Plane and Spherical Trigonometry

Plane
and Spherical
Trigonometry
Part 1: Plane Trigonometry
Conversion of Units
1 Rotation = 360 Degrees (Sexagesimal System)
= 2𝜋 Radians
= 400 Gradians (Centesimal System)
= 6400 Mils
Example 1
Convert 405 degrees to Mils.

Trigonometric Functions (Right Angle)
Some Little Known Trigonometric Functions
Versed Sine: versθ = 1− cosθ

Coversed Sine/Versed Cosine: coversθ = 1− sin θ
Exsecant: ex secθ = secθ − 1

1
Haversine: havθ = (1− cosθ )
2
Example 2
Find the value of 𝜃 if versed sine of 𝜃 = 0.148.

Example 3
In triangle ABC, AB = 8m and BC = 20m.

One possible dimension of CA is?
Concept:
üSum of any two sides > Third Side
üDifference of any two sides < Third side

min = A − B + 1 = C
max = A + B − 1 = C
Oblique Triangles:
∑ InteriorAngle = 180 0
üSmallest: > 0 degree but < 90 degrees (ACUTE)

üIntermediate: > 0 degree but < 90 degrees
(ACUTE)
üLargest: > 0 degree but < 180 degrees (ACUTE
or OBTUSE)
Example 4
In triangle ABC, AB = 15m, AC = 9m and
angle A = 50 degrees. Determine the length of
side BC.
Co-‐terminal Angles:
Ex: 30 deg, 390 deg, 750 deg, -‐330 deg.
Example 5
In triangle XYZ, XZ = 17m, YZ = 15m and
angle X = 43 degrees. Determine the interior
angle at vertex z.
Checking the SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES:
Mollweide’s Equation:
⎛ A − B⎞ ⎛ A − B⎞
sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
cos ⎜ ⎟
a+b ⎝ 2 ⎠ a−b
= or =
c ⎛ C⎞ c ⎛ C⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Trigonometric Identities:
üPythagorean Identities
sin θ + cos θ = 1
2 2
1+ tan θ = sec θ
2 2
cot θ + 1 = csc θ
2 2
üFunction of Sum and Difference
sin ( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± cos Asin B

cos ( A ± B ) = cos A cos B ∓ sin Asin B
tan A ± tan B
tan ( A ± B ) =
1 ∓ tan A tan B
üFunction of Twice an Angle
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos A − sin A
2 2
cos 2A = 1− 2sin A 2
cos 2A = 2 cos A − 1
2
2 tan A
tan 2A = 2
1− tan A
üFunction of Half an Angle
θ 1− cosθ
sin =
2 2
θ 1+ cosθ
cos =
2 2
θ sin θ
tan =
2 1+ cosθ
üSum & Difference of Functions
⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
sin x + sin y = 2sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
sin x − sin y = 2 cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎟ sin ⎜
⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
cos x + cos y = 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ x + y⎞ ⎛ x − y⎞
cos x − cos y = −2sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎟ sin ⎜
Example 6
If the sum of the angles A+B+C=180
degrees and tanA+tanB+tanC=x, find the
equivalent value of (tanA)(tanB)(tanC)?
Example 7
• Given:
• P = A sin X + B cos X
• Q = A cos X – B sin X
• From the given equations above, show the relationship between P, Q ,
A and B not involving any of the trigonometric functions of angle X.
Example 8
Find the value of
sin 0 + sin1 + sin 2 + ...+ sin 90

0 0 0 0
cos 0 + cos1 + cos 2 + ...+ cos 90

0 0 0 0
Example 9
A pole cast a shadow 15m long when the
angle of elevation of the sun is 61 degrees. If
the pole leans 15 degrees directly towards the
sun, what is the length of the pole?
Example 10
A statue 2m high stands on a column that
is 3m high. An observer in level with the top of
the statue observed that the column and the
statue subtend the same angle. How far is the
observer from the statue?
Example 11
The angle of elevation of the top point D
of a tower from A is 24.35 degrees. From
another point B, the angle of elevation of the
top of the tower is 56.21 degrees. The points A
and B are 287.6m apart on the same level
ground as the foot of the tower. The horizontal
angle subtends by A and B at the foot of the
tower is 90 degrees.
üDetermine the distance from point A to the
foot of the tower.
üCompute the distance from point B to the

foot of the tower.
üFind the height of the tower.

