GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS:

INFLUENCING FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

C
T
FOUNDATION DESIGN 2
REPORT
0
GUIDED BY: PROF PAVNI PANDYA AND
PROF CHANDRESH SOLANKI
2
4
TUTOR ASSISTANT: ANJAN PAREKH AND
KHUSHI SHAH

PREPARED BY: HERIL JAIN I UG190554

Table of Contents

A. Design details: ....................................................................................................................................... 1

B. Scope of work: ....................................................................................................................................... 2
C. Things to be considered before designing a foundation: ..................................................... 2
D. soil Strata representing all the five boreholes: ......................................................................... 3
E. Problem statement 1 .......................................................................................................................... 4
F. Problem statement 2 ....................................................................................................................... 13
G. Problem statement 3 ....................................................................................................................... 22
H. Summary table ................................................................................................................................ 30

Table Index
Table 1: Common details for designing foundation ........................................................................ 1
Table 2: Bore hole number 1 .................................................................................................................... 4
Table 3: Iterations for isolated footing .............................................................................................. 11
Table 4: Bore hole number 3 ................................................................................................................ 12
Table 5: Iterations for isolated footing .............................................................................................. 21
Table 6: Bore hole number 4 ................................................................................................................. 22
Table 7: Iterations for multiple piles .................................................................................................. 29
Table 8: final summary table ................................................................................................................. 30
Image Index
Image 1: image representing all the five stratas............................................................................... 3
Image 2: image representing the strata ............................................................................................... 5
Image 3: image representing the shear criteria ............................................................................... 6
Image 4: image representing the settlement criteria ..................................................................... 9
Image 5: image representing the strata ............................................................................................ 13
Image 6: image representing the strata ............................................................................................ 14
Image 7: image representing shear and settlemetn criteria for CL layer ............................ 16
Image 8: image representing shear and settlemetn criteria for CI layer ............................. 17
Image 9: image representing strata and group of piles .............................................................. 23
Image 10: depth of overburden pressure at layer 1(0-3.5m) ................................................... 23
Image 11: depth of overburden pressure at layer 2(0-10m).................................................... 23
Image 12: depth of overburden pressure at layer 3(0-17.5m) ................................................ 23
Image 13: depth of overburden pressure at layer 4(0-26m).................................................... 23
Image 14: image representing strata and piles.............................................................................. 24
Image 15: PLAN view- pile layout ....................................................................................................... 25
 INTRODUCTION

A. DESIGN DETAILS:
Construction of a Residential and commercial building is proposed at the site near Sanand,
Gujarat. Required laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate different soil properties and
three critical borehole were provided after site investigation work. Given below is the data on
the different cases of the structure and the load acting on it. Based on the given data,
different foundations have been designed for each case as required.
Details for designing foundation
Bore hole data
Load transferred
Serial no. Details to be Reference
(kN)
considered
1 Residential building BH1 640
IS 6403: 1981, Code
1 of practice for
determination of
bearing capacity of
Commercial Loading is shown
shallow foundations
2 medium load BH2 and BH3 in Image 5,
building pg.no.13 IS 8009: 1976, code
of practice for
2 determination of
settlement of
foundations
IS 2911: 2010, (part-
1/section 2) Design
1 and construction of
bored cast In-situ
pile foundations
IS 14593: 1998,
Design and
Commercial high 2 construction of
3 BH4 and BH5 3400
load building bored cast In-situ
pile foundations
founded on rock

IS 13365 (part-1):
3 1998, Data for hard
rocks (giving strength
and rock material)

TABLE 1: COMMON DETAILS FOR DESIGNING FOUNDATION

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 INTRODUCTION

B. SCOPE OF WORK:
The report covers analysis and design of different types of foundation, shallow or deep, as
required, for a structure under different loading conditions, as given in the problem
statement discussed in the next part. The design depends on the type of structure,
geotechnical parameters, variations in the soil strata and the loads acting on the structure. A
comparative study of the soil data from all five boreholes was done in order to select the
worst conditions of the soil strata.

C. THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE DESIGNING A FOUNDATION:

a. To determine the basic properties of soil which affect the design and safety of
structure i.e., compressibility, strength and hydrological conditions.
b. To determine the extent and properties of the material to be used for
construction.
c. To determine the condition of groundwater & failure of existing works.
d. Specification and type, size and importance of the project.
e. Preparation of layout plan of the project.
f. Preparation of borehole layout plan which includes number and spacing of
boreholes, depth and frequency of sampling.
g. Selection of proper drilling and sampling equipment.
h. Preparation of guidelines for laboratory testing of collected samples.

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 SOIL PROFILE

D. SOIL STRATA REPRESENTING ALL THE FIVE BOREHOLES:

IMAGE 1: IMAGE REPRESENTING ALL THE FIVE STRATAS

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

Structure type: Residential building

Load transferred: 640 kN

Site Details: Dipen Bricks Type of Boring: Hand Auger Village: Sanand
Total drilled depth from EGL(m): 10 Date Started: 24/01/2022 District: Ahmedabad

Co-Ordinate: 22°58'04.5"N 72°24'49.2"E Date Completed: 24/01/2022 State: Gujarat

Bore hole number 1 (GroupA) Water table at 0.5 Meters

Angle of
BULK Cohesion
Soil Sampling Details N Specific internal
Depth (m) Legend DENSITY, C Cc
Classification Value gravity friction
gm/cc Kg/cm2
(0)
Depth (m) Type
0
0.5
1 CI- medium
1.5 CI plasticity clay 1.5 SPT 7 2.62
2
2.5
3 3 UDS 1.99 2.53 0.22 29
3.5
4
4.5 4.5 SPT 4 2.51
5
5.5 SC SC- Clayey sand
6 6 DS 2.60
6.5
7
7.5 7.5 SPT 21 2.51
8
8.5
9 CI- medium 9 UDS 2.07 2.59
CI
9.5 plasticity clay
10 10 UDS 2.19 2.55 0.4 11 0.32

TABLE 2: BORE HOLE NUMBER 1

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

Type of footing: Isolated- Square footing

Considering size of footing as: L (m) B (m)

2 2

Depth of footing (m): 2

CI- Medium Plastic clay

SC- Clayey Sand

IMAGE 2: IMAGE REPRESENTING THE STRATA

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

To decide the type of failure, Void ratio- e is considered:

𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 1.99 1.99
Dry density = 1 + 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1 + 20% = = 1.66 gm/cc = 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦
1.20

(𝐺×𝛾𝑤 ) − 𝛾𝑑𝑡𝑦 (2.62×1)− 1.66

Void ratio = = = 0.58 = 𝑒
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 1.66

Bulk density at base of footing = 1.99 gm/cc

W% below water table = 20%

G- Specific gravity at base of footing = 2.62

As void ratio is in between 0.55-0.75 (0.55<e<0.75), Mixed shear failure occurs.

Load 640
Pressure = Area = = 160 kN/m2
2×2

For shear criteria, depth of strata including footing (h) = 4 m

Influence depth (H) = 2 m

CI- Medium Plastic clay

SC- Clayey Sand

Overburden pressure

IMAGE 3: IMAGE REPRESENTING THE SHEAR CRITERIA

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

As Intermediate shear failure occurs so cohesion be,

C=21.6 kN/m2 (For General shear failure)

C’=14.4 kN/m2 (For Local shear failure)

C”=20.6 kN/m2 (For Mixed shear failure)

As Intermediate shear failure occurs so, angle of internal friction be:

∅°=29° (For General shear failure)

∅°’=20.30° (For Local shear failure)

∅°’’=27.69° (For Mixed shear failure)

For bearing capacity factors of Mixed shear failure, firstly we need to calculate factors for
general and local shear based on that mixed shear failure bearing capacity factors can be
calculated,

Bearing capacity factors for mixed shear failure:

∅” Nc” Nq” Ny”

27.69° 26.30 15.32 17.95

Shape factors:

Shape Sc Sq Sy

Square 1.3 1.2 0.8

Inclination factors:

Ic Iq Iy

1 1 1

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

Depth Factor:
D ∅ 2 27.69
Dc = 1 + 0.2× × (tan 45 + 2) = 1 + 0.2 × × (tan 45 + ) = 1.33
B 2 2

D ∅ 2 27.69
Dq = Dy = 1 + 0.1× × (tan 45 + 2) = 1 + 0.1 × × (tan 45 + ) = 1.17
B 2 2

