PJAEE, 17(9) (2020)

CURRENT AND FUTURE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AN

EMPLOYMENT PERSPECTIVE BASED ON CASE STUDIES
Kiran Jameel1,Humaira Ali2,Marium Sara Minhas Bandeali3,Usman Ghani Chishti4,Syed
Shahid Zaheer Zaidi5
1
Assistant Professor, Hamdard Institute of Management Science,Hamdard University Karachi
2
Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration,Institute of Business Management,
Pakistan
3
Research Scholar, Department of Public Administration, University of Karachi, Pakistan
4
Research Scholar, Department of Public Administration, University of Karachi, Pakistan
5
Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Karachi, Pakistan
1
kiranjuw88@gmaill.com, 2std_23820@iobm.edu.pk, 3marium_minhas@hotmail.com,
4
ugc2@hotmail.com, 5sszzaidi@huok.edu.pk

Kiran Jameel,Humaira Ali,Marium Sara Minhas Bandeali,Usman Ghani

Chishti,Syed Shahid Zaheer Zaidi Current And Future Impact Of Artificial
Intelligence: An Employment Perspective Based On Case Studies– Palarch’s
Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(9) (2020), ISSN 1567-214X.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Unemployment, new technologies

ABSTRACT
The study upon the topic, “Impact of Artificial Intelligence Application Based on Firms & Consultancy:
A Case Study on Employment Perspective” strives to investigate the impact of Artificial Intelligence on
manly Employment. The study has gathered the results through various case studies. The collection of
case studies is accompanied by a review of previous studies, journal articles, reports, and surveys by
market research consultancies, firms, and others. Qualitative analysis is done, which matches the
interpretive research model and permits the illustration of general insights to tackle the research
questions. The framework of the study is more comprehensive than deep, to counter the limitations and
biases in choosing the cases. The study finds that in the upcoming times, AI will result in unemployment
as other types of new technology did in the previous times, and hazardous social unrest will be triggered,
possibly at an even rapid pace. If unemployment continues, the income gap between the poorest and the
richest will get even broader. However, this study also suggests various recommendations to avoid the
worst effects of AI on employment.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
New technologies are creating both the losers and winners in the labour
market. Such technologies are altering relative demands for professions, even as
they enhance living standards and productivity. In contemporary times, one
technology is causing specific anxiety regarding job displacement: artificial
intelligence. Machine learning or artificial intelligence attributes towards the
algorithms that acquire to accomplish tasks by recognizing statistical data patterns,
instead of following provided instructions by humans. This technology has
currently attained superhuman performance across an extensive array of
economically valued tasks (Dirican, 2015).
Artificial intelligence technologies are evolving rapidly, with many
possible benefits for individuals, economies, communities, and societies. Realizing
their value requires achieving such benefits as broadly as possible, as quickly as
possible and with the smoothest possible transition. AI has the potential to provide
expansive productivity and long term industrial links moving forward (West,
2015). Many major industries of the world, including retail, manufacturing and
entertainment, are already using AI advancements to enhance their reach and
effectiveness. In the recent times, AI technology leads to global mechanization in
distinct fields and intelligent machines can carry out more and more non-standard
jobs like enhancing the efficacy of e-commerce projects or handling lines of
production in heavy industries (Hagendorff, 2020). This tendency leads to the
emergence of practical concerns regarding the complete substitution of human
beings by intelligent systems of machines in job roles.
Thus it is now high time to discuss the overall effects that AI might have
upon the work and personal lives of modern-day humans. The simple fact that AI
has the potential to replace entire systems of healthcare and production completely
makes it hard for projectionists to make key observations across the multitude of
fields that will be affected (Kumar, Singh, Jyoti, & Bhatanagar, 2019). Technology
has already shaped the overall landscape of major research domains, from
economics to robotics to anthropology; the overall impact of these forces on the
institutions and administrations of the world will help shape society in the future
(Makridakis, 2017). The main public debate regarding the matter of AI revolves
around extremes such as technology replacing entire job markets and leaving an
overall void in the economic framework of the country. However, these notions are
completely unjustified, and no properly designated metric has confirmed such a
state in the future (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2018).
1.2 Objective of the Study
The study will seek to explore the following research objectives:
 To evaluate the increasing relevancy of AI in the employment sector in the current
times.
 To assess the evolution of future job markets to include AI.
 To examine the impact on employees’ wellbeing and earnings in an instance of a
significant number of employees being displaced.
 To evaluate the different possible AI related jobs that can be created in the future.
 To review the future skills’ requirement related to AI.

