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06 MAY 2015

LECTURER: M. N SIZIBA

TOPIC: THE PEOPLE OF ZIMBABWE

- People of Zimbabwe make up the nation of Zimbabwe.

- A nation is the people living together on a definite piece of land, and these people

share common experiences, history, ways of life.

- They also choose a government which they allow to run their affairs.

- According to Mahlangu in his book uMthwakazi he says amaNdebele can be divided

into two groups according to their totems, which are those whose totems are related to

water (trace their origins from Mhlanga and Siziba) and the other groups are those

that have to do with the ground.

- Both of these groups are found where Bantu languages are spoken as SA to Tanzania.

- According to Chigwedere the people of southern Africa fall into three groups. He

identifies the first groups like Mahlangu and he call them Dziba (water). The land

totems he calls them

- The third group is the baTonga people in the Zambezi valley. Us are patrilineal (trace

our origins through the father) but people to the North they are matrilineal because

children are of their mother not the father, they trace their origins through their

mothers. He also observed that baTonga have also have totems even if they are

matrilineal.

State formations

- The great Zimbabwe, Mutapa, Rozvi and Ndebele, the Gaza state and the Zulu state.

- All these state were created by Bantu speaking people

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- The Great Zimbabwe

- It was probably so as to more effectively exploit resources for the benefit of the ruling

class. The mbireshoko group probably

- These states were founded by leaders who organised, traumatised people

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08 MAY 2015

LECTURER: MN SIZIBA

TOPIC: PEOPLE OF ZIMBABWE

Mind Set

Leftist

 of the centre they want fundamental change

 poor, own nothing, low job workers

 revolutionary progressive

 they want change everyday

 communist, pan Africanist, nationalist like ZANU PF, ANC

The centre

 they are moderate, liberals

 relatively well off

 consist of professionals e.g doctors, lecturers

 liberal state

Rightist

 of the centre they are reactional they do not want change, anti-revolutional

 constructive

 rich, they own everything

 conservatives

 fascist, MDC, Neo conservatives

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The difference between Afrocentric and Eurocentric

Afrocentric Eurocentric

 Is based on Ubuntu  Based on ubukhiwa

 They celebrate collective existence or  They are very intolerant

group spirit  See Africa and Africans as bad people

 They tolerate others who need assistance from the messiah

 They see Africa in good light

 Were developed by pan Africanist

e.g. NkwameKrumer
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13 MAY 2015

LECTURER: MR MJ NDLOVU

TOPIC: ANTI COLONIAL STRUGLES IN THE 2OTH CENTURY

 These were struggles waged by Africans against the colonial system in an attempt to

extricate themselves or free themselves from colonial bondage

 These struggles ranged from strikes, demonstrations, sit-ins, forging and destroying

passes, desertions, partitions, sabotage and finally the armed struggle which brought

independence

Aims

 Initially Africans sought better treatment within the colonial system i.e. better health

facilities, education etc.

 To gain the right to vote and then participate in shaping their country’s destiny

 To destroy colonial rule and substitute it with black majority rule

Anti-colonial grievances

 Loss of land - this led to a multiplicity economic and political problems and socially

 Economic marginalisation – Africans had no means of capital accumulation since

they faced stringent conditions in the production and marketing of their products

 Racial segregation – indigenous people were treated as second class citizens in their

own country

 There were some exclusively white areas and facilities such as residential areas,

hotels, toilets, busses, schools

 Inter-racial marriages were forbidden

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 Lack of voting rights- the voting system was discriminatory as it was influenced by

material issues, The level of education, amount of salary, type of residential area

eloquence in English language determined ones legibility to vote

 Political repression – a lot of laws were passed and these criminalised all African

political activities leading to the torture and detention of political leaders and the

banning of their parties

 Poor medical facilities

 Poor educational opportunities – Africans were rarely trained for white collar jobs

Early forms of African resistance.

- These early anti-colonial struggles were non revolutional in strategy i.e. They

accepted the reality of colonialism and sought to make it more bearable

- They sought participation, respect and representation within the overall framework of

the colonial political economy

- The epicentre of the early struggles was in the urban centres, mining as well as

farming resorts and they were directed by the workers

- They staged protests and even formed trade unions to negotiate for better working and

living conditions

- The colonial regime responded ruthlessly to these genuine calls for a better life by the

Africans, workers were teargased, bitten thoroughly, ringleaders shot and vicious

dogs mutilated their body

- Although workers protest were crashed the country was plunged into a devastating

nation strike which shook the country to its core

- This was mainly due to the increasing, grinding poverty of 1940’s

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- In this strike urban workers were joined by mine and farm workers and this was a

prelude to a more broad based and fierced African resistance to the settler authority
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Date: 15 MAY 2015

Lecturer: M J Ndlovu

Topic : MASS NATIONSLISM AND THE ARMED STRUGGLE.

 Failure of early anti colonial strugglesradicalised African agitation and led to a change

of strategies.

 The strategies where no longer reformist but confrontational and the aim was to

achieve majority rule on a one man one vote basis.

 During this period political parties which cut across ethnic lines and had international

links formed.

 International links African national congress of( 1958), first links,

 President was Joshua Nkomo and other leader were G Nyandoro, L takawira, E

Nkala, J Msipha among others.

 As one of the strategies to internationalise the Rhodesian crisis and gain sympathy

and support across the world , the ANC delegation attended the all Africans Peoples

Conference in ACRA Ghana (1958).

 The aim of the conference was to mobilise all Afriacans across Africa to overcome

colonialism and regroup into a United of Africa.

 Africans resorted to more violence and sabotage and the settler government used the

unlawfull organisation act to ban the ANC and deteine its leadership.

 Africans where not intimadeted as they formed another party in January 1960 known

as National democratic party.

 It had more members than the ANC.

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 Carried out more radical act of sabotage and initiated more links with the international

community as well as more regional organisations like the ANC of south Africa, Unip

of Zambia and Frelimo of Mozambique.