Dc Dq Dy

1.33 1.17 1.17

Effect of water table: W’

As (D+B= 4 m) and water table is encountered at 0.5 m, so W’ = 0.5 (As per IS 6403)

Surcharge (q): (19.51 × 0.5) + ((19.51 − 10) × 1.5) = 24.02 kN/m2

Qu for general shear failure,

Qu = (C" × Nc" × Sc × Dc × Ic) + (q × (Nq" − 1) × Sq × Dq × Iq) + (0.5 × B × γ × Ny" × Sy × Dy × Iy × W′)

= 1136.8 kN/m2
Qu 1136.8
Factor of safety = 2.5 = 2.5
= 454.72 kN/m2 = Safe ultimate bearing capacity

As Safe ultimate bearing capacity > Pressure applied 454.72 kN/m2 >160 kN/m2 ), therefore
footing is safe for shear criteria.

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

For Settlement criteria, depth of strata including footing (h) = 6 m

Influence depth (H) = 4 m

CI- Medium Plastic clay

SC- Clayey Sand

Overburden pressure

IMAGE 4: IMAGE REPRESENTING THE SETTLEMENT CRITERIA

In settlement criteria, Immediate settlement- Si:

1−µ2
Si = 𝑞 × 𝐵 (𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔) If

μ = pisson′ sratio = 0.32

E = Young modulus: (As per Ranjan and Rao)

E for CI layer: 600× C”= 600× 20.6 = 12312 kN/m2

E for SC layer: 320× (4 + 15) = 6080 kN/m2 (For N value -4)

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

E for SC layer: 320× (21 + 15) = 9280 kN/m2 (For N value -21)

𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 8900 kN/m2

If = 0.95 (As per IS 6403)

(1−(0.322 )
Si = 160× 2 × × 0.95 = 30.66 mm
8900

Immediate settlement = 30.66 mm = Si

Consolidation Settlement-Sc:

For CI layer:

H Δσ01 + σ01
Sc1 = Cc1 ∗ ∗ log( )
1 + e1 σ01

Cc=0.32, H=1 m, eo= 0.58

Overburden pressure and applied pressure to be calculated for 0.25 m from base of footing.

Applied Pressure:

160×2×2
Δσ01 = 2.25×2.25 = 126.4 kN/m2

Over Burden Pressure:

σ01 = (19.51 × 0.5) + ((19.51 − 10) × 1.5) + ((19.51 − 10) × 0.25) = 26.4 kN/m2

1 26.4+126.4
Sc1 = 0.32 × 1+0.58 × ( ) = 77.22 mm
26.4

Consolidation Settlement for CI layer then 𝑆𝑐1= 77.22 mm

As OCR is less than 1, λ correction be taken as 1 (As per IS 8009 (part-1)-1976)

Therefore Sc1 × λ correction = 77.22 × 1 = 77.22 mm

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

Total settlement = (SI + 𝑆𝑐1 ) × 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Rigidity factor = 0.8 = constant

Depth factor = 0.74

𝐿 𝐷
= 1, =1
𝐵 √𝐿𝐵

𝑆𝑡 = (77.22 + 30.66) × 0.8 × 0.74 = 67.41 mm

So, 67.41 mm < 75 mm so it’s safe

As per IS 1904 permissible settlement limit for Isolated foundation for RCC structures in
plastic clay is 75 mm so, this design is Safe from settlement.

454.72
Allowable bearing capacity: × 75= 505.9 kN/m2
67.41

As Allowable bearing capacity >Pressure applied, 505.9 kN/m2 > 160 kN/m2 , therefore
footing is safe in shear design.

