metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

c) Bases react with acids to form salt and water, Such reactions are called neutralisation reaction.
NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O
Base acid salt water
d) Bases react with non metallic oxide ( acidic oxide) to form salt and water.
Eg: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCO3 + H2O
Carbon-di-oxide calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate water
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-4
14. ACTIVITY 2.3
Set the apparatus as shown in the figure. Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and add a few pieces
of zinc granules to it. What do you observe on the surface of zinc granules? Pass the gas being evolved through the
soap solution. Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution? Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble. What do
you observe? Repeat this Activity with some more acids like HCl, HNO3 and CH3COOH. Are the observations in all
the cases the same or different?

OBSERVATION: The reaction starts as soon as zinc granules are addded to sulphuric acid. we will observe
the formation of hydrogen gas bubbles on the surface of zinc granules. On burning the gas, it produces ‘pop’ sound.
This shows that hydrogen gas is evolved during the reaction. the reaction is as follows:
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
* If we repeat this activity with acids like HCl, HNO3 and CH3COOH, the observations in all the cases will remain
the same.

15. ACTIVITY 2.4

Place a few pieces of granulated zinc metal in a test tube. Add 2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution and warm the
contents of the test tube.What do you observe on the surface of zinc granules? Pass the gas being evolved through the
soap solution. Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution? Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble. What do
you observe?
OBSERVATION:Bubbles of hydrogen gas starts forming on the zinc granule as soon as the reaction starts.
The gas formed produces ‘pop’ sound on burning indicating the presence of hydrogen gas. The reaction is as follows:
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium zincate
16. ACTIVITY 2.5- This activity can be easily performed in the laboratory. Take about 0.5 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in
a test tube-A and 0.5g of sodium hydrogen carbonate in test tube-B and add about 2mL of dilute HCl to each of the test tube.

Na2CO3 + 2HCl (aq) > 2NaCl (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)

Sodium carbonate Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Water Carbon dioxide
NaHCO3 + HCl (aq) > NaCl (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Water Carbon dioxide

You will observe that carbon dioxide is evolved with

brisk effervescence ( a rapid evolution of gas bubbles).
When the gas is allowed to pass through a freshly
prepared lime water as shown it becomes cloudy
or milky. This is a test for carbon-dioxide. The
milkiness of lime is due to the formation of
precipitate of calcium carbonate with lime water.

Ca (OH)2 (s) + CO2 > CaCO3(s) + H2O

Calcium hydroxide Calcium carbonate
( Insoluble in water )
( Lime water )

It may be noted that on passing excess of carbon dioxide through lime water, the milkiness disappears. This is because of
the formation of calcium hydrogen carbonate which is soluble in water as:
CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) > Ca (HCO3)2 (aq)
Calcium carbonate carbon-di-oxide water Calcium hydrogen carbona (soluble in water)

# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
 CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-5
17. ACTIVITY 2.6
Take about 2 mL of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube and add two drops of phenolphthalein solution. What
is the colour of the solution? Add dilute HCl solution to the above solution drop by drop. Is there any colour change
for the reaction mixture? Why did the colour of phenolphthalein change after the addition of an acid? Now add a few
drops of NaOH to the above mixture.Does the pink colour of phenolphthalein reappear? Why do you think this has
happened?
OBSERVATION:On addition of phenophthalein solution to NaOH solution, its colour turns pink. When HCl
is added to sodium hydroxide solution, then neutralization reaction takes place to form salt and water. The reaction
taking place is:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
The colour of phenolphthalein disappears on addition of HCl, i.e, the colour of the solution changes from pink to
colourless. On addition of NaOH again, the pink colour reappears and it shows the mixture turns basic again.

18. ACTIVITY 2.7

Take a small amount of copper oxide in a beaker and add dilute hydrochloric acid slowly while stirring. Note
the colour of the solution. What has happened to the copper oxide?
OBSERVATION:We will notice that the colour of the solution becomes blue-green and the copper oxide
dissolves. The blue-green colour of the solution is due to the formation of copper(II) chloride in the reaction. The
reaction is as follows:
CuO + 2 HCl CuCl2 + H2O
copper(II) chloride soln.

NOTE - Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of calcium carbonate. All metal carbonates and
hydrogencarbonates react with acids to give a corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water.

19. WHAT DO ALL ACIDS AND ALL BASES HAVE IN COMMON?

We have seen that all acids have similar chemical properties. What leads to this similarity in properties? All acids generate
hydrogen gas on reacting with metals, so hydrogen seems to be common to all acids.

ACTIVITY 2.8 -Let us perform an Activity to investigate

whether all compounds containing hydrogen are acidic.
Take solutions of glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid,
sulphuric acid, etc. Fix two nails on a cork, and place
the cork in a 100 ml beaker. Connect the nails to the
two terminals of a 6 volt battery through a bulb and a
switch, as shown in figure. Now pour some dilute HCl
in the beaker and switch on the current. Repeat with
dilute sulphuric acid. What do you observe? Repeat
the experiment separately with glucose and alcohol
solutions. What do you observe now? Does the bulb
glow in all cases?