 Carried out large scale protest in Bulawayo and harare in July 1960 known as the Zhi

protest.

 The NDP hoped that through acts of sabotage as well as protest by students, workers

and peasants the country would be rendered ungovernable there by forcing the settler

to give up power and evacuate the country.

 This was the misplaced hope since independence was not given on a silver platter but

was attained after aprotracted and armed struggle.

 Zapu and Zanu laid a firm foundation for the struggle

ARMED STRUGGLE

 Besides engaging in vigorous wide spread acts of sabotage Zapu and Zanu sent

begane a serious programme of sending outside the country for military training .

 As early as 1962 Zapu sent its first group to the USSR to undergo military training in

guerrilla warfare whilst Zanu sent theirs to China . Mozambique.

 Zipra military operations were coordinated and directed by J Z Moyo, A Mangena, N

Masuku, J Chirema.

 On the other hand zanla operations were driven by an eight member council of the

chimrenga ( dare rechimurenga), J Tongogara as chief of defence, H Chitepo.

 Other member we Mudzi, Gumbo , Mataure, Mukono, Hamadziripi and Kangai.

 After receiving training in guerrilla warfare the recruits emphasis infiltrated the

country secretly and harassed the settler forces from all corners of the country.

 They use surprise attack.

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 The hit and run tactics

 And all sorts of tactics which concealed their presents.

 They embraced the maoist saying “ the people are the sea and the solders are the fish

, without the sea the fish cannot survive”.

 For Zanla force their key mobilisation strategy was through all night meetings were

guerrillas received information, food, clothes and morale from the masses in return

the cadres preached the political gospel to the masses hence inspiring more to join the

liberation struggle.
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20 MAY 2015

LECTURER: MR MARARIRA

TOPIC: NATIONAL HEROES AND HEROINES

After independence two national symbols were created that is :

The national heroes’ acre

 This is about 57 hectares

 It is a national monument to Zimbabwe’s heroes and heroines

 It is also a symbol of the mass masses struggle of the liberation that transacts

tribalism, ethnicism, regionalism and rationalism

 It arouses national consciousness and forces national unity and identity

 Proclamation of public holidays and these days are 11th and 12th of August are heroes

days for the commemoration of those who sacrificed their User1life for the liberation

of Zimbabwe

 Now only 11th is the heroes day and 12th august is now the defence forces day

Features at the heroes acre

 There is a statue with three heroic figures that is one woman and two men portraying

the gorillas or freedom fighters

 The flag pole flying the national flag

 A tomb of the unknown soldier

 A 40m high tower carrying the eternal flame which was lit in 1980 independence

celebrations depicting the spirit of independence

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 On either side of the tomb of the unknown soldier there are scenes painted the

pictures of armed struggles

 A revolution museum displaying war materials

 NB: this was designed by North Koreans and was the ones commissioned to do the

job

 They were also the co-sponsors of the monument

Who are to be buried at the national hero’s acre?

There are about two categories:

National leaders,dedicated supporters of the liberation war and freedom fighters who

participated in revolutionary activities that contributed directly to the final victory

Contemporary and future sons and daughters of Zimbabwe of the same calibre as those of

fallen heroes whose dedication and commitment to the new nation of Zimbabwe will justify

their burial at this sacred spot

Fallen Heroes

Are those who laid down their lives for Zimbabwe to be born and for the masses to be

liberated, their personal interest came sacred to the collective interest of Zimbabwe

cheriching quality such as loyalty, patriotism and education. Their actions were guided by the

ideals of love and comradeship and unwavering support for the cause of freedom and justice

for which they accepted and endured pain, suffering and brutality.

They had firm conviction in the justicenes of their cause and they refused to surrender on

matters of principles

Heroines from the first Chimurenga/Umvukela (1896 to 1897)

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Mkwati

He was Nleya and was captured by the Ndebele. He moved to Ntabazikamambo where he

established a curve and was in junior member of the Mwari before the fall of Lobengula.

He became prominent and exercised a powerful influence among the Shona and had close

connections between the Hartley and Chatter district cult officers. During the first

chimurenga, he acted as a link between the Ndebele commanders and the Shona people. He

directed the first killings of the whites by the Ndebele. He was one of those who was able to

bring the Ndebele regiments around Bulawayo together. After the defeat of the Ndebele in

1896, he joined the Shona and died around October/September 1897 and he is thought that he

was killed by the Shona who regarded him as the trouble causer. However, Mukwati was able

to incite the Ndebele and Shona to rise against the whites and coordinated the risings.

Umlugulu

He was chief priest of the Ndebele and a main rebel leader in the umvukela, he was among

the group of Ndebele indunas who planned the rising against the settlers and wanted

restoration of kingship.

He induced district chiefs to rise against the white etlers

He led forces during the struggle aroungUmguza south east of Bulawayo, kami river

He was one of the salaried indunas by Rhodes.

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22 MAY 2015

LECTURER: MR MARARIRE

TOPIC: Heroeins continued

Simunye

 Was believed to possess super natural powers

 He was able to mobilise and instigate people to take up arms against white settlers

 He provided spiritual leadership and acted as mwari representative on the battle field

 However he was captured in Filabusi in October 1897 and was charged with sedition

and senctenced to 12 years with hard labour

 By 1922 he was one of the mwarimessangers who was still very active in Mberengwa

War heroes

Sikombo, Nyamande, Komabulana, Makumbietc

Nehanda

 Operated in mashonaland inmazoe area

 Was directly responsible for the death of the Mazoe native commissioner pollerd

when the rising took place

 She instigated the Shona to rise against the white settlersand was responsible for

rebellion from the start to the end

 She encouraged the fighters that the white man’s bullet will not harm them and

Africans where not supposed to touch anything that belongs to the white

 The promise of immunity led the people of Mazoe and Chiweshe to rise against the

whites
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 She coordinated the war efforts in the rest of mashonaland in liaison with other spirit

mediums such as Maguni

 She organised how the rising was to take place and was the overall Mhondoro

 She kept the morale of the warriors high by predicting victory and also doctored the

fighters

 However she was captured in 1898 and was sent for trial in Bulawoyo and was

charged with murder of the commissioner Polland and was sentenced to death by

hanging and was hanged on 27th of April 1898

 Was one of the main actors in the rising and her death brought relief to the settlers

