eRAN

Satellite Transmission (FDD)

Feature Parameter Description

Issue Draft A
Date 2020-12-29

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2021. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
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and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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Email: support@huawei.com

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eRAN
Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description Contents

Contents

1 Change History.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 eRAN17.1 Draft A (2020-12-29)........................................................................................................................................ 1

2 About This Document.............................................................................................................2

2.1 General Statements................................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Applicable RAT......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Differences Between eNodeB Types................................................................................................................................. 3

3 Overview....................................................................................................................................4
4 Satellite Transmission.............................................................................................................5
4.1 Principles.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.1 Systems.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.2 Networking............................................................................................................................................................................ 5
4.1.3 Wavebands............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.1.4 Interfaces and Links............................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1.5 Bandwidth Calculation....................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Network Analysis..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2.1 Benefits.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2.2 Impacts.................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.3 Requirements......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
4.3.1 Licenses................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
4.3.2 Software................................................................................................................................................................................16
4.3.3 Hardware.............................................................................................................................................................................. 17
4.3.4 Networking.......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.3.5 Others.................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Operation and Maintenance............................................................................................................................................. 18
4.4.1 Data Configuration........................................................................................................................................................... 18
4.4.1.1 Data Preparation............................................................................................................................................................ 18
4.4.1.2 Using MML Commands............................................................................................................................................... 18
4.4.1.3 Using the MAE-Deployment...................................................................................................................................... 18
4.4.2 Activation Verification..................................................................................................................................................... 18
4.4.3 Network Monitoring......................................................................................................................................................... 18

5 Glossary................................................................................................................................... 19

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description Contents

6 Reference Documents...........................................................................................................20

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eRAN
Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 1 Change History

1 Change History

This section provides information about the changes in different document

versions. There are two types of changes:
● Technical changes
Changes in features and parameters of a specified version
● Editorial changes
Changes in wording or addition of information and any related parameters
affected by editorial changes

1.1 eRAN17.1 Draft A (2020-12-29)

This issue introduces the following changes to eRAN16.1 01 (2020-03-30).

Technical Changes
Change Parameter RAT Base Station
Description Change Model

Canceled the None FDD BTS3911E

compatibility with
the BTS3911E as
of this version.

Editorial Changes
Changed GPS to GNSS. For details, see 4.2.2 Impacts.
Revised descriptions in this document.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 2 About This Document

2 About This Document

2.1 General Statements

Purpose
This document is intended to acquaint readers with:
● The technical principles of features and their related parameters
● The scenarios where these features are used, the benefits they provide, and
the impact they have on networks and functions
● Requirements of the operating environment that must be met before feature
activation
● Parameter configuration required for feature activation, verification of feature
activation, and monitoring of feature performance
NOTE

This document only provides guidance for feature activation. Feature deployment and
feature gains depend on the specifics of the network scenario where the feature is
deployed. To achieve the desired gains, contact Huawei professional service engineers.

Software Interfaces
Any parameters, alarms, counters, or managed objects (MOs) described in this
document apply only to the corresponding software release. For future software
releases, refer to the corresponding updated product documentation.

2.2 Applicable RAT

This document applies to FDD.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 2 About This Document

2.3 Differences Between eNodeB Types

The features described in this document are implemented in the same way on
macro and LampSite eNodeBs.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 3 Overview

3 Overview

Satellite transmission refers to the use of satellites for communications, which

enables earth satellites to relay microwave signals transmitted between two or
more earth stations to achieve communication.
Based on the satellite orbit, satellites are divided into low Earth orbit (LEO)
satellite, medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite, and geosynchronous (GEO) satellite.
GEO satellites are often used for transmission in mobile communication and MEO
satellites that are developing are also used now.
The main difference between satellite transmission and ordinary terrestrial
transmission lies in delay. A GEO satellite is about 36000 km away from Earth and
an MEO satellite is about 10000 km away from Earth. Through calculation, the
one-way delay of GEO satellite transmission is about 280 ms, and the one-way
delay of MEO satellite transmission is about 80 ms. In addition, satellite
transmission networks may face the following challenges:
● Large signal jitter
● Poor transmission link stability
● Poor signal quality
● Small communication capacity
● Expensive equipment and bandwidth
Therefore, if terrestrial transmission is available in an area, it is recommended that
terrestrial transmission be used.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