OBSERVATION: We will observe that bulb

will glow in the case of HCl and H2SO4 solutions as
they conduct electricity and will not glow in case
of glucose and alcohol solution as these donot
conduct electricity. This happens so because acids
dissolve in water to produce movable ions, which are responsible conduction of electricity through them. Glucose
and alcohol are covalent molecules which do not dissociate in water to produce movable ions in water.
Glucose and alcohol molecules contain hydrogen but glucose and alcohol are not acidic as they do not dissociate in
water to produce hydrogen ion or hydronium ion.

Note- If the same activity is repeated with alkalies, the bulb will glow as alkalies dissociate in ions in water.
20. What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water Solution?
Acids produce hydrogen ions ( H+ ) or Hydronium ions ( H3O+ ) in water. Bases produce hydroxide ( OH- )
ions in water. Acids show acidic character in presence of water.

# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-6
ACTIVITY 2.9
Take about 1g solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube and
set up the apparatus as shown in Figure. Add some concentrated
sulphuric acid to the test tube. What do you observe? Is there a
gas coming out of the delivery tube? Test the gas evolved
successively with dry and wet blue litmus paper. In which case
does the litmus paper change colour? On the basis of the this
activity, what do you infer about the acidic character of:
(i) dry HCl gas (ii) HCl solution?
OBSERVATION: This experiment suggests that hydrogen
ions in HCl are produced in the presence of water. The separation
of H+ ion from HCl molecules cannot occur in the absence of water.
So the colour of wet blue litmus paper changes to red on exposure to HCl gas.
Note: If the climate is very humid, you will have to pass the gas produced through a guard tube (drying tube)
containing calcium chloride to dry the gas.

21. MIXING OF WATER IN ACIDS AND BASES-

The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is a highly exothermic one. Care must be taken
while mixing concentrated nitric acid or sulphuric acid with water. The acid must always be added slowly to
water with constant stirring. If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the
mixture to splash out and cause burns.
The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
In some cases, so much heat is evolved that the acid or base immediately changes into vapour state.
The vapour spread in air or atmosphere and appear like a fog. Since these are poisonous, they pollute the
atmosphere.

Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of ions (H3O+/OH–) per
unit volume. Such a process is called dilution and the acid or the base is said to be diluted.

ACTIVITY 2.10
Take 10 mL water in a beaker. Add a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 to it and swirl the beaker
slowly. Touch the base of the beaker. Is there a change in temperature? Is this an exothermic or endothermic
process? Repeat the above Activity with sodium hydroxide pellets and record your observations.
OBSERVATION: The beaker turns warmer in both the cases, i.e, the process of dissolving an acid or
a base in water is highly exothermic.
22. The warning sign on the BOTTLE of concentrated
sulphuric acid and on the bottle of sodium hydroxide pellets indicate that
their concentrated solutions are highly corrosive.
23. HOW STRONG ARE ACID OR BASE SOLUTIONS?
We can know about the stength of acid solution and basic solution by using universal indicator. Universal
indicator, which is a mixture of several indicators. The universal indicator shows different
colours at different concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution. By using, universal indicator, we can know
about the pH of solution and which can give us information whether the given solution is acidic, basic and
neutral and we can also know about the strength of the solution.
( i ) pH of a solution. The acidity or alkalinity of a solutionis expressed in terms of pH. The p in pH stands for
‘potenz’ in German, meaning power. So, pH means, power of hydrogen ion.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration or hydronium ion
concentration.
( ii ). pH scale. Soren Peder Lauritz ( S.P.L.) Sorensen famous for the introduction of the concept of pH- scale
.On the pH scale, we can measure pH from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). pH should be thought of simply
as a number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution. Higher the hydronium ion concentration,
lower is the pH value.Solutions can have pH from 0 to 14. This is called pH scale. Neutral solution have pH = 7.
Acidic solution have pH < 7 and basic solutions have pH > 7. Lesser is the pH than 7, more acidic is the solu-
tion. Greater is the pH than 7, more basic is the solution.Generally paper impregnated with the universal indica-
tor is used for measuring pH.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-7
24. STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS-
The strength of acids and bases depends on the number of H+ ions and OH– ions produced, respectively. If we
take hydrochloric acid and acetic acid of the same concentration, say one molar, then these produce different amounts of
hydrogen ions. Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be strong acids, and acids that give less H+ ions are said to
be weak acids.

( I ).Strong and weak acids. Acids like HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 which dissociate completely in the aqueous
solution to produce a large amount of H+ ions and hence conduct electricity to a large extent are called strong
acids. On the other hand, acids like acetic acid, (CH3COOH), oxalic acid, (COOH)2, carbonic acid (H2CO3) etc.
Which dissociate only partially in the aqueous solution to produce a small amount of H+ ions and hence conduct
electricity to a small extent are called weak acids.

