Power Stages of Induction Motor

Power Stages of Induction Motor

• Induction motor converts an electrical power supplies to it, into mechanical
power. The stages in this conversion is called power flow in an inductor motor.
• Let
VL – Line voltage supplied to motor
IL – Line Current drawn by the motor
cos ϕ – Power Factor of the motor
• Then net electrical power supplied to the motor can be calculated as,
Pi n  3 V L IL cos   3 V ph I ph cos 
• This is nothing but the stator input. The part of this power is utilized to
 Supply the losses in the stator
 Stator core losses
 Stator copper losses.
 The remaining power is delivered to the rotor magnetically through the
air gap with the help of rotating magnetic field.
 Power Stages of Induction Motor
 This is called rotor input denoted as P2.
P2 = Pin – stator Losses ( Core losses and Copper Losses)
• The rotor is not able to convert its entire input to the mechanical power as it has
to supply rotor losses. The rotor losses are
 Rotor copper losses
 Rotor iron losses
• Rotor iron losses generally neglected (Why ?)
because frequency of rotor current under running condition is very small
• So rotor losses are rotor copper losses only and denoted as Pc.
P c  3 I 22 R 2

where I2 = Rotor current per phase in running condition

R2 = Rotor resistance per phase.
 Power Stages of Induction Motor
• After supplying these losses, the remaining part of P2 is converted into
mechanical which is called gross mechanical power developed by the motor
denoted as Pm.
Pm=P2 – Pc
• Now this power, motor tries to deliver to the load connected to the shaft. But
during this mechanical transmission, part of Pm is utilized to provide mechanical
losses
 Frictional Losses
 Windage Losses
• Output Power Pout = Pm – Mechanical Losses
• And finally the power is available to the load at the shaft. This is called net
output of the motor denoted as Pout. This is also called shaft power.
The rating of the motor is specified in terms of value of Pout when load condition is full
load condition.
 Power Stages of Induction Motor
3 ϕ Supply
Pin=√3 VLILcosϕ Stator losses
Stator

P2=Stator Output= Rotor Input

Rotor Rotor losses

Pm=Mechanical Power Developed

Mechanical losses

LOAD Pout=Useful Power or Shaft Power

Power Stages of Induction Motor
Power Input to Stator Pin = 3VphIphcosφ

Stator Copper and Iron Losses

Rotor Input = P2 = Pin – stator Losses

Rotor Copper Losses=Pc=3I2Ra

Mechanical Power Developed Pm=P2-Pc

Mechanical Losses

Motor Output Power Pout=Pm-Mecch.Losses

 Conclusions from Power Stages of I M
• Stator input of I M P1=Stator Output + Stator Losses
• The stator output is transferred entirely inductively to the rotor circuit
• Obviously rotor input P2= Stator Output
• Rotor Gross output Pm = Rotor Input P2 – Rotor Copper Losses
• Rotor output is converted into mechanical energy and gives rise to gross Torque Tg
• Out of this torque some torque is lost in windage and friction losses in rotor and rest
is appears as the useful torque on shaft is Tsh
• Let n rps be the actual speed of the rotor and Tg in N-m then
T g * 2  n  R o to r G ro s s O u tp u t P m
R o to r G ro s s O u tp u t P m
Tg 
2 n
• If there were no copper losses in rotor , then rotor output will be equal to rotor input
and rotor will be run at synchronous speed ns rps
R o to r G ro s s O u tp u t Pm R o to r in p u t P 2
Tg  
2 n 2 ns
 Conclusions from Power Stages of I M
• From above equations Rotor Gross Output Pm  Tg * 2 n
Rotor Input P2  Tg 2 ns
• And the difference of the two are rotor copper losses
Rotor Copper Losses =P2  Pm  Tg 2 ( ns  n)