4 Satellite Transmission

4.1 Principles

4.1.1 Systems
A satellite communication system is composed of communication satellites and
earth stations.
● A communication satellite consists of a control system, communication
system (antenna and relay), telemetry system, power supply system, and
temperature control system.
● An earth station is composed of an antenna system, transmitter, receiver,
channel terminal (modem), communication control system, and power supply
system. The earth station is divided into hub and very small aperture terminal
(VSAT).
– A hub station is a large communication station in compliance with
international or European standards. Typically, a convergence router is
used to connect a hub station to the CN. The hub station provides high
transmission rate and large antenna diameter, but requires high
equipment cost.
– A VSAT is the earth station that constitutes a private network. Generally,
VSATs are connected to base stations. Users under different base stations
use their respective VSATs for communication. VSATs are characterized by
low cost, small aperture, and flexible deployment.

4.1.2 Networking
Satellite Transmission Networking for LTE
The star topology is often used in satellite transmission, as shown in Figure 4-1.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Figure 4-1 Satellite transmission networking for LTE

In outbound transmission, a hub station sends data to the VSAT station via a
satellite transponder. In inbound transmission, a VSAT station sends data to the
hub.

Satellite transmission supports IPv4 and IPv6. The length of an IPv6 packet header
is longer than that of an IPv4 packet header and occupies more bandwidth.

Satellite Transmission Networking for Concurrency of LTE and GSM/UMTS

In hybrid networking where LTE and GSM/UMTS coexist, single-mode base
stations can be separately deployed for each mode or a multimode base station is
deployed using the co-transmission scheme, as shown in Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-2 Satellite transmission networking where LTE and GSM/UMTS coexist

4.1.3 Wavebands
Two wavebands are often used for satellite transmission, as listed in Table 4-1. A
proper waveband is selected based on the climatic conditions and deployed
transmission equipment.

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Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Table 4-1 Wavebands used for satellite transmission

Waveband Name Frequency Band Characteristics

C 3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz ● Small atmospheric

5.925 GHz to 6.425 GHz absorption loss
● Slightly impacted by
rain, snow, and fog
● Greatly impacted by
terrestrial microwave
communication using
the same frequency
band
● Large antenna
diameter

Ku 11.7 GHz to 12.2 GHz ● Greatly impacted by

14 GHz to 14.5 GHz rain, snow, and fog
● Slightly impacted by
terrestrial microwave
communication using
the same frequency
band
● Small antenna
diameter
● Flexible deployment

4.1.4 Interfaces and Links

LTE supports satellite transmission over the S1 interface but does not support
satellite transmission over the X2 interface. Satellite transmission is mainly applied
in islands, remote mountains, or deserts. Therefore, inter-site handovers are rarely
involved. If inter-site handover is required, it is recommended that aggregation
devices be used to forward X2 packets. If aggregation devices are unavailable,
transmission over the S1 interface is recommended.

The two-way delay of satellite transmission is about 600 ms, longer than that in
terrestrial transmission. Transmission links for satellite transmission using an
eNodeB are as follows:

● Control-plane link: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is

adopted. The default values of the existing delay-related parameters
SCTPTEMPLATE.RTOMIN, SCTPTEMPLATE.RTOMAX,
SCTPTEMPLATE.RTOINIT, and SCTPTEMPLATE.HBINTER meet the SCTP
requirements in satellite transmission.
● User-plane path: The GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane (GTP-U) is used to
detect link status. The default value of the involved parameter
GTPU.TIMEOUTTH meets the requirement for detecting user-plane path
status in satellite transmission.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

4.1.5 Bandwidth Calculation

Satellite transmission links usually cost high and only limited satellite bandwidth
will be rent for LTE transmission. Therefore, the eNodeB bandwidth in this scenario
should be evaluated based on traffic models of a site.
In IP-based transmission, the available bandwidth for inbound transmission is less
than that for outbound transmission. These two bandwidths must be separately
calculated to avoid service congestion due to insufficient bandwidth. The total
bandwidth required equals the sum of the inbound transmission bandwidth and
outbound transmission bandwidth.
A base station or EPC equipment sends packets to a satellite terrestrial station in
IP over Ethernet transmission mode. The satellite terrestrial station strips the MAC
header, retains the IP header, adds the satellite transmission header, and performs
FEC coding and then modulation. Then the satellite terrestrial station sends the
processed packets to the satellite. Figure 4-3 exemplifies this process.