( II ). Strong and weak bases. Bases like NaOH,KOH etc. Which dissociate completely in the aqueous solution
to produce a large amount of OH- ions and hence conduct electricity to a large extent are called strong bases. On
the other hand, bases like NH4OH, Ca (OH)2 etc.which dissociate only partially in the aqueous solution to pro-
duce a small amount of OH- ions and hence conduct electricity to a small extent are called weak bases.

25 . Role of pH in everyday life:

(i) Human blood, tears and saliva have pH range of 7.0 to 7.8, if pH falls below 7 or rises above 7.8, survival of
living organisms becomes difficult. When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain. When acid rain flows
into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water. The survival of aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.

(ii) Plants have a healthy growth if pH of the soil is such that it is neither alkaline nor highly acidic.

(iii) Hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach helps in digestion. However, if excess of acid is produced due to
spicy food, it causes indigestion and we have ‘antacid’ like milk of magnesia.

(iv) pH change as the cause of tooth decay Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5. Tooth
enamel, made up of calcium phosphate is the hardest substance in the body. It does not dissolve in water, but is corroded
when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food
particles remaining in the mouth after eating. The best way to prevent this is to clean the mouth after eating
food. Using toothpastes, which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth can neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth
decay.

(v) Animals and plants have self defense through chemical warfare. The sting by honey-bee or yellow ant or
leaves of nettle plant injects methanoic acid into our body and we feel pain and burning sensation.

(vi) The tarnished surface of a copper vessel due to copper oxide layer ( which is basic ) can be cleaned by
rubbing with lemon ( which is acidic).

26. ACTIVITY 2.11

Test the pH values of solutions given in the table. Record your observations. What is the nature of each
substance on the basis of your observations?

OBSERVATION:
Sl. No. solution colour of pH paper Approximate pH value Nature of substance
1 Saliva (before meal) green 7.4 slightly basic
2 Saliva (after meal) yellow 5.8 slightlyacidic
3 Lemon juice pink 2.5 Acidic
4 Colourless aereted drink lime green 6 Slightly acidic
5 Carrot juice yellowish green 5.6 Slightly acidic
6 Coffee yellow 5 Acidic
7 Tomato juice beige 4.1 Acidic
8 Tap water green/ lime green 6.9 to 7.1 Netral
9 1 M NaOH purple 14 Highly basic
10 1 M HCl red 1 Highly acidic
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
 CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-8
27. To measure the exact strength of the solution of an acid or a base, we determine the pH of the solution. The
following two methods are generally used :
(i) By using a universal indicator : A a universal indicator is a mixture of a number of indicators. It shows
different colours at different pH values. To measure the pH of any solution, a paper strip impregnated with the
universal indicator is used. This strip is called pH paper .
By simply dipping the universal pH paper into the given solution and noting its colour, pH of the solution can be
found out.
(ii) By using pH meter. The pH paper gives only approximate value of the pH of the solution. Now a days, pH
of solutions is measured accurately with the help of the instrument called pH meter.

28. Nettle is a herbaceous plant which grows in the Some naturally occuring acids are listed below
wild. Its leaves stinging hairs which cause painful Acid Natural source
Citric acid Citrus fruits ( lemon, orange)
stings when touched accidentally. This is due to
Acetic acid vinegar
the methanoic acid secreted by them. A traditional
Lactic acid Sour milk (curd)
remedy is rubbing the area with the leaf of dock plant,
Tartaric acid Tamarind
which often grows beside the nettle in the wild. Mallic acid Apples
Dock plant is contains basic substance in it which Oxalic acid Tomatoes
can neutralise the acid. Methanoic acid Ant sting and nettle sting

Dock plant leaf Nettle plant leaf

ACTIVITY 2.12
Put about 2 g soil in a test tube and add 5 mL water to it. Shake the contents of the test tube. Filter the
contents and collect the filtrate in a test tube. Check the pH of this filtrate with the help of universal indicator paper.
What can you conclude about the ideal soil pH for the growth of plants in your region?

OBSERVATION: The ideal pH for growth of plants is close to 7.

29. Acids in other planets

The atmosphere of venus is made up of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid. As we know life exists in
neutral environment, so, it is thought that life does not exist there.

30. SALT - A salt is a chemical compound which is formed by the neuralisation reaction between acids and bases. A
salt is an ionic compound which contains a positive ion( cation ) other than hydrogen ion and a negative ion ( anion )
other than hydroxide ion.

CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS - Salts may be classified as follows -

( i ) NORMAL SALTS - A normal salt is one which does not contain any ionisable or replaceable hydrogen atoms in
its molecule.
Example - Sodium chloride ( NaCl ), Potassium chloride ( KCl ), Potassium nitrate ( KNO3) etc.
( ii ) ACIDIC SALTS - Those salts that are formed by the partial replacement of hydrogen ion of an acid by a metallic
ion or electropositive ion ( like ammonium ion ) are called acidic salts.
Examples - Potassium hydrogen sulphate( KHSO4 ), Sodium hydrogen sulphate ( NaHSO4 ) etc.
( iii ) BASIC SALTS - The salts salts that are formed by partial neutralisation of a base by an acid.
Example - Basic Copper chloride [ Cu(OH)Cl], Basic lead chloride [ Pb(OH)Cl] etc.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-9
SOME IMPORTANT SALTS -
31.SODIUM CHLORIDE ( Common salt — A raw material for chemicals )- It is also known as common salt. Sea
water is the major source of sodium chloride. Deposits of solid salt are also found in several parts of world in the
earth’s crust. These layers of crystals are often brown due to impurities. This is called rock salt.
The common salt is an important raw material for various materials of daily use, such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda,
washing soda, bleaching powder and many more.Sodium chloride was such an important symbol in our struggle for
freedom. The main objective of Mahatma Gandhi’s Dandi March is to defy British Policy by making salt from sea water.

32. SODIUM HYDROXIDE - ( NaOH ) -

Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by passing electricity through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride
( high concentrated solution of sodium chloride called brine ), which decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
electricity
2NaCl ( aq ) + 2H2O ( l )  2NaOH ( aq ) + Cl2 ( g ) + H2 ( g )
sodium hydroxide
This process is called chlor- alkali process because the products formed ‘chlor’ for chlorine and ‘alkali’ for sodium
hydroxide.

During electrolysis, chlorine gas ( Cl2 ) is liberated at anode and hydrogen gas is liberated at cathode. Sodium
hydroxide solution is formed near cathode.

Uses of the important products formed during chor-alkali process -

Hydrogen gas - It is used as fuel. It is used in the manufacture of the margarine ( solid fat but softer than butter and
made from vegetable oils ). It is used for the manufacture of ammonia (which is used for the manufacture of chemical
fertilizers ).

Chlorine gas - It is used in water treatment and in swimmimg pools. It is used in the manufacture of PVC ( Poly-Vinyl
- Chloride ). It is used to manufacture disinfectants, CFC’s ( Chloro-Flouro-Carbons ) and pesticides.

Sodium hydroxide - It is used for de-greasing metals. It is used to manufacture soaps and detergents. It is used for
paper making and making of artificial fibre.

USES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND BLEACH -

Hydrochloric acid - It is used for cleaning steel, manufacture of ammonium chloride ( fertilizer ), medicines and
cosmetics.
Bleach - It is used as house-hold bleach and for bleaching fabrics.

33.Bleaching powder,(CaOCl2)

The chemical name of bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride. Its chemical formula is CaOCl2. It is also
called as chloride of lime.
Preparation
Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chlorine gas over dry slaked lime.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 > CaOCl2 + H2O
Calcium oxychloricde
Calcium hydroxide
( Bleaching powder)
(Slaked lime)
* Bleaching powder is packed in air-tight container because it loses chlorine on exposure to air.
(i) Bleaching powder is a yellowish white powder.
(ii) It gives strong smell of chlorine.
*When exposed to air, bleaching powder deteriorates giving off chlorine gas. This is due to the fact that it reacts with
carbon dioxide present in air to produce calcium carbonate and chlorine gas.

CaOCl2 + CO2 > CaCO3 + Cl2

Bleaching powder is used:-
(i) For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for
bleaching washed clothes in laundry: (ii) As an oxidising agent in many chemical industries; and (iii) For disinfecting
drinking water to make it free of germs.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-10
34. ACTIVITY 2.13
Write the formulae of the salts given below. Potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, magne-
sium sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate and ammonium chloride.Identify
the acids and bases from which the above salts may be obtained. Salts having the same positive or negative radicals
are said to belong to a family. For example, NaCl and Na2SO4 belong to the family of sodium salts. Similarly, NaCl
and KCl belong to the family of chloride salts. How many families can you identify among the salts given in this
Activity?
Results-
* Potassium sulphate ( K2SO4 ) - This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Sulphuric acid & Base-
Potassium hydroxide,
* Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4 ) - This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Sulphuric acid & Base-
Sodium hydroxide,
* Calcium sulphate ( CaSO4 ) -This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Sulphuric acid & Base-
Calcium hydroxide,
* Magnesium sulphate ( MgSO4 )- This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Sulphuric acid & Base-
Magnesium hydroxide,
* Copper sulphate ( CuSO4 ) - This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Sulphuric acid & Base-
Copper ( II ) hydroxide,
* Sodium chloride ( NaCl )-This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Hydrochloric acid & Base-
Sodium hydroxide,
* Sodium nitrate ( NaNO3 ) -This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Nitric acid & Base- Sodium
hydroxide,
* Sodium carbonate ( Na2CO3 ) -This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Carbonic acid & Base-
Sodium hydroxide,
and
* Ammonium chloride ( NH4Cl )-This salt can be obtained by the reaction between - Acid- Hydrochloric acid &
Base- Ammonium hydroxide,

SULPHATE FAMILY SODIUM FAMILY CHLORIDE SALTS

Potassium sulphate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride
Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Ammonium chloride
Sodium sulphate Sodium nitrate
Magnesium sulphate Sodium carbonate
copper sulphate

35. ACTIVITY 2.14

Collect the following salt samples – sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, aluminium chloride, zinc sul-
phate, copper sulphate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate(some other salts avail-
able can also be taken).Check their solubility in water (use distilled water only).Check the action of these solu-
tions on litmus and find the pH using a pH paper. Which of the salts are acidic, basic or neutral? Identify the acid
or base used to form the salt. Report your observations in a table.

