BIOHACK NOTES

PRINCIPLES OF
INHERITANCE
AND VARIATION
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • MENDAL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

1. Heredity is the basis of inheritance. T/F

2. Sahiwal cows are of ______ state, and are selected through _______
3. Gregor Mendel experimented on ______ for ___ no. of years from year _____-____ (NEET)
4. Mendel selected ____ no. of true breeding pea plant varieties. (NEET)
5. Pod shape contrasting traits were -
6. Dominant pod colour is yellow/green.
7. Name all the 7 characters taken by mendel and their contrasting characters - (More than
5 times in NEET)
DigaQ. 1
8. ______ are the unit of inheritance.
9. Punnett square was developed by German/British
geneticist name ________ (NEET)
10. What is test cross ?
11. Mendel called genes as -
12. Phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross -
13. No. of genotypes produced in dihybrid cross -
14. Genotypic ratio in dihybrid cross -
15. How many types of genotypes are produced when a plant with genotype AABbccDd is self-pollinated?
16. How many types of phenotypes are produced when AABbccDd is self-pollinated ?
17. How many types of gametes are produced in plant with genotype AABbccDdEe ?
18. How many types of phenotypes when AaBb x aaBb ?
19. Alternative form of genes are called ______ (NEET)
20. Name the 3 laws given by mendel.
21. "Factors occurs in pairs", is a statement of mendal's 2nd law. T/F
22. "Alleles do not show any blending" is a statement of -
23. Incomplete dominance is seen in - (1) (NEET)
24. Dog flower other 2 names are -
25. In a diploid organisms, a pair of alleles are present. T/F
26. The modified allele is generally the recessive allele. T/F
27. In case of _______, F1 generation resemble both the parents.
28. Ex. of codominance is -
29. Dominance is an autonomous feature of a gene. T/F
30. Starch grain when compared w.r.t to shape show complete/incomplete dominance but when compared
w.r.t size show complete/incomplete dominance.
31. Define law of independent assortment -
 • CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE

32. Mendel published his work on inheritance in year ______.

33. In _____ year, name the 3 scientists who rediscovered Mendel theory.
34. In _____ year, ______ and ______ gave experimental verification of chromosomal theory of
inheritance. (NEET)
35. "Independent pair segregate independently of each other". This statement cannot be used for
chromosome/gene.
36. Morgan worked on ___________
37. Why did morgan chose fruitfly our others. Give reasons (5)
38. Morgan hybridised yellow-bodied females with brown bodied males. T/F
39. Morgan hybridised red-eyes females with white-eyes males. T/F
40. Why morgan chosed X-linked traits ?
41. ______ and ______ were very tightly linked and showed only 1.3 per cent recombination.
42. _____ and ______ wing showed 37.2 per cent recombination.
43. Morgan student name _______ discovered _______ (NEET)
44. ______ coined the term linkage. (NEET)
45. One character can be controlled by many genes. T/F
46. Such phenomenon is called _________
47. Polygenic inheritance is not influenced by environment. T/F
48. Ex. of polygenic inheritance are - (2) (NEET)
49. When a single gene control many characters, phenomenon is called _______ (NEET)
50. Such genes are called ______ gene.
51. Ex. of pleiotropy is - (1)
52. Phenylketonuria is caused by mutation in the gene that
codes for enzyme __________
53. This cause multiple phenotypic expressions. Name them - (3)

DigaQ. 2

X Y

A B
 • SEX DETERMINATION & MUTATION

54. _______ discovered X chromosome in year ______

55. Drosophila sex determination is similar to ______ (NEET)
56. XO type sex determination ex - (1) (NEET)
57. ZW type is present in - (1)
58. ZO type is present in - (1)
59. Female honey bees have ____ no. of chromosomes.
60. Honey bees don't have father and son. T/F
61. ________ sex determination system operate in honeybees.
62. Males in honey bees are formed by the means of ________
63. ______ and ______ live as diploid in honey bees.
64. Chromosomal aberrations are commonly observed in ______ cells.
65. Ex. of a disease caused by point mutation - (NEET)
66. UV radiations cause mutation. T/F