Sekuru Kaguvi (Gumbo re Shumba)

 He was a charismatic revolutional leader

 He inspired and coordinated war efforts with mbuyaNehanda

 He also gave a devine interpretation of the 1896 drought and other natural disasters

 He summoned representatives of central shona paramount chiefs to tell them on the

progress of Ndebele rising

 He instigated the risings, disseminated information about the war

 Coordinated the war efforts and his authority was recognised by most Shona chiefs

 The whites believed that catch Kaguvi the war is over

 The elusiveness of the mediums was indeed a subject of white myth and the whites

came to conclude that the mediums had caused so much trouble and troubled the

BSAC troops

 The whites acknowledged that it was easy to deal with chiefs because they could

destroy their crops and cause them to surrender than to deal with Kaguvi

 Kaguvi decided to surrender himself unconditionally

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 His surrender brought relief to the whites who regarded the capture of Nehanda as an

end to the Shona rising

 He was charged with the murder of an African policeman and was charged to death

 Before his death he was converted Christianity and made the necessary act of Faith

and was baptised and Christianised Disamas “whom he was to share great blessings

of forgiveness in the hour of death”

 Dismas was a name of a good thief

Chief Mashayamombe

 Was always in contact with Mukwati and Kaguvi

 He led attacks around Hartly are

 Much attention was put on him and he became centre of rising activities

 Was killed on 23 july 1897 and his death was received with great joy as he was

regarded as the main rebel leader in western Mashonaland

 Kundi , chief mamwende, George svosveetc

 Heroes and Heroines of the 2ndChimurenda

Chief RekaiTangwena

 He was chief of the Tangwena people of nyanga who refused removal from their land

in the jarerezi area during the illegal Smith regime era

 He and his people had a number of battles with the government over the control of the

gerehezi area

 He started his revolutionary activities as a reaction to the colonial regime autocratic

decisions not to recognise him as a chief of his people

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 He refused to move and tractors supported by troops were sent to demolish all the

Tangwena villages but he and his peple went into the bush and mountains to continue

resistance

 He helped the president Mugabe, creKadigere to cross over to Mozambique

 He was a fearless, clear vissioned and out spoken critique of oppression

 His people also helped a 1000 boys and girls to cross over to Mozambique after

having given them food and shelter

 He became a senator in 1980 and died on june 10 and buried june 16 1984 at the age

of 74

Masotshandlovu

 Was a member of ZAPU central comity

 He organised and campaigned for the reformed industrial and commercial union and

became it secretary

 Articulated the grievances of peopke in the rural area and attacked racial

discrimination

 Was a member of successive national organisations ANC ZAPU

 Was detained several times without trial

 He helped in the bringing about of political awreness among the Zimbabweans in the

1940s

 He died in 1982 at the age of 92s

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27 MAY 2015

LECTURER: MR B NDLOVU

TOPIC: HISTORY OF THE SHONA PEOPLE

- Abrahan G.P The Munhumutapa

THE GREAT ZIMBABWE STATE

- They first settled around 40th century AD.

- Four distinct cultures emerged that is the leopard kopje which settled in south western

part of the plateu from about 1940.

- The Gumunye settled in an area closer to the ruins of great Zimbbawe in 1090.

- It was the Gumanye culture in iron age society which developed into the state of

Zimbabwe.

- It lasted until the early century of about 15th at its peak it had more than 10000 people

these were Shona speaking people contratry to euro cetric assertion that Great

Zimbabwe was a result of foreign influence of the Arabs or Indians or Solomanic

influence.

The rise of the State.

- One of the salient features of Shona History is that the Shona people have never been

united under one ruler at any time in their history.

- Groups of shone speaking people have been zezuru, korekore, nyanga, ndau, kalanga,

the effect emphasise by the absence of any single name accepted by all the people

before the 20th .

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- Although the zimbabwe state, the Torwa state, mutapa and changamire undoubtedly

got large number of shona speaking people under their rule.

- They did not succeeed in imposing a sense of common history upon the traditions of

the people.

- Their history is a sprawling patch of work from various dynasties.

- Those states survived from one fall to another until the 19th century.

- As stated the state arose out of Gumane culture one of the dynasties of the Gumane

people appears to have managed enough power to dominate the trade between the

south western gold fields of the leopard kopje in the coast and this led to the

foundation of the state of Zimbabwe situated in the complex of rocky hills and a

valley west of Mutirikwi rivers in a place of some alluvial gold field in the river

valley.

- The rise of the state was directly linked to the development of the economy the ability

to manipulate their environment, ability to control long distance trade which brought

it external influence and wealth, keeping of large herds of cattle, sheep, and goats.

- Some aspects changed the life style of the ruling class and able to finance skilled

builders who improved the stone building techniques and to direct labour from

agricultural cycle into the cutting, dressing, carrying and laying of stones, on 4 walls

on a much greater skill.

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29 MAY 2015

LECTURER; MR B NDLOVU

TOPIC: GREAT ZIMBABWE (Continued)

- The wall of great Zimbawe was built big to screen the King from the ordinary people.

- Collapse of the Great Zimabwe was because of economic and political reasons.

- In your own opinion which factor led to the decline of the state: ecological disaster

(environmental destruction) expansion of people, livestock. Balance of power it had

shifted to the north were the Portuguese traded.

STONE WORK

- Zimbabwe is a termed derived from the shone term Dzimbadzemabwe meaning house

of stone and therefore it was widely used from 16th to mean shona capitals of any

type.

- These houses of stone are the most impressive construction in the state.

- Our country got its name from these structures.

- They are our greatest heritage, national monuments, symbol of wealth, power and

influence of the state.