Settlement
Sr. no. L (m) B (m) Depth (m) Shear criteria Reason to go for specific
criteria
1 2 2 Pass Fail Fails in settlement
2 2.25 2.25 Pass Fail Fails in settlement
3 2.5 2.5 1.5 Pass Fail Fails in settlement
4 2.75 2.75 Pass Fail Fails in settlement
5 3 3 Pass Fail Fails in settlement
Is economical than others
6 2 2 2 Pass Pass
and is safe in all criteria

TABLE 3: ITERATIONS FOR ISOLATED FOOTING

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

Structure type: Commercial medium load building

Load transferred: 10915 kN

Site Details: Dipen Bricks Type of Boring: Hand Auger Village: Sanand
Total drilled depth from EGL(m): 10 Date Started: 24/01/2022 District: Ahmedabad
Co-Ordinate: 22°58'04.5"N 72°24'49.2"E Date Completed: 24/01/2022 State: Gujarat
Bore hole number 3 (GroupA) Water table at 2.5 m
Sampling Details
Soil bulk density Specific Cohesion
Depth (m) Legend N value Cc
classification Depth (m) Type gm/cc gravity kg/cm2

0
0.5 0.5 DS
1 CL
1.5 1.5 UDS 1.63 2.66 0.32 14 0.26
2
2.5
3 CL- low 3 SPT 13
3.5 plasticity clay
4
4.5 4.5 UDS 1.67 2.67 0.29 14 0.24
5
5.5
6 6 SPT 19
6.5
7
7.5 7.5 UDS 1.72 2.67 0.36 16 0.29
8 CI- medium
CI
8.5 plasticty Clay
9 9 SPT 24
9.5
10
10.5 10.5 UDS 1.76 2.64 0.24 30
11
11.5
12 12 SPT 33
12.5
13
13.5 13.5 UDS 1.77 2.65 0.26 32
14
14.5
15 SC SC- Clayey sand 15 SPT 35
15.5
16
16.5 16.5 UDS
17
17.5
18 18 SPT
18.5
19
19.5 19.5 UDS
20

TABLE 4: BORE HOLE NUMBER 3

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
Type of footing: Raft footing

Considering size of footing as: L (m) B (m) Depth of footing (m): 3

29 19

IMAGE 5: IMAGE REPRESENTING THE STRATA

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PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

IMAGE 6: IMAGE REPRESENTING THE STRATA

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

To decide the type of failure, Void ratio- e is considered:

𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 1.67 1.67
Dry density = 1 + 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1 + 18% = = 1.41 gm/cc = 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦
1.18

(𝐺×𝛾𝑤 ) − 𝛾𝑑𝑡𝑦 (2.67×1)− 1.41

Void ratio = = = 0.89 = 𝑒
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 1.41

Bulk density at base of footing = 1.67 gm/cc

W% below water table = 18%

G- Specific gravity at base of footing = 2.67

As void ratio is in greater than 0.75 (e<0.75), Local shear failure occurs.
Load 10915
Pressure = Area = = 19.81 kN/m2
19×29

For shear criteria, depth of strata including footing (h) = 22 m

Influence depth (H) = 19 m

(0.29×2)+(0.36×3)+(0.24×3)+(0.26×9) 2 2
Cavg = = 0.278, C’ = × Cavg = = × 0.278 = 0.18 kg/cm2
2.5+3+3+9 3 3

(14×2.5)+(16×3)+(30×3)+(32×9)
∅avg = = 26.34°, ∅′ = tan−1(0.67 × tan ∅avg ) = 18.3°
2.5+3+3+9

Bearing capacity factors for Local shear failure:

∅’ Nc’ Nq’ Ny’

18.30° 12.83 4.95 3.52

Shape factors:

Sc = Sq = 1+ 0.2×(B/L) = 1+0.2×(19/29) = 1.13

Sy = 1 – 0.4×(B/L) = 1 – 0.4×(19/29) = 0.74

Sc Sq Sy

1.13 1.13 0.74

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

IMAGE 7: IMAGE REPRESENTING SHEAR AND SETTLEMETN CRITERIA FOR CL LAYER

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

IMAGE 8: IMAGE REPRESENTING SHEAR AND SETTLEMETN CRITERIA FOR CI LAYER

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

Inclination factors:

Ic Iq Iy

1 1 1

Depth Factor:
D ∅ 3 18.3
Dc = 1 + 0.2× × (tan 45 + ) = 1 + 0.2 × × (tan 45 + ) = 1.05
B 2 19 2

D ∅ 3 18.3
Dq = Dy = 1 + 0.1× × (tan 45 + 2) = 1 + 0.1 × × (tan 45 + ) = 1.02
B 19 2

Dc Dq Dy

1.05 1.02 1.02

Effect of water table: W’