R o to r C o p p er L o ss n n
 s  slip s
R o to r In p u t ns
• Rotor copper losses are slip times rotor input = s*rotor input =s*P2
• Rotor Gross output Pm= Rotor Input P2- Rotor Copper Loss = (Input-s*Input )
Pm = Input (1-s)=P2(1-s)
R otor G ross O utput P m N Pm
 1 s    R otor E fficiency
R otor input P 2 Ns P2

R otor C opper L osses s


R otor G ross O utput P m 1  s
 Induction Motor as Generalized Transformer
• The transfer of Energy from stator to rotor of IM takes place entirely inductively
with the help of a flux mutually linking the two windings.
• Hence an induction motor is essentially a transformer with stator forming the
primary and rotor forming the short circuited secondary.
• What is the fundamental difference in induction motor and transformer?
• Alternating flux machine and Rotating flux machine: Difference is that
transformer is an alternating flux machine while induction motor is rotating flux
machine.
• Air gap and Reluctance: Due to air gap reluctance is higher hence the
magnetizing current required in motor is 25-40% of rated current of motor
where as in transformer it is only 2 -5 % of rated primary current.
• Frequency: In an alternating flux machine frequency of induced EMF in primary
and secondary side is same where as frequency of rotor EMF depends on slip.
 Induction Motor as Generalized Transformer
• Let V1 is the applied voltage per stator phase
• X1 and R1 are stator leakage reactance and resistance per phase respectively
• The applied voltage produces the flux links with both stator and rotor winding
(Primary and secondary)
• In stator winding produce counter self induced emf E1 and mutually induced
emf Er = s*E2in secondary.
• Obliviously voltage equation for stator side is
V1  E1  I1 R1  jI1 X 1  E1  I1 ( R1  jX 1 )  E1  I1Z1
• The magnitude of the Er depends upon voltage transformation ratio K and since
rotor winding is short circuited
Er  I 2 ( R2  jsX 2 )  I 2 Z 2

• For current equation I0 is no load primary current, having two components Iw is

working component responsible for no load losses and Iµ is magnetizing
component sets up the flux in air gap.
 Induction Motor as Generalized Transformer
• On load condition rotor current I2 transfer on primary side as I2’ =KI2
• Hence primary current I1=I0+I2’ (Vector Sum)

Can we draw the vector diagram like transformer?

V1

E1 I1

I’2

Iw I0

Iµ ϕ

ф2

I2 E2
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
• The equivalent circuit of IM shows the various parameter of the machine such as
its Ohmic losses and also other losses.
• When Rotor is loaded the rotor current I2 is given by
E2 E2
I2  s 
2 2
R  ( sX 2 )
2 ( R2 s ) 2  X 2 2

• From the above equation it appears that rotor circuit which is consist of a fixed
resistance R2 and variable reactance sX2 connected across Er=sE2
• Second part of the equation can be consist of fixed reactance and variable
resistance

R2 X2 R2/s
sE2 =Er

sX2
E2
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
• The resistance R2/s can be expressed as
R2 1
 R2  R2 (  1)
• It has two parts s s

i. The first part R2 is the fixed rotor resistance and represents the rotor
copper loss
ii. The second part is R2(1/s-1) represent the electrical equivalent of the
mechanical load on motor and denoted as RL
• The equivalent rotor circuit along with load resistance RL as follows

R2 X2
E2

RL=R2(1/s -1)
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
• Due to this rotating magnetic flux, a counter emf equal to –E1is induced in all the
3 phases of stator winding.
• Now, the supply voltage V1 must balance this counter emf as well as the voltage
drop in the stator winding impedance i.e. I1(R1+jX1). Thus we can write
V1  E1  I1 R1  jI1 X 1  E1  I1 ( R1  jX 1 )  E1  I1Z1
• As in case of transformer, the stator current consists of two components. One
component I2’ is the load component and counter balances the negative rotor
mmf N2’I2 and another component is exacting current I0.
• The exciting current I0 is again having two component, one is core loss
component Iw and another is magnetizing current component Iµ, just like in
transformer.
• The core loss component Iw is in phase with voltage whereas the magnetizing
current Iµ lags by 90 degree.
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
• In view of the above discussion, the equivalent circuit of stator is shown below.
A
I1 I’2
R1 X1 I0