OBSERVATION:
SALT pH ACID USED BASE USED
Sodium chloride 7 hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
Potassium nitrate 7 nitric acid potassium hydroxide
Aluminium chloride 2 to 3 hydrochloric acid aluminium hydroxide
Zinc sulphate 5.2 zinc hydroxide sulphuric acid
Copper sulphate copper (II) hydroxide sulphuric acid
Sodium acetate 7.87 acetic acid sodium hydroxide
Sodium carbonate 9 carbonic acid sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydrogen carbonate 8.27 carbonic acid sodium hydroxide

Sodium chloride and potassium nitrate are neutral salts, aluminium chloride. zinc sulphate and copper
sulphate are acidic salts whereas sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate are
basic salts.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-11
36. Baking soda, NaHCO3
The chemical name of baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. Its chemi-
cal formula is Na HCO3. It is commonly used in kitchens for making tasty crispy pakora. Sometime, it is
added to make the cooking faster.
Preparation
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is prepared in the laboratory from sodium chloride by passing carbon dioxide
gas through a cold solution of sodium chloride saturated with ammonia.
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 > Na HCO3 + NH4Cl
sodium chloride Ammonia Sodium hydrogen Ammonium
carbonate chloride

Action of heat. On heating, sodium bicarbonate gets converted into sodium carbonate with the evolution of
carbon dioxide gas.
Heat
2Na HCO3 > Na2 CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate

Since carbon dioxide is given off on heating, it is used as a constituent of baking powder to aerate the
dough and in effervescent drinks.

Uses of Baking soda

The important uses of baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate)are:
(a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (or baking soda) used in making baking powder. Baking soda is mainly used
in the preparation of baking powder. Baking powder contain Sodium hydrogen carbonate and a mild edible
acid like tartaric acid or citric acid.When baking powder (mixed in the dough for preparing cakes or bread) is
heated, Sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with edible acid to produce sodium salt of acid, carbon-di-oxide
and water.
The following reaction takes place:

Na HCO3 + H+ > Sodium salt of acid + CO2 + H2O

(From any acid)

Carbon dioxide bubbles out causing the bread and cakes to rise. This makes them light and fluffy.
Tartaric acid or citric acid present in the baking powder neutralises the bitter effect of sodium carbonate. It
may be noted that if tartaric acid or citric acid is not present in baking powder, it will taste bitter due to the
presence of sodium carbonate.
It may be noted that baking powder must be added during the preparation of cakes, pasttries, etc. If
however, baking powder is not added, the cake obtained will be comparativaly hard and small in size.

( b ) . Baking soda is used in medicines as an antacid. It is used in medicines to remove acidity of the
stomach because it neutralises excess acid. Therefore, it is an important constituent of antacid.

( c ) . It is used in the manufacture of aerated water (soda water).

( d ). Sodium bicarbonate is used in fire extinguishers. It is also used in fire extinguishers. Soda acid fire
extinguisher contains a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate and sulphuric acid. The chemical equation
involved-
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + CO2 + 2H2O

37. Washing Soda, Na2 CO3.10H2O

Washing soda has been known and used since early times.Chemically, washing soda is sodium
carbonate decahydrate ( Na2 CO3.10H2O). In crystalline form, it posseses ten molecules of water of
crystallisation. Anhydrous sodium carbonate ( Na2 CO3) is commonly known as soda ash.

# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
 CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-12
Manufacture of Washing Soda-
Sodium carbonate is manufactured by solvay process (also known as ammonia soda process) as
discussed below:
(i) When carbon dioxide gas is passed through a brine solution (about 28% NaCl), saturated with
ammonia, it gives sodium bicarbonate.
NaCl + H2O + NH3 + CO2 > NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Sodium chloride Sodium bicabonate (ppt)

The precipitated sodium bicarbonate is filtered and dried. It is ignited to give sodium carbonate:
Heat
2NaHCO3 > Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Sodium carbonate
The recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda:
Na2CO3 + 10H2O > Na2CO3.10H2O
Sodium carbonate decahydrate

Action of air. When crystals of washing soda are left open in air they lose nine molecules of water of
crystallisation and form a white powder of sodium carbonate monohydrate. This process of loss of water of
crystallisation from a hydrated salt to the atmosphere, on keeping it exposed to air is called efflorescence.
Exposure to air
Na2CO3. 10H2O > Na2CO3.H2O + 9 H2O
Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate
( decahydrate) (monohydrate)
Soda ash