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 To appraise the technology expansion in AI-enabled countries heading to AI-divide

– The ‘dark side’ to AI.
 To review the ethical considerations to take into view while looking at the future of
AI.
1.3 Scope of the Study
The scope of this research study is restricted to examining the effects of AI
on the current employment scenario and the future AI implications on jobs and
employment.
1.4 Statement of Purpose
The research will explore the phenomenon that if due to AI; displacement
and losses of jobs are happening in the short term and while over the longer term; if
wealth, productivity, and employment all tend to increase.
1.5 Research Questions
Below are some key questions that will be looked at moving forward.
 What is making AI more relevant in the employment sector in the current times?
 How can the future job market evolve to include AI?
 What will be the impact on employees’ wellbeing and earnings if a significant
number of employees are displaced?
 What are the different possible jobs AI related jobs that can be created in the
future?
 What are the future skills’ requirement connected to AI?
 How can the technology expansion in AI-enabled countries lead to AI-divide – The
'dark side' to AI?
 What are the ethical considerations to take into view while looking at the future of
AI?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Artificial Intelligence-Interpretation and Functions
AI is regarded as a machine which is capable of imitating human cognitive
jobs, and is utilized in distinct fields; like transport, healthcare, art, finance etc. The
below figure demonstrates the extensive range of AI functions:

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Figure 1: AI Functions (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2018)

It takes the data in the form of text, images, sound, and videos etc., assesses this
data utilizing AI algorithm and delivers AI-powered solutions (Holtel, 2016). The
below figure depicts the sense-think-and-act cycle for an IA:

Figure 2: Sense-Think-and-Act procedure (Holtel, 2016)

Taking into account, the AI which can imitate the major human intelligence
functions-one is yet far from it. This sort of AI is rather an argumentative issue
which varies the opinions of experts into three perspectives. The initial one regards
AI as a valuable technology being accommodating in decision making and
executives must treat it as an associate. The other group anticipates the merge
between human and AI for the sake of enhancing humanity. The last group regards
vigorous AI as a danger for humanity as it can take human tasks by automation and
mechanization of working jobs. This particular group claims that the developers of
AI must keep in mind the social and ethical issues while building intelligent
machines (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2018).
2.2 Current Technological Change and its Effect
A rich literature reports changes in the employment structure in developed
economies between the 1980s and the 2000s; characterized as 'job polarization.' Job
polarization refers towards a lessening in the quantity of ‘middle education’ jobs
(traditionally requiring secondary school or professional capabilities), also an
ascent in the quantity of 'high-education' employments (requiring advanced
education capabilities) and 'low-education' employments (needing minimal
conventional education). At the similar time, there has also been a rise in the

