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Urban landscape as palimpsest

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 Urban landscape as palimpsest • D.-G. Vâlceanu, R. A.
Urbanism
Kosa, D.-G. Tămîrjan

URBAN LANDSCAPE AS PALIMPSEST

Daniel-Gabriel VÂLCEANU
Scientific Researcher, PhD (Geography), N.R.D.I URBAN-INCERC,
Urbanproiect Branch, Department of Research-Development in Habitat and
Architecture, e-mail: danielvalceanu@yahoo.com

Robert-Alexandru KOSA
Editor, Anthropologist, N.R.D.I URBAN-INCERC, Incerc Branch,
Specialized Technical Library, e-mail: kroberto76@yahoo.com

Diana-Georgiana TĂMÎRJAN
Translator, Philologist, N.R.D.I URBAN-INCERC, Urbanproiect Branch,
Department of Research-Development in Habitat and Architecture,
e-mail: diana.tamirjan@yahoo.com

Abstract. The current urban morphology and the identity building of the city
construction can be designed as a palimpsest; the spatial development
stages of urban systems represent the result of their evolution over
time. The characteristics of urban palimpsest depend mainly on the
emergent factors that influenced the territorial dynamics and the
configuration of urban bodies. Urban life and its quality are directly
influenced by spatial and temporal factors of the city evolution. For
this reason the study aims to achieve a research to explain the concept
of urban palimpsest and the current morphology of urban tissue
because they are products of landscape transformations along the
history. The current knowledge on urban palimpsest characteristics is
very important and useful to plan the current and future evolution of
urban systems. The case study presents a vast view on the history of
spatial development and urban system as well as a dynamics of the
landscape interconditioned by the elements of such development in
the context of reference historical eras.

Key words: landscape dynamics, urban image, local identity, spatial

development, historical heritage.

1. Introduction cities are „cities, with their highly

Cities are entities that can change structured landscapes and defining
permanently their appearances and their spatial characteristics, are logical places
components and its can acquire new to explore the relationship between
senses and functions (Kostof, 1991; people and nature”.
Lynch, 1981; Crang, 1996; Khirfan, 2010).
Holling and Orians (1971), Martin and The urban landscape can be conceived as
Warner (1997), Crow et al., 2006, say that a palimpsest comprising identity

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 Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 5 • Nr. 4 • 2014 •

elements specific of each historical eras, Any renewal or rehabilitation proposal

genuine heritage that transform this should mainly aim at preserving the
inheritance in urban system heritage. identity of the place and enhancing their
(AlSayyad, 2001; Graburn, 2001). values by local marketing strategy and
adequate urban design (Speaks, 2002; van
By using the palimpsest concept; it is Synghel, 2002; Vermeulen, 2002).
suppose that a new urban layer is
superpose on the previous one. The urban 1.1. Palimpsest concept
palimpsest, by analogy, emphasize the The palimpsest concept is frequently use in
historical remnants (memorial traces), various scientific fields. In the urban
rituals, local traditions, folklore and another planning field, the concept of the palimpsest
forms of built heritage (Nuryanti, 1996). is used to explain the construction stages of
the architectural monuments and the urban
The process of urbanization leads to a deep morphology development during the era
change of natural landscapes; the territorial (Azimzadeh et al., 2007).
process impact in various ways the
structure, function and dynamics of the We can not imagine the city as a human
urban systems. Irrespective of way the city habitat, but it can be seen as an entity, the
was formed, its spatial pattern influences processes and the socio-economic
the internal, external, physical, socio- phenomena have an heterogeneous
economic and ecological processes (Luck et dynamics ant the phases of the spatial
al., 2002). evolution give a new form to the current
profile of urban system, where the old
The approaches of local actors to built and new architectural elements are
heritage preservation and value enhancing interdependent.
should take account of the concept of
palimpsest and its applicability; it should To analyze the current urban morphology,
also convey the esthetical, historical, the concept of urban palimpsest can be
scientific, social and spiritual values of centered on the urban tissue components as:
heritage to past, present and future − Buildings;
generations (Feilden and Jokilehto, 1998; − Image of the city (physical aspect of
Tyler, 2000; Pendlebury, 2009). the urban system);
− Stages of spatial dynamics of the town
The past, present and future heritage during the reference period;
transforms the urban landscape into a − Territorial development factors and
product that belongs to the historical, elements that mutually condition the
political, economical and social factors. current urban configuration and its
Nowadays, cities with a special history, dynamics.
such as Dej City, are confronted with the
challenge to preserve their local history Specific aspects of urban morphology as
and identity (Norberg-Schultz, 1991; built heritage and innovative design, can
Larkham, 1996; Tiesdell et al., 1996; actively contribute to preservation of the
Pendlebury, 2009). local identity (Gospodini, 2004).