- It was possible to build at such a surbub granite. It is very artistic, 7,3m in height. 9m

elsewhere 5m thick at the bottom and 1,3m at the top.

- It was built without motar inside the endorse is an unfinished enclosure wall as well

as the conical tower.

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- It acted as the residence of rulers.

- Stone walls were used to enclose the huts of the rulers or kings.

- These Madzimabwe are an outer sign of wealth of rulers who lived in the huts behind

them.

- They were lavishly fed and clothed.

- They kept herds of livestock, goat, sheep, cattle, received tribute from other states.

- Traded in ivory, gold, made pottery.

- They grew crops.

DECLINE OF THE STATE.

- Ecological disasters.

- The state simply grew too big to be supported by its environment.

- The mere presence of so many people at the same sport could have seriously affected

the ability of its site territory to supply crops, firewood for bteaking granite stones for

construction, for grazing.

- Competition for limited resources might have led to quarrels, overgrazing might have

caused civil wars.

- Destruction by fire of ruling class dwellings.

- Sanitary facilities were poor.

- Shortages of salt.

- The place might have been haunted.

- Shift of political and economic power from the South to the West and North.

- In 1940 a strong Rozvi clan broke away under Changamire Dombo.

- The Torwa were the successor of the expansion of the Mutapa state power using the

same route suffocated the state.

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03 JUNE 2015

LECTUER: MR N SIZIBA

TOPIC: WHY WE STUDY MINDSETS

We do mind sets so that we can understand certain concepts around us

So that we understand behaviours, attitudes and how we relate to one another.

Implications to Education.

- So that we have a deeper understanding of peoples behaviours their attitudes and how

they relate with one another.

- Also helps to understand how countries relate with one another for instance we all

know that the USA and Europe at the Moment seem to be standing against Zimabwe.

- Zimbabwe by contrast is guided by the liberation ideology which is for the total

liberation of African peoples.

- Liberation is also anti imperialists it is the leftist unlike imperialism is rightist, they

want the present status quo to continue.

- So that we can understand ceratin concepts around us and have meaningful definitions

about those concepts.

Concept of development.

- Rightists said for Africans to develop they must rise against their leaders.

- African leaders should be removed and white took place.

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- In order to develop everything must be democratic. Leftists in order to develop

Africans should connect with the west developers through their control of resources.

How Zimbabweans were grouped together

From 1980-1999

Leftists

Workers

- Farm

- Factory Z. C. T. U [ ZIMBABWE CONGRESS TRADE UNION]

- Mine

- soldiers

Peasants

ZANU PF

PF ZAPU POLITICAL PARTIES

CENTRE

State

- Doctors

- Nurses PROFESSIONALS

- Teachers

- Lawyers
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ZANU PF

- ZANU PF moved from the leftists to the rightists because of ESAP.

- When MDC was established in 1999 by ZCTU Together with university students and

their lecturer the part was now moved to the center.

- MDC was placed there because the white people wanted support from the rightists.

THE RIGHTISTS

They include

- Industrialists

- Mine workers

- Commercial Farmers Union

- TNCs Transnational Companies

- RF / CFU

Zimbabwe mindset 1980-1999

1. Democracy

2. Socialism

3. Collapse of Soviet Union

4. ESAP

5. MDC

2000 – 2008

1. Land revolution

2. Western sanctions.

3. Death ESAP and colonial economy

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4. Elections (parliamentary)

05 JUNE 2015

LECTURER: MR N SIZIBA

TOPIC: FACES OF IMPERIALISM

Organisations against imperialism:

 ANC and PAC (SA)

 ZANUPF

 MPLA, Frelimo ( Angola and Mozambique)

 SWAPO, Chama-chamapinduzi (Namibia and Tanzania)

 Aborigines and Maoris (Australia and new Zealand)

 12 December movement (USA0

 Theme “aluta continua” ( the struggle continues)

Need for aluta continua

 Africa is under imperialism

 African-Americans, red Indians still not free

 Former colonies with “flag and anthem independence)

 Imperialists still alive and kicking

 Imperialist more organised and effective now

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Evidence of imperialist

 Events in Iraq and Zimbabwe

 Dominance of violent and predatory states

 Increasing misery of Africans and other non-whites (with imposed inferiority

complexes)

 Systematic, deliberate destruction of national economies

 Commandeering people and natural resources in service of imperialist

 Obscene inequalities, conflicts and general instability in former colonies

 Occurrence of any one or more of the forms of imperialism

Imperialism 1870 – 1950

 Aka industrial revolution/ capitalist/colonialism

 Aims/objectives:

 Sources of raw materials

 Markets for mass produced goods

 Profit

 Dumping grounds for excess products, capital stock, criminals, labour and population

 Action plans:

 Dispatch colonists to colonies

 Destroy local livelihood system

 Impose colonial systems

 Build capitalist infrastructure

 Exploit natural and human resources

 Impose tools like racism, modernism, Christianity to control conquered people

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Neo Colonialism 1950s – now

 Aim:

 Keep former colonies under control of former colonial masters trhough:

 Defining democracy, good governance, human rights, values, culture, attitudes

 Education/” mis-education of the negro”

 Trade regime benefiting former colonisers

 Allowing Africans political power only

Actions -:

Cultural domination

 Destabalisation of post independence states

 Coup detats and actions f FBI, CIA, MIS, M16

 Wars – DRC, Angola, Nigeria etc

 Aid – but who aids whom?