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inequality of earnings –particularly, a rise in the distance among high earners (the
top 10) and other employees. (Barbieri, Mussida, Piva, & Vivarelli, 2019).
The procedure by which AI adds to polarization has been explained utilizing a
monetary 'task-based' model. This model ponders a beginning situation where
workers are allocated to assignments as follows: low-educated employees to
undertake majorly regular cognitive works and non-routine manual jobs; middle
educated employees to perform majorly routine cognitive jobs; high educated
employees to undertake majorly non-routine cognitive jobs (CEPS, 2019). In
corresponding with work polarization, it was additionally seen that highly educated
employees in the United States and other evolved economies have progressively
clustered geographically. Highly educated and other employees have grown apart
not merely in earning terms but also location wise (Chuah, Loayza, & Schmillen,
2018).
2.3 Current Evidence on the Impact of AI on the Wages and Employment
Past examinations have prescribed that automation may not cause employment
decline in the fields generally influenced. Research on the impact of automation on
business, nonetheless, is less clear. Moreover, there is proof of a negative impact of
mechanization, explicitly on the occupations and income of employees most
directly replaced by the mechanical robots: low-educated and (to a lesser degree)
middle educated employees in assembling sectors (Decker et al., 2017).
Employments and loss of income for laborers straightforwardly influenced via
automation could be more probable in an occurrence of modern robots,
comparative with different sorts of automation. As indicated by the prior studies
that every robot decimates around two manufacturing employments. This infers a
total loss of around 275,000 manufacturing jobs between the years 1994 till 2014,
which represents approximately 23 percent of the decay over those two decades
(Holtel, 2016). This job loss was more than counterbalanced by development in
service division jobs.
2.4 The job of AI in Shaping Future Employment
A broad collection of current hypothetical work in economics expands on the
writing on job polarization to take into account the potential impact on employment
of the AI adoption. Past inquires conventionally set out an economic model where
final merchandise are generated utilizing capital and labors as inputs, and labour
comprises of several separate tasks. AI that licenses computerizing various job
tasks is expected to become accessible (Korinek et al., 2017). The model evaluates
how this changes firms' interest in capital and labour.
This is in a joint effort with models utilized to survey the immediate effect of AI
(particularly, work polarization). This is by and by another methodology rather
than a traditional monetary appraisal of innovation where innovation is seen as
enlarging, not supplanting, work, and thus as typically prompting expanded income
for employees both in the long and present term. Past research has grasped distinct
modelling selections to stress, individually, on the effect of innovation on work in a
specific segment, and on the impact of innovation on labour in the long run
(Makridakis, 2017). A former study initially inspects the impacts of technological
change on employees viewed as a single group. AI replaces labour in the short run
in performing particular job tasks that are automated. This can lead to losses of jobs

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(displacement), lessen the income share that flows to employees (in contrast to
capital owners) and declining earnings (Reilly, 2018).
Substitution impact may dominate in the short term, and employees' situation may
further deteriorate. In the long term, the productivity impact is always vigorous
enough to counterbalance the substitution impact at least. Real wages ascend as
opposed to the pre-automation situation. Still, as a rising proportion of economic
activity is automated, that is, produced with capital and minimal labour, the income
share attained by the employees’ comparative to capital owners might fall
(Masayuki, 2016). In this evaluation, the short term impact of AI relies upon the
balance between substitution impact, productivity impact, and generation of new
jobs.
The digitization age has already shown us how they can introduce a whole new
avenue of connectivity and earnings, which was previously unknown. Social media
platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have allowed the seamless transfer of
knowledge and capabilities, providing the world with 'platform markets' (Chen et
al., 2013). The introduction of Airbnb and Uber has also allowed platform-based
business models to emerge that have provided sustainable ways to increase
population welfare. AI can also thus be categorized into the same functionality and
be seen as a way to introduce a new era of worker regulation in the world.
Moreover, the introduction of data analysis and efficient data reconstruction
algorithms, it is now possible to perform better prediction analysis regarding
specific business and industrial metrics that are prevalent in the world. The overall
access to these data center hubs is a challenge for any emerging AI technologies,
and the proper utilization of these statistics can provide key policy points that are
necessary for making a more widely accessible marketplace (Chuah et al., 2018).
The fact that AI can replace menial worker jobs that are currently prevalent in the
world can create an unfathomable void in the consumer market. The sudden
decrease in the demand for the tasks that are automated will inflate the overall
irrelevance of the unskilled labour. However, technologists argue that with the
induction of AI, the overall productivity of the industry will increase without the
creation of any new jobs. This can be catastrophic as the sudden divide between the
skilled and the unskilled will be more apparent. A jobless future can be created in
this scenario in which humans will not suffer from being underpaid, but being
totally irrelevant in the grand scheme of things (Chuah et al., 2018).
2.5 Potential Job Displacements Connected to Artificial Intelligence
Occupations that do not incorporate comparatively complicated interaction with
other individuals, especially, persuading or influencing others, caring for and
helping others, managing other individuals' work and training others are also most
open to automation-related AI (Webb, 2019). According to research, other
professions that can be said most exposed to automation-related AI are jobs that
incorporate manual skills- for instance, carrying out open-heart surgery with the
help of surgical instruments and manual capability. This is varying with the
expectation that manual jobs incorporating capability would be comparatively
tough to automate (West, 2015).
Typically, jobs held by younger employees are also at greater risk of automation. It
is demonstrated that employees aged under twenty are over- represented in