Figure 4-3 Ethernet transmission and satellite transmission

The peer satellite terrestrial station receives the packets forwarded by the satellite,
and performs demodulation, strips the satellite transmission header, and adds the
MAC header on the packets. Therefore, the bandwidth calculation involves only
the IP-layer transmission bandwidth but not the MAC header.
IP-layer transmission bandwidth required for a base station = Uplink IP-layer
transmission bandwidth + Downlink IP-layer transmission bandwidth

NOTE

The preceding formula provides only the IP-layer transmission bandwidth required for a base
station. However, satellite equipment encapsulation should be considered in satellite bandwidth
calculation. For details, consult satellite transmission operators.

4.2 Network Analysis

4.2.1 Benefits
Satellite transmission can break the terrain and distance limits. It features wide
coverage, long transmission distance, and lower cost compared with deploying
terrestrial equipment. Satellite transmission is recommended for scenarios with

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

the terrain and distance limits, such as remote mountainous areas, deserts, and
sparsely populated grasslands and islands.

4.2.2 Impacts

Network Impacts
In satellite transmission scenarios:

● Satellite transmission experiences great delay and jitter, which may cause
one-way audio and no audio, increase the call drop rate, decrease the
handover success rate, and affect the MOS.
● The transmission quality is affected by adverse weather conditions. To a
certain extent, the signal quality, bandwidth, and communication quality are
adversely affected.
● In IPv6 transmission scenarios, the length of a basic IPv6 packet header is 40
bytes, which is longer than that of a basic IPv4 packet header. Therefore, the
transmission efficiency of an IPv6 network is slightly lower than that of an
IPv4 network. For example, the length of an IPv4 packet is 800 bytes and the
length of an IPv6 packet is 820 bytes. The IPv6 transmission efficiency is 2.5%
lower than IPv4 transmission efficiency.

Function Impacts
● Inter-RAT interoperatability
Satellite transmission is mostly applied in isolated islands, rendering poorer
performance than terrestrial transmission and coverage holes. Therefore,
circuit switched fallback (CSFB), PS redirection, and single radio voice call
continuity (SRVCC) are performed all based on measurement. Table 4-2
describes the recommended configurations for these features.

Table 4-2 Recommended configurations for inter-RAT interoperatability using

satellite transmission

RAT Interoperatability Recommended Configuration

Feature

LTE to UMTS CSFB ● Use redirection to reduce the

number of times that
signaling is transmitted using
satellites over the S1
interface.
● Increase the CSFB protection
timer length by 1s compared
with that in terrestrial
transmission.

PS redirection Use redirection for PS services to

reduce the number of times that
signaling is transmitted using
satellites over the S1 interface.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

RAT Interoperatability Recommended Configuration

Feature

SRVCC SRVCC using satellite

transmission affects only the
handover preparation delay but
not the user-plane interruption-
caused delay. To trigger SRVCC
as early as possible, it is
recommended that the following
SRVCC-based handover
thresholds be reconfigured:
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA1ThdRsrp to -105
dBm.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA2ThdRsrp to -108
dBm.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA1ThdRsrq to -16 dB.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA2ThdRsrq to -20 dB.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Utra
nB2Thd1Rsrp to -108 dBm.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Utra
nB2Thd1Rsrq to -20 dB.
● Set
InterRatHoUtranGroup.Inter
RatHoUtranB1ThdRscp to
-94 dBm.

LTE to GSM CSFB ● Use redirection.

● Set the CSFB protection timer
length to 4s.

PS redirection Use redirection for PS services to

reduce the number of times that
signaling is transmitted using
satellites over the S1 interface.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

RAT Interoperatability Recommended Configuration

Feature

SRVCC SRVCC using satellite

transmission affects only the
handover preparation delay but
not the user-plane interruption-
caused delay. To trigger SRVCC
as early as possible, it is
recommended that the following
SRVCC-based handover
thresholds be reconfigured:
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA1ThdRsrp to -105
dBm.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA2ThdRsrp to -108
dBm.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA1ThdRsrq to -16 dB.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Inte
rRatHoA2ThdRsrq to -20 dB.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Ger
anB2Thd1Rsrp to -108 dBm.
● Set
InterRatHoCommGroup.Ger
anB2Thd1Rsrq to -20 dB.
● Set
InterRatHoGeranGroup.Inter
RatHoGeranB1Thd to -90
dBm.