As (D+B= 22 m) and water table is encountered at 2.5 m, so W’ = 1 (As per IS 6403)

Surcharge (q): (15.98 × 1.5) + (16.37 × 1) + ((16.37 − 10) × 0.5) = 43.525 kN/m2

Qu for Local shear failure,

Qu = (C′ × Nc′ × Sc × Dc × Ic) + (q × (Nq′ − 1) × Sq × Dq × Iq) + (0.5 × B × γ × Ny′ × Sy × Dy × Iy × W′)

= 818.14 kN/m2
Qu 818.14
Factor of safety = 2.5 = = 327.26 kN/m2 = Safe ultimate bearing capacity
2.5

As Safe ultimate bearing capacity > Pressure applied 327.26 kN/m2 >19.81 kN/m2 ), therefore
footing is safe for shear criteria.

For Settlement criteria, depth of strata including footing (h) = 41 m

Influence depth (H) = 38 m

In settlement criteria, Immediate settlement- Si:

1−µ2
SI = 𝑞 × 𝐵 (𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔) If

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

μ = poisson′ sratio = 0.37

E = Young modulus:

E for CL layer: 35300 kN/m2 (From Triaxial test)

E for CI layer: 600× 35.3 = 21182.3 kN/m2 (As per Ranjan and Rao)

E for SC layer: 320× (33 + 15) = 15360 kN/m2 (For N value -33) (As per Ranjan and Rao)

E for SC layer: 320× (35 + 15) = 16000 kN/m2 (For N value -35) (As per Ranjan and Rao)

𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 20800 kN/m2

If : Corner: 0.68 (As per IS 8009)

If : Centre: 1.36 (As per IS 8009)

If : Average: 1.2 (As per IS 8009)

(0.68×4)+(1.36)+(1.2×2)
If 𝑎𝑣𝑔: = 2.16
3

(1−(0.372 )
SI = 19.81× 19 × × 2.16 = 33.73 mm
20800

Immediate settlement = 33.73 mm = Si

Consolidation Settlement-Sc:

For CL layer 1:

H Δσ01 + σ01
Sc1 = Cc1 ∗ ∗ log( )
1 + e1 σ01

Cc=0.25, H=3.5 m, e1= 0.877

Overburden pressure and applied pressure to be calculated up to 1.75 m from base of

footing.

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

Applied Pressure:

31.01×19×29
Δσ01 = = 17.11 kN/m2
20.75×30.75

Over Burden Pressure:

σ01 = (15.98 × 1.5) + (16.37 × 1) + ((16.37 − 10) × 1.75) + ((16.86 − 10) × 0.25
= 56.51 kN/m2

3.5 56.51+17.11
Sc1 = 0.25 × 1+0.877 × ( ) = 55.68 mm
56.51

Consolidation Settlement for CI layer then 𝑆𝑐1= 79.6 mm

For CI layer 2:

H Δσ02 + σ02
Sc2 = Cc2 ∗ ∗ log( )
1 + e2 σ02

Cc=0.29, H=3 m, e2= 0.86

Overburden pressure and applied pressure to be calculated up to 5 m from base of footing.

Applied Pressure:

31.01×19×29
Δσ02 = = 13.78 kN/m2
24×33

Over Burden Pressure:

σ01 = (15.98 × 1.5) + (16.37 × 1) + ((16.37 − 10) × 2) + ((16.86 − 10) × 3)

+ ((17.24 − 10) × 0.5) = 77.28 kN/m2

3 77.28+13.78
Sc1 = 0.29 × 1+0.86 × ( ) = 31.9 mm
77.28

Consolidation Settlement for CI layer then 𝑆𝑐2 = 32.8 mm

As OCR is more than 1, λ correction be taken as 1 (As per IS 8009 (part-1)-1976)

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

Therefore (Sc1 + Sc2 ) × λ correction = 87.6 mm

Total settlement = (SI + 𝑆𝑐1 + 𝑆𝑐2 ) × 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Rigidity factor = 0.8 = constant

Depth factor = 0.97

𝐿 𝐷
= 1.5, = 0.13
𝐵 √𝐿𝐵

𝑆𝑡 = (33.73 + 87.6) × 0.8 × 0.97 = 94.15 mm

So, 94.15 mm < 100 mm so it’s safe

As per IS 1904 permissible settlement limit for Raft foundation for RCC structures weighted
average in plastic clay and sand is 100 mm so, this design is Safe from settlement.