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different professions at high automation risk (for instance, sales, cleaners). But
employees aged under twenty are also at greater automation risk in comparison to
older employees who carry out the similar profession (Acemoglu & Restrepo,
2018). The number of jobs projected to be at high automation-related AI risk
differs substantially across the researches. The below figure reports projections for
the US. The number of jobs projected to be at greater automation-related AI risk
differs between nine percent and forty-seven percent. Across all researches
incorporated in the figure, 'high risk' has been explained as a projected probability
of automation of seventy percent or greater. McKinsey sets the year 2030 as the
time zone for projected automation, while PWC estimates into the mid-2030s, and
NQ, AGZ, and FO do not provide a projected timing (Barbieri et al., 2019).

Figure 3: Predicted Employment Proportion at the Probability of High Automation (Barbieri et al., 2019)
PWC and McKinsey intend to impart further detail on the probable timing of
potential AI-related automation. The three components of the bars in the above
figure must be interpreted as distinct adoption instances in the McKinsey case, and
distinct phases of adoption in the PWC case. For McKinsey, the chosen projection
is provided by the midpoint adoption scenario (twenty-six percent employment
automated by the year 2030). The late adoption and initial adoption figures (merely
under five percent and forty-four percent respectively) are substitute estimates
under distinct assumptions regarding the adoption and development of AI-
additional details on these assumptions are given below:
 PWC’s entire projection of automation potential by the mid of the year 2030 is
provided by the overall bar height (38 percent). Here, late, middle and early
adoption depict potential automation by the early 2020s, the late 2020s, and the
middle of 2030s accordingly.
2.6 Predictions of Possible Job Creation Connected to AI and Future
Requirements of Skills
The first-order impacts of AI on employment may not merely incorporate replacing
employees in existing jobs, but also producing new jobs for employees to carry out.
It is claimed in prior studies that new jobs have emerged in former eras of
technological change and that they explain approximately half of the fresh

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employment generation in the US between the years 1980 and 2000 (Atkinson,
2018). Numerous contributions have indicated that embracing AI will lead to novel
problems that have not been previously resolved, few of which might head to the
appearance of new professional classifications. On the face of it, numerous, but not
all of the new possible professions seem to be appear most appropriate to highly
educated employees.
A former study has recommended that trainers (employees carrying out jobs useful
to AI systems of trains), explainers (employees interpreting the results generated by
the systems of AI so firms employing the systems can be responsible internally as
well as to others), and sustainers’ (employees monitoring the Ai work systems to
avert and mitigate any accidental consequences) might all be the future jobs (Smith
& Anderson, 2014). A study has embraced an innovative tactic to interpret expert
judgment into estimates regarding an extensive set of professions. The examination
generates estimates for the possibility that the total proportion and the share of
individuals employed in each profession will decrease, increase, or stay constant by
the year 2030 (Bakhshi et al., 2018). The study imparts separate predictions,
generated utilizing a similar tactic but judgment by a distinct group of specialists,
for the UK and the US.
Professions anticipated to grow also incorporate some middle education
professions, like construction trades employees in the US, fitness and sports
professions, electronic and electrical trade in Britain. The interpretation of the
authors of the outcomes also recommends that few of the low education
professions anticipated to grow (like hospitality) could become growingly being
paid better, possibly in light of the current evidence on the part being played by
new craft activities in the economy like microbreweries
2.7 The ‘Dark side’ to AI
It is astonishing to know that out of one hundred and ninety-five countries in the
world, AI17 and AI18 are set merely in 13 countries, that is; top international
artificial intelligence start-ups are situated in merely 6.6 percent of the countries in
the world. Among these 13 countries, there are merely 30 states which are primary
in this revolution of AI. The below figures depicts the AI17 and AI18 percentage in
distinct parts of the globe (Anderson, Rainie, & Luchsinger, 2018). The US is
foremost in this revolution with the head offices of nearly three fourth of the total
set-ups with the majority in California, Silicon Valley, the hub of AI.