Action of heat. On heating, above 373K, washing soda does not decompose but loses all its water of
crystallisation to form anhydrous salt, Thus, the monohydrate becomes completely anhydrous and changes to
white podwer called soda ash.
Heat
Na2CO3..10H2O > Na2CO3. + 10H2O
Sodium carbonate
( decahydrate)
Sodium carbonate(anhydrous)
38.Plaster of Paris :-
Chemically Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate. It’s formula is CaSO4.1/2H2O.It may be noted
that in the formula of Plaster of Paris only half a molecule of water is shown to be attached as water
crystallisation as CaSO4.1/2H2O. How can we get half a water molecule? It is not possible to have a half a
water molecule. It is written in this form because two formula units of CaSO4 share one molecule of water
and its formula may be written as 2CaSO4.H2O. The effective water of crystallisation for one CaSO4 unit
comes out to be half molecule of water. Therefore, Plaster of Paris may be written as 2CaSO4. H2O or CaSO4.
1/2 H2O .

Preparation: It is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) at 373 K in a kiln.

1
CaSO4. 2H2O > CaSO4. HO + 1 1 H2O
2 2 2
Gypsum Plaster of Paris
Properties:
1) It is white powder.
2) It absorbs water with evolution of heat.
3) When mixed with water, it forms a paste which sets into a hard mass.
This is called setting of Plaster of Paris. The setting of Plaster of Paris is due to its hydration into gypsum.
1
CaSO4. 1/2 H2O + 1 H2O > CaSO4.2H2O
2
Plaster of Paris Gypsum
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS PAGE-13
Uses of Plaster of Paris -
( i ) It is used for making statues, models and other decoratives materials.
( ii ) It is used in medical applications known as plasters for setting broken and fractured bones in right
position.
( iii ) Plaster of Paris is used as fire proofing material.

*WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION - Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules present
in one formula unit of a salt. For example in Copper sulphate crystal ( CuSO4.5H2O ) , five molecules of
water of crystallisation are present.

39. ACTIVITY 2.15

Heat a few crystals of copper sulphate in
a dry boiling tube. What is the colour of the
copper sulphate after heating? Do you notice
water droplets in the boiling tube? Where have
these come from? Add 2-3 drops of water on
the sample of copper sulphate obtained after
heating. What do you observe? Is the blue colour
of copper sulphate restored?

OBSERVATION: Copper sulphate crystals

which seem to be dry contain water of crystallisation.
When we heat the crystals, this water is removed
and the salt turns white. If we moisten the crystals
again with water, the blue colour of the crystals
reappears.

40. The name Plaster of Paris (POP) is derived as the calcium sulphate hemi hydrates are found in large amount
deposited in the Montmartre hill in Paris.Thus, during the early 18th century, Paris became the centre of plaster
production, and hence the name, plaster of Paris.

# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS- TEXT SOLN. PAGE-14

Question 1:You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an
acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of
each test tube?
Answer:- If the colour of red litmus does not change then it is acid. If the colour of red litmus changes to blue then it is base. If
there is slight change in the colour of red litmus (such as purple) then it is distilled water.
Let us mark the three test tubes as A, B, and C. A drop of the solution in A is put on the red litmus paper. Same is
repeated with solution B and C. If either of them changes colour to blue, then it is basic. Therefore, out of three, one is eliminated.
Out of the remaining two, any one can be acidic or neutral. Now a drop of basic solution is mixed with a drop of each of the
remaining two solutions separately and then the nature of the drops of the mixtures is checked. If the colour of red litmus turns
blue, then the second solution is neutral and if there is no change in colour, then the second solution is acidic. This is because
acidic and basic solutions neutralize each other. Hence, we can distinguish between the three types of solutions.

Question 2: Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels?
Answer :- Curd and sour substances should not be kept in brass and copper as curd and sour substances are acidic in nature and
react with the metallic surface of the brass and copper to form some toxic compound which may be unfit for health.

Question 3: Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will you test for the
presence of this gas?
Answer :- Hydrogen gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal.
Delivery tube
Soap bubble Burning of H2 gas
filled with H2
with pop sound

Bubbles Candle
Stand Dihne
H2SO4 Soap solution
Zinc granules

Take few pieces of zinc granules and add 5 ml of dilute H2SO4. Shake it and pass the gas produced into a soap solution.
The bubbles of the soap solution are formed. These soap bubbles contain hydrogen gas.
2H2SO4 + Zn Zn SO4+ 2H2
We can test the evolved hydrogen gas by its burning with a pop sound when a candle is
brought near the soap bubbles.
Question 4: Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a
burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.
Answer:-

Question 5: Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and
glucose do not show acidic character?
Answer:- The dissociation of HCl or HNO3 to form hydrogen ions always occurs in the presence of water. Hydrogen ions (H+)
combine with H2O to form hydronium ions (H3O+).
The reaction is as follows: HCl (aq)
H+ + Cl- H+ + H O
, 2

H O+ 3

Although aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol contain hydrogen, these cannot dissociate in
water to form hydrogen ions. Hence, they do not show acidic character.

