Differentiate between Sludge & Scale

Sludge Scale
1 Due to heating, the salt containing water will get 1 When these precipitates becomes hard and
concentrated and changes into loose and slimy adherent called scales.
precipitates called sludge.
2 Sludge is not harmful for boiler. 2 Scales is harmful for boiler.
3 Sludge can be removed from the bottom of the 3 Scale can be removed by either external or internal
boiler time to time. treatment or hammering.
4 Sludge doesn’t cause clogging and corrosion. 4 Scale causes clogging and corrosion.
5 Sludge increases the discarding cost of waste. 5 Scale increases the maintenance and operation
cost.

Differentiate between Priming & Foaming

Priming Foaming
1 When boiler is producing steam very rapidly some 1 Foaming is the persistent formation of bubbles or
particles of the water carried along with the steam. foam in the boiler.
This process of “Wet Steam” formation is called
priming.
2 Priming is caused by dissolved salts, high steam 2 Foaming is caused by the presence of oily
velocity, sudden heating, improper design etc. substances in water.
3 Priming can be prevented by improving the boiler 3 Foaming can be prevented by addition of anti-
design, adding mechanical purifier, maintaining foaming agents such as castor oil, Gallic acid,
low water level and decreasing the salt Tannic acid, sodium aluminate etc.
concentration.
4 Priming reduces the boiler efficiency, life of 4 Foaming reduces the boiler efficiency and
machinery parts. damages machinery parts.
5 Due to priming one can’t judge the water level 5 Due to foaming boiler pressure can’t be
properly. maintained and water level also can’t be judged.
Differentiate between Proximate analysis & Ultimate analysis
Proximate analysis Ultimate analysis
1 Proximate analysis is an empirical analysis. 1 Ultimate analysis is an absolute analysis.
2 In Proximate analysis, the values are not accurate 2 In Ultimate analysis, the values are accurate.
but approximate as the data varies with the
procedure adopted.
3 The analysis performed are: Moisture content, 3 The analysis performed are: Percentage of C, H,
Volatile matter content, Ash content and Fixed N, S, O elements.
carbon content.
4 Proximate analysis is more physical analysis. 4 Ultimate analysis is more chemical analysis.
5 Proximate analysis is bulk analysis. 5 Ultimate analysis is an elemental analysis.
6 Sequence of analysis must be maintained. 6 No need to maintain the sequence of analysis.

Differentiate between Aniline point & Steam emulsion number (SEN)

Aniline point Steam emulsion number (SEN)
1 The minimum equilibrium solution temperature 1 The number of seconds required for oil to separate
for equal volumes of aniline and oil sample is when it is emulsified and separated under
called aniline point. specified conditions is called Steam emulsion
number (SEN).
2 Aniline point gives an idea about the quality of 2 SEN gives an idea of stability of emulsion.
lubricating oil.
3 Aniline point should be high for a good quality of 3 SEN should be low for a good quality of
lubricating oil. lubricating oil.
4 The unit of Aniline point is degree Celsius (°C) 4 The unit of SEN is time (sec).
5 Higher Aniline point indicates the lower 5 Higher SEN indicates the high stability of
percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons in emulsion.
lubricating oil.
Differentiate between Viscosity & Viscosity index
Viscosity Viscosity index (VI)
1 The property of a liquid by virtue of which it 1 Viscosity index is an empirical number indicating
opposes relative motion between its difference the effect of change of temperature on viscosity of
layers is known as viscosity or internal friction of oil.
liquid.
2 Viscosity is the property of liquid. 2 Viscosity index is the property of lubricants.
3 The unit of viscosity is centipoise or centistokes. 3 Viscosity index is unit less property.
4 Viscosity should be moderate (neither too high nor 4 Viscosity index should be higher for a good
too low) for a good quality of lubricating oil. quality of lubricating oil.
5 Viscosity can be measured by Redwood, Engler or 5 Viscosity index can be determined graphically.
Saybolt viscometers.

Differentiate between LDP & HDP

LDP HDP
1 Full form: Low density polythene 1 Full form: High density polythene
2 Temperature require for the synthesis is about 2 Temperature require for the synthesis is about
350-570 K. 330-350 K.
3 Pressure require for the synthesis is about 1000- 3 Pressure require for the synthesis is about 1 atm.
2000 atm.
4 Chain initiator required for the synthesis is traces 4 Catalyst required for the synthesis is Zeigler-Natta
of Oxygen or a Peroxide which initiate the catalyst (ZNC).
polymerization.
5 LDPs are branched polymers. 5 HDPs are linear polymers.
6 LDP is chemically inert tough but flexible and 6 HDP is chemically inert but relatively tough and
poor conductor of electricity. hard with high tensile strength.
7 LDP is used in manufacturing of squeeze bottles, 7 HDP is used in manufacturing of containers,
toys, flexible pipes etc. drums, durable pipes, water tanks, bottles etc.
Differentiate between Starch & Cellulose
Starch Cellulose
1 Molecular formula: (C6H10O5)n 1 Molecular formula: (C6H10O5)n
2 Source: Wheat, Corn, Rice, Potatoes etc. 2 Source: Wood, Plant fibers, Cotton etc.
3 Starch is a condensation polymer. 3 Cellulose is condensation polymer.
4 Monomer: -D (+) Glucose 4 Monomer: -D (+) Glucose
5 Starch contains 20% Amylose (water soluble) and 5 There is a single component only as cellulose
80% Amylopectin (water insoluble) (water insoluble).
6 Starch is a mixture of linear (Amylose) and 6 Cellulose is a linear polymer.
branched-helix (Amylopectin) polymers.
7 In Amylose C1-C4 and in Amylopectin C1-C4 as 7 C1-C4 glycosidic linkage present.
well as C1-C6 glycosidic linkages present.
8 The shape of glycosidic linkage is “U” shape in 8 The shape of glycosidic linkage is “Z” shape.
Amylose and “Zigzag” shape in Amylopectin.

Differentiate between Graphite & Molybdenum disulphide

Graphite Molybdenum dishulphide (MoS2)
1 Graphite is a planner structure. 1 MoS2 is a sandwich structure.
2 It is a network structure. 2 It is a network structure.
3 The distance between two layers is 3.4 °A. 3 The distance between two layers of Mo is 6.26 °A.
4 C-C bond length is 1.42 °A. (SP2 hybridization) 4 Mo-Mo bond length is 3.08 °A and S-S bond
length is 3.15 °A.
5 In air, it can be used up to 375 °C. 5 In air, it can be used up to 400 °C.
6 Graphite is being used as solid as well as Oil dag MoS2 is being used as a mixture of 70% MoS2, 7%
and Aqua dag (mixture with oil and water as semi Graphite and 23% Silicates.
solid lubricant).
7 Application: Railway tracks joints, Printer roller, 7 Applications: Nuclear reactors, Low pressure and
Internal combustion engines, Cast iron bearings, extreme temperature applications, Space vehicles
Heavy chains, Air compressors etc. etc.