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Figure 4: Geographical Distribution of AI17 and AI18 (Anderson et al., 2018)

2.8 Ethical Concerns in Artificial Intelligence
AI imparts a challenging set of ethical enquiries for both the corporations
as well as the over society. AI provides a difficult set of ethical questions for
society as well. One question centers on the preservation of the workforce. In the
accounting profession, for example, AI can extract data from thousands of lease
contracts to enable faster implementation of new lease accounting standards. This
can help individuals who would have managed the extraction of data to carry out
more complex accounting jobs and possibly even contribute to policy (Bostrom &
Yudkowsky, 2014).
While businesses strive to resolve their individual AI associated problems,
the public sector also will have a part to play. Obviously, the controllers will have a
say in if self-driving cars will be allowed on the roads. That will be the
uncomplicated part. It will be more perplexing to consider other problems like
employee preservation and how to safeguard population segments that might be
disadvantaged by algorithms’ biases (Pavaloiu & Kose, 2017).

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3. METHODOLOGY
This research fundamentally utilizes a case studies based, inductive
approach under an explanatory model. An inductive approach, where a researcher
reasons from particular examples to arrive at a wide-ranging conclusion, is
appropriate to the topic as no all-embracing management or scientific theory will
best fit it (Achari, 2014). Case study methods permit for a holistic and in-depth
evaluation of a complicated situation in a particular real-life scenario (Daniel &
Sam, 2011). The chosen case studies evolve and highlight an array of issues and
how they were managed, demonstrating best practices and common pitfalls (Devi,
2017). A common misapprehension regarding case studies is that context-
independent (general theoretical) knowledge is more valued than context-
dependent (case knowledge).
This research employs a secondary technique of data collection that is case
studies; which are extracted from the different research papers.
3.1 Data Collection
The collection of case studies is accompanied by a review of previous
studies, journal articles, reports, and surveys by market research consultancies,
firms, and others. Qualitative analysis is done, which matches the interpretive
research model and permits the illustration of general insights to tackle the research
questions.
3.2 Analysis of Data
Data analysis is carried out employing an interpretative research model
which suggests that reality is a subjective idea (Novikov & Novikov, 2013).
3.3 Reliability and Validity
The approach based on case studies is also open to the criticism, like the
generality and reliability of the outcomes given one is deducing from a small
number of cases, and if intense revelation to study of the case tilts the results
(Kumar, 2018). As a technique to tackle these criticisms, an effort is made to select
cross-industry cases. Moreover, the framework of the study is also more
comprehensive than deep, to counter the limitations and biases in choosing the
cases (Singh, 2010).

4. FINDINGS, ANALYSIS, AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Contrasting Perspectives
Doomsayer's Perspective
Technology enhances to make human labour more efficient, but substantial
advances may generate deleterious impacts for employment. This obsoleting by
means of labour replacement leads many to fear regarding technological
unemployment and stimulates efforts to predict the effects of AI on employment.
Optimist's Perspective
Optimists recommend that technology might replace for some sorts of
labour bur that efficiency increase from technological expansion outweigh the costs
of transition, and in many instances; technology augments employment for
employees who are not in direct competition with it. Even though contemporary