94.15
Allowable bearing capacity: × 100= 347.58 kN/m2
327.26

As Allowable bearing capacity >Pressure applied, 347.58 kN/m2 > 19.81 kN/m2 , therefore
footing is safe in shear design.

Settlement
Sr. no. L (m) B (m) Depth (m) Shear criteria Reason to go for specific
criteria
1 22 16 Pass Fail Fails in settlement
1.5
2 23 17 Pass Fail Fails in settlement
Is economical than others
3 30 20 2 Pass Pass
and is safe in all criteria
Is more safe in settlement,
4 29 19 3 Pass Pass
but little expensive

TABLE 5: ITERATIONS FOR ISOLATED FOOTING

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

Structure type: Commercial high load building

Load transferred: 3400 kN

Site Details: Dipen Bricks Type of Boring: Hand Auger Village: Sanand
Total drilled depth from EGL(m): 10 Date Started: 24/01/2022 District: Ahmedabad
Co-Ordinate: 22°58'04.5"N 72°24'49.2"E Date Completed: 24/01/2022 State: Gujarat
Bore hole number 4 (GroupA) Water table at 2.5 m
Sampling Details Bulk
Specific Angle of internal
Depth (m) Legend Soil classification N value density Cohesion kg/cm2 Cc
Depth (m) Type gravity friction
gm/cc
0
0.5 0.5 DS
1
CH
1.5 1.5 UDS 1.65 2.67 0.61 9 0.39
2
2.5
3 3 SPT 7
3.5 CH- High plasticity clay
4
4.5 4.5 UDS 1.68 2.67 0.68 8 0.41
5
5.5
6 6 SPT 9
6.5
7
7.5 7.5 UDS 1.7 2.68 0.49 11 0.33
8
8.5
9 9 SPT 15
9.5
10 CI- medium plasticity
CI
10.5 Clay 10.5 UDS 1.7 2.67 0.48 11 0.34
11
11.5
12 12 SPT 18
12.5
13
13.5 13.5 UDS 1.74 2.65 0.42 30
14
14.5
15 15 SPT 35
15.5
16
16.5 16.5 UDS 1.77 2.64 0.43 30
17
17.5
TABLE 4: BORE HOLE NUMBER
SC SC- clayey sand
18 18 SPT 39
18.5
19
19.5 19.5 UDS 1.84 2.64 0.38 33
20
20.5
21 21 SPT 43
21.5
22
22.5 22.5 UDS 1.84 2.65 0 34
23
23.5
24 24 SPT 46
24.5
25
25.5 25.5 UDS 1.86 2.65 0 33
26
SM SM- silty sand
26.5
27 27 SPT 49
27.5
28
28.5 28.5 UDS 1.88 2.65 0 34
29
29.5
30 30 SPT >50

TABLE 6: BORE HOLE NUMBER 4

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

IMAGE 10: DEPTH OF OVERBURDEN PRESSURE AT LAYER 1(0-3.5M) IMAGE 11: DEPTH OF OVERBURDEN PRESSURE AT LAYER 2(0-10M)

IMAGE 9: IMAGE REPRESENTING STRATA AND GROUP OF PILES IMAGE 12: DEPTH OF OVERBURDEN PRESSURE AT LAYER 3(0-17.5M) IMAGE 13: DEPTH OF OVERBURDEN PRESSURE AT LAYER 4(0-26M)

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

For pile in rock strata:

Considering pile size:

Diameter (m) = 0.45 m

Length (m) = 31 m

Type of piles: Driven cast in – situ

For Hard rock – Basalt rock:

Q𝑏 = q c Nj Nd AP + q c πDLS αβ

Q𝑏 = Safe load capacity of pile, in tonnes

q c = Uniaxial compressive strength of rock

= 50000 kN/m2

Nj = 0.3 value as per IS 12070

Nd = 1 (As per IS 12070)

q c = 50 Mpa as per IS 13365

Ls = as per IS code 1 to 3 D = 1.5D = 0.675

α = 0.05 value as per IS 12070

β = 1 value as per IS 12070 IMAGE 14: IMAGE REPRESENTING STRATA AND PILES

AP = Area of pile toe = 0.16m2

=( 50000 × 0.3 × 1 × 0.16) + (50000 × 3.14 × 0.45 × 0.675 × 0.05 × 1)