Turistification of the historical cities Individualization of the new modernity is

should be the main concern of the local not possible without a detailed analysis
actors (Jansen-Verbeke, 1998). of the historical heritage.

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 Urban landscape as palimpsest • D.-G. Vâlceanu, R. A.
Urbanism
Kosa, D.-G. Tămîrjan

The term is used in urban literature and The 90s printed materials on geography
nowadays it is used also in geographic analyze the physical landscape as
literature, specifically in urban geography palimpsest generated by multiculturalism
where it is explain the spatial and (Daniels, 1988; Barnes and Duncan, 1992).
temporal development of a town, the
current urban morphology and the In other words, urban landscape as space
physical geography(geomorphology) that of social interaction can be interpreted and
describe the landscape and its analyzed as palimpsest taking into account
neighborhood. the cultural diversity and ethnic categories
(Van Aschee and Teampău, 2009).
According to Bloom (2002), the landscape
as palimpsest is one in which the Thus, the identity construction of Dej city
different relief forms haven’t the same was carried out in different historical eras
characteristics (age, appearance, etc.). and it has the impression of different
cultures.
The impact of human actions on
landscape can be observed at the levels of In the field of town planning, Assargård
urban ecosystems, transport routes, (2011) try to develop an urban landscape
human settlements and architecture/ methodology; he wants to classify
archetypes (Bailey, 2007). palimpsest as one of many strategies
using a stratified layer.
Chevallier (1976) defines landscape as a
result of a dynamic yet instable The stratification is described as a
combination of physical, biological and structuring model for different place
anthropologic interrelated elements that components, the landscape describes a
form a unique and inseparable ensemble global stratification of different urban
in continuous evolution. systems; the natural, cultural and
historical perspectives are clearly defined.
Zonneveld (1979) defines landscape by an
ecological perspective : “part of the space In 1980, the palimpsest concept was used
on the Earth's surface, consisting of a for the first time by the American
complex of systems formed by the architect Peter Einsenman; this concept
activity of rock, water, air, plants, animals was used in urban renewal projects of
and man and that by its physiognomy brownfields in Western Europe and
forms a recognizable entity”. North America (Krinke, 2006).

European Landscape Convention, adopted Eisenman describes the palimpsest as a

on October 2000 in Florence, defines method to analyze the space and create a
landscape as „a part of the territory; its project based on multiple observation
character is the result of the action and points (Krinke, 2001).
interaction of natural and/or human
factors” (Romanian Parliament, 2002). The notion of palimpsest is quite often
used in archeology (paleontology) and
Oke (1982) says that the urban landscapes refers to a deposit where the rate of
are typically a complex combination of fossils accumulation is much higher than
buildings, roads, parking lots, sidewalks, the rate of sediment deposit, as well as to
gardens, cemeteries, soil, water, and so on. stratigraphic units representing large

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 Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 5 • Nr. 4 • 2014 •

period of time (Walker and Bamback, and temporal evolution of the urban
1971). system;
− To identify the stages of reference
Physical transformations that occur in the urban system evolution in Romania –
urban systems are the result of socio- Dej city – and of territorial
economic, political and technological transformations over reference
processes and different values, styles and historical eras with direct implications
cultures that can be found in the current on landscape.
landscape morphology.
2. Methodology
The role of time in the evolution of land The city can be considered as a
and landscape as palimpsest is very sedimentary layer formed during a long
important to identify the profile and period of time (Min, 2009).
current urban image.
The characteristics of each place are the
Urban space is treated, based on the result of the transposition on time into
concept of urban topography as space.
palimpsest, as a scroll where buildings
give identity to space and provide the From the historical point of view, the
premises of past, present and future method used in the analysis of the urban
development (Samuelson, 2008). landscape consists in observing the spatial
transformations and image of the complex
1.2. Study objectives urban system. The current image of the
This study aims to analyze the palimpsest Romanian medieval cities is the product of
concept and how it is used in comparison a complex of historical, social, economic
with the urban palimpsest and environmental factors.
transformations and to emphasize its
potential as theoretical and practical tool Over time, the morphology and urban
used in territorial analysis of the architecture are two important elements
reference urban system - Dej in the transformation process of urban
Municipality. image.