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follow up researches recommend that all of them are short term gains (Bolton,
2018).
Unifying Perspectives
On one side, multiple dynamics complement technological change and
generate uncertainty regarding the work future. On the other side, experts approve
that jobs are best comprehended as abstract bundles of expertise and that
technology directly affects demand for particular skills in place of acting on entire
jobs all at once. Hence, an extensive framework that relates particular types of
skills to career mobility and the entire urban workforces may assist in unifying
opposing perspectives (Dignum, 2017).
4.2 Effects of AI on Employment
In the upcoming times, AI will result in unemployment as other types of
technology did in the previous times, and hazardous social unrest will be triggered,
possibly at an even rapid pace. If unemployment continues, the income gap
between the poorest and the richest will get even broader. Income inequality will
rise as AI capital owners will augment their wealth, while several employees might
not attain benefits (Göranzon & Josefson, 2012). Dignity loss for employees might
also go along with the unemployment AI will cause. Crime, riots, social unrest,
homicide, race tension, and other sorts of current societal issues could be
exacerbated. Nevertheless, the root cause of such issues can frequently be referred
to unemployment and the absence of career opportunities (He et al., 2018).
Organizations have already initiated to evolve AI technology that will
become the new engine of the continued and old procedure of job automation.
Several countries have already employed fundamental automation technology to
substitute labour. job automation will be fast-tracked with AI, and it will have a
wider effect. That is due to the reason that conventional automation incorporates
explicit programming, which needs a lot of human labour and thus enhances the
costs of production.
A Case Study on Self-Driving Cars
An instance of today's utilization of AI machine learning is the self-driving
car. It would be inefficient and challenging to evolve self-driving technology
employing a conventional explicit method of programming (Kolbjørnsrud, Amico,
& Thomas, 2016). It would need software engineers to count for all the probable
scenarios that could occur during driving in the real-life. Such conditions are
impossible and are unlimited to cover completely. But with the AI technology, the
system of a car could make decisions that imitate a human driver and acquire from
driving data shared from other self-driving vehicles (Linson, 2016). Ford, Tesla,
Google, Uber, BMW, GM and the most major car manufacturers are evolving self-
driving technologies.
Impact of AI on Retail Sector Employment-A Case Study on Stitch Fix; an Online
Apparel Shopping Service
Many critics are of the opinion that significant losses of jobs will be
inevitable in the retail industry due to automation and AI technology. Stitch Fix, a
retailer dealing in online customized clothing; has machine learning in its DNA.
Established in the year 2011 in San Francisco. From its inception, its business
model has been centered on the union of powerful algorithms, detailed client

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provided data, and personal stylists. Machine learning techniques are growingly
being utilized to refine algorithms and expand- instead of replacing the work of its
personal stylists and eventually its client satisfaction with the clothing they buy
(Su, 2018). Presenting the perspective of chief algorithms officer of the brand
Stitch Fix; he claims that an online apparel shopping service, perceives AI as a
work companion of its clothing stylists instead of a replacement. Their job is
hugely impacted by the assessment and recommendations of the organization’s
‘styling algorithms’.
4.3 Ethical Dilemmas and Ethical Responsibilities
As humans move up the automation levels, putting more accountability on
the automated systems rather than the humans; several ethical problems will
emerge. In the year 2014, the Open Roboethics initiative carried out a poll
enquiring people about what they supposed an autonomous vehicle in which they
were a passenger must do if a kid stepped out in front of the car in a tunnel. The
vehicle would have no time to brake and save the life of the child, but could
diverge into the tunnel walls killing the passenger (Dignum, 2018).
Ethical Responsibility
Robots will require to make judgments calls in vague and uncertain
conditions, or ‘no win’ circumstances. Nevertheless, which ethical theory or
approach must a robot be planned to follow when there is no legitimate guidance.
Distinct approaches can bring about different outcomes, incorporating the number
of crash mortalities. Additionally, who must choose the morals for the autonomous
vehicles- passengers, consumers, politicians or the manufacturers. It has been
argued that the accountability must be shared among the driver, engineers and the
autonomous system of driving itself (Webster & Ivanov, 2020).
The findings are consistent with the work of Pavaloiu and Kose (2017),
who have claimed that the controllers will have a say in if self-driving cars will be
allowed on the roads. The technology might be here now, but the moral and ethical
principles for managing artificial intelligence will take considerable time to evolve.
It opens up an extensive range of enquiries that the private sector is not going to
feel very happy to immediately answer altogether. It's going to need a
multidisciplinary exertion and bridged to be built to make out how to go to an
advantageous and win-win situation.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This research study, ' Impact of Artificial Intelligence Application Based on
Firms & Consultancy: A Case Study on Employment Perspective ' has successfully
attained all of its objectives:
 The first objective of the study that is; 'to evaluate the increasing relevancy of AI in
the employment sector in the current times', concludes that with the initiation of
extensive automation alongside AI, employment is one other area prepared for
considerable upheaval.
 The second objective of the study that is; 'to assess the evolution of future job
markets to include AI', concludes that embracing AI will lead to novel problems
that have not been previously resolved, few of which might head to the appearance
of new professional classifications.