Question 6: Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity?

Answer:- The presence of hydrogen (H+) or hydronium (H3O+) ions in the aqueous solution of an acid are
responsible for conducting electricity. Since ions are the carrier of charge, the aqueous solution of an acid
conducts electricity.

Question 7:Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Answer:- The colour of litmus paper changes only in the presence of ions like hydrogen (H+) or hydronium
(H3O+) ions. HCl can produce these ions only in the form of aqueous solution. Hence dry HCl gas does not
change the colour of dry litmus paper.

# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS- TEXT SOLN. PAGE-15
Question 8: While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to
the acid?
Answer:- The process of adding water to an acid is highly exothermic. If it is not done in the proper way then may the
mixture splash out and causes serious burns. Therefore it is recommended that acid should be added to water care-
fully.

Question 9:How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a solution of an acid is diluted?
Answer:- When an acid is diluted, the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) per unit volume decreases. This means
that the strength of the acid decreases.

Question 10: How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution of
sodium hydroxide?
Answer:- The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) would increase when excess base is dissolved in a solution of
sodium hydroxide.

Question 11:You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8.
Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one is basic?
Answer:- A pH value of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, while greater than 7 indicates a basic solution. There-
fore, the solution with pH = 6 is acidic and has more hydrogen ion concentration than the solution of pH = 8 which is
basic.

Question 12: What effect does the concentration of H+(aq) ions have on the nature of the solution?
Answer:- Concentration of H+(aq) can have a varied effect on the nature of the solution. With an increase in H+ ion
concentration, the solution becomes more acidic, while a decrease of H+ ion causes an increase in the basicity of the
solution.

Question 13: Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
Answer:- Yes, basic solution also has H+(aq) ions. However, their concentration is less as compared to the concentration
of OH” ions that makes the solution basic.

Question 14: Under what soil condition do you think a farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime (calcium
oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium carbonate)?
Answer:- If the soil is acidic and improper for cultivation, then to increase the basicity of soil, the farmer would treat
the soil with quick lime or slaked lime or chalk.

Question 15: What is the common name of the compound CaOCl2?

Answer:- The common name of the compound CaOCl2 is bleaching powder.

Question 16: Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder?
Answer:- Calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH)2], on treatment with chlorine, yields bleaching powder.

Question 17: Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water.
Answer:- Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) is used for softening hard water.

Question 18: What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate is heated? Give the equation of the reaction
involved.
Answer:- When a solution of sodium hydrocarbonate (sodium hydrogencarbonate) is heated, sodium carbonate and
water are formed with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.

Question 19:Write an equation to show the reaction between Plaster of Paris and water.
Answer:- The chemical equation for the reaction of Plaster of Paris and water can be represented
as

End Exercise:
Question 1: A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be (a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
Answer:- (d) Bases turn red litmus blue and acids turn blue litmus red. Basic solution has a pH value more than 7.
Since the solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be 10.

Question 2: A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water milky. Thesolution contains
(a) NaCl (b) HCl (c) LiCl (d) KCl
Answer:- (b) The solution contains HCl.
Question 3: 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralised by 8 mL of a given
solution of HCl. If we take 20 mL of the same solution of NaOH, the amount of HCl solution (the same solution as
before) required to neutralise it will be (a) 4 mL (b) 8mL (c) 12 mL (d) 16 mL
Answer:- (d) 16 mL of HCl solution will be required.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
 CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS- TEXT SOLN. PAGE-16
Question 4:Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion?
(a) Antibiotic (b) Analgesic (c) Antacid (d) Antiseptic
Answer:-(c) Antacid is used for treating indigestion.
Question5:Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when “
(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules. (b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder. (d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
Answer:- (a) Sulphuric acid + Zinc Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen

(b) Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium  Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen

(c) Sulphuric acid + Aluminium  Aluminium sulphate + Hydrogen

(d) Hydrochloric acid + Iron  Ferric chloride + Hydrogen

Question 6: Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids. Describe an
activity to prove it.
Answer:- Two nails are fitted on a cork and are kept it in a 100 mL beaker. The nails are then
connected to the two terminals of a 6-volt battery through a bulb and a switch. Some dilute HCl is poured in the beaker and
the current is switched on. The same experiment is then performed with glucose solution and alcohol solution.
Observations: It will be observed that the bulb glows in the HCl solution and does not glow in th
glucose solution. 6- volt battery
Glowing bulb Bulb not glowing
Switch

Beaker Beaker
Nail Dilute HCl
Glucose solution
Rubber cork

Result:HCl dissociates into H+ and Cl- ions. These ions conduct electricity in the solution resulting in the glowing of the bulb.
On the other hand, the glucose solution does not dissociate into ions. Therefore, it does not conduct electricity.
Conclusion:From this activity, it can be concluded that all acids contain hydrogen but not all
compounds containing hydrogen are acids. That is why, though alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen, they are not
categorised as acids.