=2400 + 2384.4 = 4784.4 kN

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

Net safe pile load capacity = Qb = 4784.4 kN

Number of Piles = 2

As load carried by group of piles > Load given, 9568.8 kN > 3400 kN, therefore its safe

Spacing between piles = 2.5 D = 1.13 m

Number of rows = 2

Number of piles in a row = 1

𝜃 = 21.8, ƞ = 0.88
IMAGE 15: PLAN VIEW- PILE LAYOUT
Load carried by group of piles, Qug = 8410 kN

For pile in soil strata:

Considering pile size:

Diameter (m) = 0.45 m

Length (m) = 25 m

Type of piles: Driven cast in – situ

For High Plastic clay - CH – Layer 1,

Layer Depth = 7 m

Qf1 = αi × ci × As + K i × Pdi × Asi × tanθ

For granular + cohesive,

Coefficient of earth pressure K: 1 (∅ = 9.3°)

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

Effective over burden pressure: (16.18× 1.5) + (16.47 × 1) +]((16.47 − 10) × 1) =

50.45 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = σvf (Refer pg.no.23, Image 10)

σ𝑛 = 𝐾 × σvf = 1× 50.45 = 50.45 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

fs = σn × tan ∅ = 50.45× tan 9.3° = 8.26 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

0.45
AS = 2 × π × r × h = 2 × π × ( ) × 7 = 9.89 m2
2

Qf1" = 8.26 × 9.89 = 81.7 kN

Qf = fs × As

fs = α × Cu

= 0.76 × 58.56= 44.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (α = 0.76)

As = 2 × π × r × h = 2 × π × (0.45/2) × 7 = 9.89 𝑚2

Qf1′ = 44.5 × 9.89 = 440.2 kN

Qf1 = Qf1′ + Qf1" = 440.2 + 81.7 = 521.7 kN

For Medium Plastic clay – CI – Layer2,

Layer Depth = 6 m

Qf2 = αi × ci × As + K i × Pdi × Asi × tanθ

For granular + cohesive,

Coefficient of earth pressure K: 1 (∅ =11°)

Effective over burden pressure: (16.18× 1.5) + (16.47 × 1) + ((16.47 − 10) ×2) +

((16.67-10) × 3) + ((16.67 − 10) × 2.5) = 93.7 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = σvf (Refer pg.no.23, Image 11)

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

σ𝑛 = 𝐾 × σvf = 1× 93.7=93.7 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

fs = σn × tan ∅ = 93.7× tan 11° = 18.21 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

0.45
AS = 2 × π × r × h = 2 × π × ( ) × 6 = 8.478 m2
2

Qf2′ = 18.21 × 8.47 = 154.23 kN

Qf = fs × As

fs = α × Cu

= 0.9 × 50.9 = 45.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (α = 0.9)

As = 2 × π × r × h = 2 × π × (0.45/2) × 6 = 8.478 𝑚2

Qf2" = 45.81 × 8.57 = 363.08 kN

Qf2 = Qf2′ + Qf2" = 363.08 + 154.23 = 517.31 kN

For Sandy clay – SC – Layer3,

Layer Depth = 9 m

Qf3 = αi × ci × As + K i × Pdi × Asi × tanθ

For granular + cohesive,

Coefficient of earth pressure K: 1.2 (∅ = 32°)

Effective over burden pressure: (16.18× 1.5) + ((16.47 − 10) × 1) + ((16.18 − 10) × 2) +
((16.67 − 10) × 6) + ((17.06 − 10) × 3) + ((17.35 − 10) × 3) + ((18.04 − 10) × 1)

= 135.97 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = σvf (Refer pg.no.23, Image 12)

σ𝑛 = 𝐾 × σvf = 1.2× 135.97=163.16 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

fs = σn × tan ∅ = 163.16× tan 32° = 101.21 𝑘𝑁

0.45
AS = 2 × π × r × h = 2 × π × ( ) × 9 = 12.71 m2
2

Qf3′ = 101.21 × 12.71 = 1222.95 kN

Qf = fs × As

fs = α × Cu

= 1 × 32 = 32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (α = 0.9)