R0 X0 E1
V1
Iw Iµ

B
• Similar to transformer rotor circuit can be transferred on stator side by
multiplying by K to current and by dividing by K2 to resistance and reactance

I’2
A’
R’2=R2/K2 X’2=X2/K2
E’2 =E1

R’L=R’2(1/s -1)
B’
 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
• In view of the above discussion, the complete exact equivalent circuit of IM is
shown below.
I1 I’2
R1 X1 I0 R’2 X’2
A A’

R’L =R’2 (1/s -1)

R0 X0 E1 E’2
V1
Iw Iµ

B B’

• For simplicity of calculations the exciting circuit may be transferred to the left of
stator parameters, because the inaccuracy involved is negligible as compared to
simplicity in calculation and hence it is called approximate equivalent circuit.
• All equivalent circuit parameters can be calculated from the open circuit test and
short circuit test conducted on induction motor.
 PROBLEM--1
PROBLEM
A 6 pole, 50 Hz , 3 phase IM running on full load with 3% slip and develops a
torque of 160 N-m at its pulley rim. The friction and windage losses are 210 W and
the stator copper and iron losses equal to 1640 W Calculate;
a. Rotor output
b. Rotor copper loss
c. Efficiency at full load
Solution :
Given:
P=6, f=50 Hz, s=3%=0.03, Tf=160N-m
Friction and Windage loss= 210 W
Stator copper and Iron Loss = 1640 W
Synchronous Speed Ns= 120f/P = 120*50/6 = 1000 rpm
Actual Rotor Speed N= Ns(1-s) = 1000(1-0.03)=970 rpm , n=970/60 = 16.16 rps
a) Rotor Output =2Π*n*Tf=2*3.14*16.16*160 = 16252.5 W
b) Rotor Copper Loss :
Rotor Gross output = Rotor output + Friction and windage Loss
= 16252.5+ 210 =16462.5 W
 PROBLEM--1
PROBLEM
Also R o to r G ro ss O u tp u t N