• GENETIC DISORDERS

67. Name the 2 categories of genetic disorders -

• MENDELIAN DISORDERS
68. Name the mendelian disorders given in NCERT (6) -
69. Ex. of 2 sex linked recessive disoders - (NEET)
70. Ex. of 3 autosomal linked recessive disorders -
71. What is affected in haemophilia ?
72. The family pedigree of _________ shows a number of haemophilic descendents.
73. Queen Victoria was not the carrier of haemophilia. T/F
74. Sickle cell trait has persisted in africa because of giving survival advantage against the disease -
75. Substitution of _______ by ______ at __th position of the alpha/beta position of haemoglobin
occurs in sickle cell anaemia.
76. The 6th codon i.e. GAG is converted to ____ which cause sickle cell anaemia.
77. Under high/low oxygen tension, the mutant haemoglobin molecule polymerises.
78. _______ is not converted to ______ in phenylketonuria.
79. As a result, phenylalanine is then converted into _______
80. What does "Phenylketonuria" means ?
 DigaQ. 3
A D
B
C E

81. Tell a symptom of phenylketonuria -

82. People suffering from colour blindness are not able to differentiate between ____ and _____ colour.
83. Color blindness occurs in ____% of males and ____% of females.
84. Abnormal haemoglobin molecules are formed in thalassemia. T/F
85. What is the characteristic/symptom of thalassemia ?
86. Main reason which actually cause thalassemia is -
87. α-thalassemia is controlled by gene _____ and _____ on chromosome ____
88. Β-thalassemia is controlled by gene _____ at chromosome ___
89. What is the difference between thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia ? (NEET)

• CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS DigaQ. 4 B

90. What is aneuploidy? A
91. Polyploidy condition is often seen in plants/animals.
92. What happens in Down's syndrome? (NEET)
93. This disorder was describe by _____ in year _____
94. Features of Down's syndrome - (12)
95. Klinefelter's syndrome features - (3) (NEET)
96. Turner syndrome features - (5) (NEET)
PRINCIPLES OF
INHERITANCE
AND VARIATION