Question 7:Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does?
Answer:-Distilled water is the purest form of water without any impurities in it. As distilled water does not dissociate into ions
therefor it does not conduct electricty.
Rain water, being an impure form of water, contains many ionic species such as acids and therefore it conducts electricity.

Question 8:Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water?
Answer:- Acids do not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water because the dissociation of
hydrogen ions from an acid occurs in the presence of water only. It is the hydrogen ions that are responsible for the acidic
behaviour.

Question 9:Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9, respectively.
Which solution is
(a) neutral? (b) strongly alkaline?
(c) strongly acidic? (d) weakly acidic?
(e) weakly alkaline?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration.
Answer:- (a) Neutral: Solution D with pH = 7 (b) Strongly alkaline: Solution C with pH = 12
(c) Strongly acidic: Solution B with pH = 2 (d) Weakly acidic: Solution A with pH 4
(e) Weakly alkaline: Solution E with pH 9
The pH can be arranged in the increasing order of the concentration of hydrogen ions as: C<E<D<A<B.

# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
CLASS- X CH-2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS- TEXT SOLN. PAGE-17
Question 10: Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is
added to test tube A, while acetic acid (CH3COOH) is added to test tube B. In which test tube will the fizzing
occur more vigorously and why?
Answer: In test tube A, fizzing occur more vigorously because HCl is a strong acid reacts more vigorously
with Magnesium in test tube A than Acetic Acid in test tube B hence dissociate more with fizzing .

Question 11. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd? Explain your
answer.
Answer :Acidic substance are sour in taste. When fresh milk with pH value of 6, turns into Curd it gets sour
implying that it has acquired acidic characteristic.This increases acidity will result in lowering its pH value
from 6 to some lesser value. On 0 to 14 pH scale, 1 is strongly acidic, 7 is neutral and 14 is strongly alkaline.

Question 12. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Answer :
(a) A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. by doing this, he shifts the pH of the
fresh milk from 6 to some higher value i.e. slightly more alkaline. A slightly alkaline milk takes longer time for
setting into curd.
(b) As we know Curd is acidic in nature so it pH value will be lower than fresh milk with pH value 6. Here by
adding baking soda we have raised its pH value above 7, there for it takes more time to come down from
raised level of pH value to lower pH value when milks start turning into curd due to increased acidity below
pH level of 7.

Question 13. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container. Explain why?
Answer :Plaster of Paris easily absorbs water and forms hard gypsum. Thus, if Plaster of Paris is not kept in in
a moisture-proof container, then all Plaster of Paris will get converted into gypsum.

Question 14. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.

Answer : The reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water is known as a neturalistion
reaction.In neturalistion reaction, the effect of a base is nullified by an acid and vice-versa. In general, a
neutralisation reaction can be written as-
Base + Acid = Salt + Water
Example (i) Na(OH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Example (ii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  CaSO4 + H2O.

Question 15. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Answer :
1.Use of washing soda:
(i) Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass soap and paper industries.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compound such as borax.

2. Use of baking soda:

(i) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in
the stomach and provides relief.
(ii) It is also usen in soda-acid fire extinguishers.

Points to Remember -
1. Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes which are used to indicate the presence of acids and bases.
2. Acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H+(aq) ions in solution. Formation of OH–(aq) ions in solution is
responsible for the basic nature of a substance.
3. When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas is evolved and a corresponding salt is formed.
4. When a base reacts with a metal, along with the evolution of hydrogen gas a salt is formed which has a negative ion
composed of the metal and oxygen.
5. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogencarbonate, it gives the corresponding salt, carbon dioxide
gas and water.
6. Acidic and basic solutions in water conduct electricity because they produce hydrogen and hydroxide ions respectively.
7. The strength of an acid or an alkali can be tested by using a scale called the pH scale (0-14) which gives the measure of
hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
8. A neutral solution has a pH of exactly 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a basic solution a pH more than
7.
9. Living beings carry out their metabolic activities within an optimal pH range.
10. Mixing concentrated acids or bases with water is a highly exothermic process.
11. Acids and bases neutralise each other to form corresponding salts and water.
12. Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of a salt in its
crystalline form.
13. Salts have various uses in everyday life and in industries.

# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
 STUDENTS WHO SECURED STATE-RANKS IN CLASS-10 BOARD EXAMINATIONS UNDER
THE COACHING & GUIDANCE BY PANKAJ SIR ESPECIALLY IN SUBJECT- SCIENCE

To know more results by the students of Pankaj sir, please visit: namanneducations.com & Facebook page: NAMANN EDUCATIONS
 STUDENTS WHO SECURED 100 OUT OF 100 IN SUBJECT-SCIENCE IN CLASS-10 BOARD
EXAMINATIONS UNDER THE COACHING & GUIDANCE BY PANKAJ SIR

To know more results by the students of Pankaj sir, please visit: namanneducations.com & Facebook page: NAMANN EDUCATIONS