● LTE service solutions

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Table 4-3 Recommended configurations for LTE service solutions using

satellite transmission
Service Feature Recommended Configuration
Solution

Voice and VoLTE The impact of introducing

other satellite transmission into voice
services services is reflected by MOSs.
The following configurations are
recommended:
● If the bandwidth is
insufficient, the following
Adaptive Multirate (AMR)
coding schemes are
recommended:
– AMR-NB: 4.75 kbit/s
– AMR-WB: 6.6 kbit/s
● Disable the DRX feature for
voice users at sites using
satellite transmission to
prevent the delay from being
further increased.

LCS The reporting frequency of

location service (LCS) affects the
transmission bandwidth, which
must be considered in network
planning with limited
bandwidth. The reporting
frequency is set by the location
timer and cannot be adjusted on
a base station.

eMBMS This feature is not recommended

in satellite transmission
scenarios.

Video Experience This type of feature is not

Optimization recommended in satellite
transmission scenarios.

Radio and Basic features This type of feature is not

performance affected by satellite
transmission.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Service Feature Recommended Configuration

Solution

Carrier Aggregation The recommendation policies of

this feature vary with scenarios:
● Enable intra-base-station
carrier aggregation under
certain conditions in satellite
transmission scenarios. For
deployment requirements, see
Carrier Aggregation.
● Inter-eNodeB carrier
aggregation is not
recommended in satellite
transmission scenarios.

Interference coordination This type of feature is not

recommended in satellite
transmission scenarios.

eMIMO This feature is not recommended

in satellite transmission
scenarios.

MIMO This feature is not affected by

satellite transmission.

Virtual 4T4R This feature is not affected by

satellite transmission.

Signaling storm and This type of feature is not

terminal power saving affected by satellite
transmission.

QoS This type of feature is not

affected by satellite
transmission.

Spectrum reuse This type of feature is not

affected by satellite
transmission.

Coverage enhancement Enable this type of feature in

islands, which does not affect
satellite transmission.
● The site height for offshore
coverage within 15 km must
range from 40 m to 50 m.
● The site height for offshore
coverage of 15 km to 100 km
must range from 50 m to 500
m.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Service Feature Recommended Configuration

Solution

High speed scenario This type of feature is not

recommended in satellite
transmission scenarios.

HetNet This type of feature is not

recommended in satellite
transmission scenarios.

Inter-RAT mobility to This type of feature is not

WiFi recommended in satellite
transmission scenarios.

SON ANR Management When ANR is enabled with the

use of satellite transmission,
neighboring cells can be added
through UEs only in cell
coverage overlapping scenarios.
The ANR measurement control
procedure is not affected by
satellite transmission.

MRO This feature is not affected by

satellite transmission.

PCI Collision Detection & This feature is not affected by

Self-Optimization satellite transmission.

Random Access Control This feature is not affected by

satellite transmission.

Cell Outage Detection This feature is not affected by

and Compensation satellite transmission.

Automatic Congestion This feature is not affected by

Control satellite transmission.

Load Intra-RAT Mobility Load Load balancing belongs to

balancing Balancing unnecessary handovers and its
parameters do not need to be
Inter-RAT Mobility Load reconfigured in satellite
Balancing transmission scenarios. If the
satellite transmission bandwidth
is limited, the load balancing
effect will be affected.

Power saving Energy Conservation and This type of feature is not

Emission Reduction affected by satellite
transmission.
RRU PA Efficiency
Improvement

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Service Feature Recommended Configuration

Solution

LiTRA PTT This feature is not recommended

in satellite transmission
scenarios.

CIoT NB-IoT This feature is not recommended

in satellite transmission
scenarios.

eMTC This feature is not recommended

in satellite transmission
scenarios.