ANSWERS
• MENDAL’S LAWS 18. Using formula, Types of phenotypes = 2No. Of
1. F, inheritance is the basis of heredity heterozygous pairs X 2No. Of hetero-recessive homo
2. Punjab, artificial selection pairs, ans = 2 x 2 = 4
3. Garden pea, 7, 1856-1863 19. Alleles
4. 14 20. Law of Dominance, Segregation and Independent
5. Inflated/constricted assortment
6. Green 21. F
7. 22. 2nd law
23. Dog flower
24. Snapdragon or Antirrhinum sp.
25. T
26. T
27. Codominance
28. Human blood group
29. F
8. Genes 30. Complete, incomplete
9. British, Reginald C. Punnett 31. when two pairs of traits are combined in a
10. Test cross is used to determine the genotype of hybrid, segregation of one pair of characters is
an organism showing dominant phenotype independent of the other pair of characters
11. Factors • CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF
12. 9:3:3:1 INHERITANCE
13. 9 32. 1865
14. RRYY 1: RRYy 2: RRyy 1: RrYY 2: RrYy 4: Rryy 33. 1900, de Vries, Correns and von Tschermak
2: rrYY 1: rrYy 2: rryy 1 34. 1902, Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri
15. Types of genotypes = 3^No. Of heterozygous 35. Gene
pairs X 2^No. Of homo-hetero pairs, so here, Bb and 36. Drosophila melanogaster
Dd will form two different heterozygous pairs, and 37. Morgan chose fruitfly because
no. of homo-hetero paris are absent (as this is self- I. Could be grown on simple synthetic medium
cross), hence ans = 32= 9 II. complete their life cycle in about two weeks
16. Types of phenotypes = 2^No. Of heterozygous III. Single mating could produce a large number
pairs X 2^No. Of hetero-recessive homo pairs, so of progeny
here, Bb and Dd will form two different IV. clear differentiation of the sexes
heterozygous pairs, and no. of homo-hetero paris V. many types of hereditary variations that
are absent (as this is self-cross), hence ans = 22= 4 can be seen with low power microscopes
17. Types of gamete = 2^No. Of heterozygous pairs,
so here, Bb, Dd and Ee will form 3 different
heterozygous pairs hence ans = 23= 8
38. T • GENETIC DISORDERS
39. F 67. Mendelian and chromosomal
40. By selecting x-linked traits, we reducing the 68. Haemophilia, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle-cell anaemia,
complexity of the process as we are only witnessing Colour blindness, Phenylketonuria,
recombination between the 2 X chromosomes of Thalassemia
females as male have XY and no recombination 69. Haemophilia & color blindness
occur between them. 70. Sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria and
41. White and yellow thalassemia
42. White and miniature 71. a single protein that is a part of the cascade of
43. Alfred Sturtevant, chromosome mapping proteins involved in the clotting of blood
44. Morgan 72. Queen victoria
45. T 73. F
46. Polygenic inheritance 74. Malaria
47. F 75. Glutamic acid by valine at 6th, beta
48. Human height and skin colour 76. GUG
49. Pleiotropy 77. Low
50. Pleiotropic gene 78. Phenylalanine to tyrosine
51. Phenylketonuria 79. Phenylpyruvate
52. Phenylalanine hydroxylase 80. "Phenyl" refers to phenylalanine, "keto" refers to
53. Mental retardation, reduction in hair and skin keto versions of phenylalanine like
pigmentation phenylpyruvate (which are formed as a result of
• SEX DETERMINATION & absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase), "nuria" refers
MUTATION to their excretion in urine. Hence phenylalanine keto
54. Henking(1891) form are excreted in urine in this disease.
55. Humans 81. Mental retardation
56. Grasshopper 82. Green and red
57. Birds 83. 8, 0.4
58. Butterflies 84. T
59. 32 85. Anaemia
60. False, onl males don't have father or sons 86. Reduced rate of synthesis of globin chains
61. Haploiddiploid sex determination 87. HBA1 and HBA2, 16
62. Parthenogenesis 88. HBB, 11
63. Queen and workers 89. Thalassemia is a quantitative problem which
64. Cancer sickle cell anaemia is a qualitative problem
65. Sickle-cell anaemia
66. T
90. Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell 96. Turner syndrome features
division cycle results in the gain or loss I. Rudimentary ovaries
of a chromosome(s), called aneuploidy II. Lack secondary sexual characters
91. Plants III. Sterile
92. Trisomy at chromosome 21 IV. Short stature
93. Langdon Down (1866) • DigaQs
94. Features of Down's syndrome DigaQ. 1 – Incomplete dominance in Snapdragon
1. short statured plant
2. small round head DigaQ. 2 – Sex determination in honeybee
3. furrowed tongue X – Meiosis A – Male
4. partially open mouth Y – Mitosis B – Female
5. Palm is broad DigaQ. 3 – Down's syndrome
6. characteristic palm crease A – Flat back of head
7. Retarded physical, psychomotor and mental B – Many loops on finger tips
development C – Palm crease
8. Broad flat face D – Broad flat face
9. Big and wrinkled tongue E – Big and wrinkled tongue
10. Congenital heart disease F – Congenital heart disease
11. Flat back of head G – Chromosomes in a person suffering Down's
12. Many "loops" on finger tips syndrome
95. Klinefelter's syndrome features DigaQ. 4 – Chromosomal disorders
I. Overall masculine development A – Turner's syndrome
II. Gynecomastia B – Klienfelter syndrome
III. Sterile
IV. Tall stature

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