 Globalisation/globalism 1990 – now

 Aim – one world organisation and run by USA and her allies in the interest of the

same

 Objectives:-

 Create, run uni-polar world

 Force open poor economies to goods from rich economies: close rich economies to

goods from poor economies

 Gain easy access to 3rd world resources

 Ensure Western culture is universal

 Actions: define democracy, human rights, good governance for all

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 Link aid to good governance

 Find excuses for invading small resource-rich states

 Control global institutions e.g. UNO, IMF, WB

 Use terror/shock and awe tactics (might is)

 Indoctrinate through media dis-information

Finance capitalism

Current form of imperialism

Practised through WB, IMF, Doners and other development partners

Involves management of global economy in the interest of America and EU

Economies managed or controlled through finance, money

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12 JUNE 2015

LECTURER: MJ NDLOVU

TOPIC: THE ARMED STRUGGLE

 ZIPRA forces used cells and committees set up by advance teams amongst villagers

to mobilise support

 The history of the liberation struggle was not a smooth narrative but there were

struggles within the struggle, defections, splits, sell outs, training places (nyadzonya,

chimoyo, kushi, gagaya)

 In spite all this unity of purpose remained the guiding revolutionary principle and to

defeat colonialism was the ultimate aim

 Hence the struggle was fought to its logical conclusion

 Villagers were put into keeps or protected villages

 Revolutionary leaders were either imprisoned or killed

 Sell outs were handsomely rewarded

 Borders were sealed and propaganda was extensively used

 But all this was in vain as the armed struggle led to the independence in 1980

Role of different classes in the liberation struggle

Peasants
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– they made up the core of the revolutionary fo

-In fact about 80% of ZANLA & ZIPRA forces were made up of peasants

They sacrificed a lot to meet guerrilla logistical needs eg they provided them with food,

treated the sick and injured, provided hidings, gave them intelligence as well as morale

support

Also appealed to ancestors to give the guerrillas strength, wisdom and courage

However there are some villagers who sold out freedom fighters to whites

Freedom fighters

Engaged enemy forces physically in the battle field and harassed them through guerrilla

tactics

Together with the peasants carried out extensive and brutal acts of sabotage on key

installation

This helped to paralyse the settler economy and finally had effects on the adverse war

machinery

They politicised the villagers

Encouraged peasants to set up party structures in the villages so as to synchronise political

activities with the military campaigns

There as also mine warfare , night raids and arm bushes inflicted heavy casualties on the

settler t

This led to the creation of zones in the rural area

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By 1978 the Ndebele blew up energy sources leading to massive emigration and drastic fall

in tourist available

Due to political, economic zones infiltrated by guerrilla on the whites coupled with sanctions

The guerrillas managed to complete the ancient regime to negotiate the ZAPU and ZINLA

and ZIPRA forces

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17 JUNE 2015

LECTURER: MR MARARIRA

TOPIC: ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND INDEGENISATION

Indigenisation

 Is a process were local people of a country make deliberate policies for economic

empowerment for the citizens

 The indigenous concept is an economic strategy for the development of a democratic

sociable economic system, nation building and poverty eradication

The aim of having this indigenisation

 To enable people to be self-reliant

 To enable people develop production skills

 Enable to save money for economic development

Importance of indigenisation

 They arise from the need to eliminate the socio-economic development imbalances of

the past

 It assumes a strategy to bring blacks to the main stream of the economy

 It assumes the status of a development strategy to destroy the colonial economic

structure which was dominated by the foreigners such as mining, agriculture,

manufacturing, financial sector

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 It therefore seeks to lay a foundation for the development of a fully fleshed

democratic society in which all citizens equally enjoy social and economic benefits

 Its aim is create employment and wealth so as to eradicate poverty among the

majority indigenous people and also to expand the domestic market and tax base

Strategies for indigenisation

Four types of indigenisation measures

 Change from foreign to local ownership of local production through nationalisation

 Indigenisation of control that is Localisation of directorship through appointing blacks

to managerial positions, parastatals or government offices

 Indigenisation of manpower – a process which rapidly applied to the civil service

following independence

 Indigenisation of technology – that is commitment to the development and use of

technologies suited to local needs and domestic resources

Zimbabwe didn’t not adopt or employ the nationalisation strategy because independence led

to the Lanchester house agreement which placed some control to effectively indigenise the

economy

Zimbabwe feared that if it could use this strategy international capitalists who control

international trade, finance and technology would retaliate

In the indigenisation of the economic control cooperatives were encouraged as a strategy to

bring blacks together

People were encouraged to bring materials together in areas like agriculture

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24 JUNE 2015

LECTURER: MR M N SIZIBA

TOPIC:

 Some institutions used by imperialist

 United Nations Organisations: USA using financial leverage to override UNO

 UNO as imperialist tool:

 Veto power protects interest of the rich powerful countries like USA

 UNO is powerless against “neo-cons”

 Hence call by likes of Zimbabwe and SA to reform UNO

Bretton woods institutions (IMF, WB, and WTO)

 Provide economic and financial support

 Give cue to donors (all under conditions)

 WB for ESAP’s under certain conditions

 WTO for liberalisation of the 3rd world economies

 NB: Rich countries not required or forced to liberalise or stop subsiding agriculture

British common wealth

 Used by UK and its extensions to control and exploit black former colonies
NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

 Conditions spelt out at Harare Chogm (1991), “democracy, good governance and

human rights” standards used to condemn Zimbabwe, necessitating her quitting

(2004)

NGO’s

 Represent interest of their home countries and not the hosts

 Politicised and personalised in Zimbabwe

 Interfere with rather than complement state

 Issue conditions for aid

Foreign aid

 Imperialist use aid to control recipients of the aid

 Aid used to maintain neo-colonial relations between former colonisers and colonised

 Aid promotes dependence

MNC’s/TNC’s

 Coca Cola, lever Bros

 Operate across borders and among them control >75% of the Earth’s resources

 Profits repatriated and used to enrich home countries

ICC

 Situated in the Hague, Netherlands

 Tries members involved in atrocities and other crimes against humanity

 Work as a racist white men’s court for trying and condemning black leaders
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 Not trying “international terrorist” like USA’s Bush or UK’s Blair for same crimes

against people of Iraq, Libya and Zimbabwe etc.