R o to r In p u t Ns
R o to r G ro ss O u tp u t * N s 1 6 4 6 2 .5 * 1 0 0 0
Hence R o to r In p u t    1 6 9 7 1 .6 W
N 970
Rotor Copper loss = Rotor Input – Rotor Output
= 16971.6-16462.5 = 509.1 W
c) Efficiency at Full load:
Stator output = Rotor Input = 16971.6 W
Stator Input = Stator Output +Stator Copper Loss and Iron Loss
= 16971.6+ 1640 =18611.6 W
M o to r O u tp u t 1 6 2 5 2 .5
O v e r a ll E ffic ie n c y   * 1 0 0  8 7 .3 2
M o to r In p u t 1 8 6 1 1 .6
Overall Efficiency= 87.32%
 PROBLEM--2
PROBLEM
The power input to the rotor of a 440V,50 Hz ,3 phase ,6 pole induction motor is 50
kW. It is observed that the rotor emf makes 120 complete cycles per minute.
Calculate
a) Slip b) Rotor Speed c) Rotor Copper Loss per phase d) Mechanical Power
Developed e) Rotor Resistance per phase if rotor current is 50 A
Solution :
Given:
V=440 V P=6, f=50 Hz,
Rotor Input = 50 kW=50,000 W
Rotor Frequency f’= 120/60 = 2 Hz
a) Slip = s= f’/f = 2/50 =0.04 OR 4 %
b) Rotor Speed :
Synchronous Speed Ns= 120f/P = 120*50/6 = 1000 rpm
Actual Rotor Speed N= Ns(1-s) = 1000(1-0.04)=960 rpm , n=960/60 = 16 rps
Rotor Copper Loss =s * rotor Input = 0.04*50,000= 2000 W
Rotor Copper Loss per phase = 2000/3= 666.67 W
 PROBLEM--2
PROBLEM
d) Mechanical Power Developed = (1-s) Rotor Input =(1-0.04) 50000= 48000 W
( May be calculate as : Rotor Input – Rotor Copper Loss = 50,000-2000=48000 W)
e) Let R2 be the rotor resistance per phase
Rotor Copper Loss per Phase = I22* R2 =666.67
R2 = 666.67/502= 0.267 ohm
 PROBLEM--3
PROBLEM
An 18.65 kW 4 pole, 50 Hz, three phase IM has friction and windage losses of 2.5%
of the output. The full load slip is 4%. Compute for full load
a) The rotor copper losses
b) The rotor Input
c) The shaft Torque
d) The Gross Electromagnetic Torque
Solution :
Given:
P=4, f=50 Hz, Motor O/p=18650 W, s=0.04
Friction and Windage Losses = 2.5% of 18.65 kW =0.025*18650= 466 W
Rotor Gross output= 18650+466 = 19116 W (OR 102.5*18650=19116 W)
a) Rotor Copper Loss :
R o to r C o p p e r L o s s s 0 .0 4
We Know  Hence R o to r C o p p er L o ss  *19116
R o to r G r o s s O u tp u t 1  s 1  0 .0 4
=796.6 W
 PROBLEM--3
PROBLEM
b) Rotor Input:
Rotor Input =Rotor Gross output + Rotor Copper Losses
= 19116+ 796.6 = 19912.6 W
(Rotor input = Rotor Copper Loss/s= 796.6/0.04= 19912.6 W)
c) Shaft Torque:
Output Power = 2Π*n*Tsh
Synchronous Speed Ns= 120f/P = 120*50/4 = 1500 rpm
Actual Rotor Speed N= Ns(1-s) = 1500(1-0.04)=1440 rpm , ns=1440/60 = 24 rps
18650
Shaft Torque = S h a ft T o rq u e   1 2 3 .7
2 * 3 .1 4 * 2 4
19913
d) Gross Torque = G ro ss T o rq u e T sh   1 2 6 .8
2 * 3 .1 4 * 2 5

Note the Change of n and ns in shaft torque and Gross Torque

 PROBLEM--4
PROBLEM
A 400 V, 4 pole, three phase,50 Hz IM has a rotor resistance and reactance per
phase of 0.01 ohm and 0.1 0hm respectively . Ratio of stator to rotor Turns is 4.
Determine
a) Maximum Torque in N-m and Corresponding Slip
b) The full load slip and power output in watts, if maximum torque is twice the full
load torque
Solution :
Given:
V=400 V P=4, f=50 Hz, Turn Ratio=4, s=0.04 , R2=0.01, X2=0.1, Tm=2Tf
Applied Voltage per Phase =E1=400/√3 = 231 V
Synchronous Speed Ns= 120f/P = 120*50/4 = 1500 rpm = 1500/60 =25 rps
Hence Standstill emf induced in rotor per phase =E2= 231/4 = 57.75
a) Slip for maximum Torque a= R2/X2= 0.01/0.1 = 0.1 or 10%
 PROBLEM--4
PROBLEM
a) Maximum Torque :
3 E 22 3 57.75 2
Tm ax  *  *
2 n s 2 X 2 2 * 3.14 * 25 2 * 0.1
= 320 N-m
b) Slip corresponding to maximum torque i.e. a=0.1 and Tm=2Tf ,Hence
Tf 2 as f 1 2 * 0.1* s f
  =
Tm ax a 2  s 2f 2 0.12  s 2f
This gives the solution , sf= 0.027 i.e. 2.7% or 0.373 i.e. 37.3 %
Since sf= 37.3 % is not in operating region of the motor, we select sf =0.027
Actual speed N = Ns(1-0.027) =1459.5 rpm = 24.32 rps
Full load torque Tf = Tmax/2 =320/2 = 160 N-m
Full load motor output = 2*Π*n*Tf = 2*3.14*24.32*160 = 24454 W = 24.454 kW