The main objective of this study is to In the context of the continuous territorial
develop public policies and identify development of urban systems, local
planning, design and management identity becomes a defining peculiarity
methods of urban landscape in order to for each city.
increase the attractiveness of urban
environment to the potential investors; a The reference architectural elements for
sustainable urban development and the local identity were destroyed in certain
quality of life of resident population. key stages during the urbanization
The specific objectives of the study are: process.
− To clear up the palimpsest concept
and its utilization in the field of town Urban landscape as palimpsest can be
planning and architecture, in spatial analyzed from the perspective of urban
and temporal context; transformation in time and space, and are
− How the concept of palimpsest can be important for the configuration of its
used as a research tool of the spatial current image.

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 Urban landscape as palimpsest • D.-G. Vâlceanu, R. A.
Urbanism
Kosa, D.-G. Tămîrjan

The identification and description of the

defining elements may lead to a better
understanding of the heterogeneous
landscape composition and processes,
such as urban areas (Weng and Lu,
2009).

The current configuration of the analyzed

urban system – Dej city – it can be
Fig. 1. The plan of the Dej city and Ocna Dej city
understood only by an historical study of
in 1773
the places and by the transformations of Source: Josephinische Landaufnahme, p. 53
the urban image in various key stages
that are very important for its territorial
development.

3. Case study: Dej City, Romania

The city is an urban structure
characterized by overlapping elements,
produced during different historical eras
(Rafailaki, 2006). Fig. 2. The plan of Dej and Ocna Dej cities in 1830
Source: Mol Térkép, 2014
The urban palimpsest appears as an
adequate tool to analyze the reference 3.2. Urban view over the socialist era
periods of time in spatial and temporal Within the new regionalization of the 50s
development of city ant to preserve its includes Dej city in Cluj region,
local identity. comprising 14 districts. 108 rural
settlements administratively depend on
The current settlement of Dej city was Dej city.
developed around the medieval and
central core; it was built by salt mine, and In 1968, the new territorial-administrative
exploited since roman occupation. organization of the Socialist Republic of
Romania, Dej city becomes municipality
3.1. Dej City and the spatial and temporal and Ocna Dej, Peştera, Pintic and Şomcutul
development
Mic become localities of this city.
On April 17, 1682 begins the building of
the cities surrounding walls (Mânzat, Between 1949-1968 the industrial
2006). It was built barriers and fosses to development of city, simultaneously with
protect the city (Mânzat, 2006). the spatial development, was strictly
related to the railway transport and
The first map that marks the limits of Dej Cellulose and Paper aggregate works.
city and Ocna Dej city dates from 1773
(Fig. 1). 1830 is a reference year for the In 1961 the industrial complex of Dej city
territorial dynamics of Dej city (Fig. 2). and complex of wood industrialization
were founded (Fig. 3).
In the spring of 1894 begins the
constructions to fortify the city, it was Between 1965-1989 Dej city was subject to
built defensive walls (Mânzat, 2006). forced industrialization.

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 Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 5 • Nr. 4 • 2014 •

development is reflected in its current

morphology.

The concept of palimpsest is used to

describe the land use types, construction
dynamics and architectural landscape in
the context of major socio-economic
transformations.
Fig. 3. Industrial landscape of Dej city
Source: Kosa, 2008
The economic post socialist restructuring
In the early 70’s, the location of Cellulose culminated with restructuring the main
and Paper aggregate works represented activities of the industrial units.
a big step in the urban development of
city by the exodus from rural areas to The socio-economic and legislative changes
urban areas in order to ensure the have had a decisive impact on the current
necessary labor; it was involved in the image of Dej city. Thus, the current urban
landscape is represented by (Fig. 5):
industrial process (Borzan, 2012).
− The central core where the old
architectural elements interpenetrate
In the socialist period, the urbanization
the new once;
process was synonymous with the
− The built residential area, on the one
industrialization process and it was
strongly influenced by the political hand, by collective housing and
ideology of the socialist system, thus the individual housing with local nature
building of residential areas was often and, on the other hand, by new
construct by demolishing existing residential areas, in the context of social
residential areas, without taking into segregation and new housing needs;
account their architectural value and − The reorganized industrial area.
−
heritage. During this period, we can talk
about the resizing of the city (Fig. 4).