Ideas

Democracy, good governance and human rights

Used to condemn strong assertive leaders seen as threatening the empire

Condemned leaders demonised as dictators, undemocratic and violators of sacred human

(white people’s) rights

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LECTURER: MR MARARIRA

DATE:

TOPIC: MISSIONARIES

The role played by missionaries, traders, hunters, explorers and concession seekers in the

colonisation of Zimbabwe

Missionary organisations

 Dutch reformed church

 The Berlin missionary society

 London missionary society

 The Anglican Church

 Roman Catholic Church

 The church of Christ

 The Methodist church

 The Paris evangelical church

Missionary activities
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 They established mission stations which were permanent

 They trained African evangelists and the Dutch reformed church was responsible for

trained and the African evangelists and cartelist from Lesotho did much of the ground

work because they feared Lobengula would not allow white missionaries to enter into

Mashonaland

 They also established schools were they taught people how to read and write

 They also produced grammar books and translated religious and educational books

into vernacular

 They printed books for the African child

 They also introduced technical skills such as carpentry and agriculture e.g. at

Chiweshe

 They grew their own crops and introduced new and a variety of crops and vegetables

 They introduced livestock interbreeding and inoculated cattle

 They repaired the Ndebele king’s guns and wrote his letters

 They built numerous churches and preached the word of God unfortunately few

converts were made and Christian standards were only accepted after colonisation

 Missionaries were allowed to preach to the people and they attacked African

traditional practices like polygamy , killing of the twins and also raids, thishowever

divided Africans on one side and Christians on the other side and non-Christians on

the other side and therefore the power of traditional healers was undermined as

Christians tended to respect their leaders

 Missionaries established hospitals were the sick were treated

 They also made friendships with African chiefs and were able to appoint some

African catechist at some Shona chiefs

 Created some roads though they were not many

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 Helped in the signing of treaties like the Rudd concession

 They cheated Africans into signing treaties

Africans response to missionary influence

Resistance due to:

 Influence from Islam, which they were blamed for the natural calamities such as

drought

 Their missionary education was meaningless to their way of life

 They did not want to abandon their traditional religion

 Influence from traditional leaders who feared divided royalty

Actions or ways of resistance

 Killed some missionaries

 Raids continued

 Continued to practise traditional practises

 Some outlets moved away from missionary settlement

 Refused to attend school

 Accused some missionaries for being spies

 Punished or killed all potential converts

 Some Africans continued to follow Islam’s and to trade with Muslims

 Some Africans refused to work for the missionaries

 Some Africans refused to accept gifts from missionaries

How did the missionaries view this?

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 They viewed the Ndebele military system especially its self-confidence and self-

sufficiency as a tolerable therefore their conclusion was that the Ndebele power was

to be destroyed, since according to them it constituted a great barrier to progress

 Study question – why did the missionaries want the Ndebele power to be destroyed,

was it solely for the need to achieve converts or were there no other adventures beside

preaching the word

Role of missionaries in the colonisation of Zimbabwe

 There is a collaboration theory which looks at missionaries, traders, hunters and

concession seekers as having contributed to the colonisation of Zimbabwe

 Missionaries have been accused being double edged swords who disguised

themselves behind the course to advance imperialistic tendencies

 Missionaries came to spread capitalism and European culture and to destroy African

culture missionaries either preceded or arrived together with the European settlers

 They were among the first Europeans to study, write and translate African languages

into written form

 The education provided was meant to train the recipients to acknowledge and accept

the European culture

 European education turned the Africans into submission by making them view their

own culture as inferior

 Above all European education brainwashed the Africans which made it easier for

colonisation to take place

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LECTURER: MR MARARIRA

DATE: 06/02/15

TOPIC: Continuation of roles of missionaries in the colonisation of Zimbabwe

 Therefore their work was to undertake the conversion and acculturation of Africans

 It was also to pacify them in order to accept European culture, for those African

leaders who resisted Christianity the missionaries supported the distraction of their

homes e.g. Eliot and Carnage of the London missionary society, congratulated Rhodes

on the successful occupation of mashonaland

 Carnage in his writings “among the Ndebele Lobengula was an obstacle to progress”

 J S Moffatt and reverent John McKenzie had the same feelings and agreed with these

assertions by 1890 and 1891 the missionaries expected a civil war to erupt among the

Ndebele but this did not happen

 Therefore the missionaries concluded that the forces for progress in the Ndebele state

were strong enoughto develop unless the military systems were over thrown from

outside

 Captain Lundy of the company police later commented after a talk with Carnage “the

admit that the sword only will Christianise the natives”

 African customs such as polygamy, witchcraft, killing of twins were regarded as

barbaric, backwards, unchristian and needed to be destroyed through laws or decrees

or by alteration

 J S Moffatt in 1887 helped Rhodes to acquire a treaty known as the Moffatt treaty that

cancelled the Gruber treaty that had been signed this was a step towards the

colonisation of Zimbabwe
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 Charles Helm also played a part in cheating Lobengula into signing the Rudd

concession

 The Rudd concession stripped Lobengula rights, powers and gave mining powers to

the British

 Charles Helm was a man of Godand a writing instrument to bring the Ndebele state

under the British rule

 The missionaries therefore worked as guards for Zim European colonisation

 They recommended and coordinated the occupation of matebeland

 The missionaries also hosted visitors and the roads they made became gateways into

the interior of SA

Hunters

 FredricSelous came to matebeland in 1872 at the age of 18

 Due to his age Lobengula granted him the right to hunt everywhere

 He was a destructive hunter; he killed 1000 elephants in Mazoe

 He became a successful hunter and constructed a road between Bulawayo and

Chegutu hills for the transportation of ivory and the road was named the hunters road

 This was one of the roads that was used to occupy Zimbabwe

 Selous was used as guide to the pioneer column

 Other hunters were Jacob Hartley, Piet Jacobs; Jon Vil Jon also operated in the

Zvimba area and exported a lot of tones of ivory to South Africa

 They went as far as MufuriRiver were they discovered abandoned gold mines and

made repasts which attracted much attention of fortune seekers

 This caused some serious problems to the king for he had to adjust his foreign policy

to deal with the concession seekers

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NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