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 The third objective of the study that is; 'to examine the impact on employees'
wellbeing and earnings in an instance of a significant number of employees being
displaced', concludes that there is a broad consensus in the literature that numerous
of the current have substantial automation potential.
 The fourth objective of the study that is; 'to appraise the technology expansion in
AI-enabled countries heading to AI-divide – The 'dark side' to AI', the AI talent is
restricted merely to a few world regions generating an AI divide- the AI dark side.
The additional technological expansion in AI-enabled states and non-participation
of the rest of the world will broaden this divide.
 The fifth and the final objective of the study that is; 'to review the ethical
considerations to take into view while looking at the future of AI', concludes that
AI provides a difficult set of ethical questions for society as well as the
organizations. The moral and ethical principles for managing artificial intelligence
will take considerable time to evolve. It opens up an extensive range of enquiries
that the private sector is not going to feel very happy to answer altogether
immediately.
5.1 Recommendations
In the upcoming few years and decades, numerous employees will lose
their jobs to robots, while the employees retaining their jobs will undergo enhanced
psychological and physical pressure, and yet more will experience unemployment
because of the absence of jobs.
Numerous solutions have been suggested by this study to tackle these
problems. A vital consideration is to increase the level of employees' education
raise the level of workers' education (both initially and continuing) so that
employees can commence the higher degree jobs needed by automation (de Araújo,
2016). Training schemes to evolve novel, requisite sets of skills accessible across
the spectrum of the labour force, and not merely for low-skilled employees, could
be mandated (Müller & Bostrom, 2016).
UBI (universal basic income) is one other concept suggested to tackle
technological unemployment, with all of the residents or citizens unconditionally
getting enough regular amounts of money that will allow them to live.
Furthermore, there would be no need for people to look for work or to work. There
are several UBI versions, varying extensively in terms of the suggested amount of
income and the source of funding (Müller, 2016b).
The concept of robot taxes has been suggested as one other alternative to
deal with the possible unemployment generated by the AI. The fundamental idea is
to tax entities and corporations deploying robots that produce job losses (Thrun &
Ultsch, 2020).
In the present economic structure where a minority possesses robots, the
productivity gains they allow (for instance; reduced working hours and higher
wages) are not inclined to be shared by the majority of people working; instead,
robots would be perceived as the reason for job losses for humans. Hence, to attain
the ideal society that most robotics researchers have in mind the concept of who
possesses the robots, the minority of capitalists or the working majority, might be
the critical question.

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5.2 Research Limitations

Artificial intelligence is a diverse, broad, and dynamic field including an
array of technologies; hence a wide-ranging survey of companies and literature is
not feasible. In a place, this research study intends to pull together a practitioner-
focused concise, relevant, and practical guide. A distant approach could have been
to emphasize by technology and industry- for instance, deep learning for
recommender system in retail. Still, this study targets to serve the broader audience,
in place of a study which is profound in technical details.

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