Fig. 5. Urban plan of Dej city, 2009

Source: Dej city Hall, 2009
Fig. 4. Urban renewal project by demolishing the
existing buildings and constructing the new
4. Results and discussion
buildings, in the context of territorial
systematization process In the context of urban landscape, the
Source: Kosa, 1975-1976 concept of palimpsest is used to describe
a sequence of stages of the city
3.3. The palimpsest and current urban development (Kjerrgren, 2011).
morphology
The history of current landscape of the Recent urban transformations manifested
urban system and its stages of territorial by gradual disappearance of the historical

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 Urban landscape as palimpsest • D.-G. Vâlceanu, R. A.
Urbanism
Kosa, D.-G. Tămîrjan

monuments have led to a situation where built in 15th century, and an old city. The
the urban heritage conservation becomes city central area is a mix of styles, from
a real problem for the local authority Gothic style (Reformed church) to neo
(Karimi, 2000). renaissance style (central buildings
Ensemble built by architect Reményik
Their responsibility as future experts in Károly project in 1987; Prefecture Palace,
preserving historic spaces is to identify 1987) and neo baroque style (National
the current morphology factors of the College Andrei Mureşanu”, 1900).
space; to recognize and respect the social
and cultural history of urban systems
(Assi, 2000). The old city is a central core
round which the new urban morphology
is defined (Fig. 6).

Fig. 7. Urban image of Dej city in 1866 and 2012

Source: Huber, 2002 and Kosa, 2012.

The loss of local identity is a characteristic

element of spatial and temporal
Fig. 6. Morphology of the central area of Dej city development of Dej city. Over time, many
(1898, 1970 and present) heritage buildings and monuments
(Source: Kádár, 1901 and Kosa, 2013) representative for the local history of the
city have been replaced, the new
In relation to other studies of urban architectural models have not commune
landscape, the defining elements to elements with the past or not preserve the
preserve and enhance the value of local nature: the walls of city and of
historical and architectural heritage of the Gothic church, Post Building of Dej city,
studied city can not be found in the National Theatre building of Solnoc
current territorial profile. Dăbâca, School of Painting, etc.

Revitalizing the cultural heritage and The Millennium Monument (Fig. 8) and
enhancing its value become priorities for Soviet Monument (Fig. 9) are two
the sustainable, balanced, coherent and symbols of the historical central area of
inclusive development of cities with a Dej city; in the current morphology of the
rich historical past. local landscape, these monuments can
not be found.
Compared with scientific approach of
palimpsest concept, the current scientific
approach is base d on the changes of the
urban image over time, as reflected in
the configuration of the studied city (Fig.
7).

The 19th century is representative for the

identity construction of the city. Until the
second half of century, Dej city was Fig. 8. Millennium Fig. 9. Soviet
formed round a core composed by a Monument (1899) Monument (1946)
public square, a Reformed Gothic church, Source: Kádár, 1901 Source: Kosa, 2014

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 Urbanism. Arhitectură. Construcţii • Vol. 5 • Nr. 4 • 2014 •

The conservation of historical heritage customs, i.e. the continuous relation

contributes decisively to improve the between past, present and future era.
image and sustainable development of
the cities (Wai-Yin and Shu-Yun, 2004). The new geometry of urban forms should
be in synergy with spatial elements and
The preservation of cultural identity can historic and present day influences.
represent a concern whose final objective
is to ensure the quality of resident The city considered as a palimpsest is an
population life (Scazzosi, 2004). alternative to the establishment of the lost
identity and the capacity to resist to fast,
5. Conclusions uncontrolled and stereotypical
The urban palimpsest concept can be development of the urban system.
used to explain the dynamics of the
reference historical eras – support for Preserving the local identity and
current urban configuration. combining old architectural elements with
new ones are pre requisites of the analysis
The stratification of development levels of urban landscape as palimpsest.
according to historical eras has particularly
importance in the context of morphology Palimpsest is a method to analyze and
configuration and the urban representation characterize the urban landscape. Each
in correlation with the new public policies city is an urban palimpsest.
objectives of sustainable and balanced
spatial development. Excepting a nostalgic reconstruction of
the urban system of Dej city, i.e. of all
Past, present and future development of elements specifically to palimpsest such
Dej city is the result of territorial and as central core, public square, heritage
socio-economic transformations. buildings, architectural elements, specific
to various styles, should establish a
The urban landscape is treated as an image rational continuity where the
of the past era, a cultural construction of preservation and enhancing of value
the present era and a starting point for its should synchronize with the
new development; all of these are reflected contemporary management strategy and
in the city architecture. sustainable, coherent and integrate
development objectives.
The new spatial dimensions and the
extension of studied urban system must Thus, the new regeneration and urban
take into account the social, economic, renewal project should take into account
political and human factors that actively the history of city and aim to preserve the
contribute to a controlled, balanced and historical heritage by integrated
sustainable development in order to revitalization and enhancing its values.
ensure the optimal quality of life.
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Received: 20 May 2013 • Revised: 17 March 2014 • Accepted: 14 April 2014

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