As = 2 × π × r × h = 2 × π × (0.45/2) × 9 = 12.7 𝑚2

Qf2" = 32 × 12.77 = 406.9 kN

Qf2 = Qf2′ + Qf2" = 406.9 + 1222.95 = 1630 kN

For Silty sand - SM – Layer4,

Layer Depth = 2 m

Qf3 = αi × ci × As + K i × Pdi × Asi × tanθ

For granular only as cohesion is 0 in SM layer

Coefficient of earth pressure K: 1.4 (∅ = 34°)

Effective over burden pressure: (16.18× 1.5) + ((16.47 − 10) × 1) + ((16.18 − 10) × 2) +
((16.67 − 10) × 6) + ((17.06 − 10) × 3) + ((17.35 − 10) × 3) + ((18.04 − 10) × 6) +
((18.24 − 10) × 2.5) = 195.14 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = σvf (Refer pg.no.23, Image 14)

σ𝑛 = 𝐾 × σvf = 1.4× 195.14= 273.2 kN/m2

fs = σn × tan ∅ = 273.2 × tan 34° = 183.04 𝑘𝑁

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

0.45
AS = 2 × π × r × h = 2 × π × ( ) × 2 = 4.24 m2
2

Qf4 = 183.04 × 4.24 = 776.1 kN

Qf = Qf1 + Qf2 + Qf3 + Qf4

Qf = (81.7 + 440.2) + (154.23 + 363.08) + (1222.95 + 406.9) + 776.1 = 3564 kN

𝑄𝑓 3564
Factor of safety = 2.5 = = 1425.7 𝑘N = Safe ultimate bearing capacity
2.5

Q𝑏 = AP (0.5 × D × y × Ny + Pd × Nq )

= 1590.8 kN

= Q𝑏 + Q𝑓 = 3016.5

Total safe ultimate load bearing capacity of piles = no. of piles ×Safe ultimate bearing capacity

=2× 3016.5 = 6033 kN

As load carried by group of piles > Load given, 6033 kN > 3400 kN, therefore its safe

Spacing between piles = 2.5 D = 1.13 m

Number of rows = 2

Number of piles in a row = 1

𝜃 = 21.8, ƞ = 0.88

Load carried by group of piles, Qug = 5302.3 𝑘𝑁

Load carried by
Sr. no. D L No. of piles Reason to go for specific
pile> load given
1 0.45 10 6 Fail Number of piles at maximum
3 0.45 20 4 Pass More costly and requires more man power
4 0.45 25 2 Pass More costly and requires more man power
Less costly and requires less man power and
5 0.45 31 2 Pass
safe in all criteria
TABLE 7: ITERATIONS FOR MULTIPLE PILES
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 SUMMARY TABLE

ISOLATED SQUARE FOOTING

Sr. L B Settlement
Depth (m) Shear criteria Reason to go for specific
no. (m) (m) criteria

1 2 2 Pass Fail Fails in settlement

2 2.25 2.25 Pass Fail Fails in settlement

3 2.5 2.5 1.5 Pass Fail Fails in settlement

4 2.75 2.75 Pass Fail Fails in settlement

5 3 3 Pass Fail Fails in settlement

Is economical than others and

6 2 2 2 Pass Pass
is safe in all criteria

RAFT FOOTING
Sr. L B Settlement
Depth (m) Shear criteria Reason to go for specific
no. (m) (m) criteria

1 22 16 Pass Fail Fails in settlement

1.5
2 23 17 Pass Fail Fails in settlement

Is economical than others and

3 30 20 2 Pass Pass
is safe in all criteria

Is more safe in settlement, but

4 29 19 3 Pass Pass
little expensive

SINGLE/MULTIPLE PILE
Sr. Load carried by
D L No. of piles Reason to go for specific
no. pile> load given

1 0.45 10 6 Fail Number of piles at maximum

3 0.45 20 4 Pass More costly and requires more man power

Less costly and requires less man power and safe
4 0.45 25 2 Pass
in all criteria
more costly and more man power, but much safe
5 0.45 31 2 Pass
in all criteria

TABLE 8: FINAL SUMMARY TABLE

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