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    Noise Triange & Pre-Emphasis - De-Emphasis 2

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    Disha Goel
    This document discusses noise in frequency modulation (FM) systems and techniques used to mitigate its effects. It begins by explaining the noise triangle phenomenon, where thermal noise added to an FM carrier results in unwanted frequency deviations that appear as noise after demodulation. The noise is non-uniform, with higher noise levels at higher modulating frequencies. To compensate for this, transmitters use pre-emphasis to boost high frequencies before modulation. Receivers correspondingly use de-emphasis to attenuate the high frequencies after demodulation. Together, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis improve the signal-to-noise ratio by making the noise levels more uniform across the modulation bandwidth. The document provides examples of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits and discusses

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    Noise Triange & Pre-Emphasis - De-Emphasis 2

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    Disha Goel
    313 views9 pages
    This document discusses noise in frequency modulation (FM) systems and techniques used to mitigate its effects. It begins by explaining the noise triangle phenomenon, where thermal noise added to an FM carrier results in unwanted frequency deviations that appear as noise after demodulation. The noise is non-uniform, with higher noise levels at higher modulating frequencies. To compensate for this, transmitters use pre-emphasis to boost high frequencies before modulation. Receivers correspondingly use de-emphasis to attenuate the high frequencies after demodulation. Together, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis improve the signal-to-noise ratio by making the noise levels more uniform across the modulation bandwidth. The document provides examples of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits and discusses

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    Noise Triange & Pre-emphasis -De-emphasis 2

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    This document discusses noise in frequency modulation (FM) systems and techniques used to mitigate its effects. It begins by explaining the noise triangle phenomenon, where thermal noise added to an FM carrier results in unwanted frequency deviations that appear as noise after demodulation. The noise is non-uniform, with higher noise levels at higher modulating frequencies. To compensate for this, transmitters use pre-emphasis to boost high frequencies before modulation. Receivers correspondingly use de-emphasis to attenuate the high frequencies after demodulation. Together, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis improve the signal-to-noise ratio by making the noise levels more uniform across the modulation bandwidth. The document provides examples of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits and discusses

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    313 views9 pages

    Noise Triange & Pre-Emphasis - De-Emphasis 2

    Uploaded by

    Disha Goel
    This document discusses noise in frequency modulation (FM) systems and techniques used to mitigate its effects. It begins by explaining the noise triangle phenomenon, where thermal noise added to an FM carrier results in unwanted frequency deviations that appear as noise after demodulation. The noise is non-uniform, with higher noise levels at higher modulating frequencies. To compensate for this, transmitters use pre-emphasis to boost high frequencies before modulation. Receivers correspondingly use de-emphasis to attenuate the high frequencies after demodulation. Together, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis improve the signal-to-noise ratio by making the noise levels more uniform across the modulation bandwidth. The document provides examples of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits and discusses

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    IMP TERMS IN FM

    Prof. Biradar T.D.


    Noise Triangle
    • When thermal noise with a constant spectral density is added to an FM signal,
    it produces an unwanted deviation of the carrier frequency.
    • The magnitude of this unwanted frequency deviation depends on the relative
    amplitude of the noise with respect to the carrier.
    • When this unwanted deviation is demodulated , it becomes noise if it has
    frequency components that fall within the information frequency spectrum.
    • The spectral shape of the demodulated noise depends on whether an FM or
    PM demodulator is used.
    • The noise volt at the o/p of a PM demodulator is constant with frequency,
    where as in FM increases linearly with frequency.
    • This is commonly called as noise triangle.(Fig.1)
    • It can be seen that the demodulated noise volt is inherently higher for the
    higher-modulating signal frequency.

    FM Noise Triangle
    Noise Triangle

    The maximum deviation of amplitude carrier = Vn, as


    shown in Fig2.
    At the same time, noise vector is constantly changing
    phase angle w.r.t carrier signal Vc which will change the
    phase deviation (θ) of FM wave i.e. phase deviation θ of
    FM changes due to noise. Thus, noise modulates the
    carrier in terms of amplitude as well as phase.
    Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
    • Noise triangle shows that ,in FM there is nonuniform distribution of noise.
    • Noise at higher modulating frequency is higher than noise at lower frequency.
    • Therefore SNR is also nonuniform , this is shown in fig. (a)
    • SNR is lower at the high frequency ends of the triangle.
    • To compensate for this, the H F modulating signals are emphasized or boosted
    in amplitude in the transmitter prior to perform modulation. This is known as
    pre-emphasis.
    • To compensate this boost , H.F signals are attenuated or de-emphasized in the
    receiver after demodulation is known as de-emphasis.
    • Fig (b) shows the effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis on the SNR with
    Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
    f kEm
    • Modulation Index = m f  
    fm fm
    S PS
    • Signal to noise Ratio = 
    N PN
    • In FM ,the noise has greater effect on the higher modulating frequency.
    • Unfortunately, for most common analog signals (including voice, music,
    and video signals), the high frequency components generally have lower
    amplitudes than low and medium frequencies.
    • Improvement in SNR can be made by:
    • Increasing the value of modulating index for higher modulating
    frequency (fm).
    • This can be done by increasing the amplitude of modulating signal at
    higher modulating frequency.
    Pre-emphasis
    • Pre-emphasis is high-pass filter (i.e differentiator)
    • It provides constant increase in amplitude with an increase in frequency.
    • The boosting is done according to prearranged curve. The amount of pre-
    emphasis (in US) is 75 usec for TV .
    • The break frq is determined by the RC or L/R time constant of the network.
    • 1 1
    f    2120Hz
    2L / R 2 75*106
    De-emphasis
    • De-emphasis is Low-pass filter (i.e integrator)
    • The artificial boosting given to the higher modulating frequencies is
    nullified at receiver by process called “De-emphasis”
    • The 75usec de-emphasis circuit is standard and it is shown in fig . It
    is LPF .75usec corresponds to a frequency response curve that is 3dB
    down at a freq whose RC time constant is 75usec.
    1 1
    f    2120Hz
    2RC 2 75*106
    SNR Without Pre-emphasis & De-
    emphasis
    Example: Given a direct FM freq mod (VCO) with K1,a PLLFM demodulator
    with a transfer function Kd, and the three inputs.
    Exa

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