● Transmission and clock synchronization

Table 4-4 Recommended configurations for transmission and clock

synchronization
Feature Recommended Configuration

Transmission Resource Satellite transmission links cost high and limited

Management bandwidth is rent. When the transmission
bandwidth is insufficient, rate limit and traffic
shaping are required to prevent service data
from exceeding the transmission link capacity.
Load control is required to prevent excessive
admission and ensure quality of admitted
services. For details on transmission resource
management, see Transmission Resource
Management. For multimode co-transmission
scenarios, see Bandwidth Sharing of Multimode
Base Station Co-Transmission.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Feature Recommended Configuration

Synchronization ● Frequency synchronization

Satellite transmission often experiences a
large jitter and cannot ensure a time
precision of less than 20 ms. Therefore,
1588V2 frequency synchronization is not
recommended.
For macro and LampSite base stations: When
inter-base-station handovers are rarely
performed, use the internal clock solution.
That is, set TASM.CurrentSrc to
INTERCLK(Inter Clock). When inter-base-
station handovers are involved, use the GNSS
clock synchronization.
● Time synchronization
1588V2 time synchronization is not
supported. If an eNodeB requires time
synchronization, the GNSS needs to be
deployed.

S1 link self-configuration Links can be self-configured over the S1-U and

S1-C interfaces, which is not affected by satellite
transmission.

Transmission Transmission maintenance and test functions

maintenance and test such as IP performance monitoring (IP PM) and
Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol
(TWAMP) are not recommended.

4.3 Requirements

4.3.1 Licenses
IPv4 transmission: No requirements

IPv6 transmission: For details, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

4.3.2 Software

Prerequisite Functions
None

Mutually Exclusive Functions

None

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Description 4 Satellite Transmission

4.3.3 Hardware
Base Station Models
No requirements

Boards
IPv4 transmission: No requirements
IPv6 transmission: For details, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

RF Modules
This function does not depend on RF modules.

4.3.4 Networking
Congestion often occurs on satellite transmission links due to resource
insufficiency, causing long delay, jitter, and packet loss. As a result, voice quality is
affected. Therefore, satellite devices must be configured with proper bandwidth
and QoS policy to ensure the quality of voice services.
● Proper assured and maximum bandwidths
In star topology, base stations can share the transmission bandwidth but may
not share the assured bandwidth configured for a specific base station.
Therefore, the assured bandwidth must be properly configured on the satellite
device to increase the shared bandwidth between base stations. The
maximum bandwidth must also be properly configured to prevent a base
station from occupying excessive bandwidth.
● Proper QoS policy to reduce congestion impact
– Scheduling based on differentiated services code point (DSCP) priorities is
used to prioritize voice services and prevent data service congestion from
affecting voice services. The DSCP priority settings on the satellite device
are the same as those on the radio equipment.
– In star topology, the signaling and voice services of all base stations are
preferentially scheduled. For example, the signaling and voice service of
base station A can preempt the bandwidth for data services of base
station B.
For other networking requirements, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

4.3.5 Others
Other requirements of satellite transmission are as follows:
● In IPv6 transmission, satellite devices must support IPv6.
● The EPC supports satellite transmission.
● The eNodeB supports Ethernet transmission.
● The satellite device supports the LTE mode.
● Quality of service (QoS) requirements for satellite transmission are described
in Table 4-5.

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Description 4 Satellite Transmission

Table 4-5 QoS requirements for one-way transmission

QoS Delay Jitter Packet Loss Rate
Requirement

Satellite < 350 ms < 40 ms < 0.05%

transmission over
the S1 interface

4.4 Operation and Maintenance

4.4.1 Data Configuration

4.4.1.1 Data Preparation

It is recommended that satellite transmission deployment be performed during
off-peak hours to avoid affecting services. This is because operations such as
software upgrade and log extraction occupy a large bandwidth. For details about
data preparation, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

4.4.1.2 Using MML Commands

For details, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

4.4.1.3 Using the MAE-Deployment

For details, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

4.4.2 Activation Verification

For details, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

4.4.3 Network Monitoring

For details, see IP eRAN Engineering Guide.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 5 Glossary

5 Glossary

For the acronyms, abbreviations, terms, and definitions, see Glossary.

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Satellite Transmission (FDD) Feature Parameter
Description 6 Reference Documents

6 Reference Documents

● IP eRAN Engineering Guide

● Bandwidth Sharing of Multimode Base Station Co-Transmission
● Transmission Resource Management
● Carrier Aggregation

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