Example 12
Two towers A and B are placed at a
distance of 100m apart horizontally. The height
of A is 40m and that of B is 30 m.
1. At what distance vertically above the
ground will the intersection of the lines
forming the angles of elevation of the top
of the two towers observed from the bases
of towers A and B respectively.
Example 12
2. At what distance, horizontally is this point
located from tower A?
Example 12
3. At what distance, horizontally is this point
located from tower B?
Example 13
Determine the hypotenuse of an isosceles
right triangle whose perimeter is 24 inches.
Example 14
From a point outside an equilateral
triangle, the distance of the vertices are 10m,
10m, and 18m. Find the dimension of the
triangle.
Part 2:
Spherical Trigonometry
The Spherical Triangle
Sine Law
sin a sinb sin c
= =
sin A sin B sinC
Cosine Law
cos a = cosb cos c + sinbsin c cos A
cosb = cos a cos c + sin asin c cos B
cos c = cos a cosb + sin asinb cosC
Cosine Law
cos A = − cos B cosC + sin BsinC cos a

cos B = − cos A cosC + sin AsinC cosb
cosC = − cos A cos B + sin Asin B cos c
Mnemonics!
S = Sides
P = Positve
A = Angles
N = Negative
Example 15
Angle C = 90 degrees in a right spherical
triangle ABC. If c = 80 degrees and a = 50
degrees. Find b.
Example 16
In a spherical triangle ABC, B = 80 degrees,
a=49 degrees and c = 77 degrees. Find the
value of angle A.
Checking the SOLUTION OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLES:
Delambre (or Gauss) Analogies:

⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
sin ⎢ ( a − b ) ⎥ sin ⎢ ( A − B ) ⎥ sin ⎢ ( a + b ) ⎥ cos ⎢ ( A − B ) ⎥
⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ or ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ or
sin ⎜ c⎟ cos ⎜ C ⎟ sin ⎜ c⎟ sin ⎜ C ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
cos ⎢ ( a − b ) ⎥ sin ⎢ ( A + B ) ⎥ cos ⎢ ( a + b ) ⎥ cos ⎢ ( A + B ) ⎥
⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦= ⎣2 ⎦
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ or ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
cos ⎜ c⎟ cos ⎜ C ⎟ cos ⎜ c⎟ sin ⎜ C ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
Example 17
Find the perimeter of the spherical
triangle if R = 94m and a = 116019’, b = 55030’,
c = 80037’
Example 18
Find the area of the spherical triangle if R
= 94m and a = 116019’, b = 55030’, c = 80037’
Example 19
If the longitude of Tokyo is 139 degrees
East and that of Manila is 121 degrees E. What
is the difference of the two?
Example 20
If the time is 8:00 A.M. GMT, what is the
time in the:
a. Philippines (120 degrees E)
b. Egypt (109 degrees W)
Example 21
Find the distance in nautical miles

between Manila and San Francisco. Manila is
located at 14036’ N latitude and 121005’ E
longitude. San Francisco is situated at 37048’ N
latitude and 122024’W longitude.

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Plane

Convert 405 degrees to Mils.

Versed Sine: versθ = 1− cosθ

Exsecant: ex secθ = secθ − 1

Find the value of 𝜃 if versed sine of 𝜃 = 0.148.

In triangle ABC, AB = 8m and BC = 20m.

üDifference of any two sides < Third side

üSmallest: > 0 degree but < 90 degrees (ACUTE)

üFunction of Sum and Difference

sin ( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± cos Asin B

sin 0 + sin1 + sin 2 + ...+ sin 90

cos 0 + cos1 + cos 2 + ...+ cos 90

üCompute the distance from point B to the

üFind the height of the tower.

cos A = − cos B cosC + sin BsinC cos a

Delambre (or Gauss) Analogies:

Find the distance in nautical miles

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