DATE: 18/02/15

LECTURER: MR MARARIRA

TOPIC; Traders

 Some notable traders were Sam Edwards who came in matebeland with Robert

Moffatt in 1854

 The other trader was Edward Chapman who came frequently in INyathi mission

bringing some supplies

 However there is not much to be told of traders activities

 Some did not come to specifically trade but later involved themselves in mining and

hunting

The concession seekers

 The mining revolution in South Africa resulted in gold discovery and this caused

Europeanscramble for the region Zimbabwe included

 Some of the 1st people to make reports about the existence of gold in Zimbabwe were

Hartley after he observed the old gold working in the Mufuri area

 In 1867 gold was discovered at Turf and sir John Swinburne of the London and

Limpopo mining company was given the permission to survey in 1869

 Swinburne claimed the area to be his

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 The Leveretsucceeded Swinburne and continued to claim Turt

 In 1871 Thomas Baines got a concession from Lobengula to prospect between Gwelo

and HangainsRiver

Grobbler treaty (1887)

 Gobbler was sent by Paul Kruger to Matabeleland to sign a treaty with Lobengula

 A treaty was granted and its terms amounted t an alliance between Lobengula and

Kruger

 The Boers were to have a permanent representative at Lobengula’s court

Moffatt treaty

 J S Moffatt as a missionary had to help Rhodes acquire a treaty

 Rhodes was disturbed by the signing of the Grobler treaty and therefore he had to act

fast, he sent Moffatt to Lobengula

 Lobengula trusted J S Moffatt as an old friend and that their fathers were also friends

 A treaty was signed which cancelled the Grobler treaty

 Lobengula did not really understand the meaning of the treaty

 Moffatt conduct was traitorous for he presented himself as a man of God and as a

friend when he actually was working for Rhodes

 He advised lobengula that he should be a British alley and not Boers or Portuguese

 He was also a British nationalist and a willing instrument to bring the Ndebele under

the British influence

 The treaty laid down a foundation of Moffatt’s revenge

 This was evidenced by the way he presented a treaty to sir Sydney Shippard were he

said “the days of the Ndebele are numbered”

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 The Ndebele king was not to sign any other treaty without the approval of the British

high commissioner

The Rudd concession

After obtaining the Moffatt treaty Rhodes sent three representatives to the Boers and these

were
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LECTURER: MR MARARIRA

DATE: 20/02/15

TOPIC: THE NDEBELE STATE

Ndebele State

 It was one of the later iron age state as a result of Mfecane

 The Mfecane resolution resulted in the creation of many states in Southern Africa

 In Nguni land the Zulu clan emerged the most powerful

 The defeated migrated from the Nguni land and found their way northwards hence

they learnt superior military methods which they inturn used to concur and create

their own kingdoms

 Origins of the Ndebele State

 Mzilikazi from the Khumalo clan was the chief under Chaka, he and his people

migrated towards the North and established the Ndebele state

 Although Mzilikazi was one of the trusted chiefs he refused to live up to tradition of

surrendering booty he had got from raiding the Sotho

 This created a problem between him and Chaka

 Chaka sent soldiers to warn him but Mzilikazi refused to surrender the booty and he

defeated the soldiers before he escaped northwards and settled in the Drakensburg in

the Transvaal area

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 In this area the Ndebele were attacked by Boers, the Kora and the Griquas and raided

by Dingane the Zulu

 They moved further north and settled at Mosega where Mzilikazi met Robert Moffatt

who encouraged him to cross the river Limpopo

 Mzilikazi divided his people into two groups before crossing the river Limpopo, one

group was led by him and this group comprised of the army

 The other group was led by Gundwane Ndiweni

 This group comprised of Mzilikazi’s wives, sons that Lobengula and Nkulumane,

livestock and elderly people

 This group took the shorter route into the present day Zimbabwe and settled at

Gibixhegu near Matopo’s hills

 Gundwane and other chiefs installed Nkulumane as a king having given up on finding

Mzilikazi

 Mzilikazi rushed to Gibixhegu when he heard the installation of Nkulumane and he

executed Ndiweni as well as other indunas who were responsible for the installation

 The fate of Nkulumane is not known for it is said that he was departed to SA or killed

The Ndebele in Zimbabwe

 The Ndebele arrival in Zimbabwe completed the destruction of the Rozvi state

 The state had already been weakenedby other Nguni groups running away from

Chaka such as Zwangendaba and Nyamazana and succession disputes

 The Ndebele easily defeated the Rozvi and established a powerful state at Inyathi

 They settled at this place because it was far away from their traditional enemies that is

the Zulu and the Boers

 Had been advised by Robert Moffatt whom they had met at Mosega
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 The area had good pastures

 It was tsetse free

 The weakness of the Shona

 Availability of infrastructure that had been left by the Rozvi

 The area was prone to drought, the Ndebele were also raided by the Boers from the

Transvaal and also Ndebele had threats from Ngwato

 There was infiltration by traders, explorers and concession seekers

The political system of the Ndebele

 The state was ruled by a king who was the commander in chief of the army, was the

religious leader, highest judge, land distributor and an absolute ruler

 The state was highly centralised

 The king ruled with the help of two advisory counsil and thes were Umphakathi and

this consisted of selected chiefs and members of the royal family

 The other group was Izikhulu and consisted of all chiefs

 The state was divided into districts or regimental settlements which were under

Indunas

 Regional governors were there to inform the king of what happening in the provinces

 The had many wives who acted as his eyes and ears

The Social organisation

 The state was stratified it had three social classes and these were:

 The Zansi

o This was the highest class and it comprised of the original Nguni from Nguni

land and they were the ruling class

NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

 The Enhla

o Consisted of those who joined Mzilikazi on his way for example the Sotho and

Tswana. These formed the middle class

 The Hole

o Was the lowest class and they formed the residents of Zimbabwe for example

the Shona

 IsiNdebele was the main language

 Marriage across the caste lines were discouraged

 The society was paltry linear

 They practised Inxwala ceremony and was attended by all groups representatives also

referred to as first fruit ceremony

 They also practiced the Mafisa system that is

 Usually it was the Shona chiefs who got the cattle and this showed loyalty

 Ownership of many heads of cattle was a sign of social status

 They believed in the highest God uNkulunkulu, they also worshiped their ancestors

 They adopted Shona Mhondoro rain making religious and this united the Ndebele and

the Shona

Economic System of the Ndebele

 They kept cattle which they got through raiding

 Individuals got cattle through lobola or trade

 They grew crops such as rapoko

 Practised butter trade localy and in long distances

 Tribute payment by subordinates as a source of revenue in the form of cattle, animal

skin, iron, grain, woman and labour

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 Payment of the tribute was to ensure loyalty and those who failed to pay tribute were

regarded to as rebels and the army dealt with them

 Raiding was a common practice among the Ndebele

 Raids yielded women, cattle etc.

Shona Ndebele relations

The relationship wasportrayed as very bad by the colonial rulers who wanted t employ the

divide and rule policy

It is true that the Ndebele raided the Shona and the Shonasreferred to raiders as Mabviti

The shona chiefs who accepted to pay tribute were not raided

Some of the shona chiefs such as Nomangundi were loaned some cattle

Raiding was carried out for variety reasons that is to restock after an epidemic

Raiding was a common practiseamong African states in this time thereforethe Ndebele were

raiding like their counterparts who raided for man;woman

The Ndebele with all the Shona who accepted their rule and on the other hand the Ndebele

king also respected Shona spirit mediums and also paid tribute eg Lobengula consulted

Chamunuka and gave him presents time to time

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LECTURER:MJ NDLOVU

DATE: 20/03/15

TOPIC: JUSTICE

 It combines with restorative justice whilst the Western criminal justice is exclusive

punitive

 Victim inclusion in the justice delivery system is a key priority and this ensures that

the victim plays a central role in rebuilding personal and community relationships

 It places high value in forgiveness and reconciliation

 These processes are inclusive and participatory because they usually include the

witnesses, victims and local community members

 Consensus is sought before arriving at a decision

 This promotes local ownership of the peace process on the other hand liberal peace

models are super imposed from out ide and above

 It has its own deterrence mechanisms which operates through the operation of

avenging spirits known a ngozi in chi Shona

 This mechanism helps to avoid the killing, raping of people

NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

 They acknowledge the relatedness of community members and place high value on

communal life and maintaining positive relationships within the society thus an

emerging conflict belong to the whole community

 In the same manner a law breaking individual transforms his/her group into a law

breaking group

 It ensures compensation for loss incurred not punishment for offence done

 Seeks to rehabilitate the wrong doer into a law abiding citizen

Limitations

 A it depends on consensus building the duration is very low and sometimes it I

indefinite

 Their practices are patriarchal and therefore not gender sensitive, always lack woman

involvement in decision making

 Is difficult apply to conflicts that spread across national boundaries if those

communities have different practices, culture and different ways of dealing with a

problems

 It has been diluted by the Western criminal justice system

 Since it is not written down some of the practices have been forgotten

 It also been affected by migration, urbanisation and resettlement

 It can be very subjective depending on the knowledge of the elders

 Agreements reached are verbal and compliance depends on the commitment, goodwill

or character of those involved

 Blanket guiltiness usually spoil the names of some innocent people

 Fails to protect witnesses from attacks by the wrong doers

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LECTURER: MJ NDLOVU

DATE: 25/03/15

TOPIC: UBUNTU/UNHU

 The Ubuntu world view or philosophy has been widely used in African societies to

positively solve conflicts and build sustainable peace

 The idea behind this world view is that, “a person is a person through other people”

 A person with Ubuntu/unhu is open and available to others and does not feel

threatened when other achieve

 The person is generous, hospitable, modest, loving, remorseful, compassionate,

repents, reciprocates, reconciles and believes in collaborative problem solving as well

a unity

 The view preaches forgiveness and reconciliation and these are vital ingredients for

peace building and sustainable development

 The values of Ubuntu are not based on revenge and retribution

 The Ubuntu conflict resolution processes can take place at the level of a family,

village, ethnic group or between ethnic groups or at a national level

NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

 According to Murithi (2006), Ubuntu societies of southern Africa resolved their

disputes through an institution known as dare

 This forum was communal in nature in that every member of the community could

attend

 Proceedings will be led by a council of elders with wisdom and knowledge on custom

and traditions of the concerned communities

 The mechanism allowed members of the public to share their views and make their

opinions known

 Member of the community have the right to ask questions to the victim, perpetrators

and witnesses as well as to put suggestion to the elders on the way forward

 The council of elders could advice on solutions which they thought could promote

reconciliation between the aggrieved

 In most cases perpetrators would be encouraged to demonstrate genuine remorse and

they will be encouraged to ask for forgiveness and victims will be encouraged to show

mercy

 Where possible will be encouraged to pay restitution

 This was not always symbolic and not equal to the damage inflicted

 In some societies a girl was sent to the wronged society for marriage so as to cement

relationships

 Parties will be encouraged to consolidate the whole process through committing

themselves to the process of

 A ritual will be done to solemnise the whole process whereby parties share traditional

beer, dance together and eat together

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LECTURER: MR B NDLOVU

DATE: 27/01/15

TOPIC: NASS SYLLUBUS

The subject is divided into three main components

History of Zimbabwe and international relations

Civic education

Social-economic development

Aims of NASS

 Defining Zimbabwe as a nation

 Allowing Zimbabweans to tell their own story

 Encouraging Zimbabweans to be proud of who they are

 Zimbabweans like other Africans see events and issues differently from the way

whites see them

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 Is about the nation of Zimbabwe e.g. 14million people living on a piece of land

between the Limpopo and the Zambezi, people sharing the government that they

recognise as their government that taxes them and exercising power on them with a

common history

Strategic

 Defining ourselves, who are we? Planning our path ways as a nation who are we?,

where do we come from? What are our goals? Where do we want to be? Where are

we now? How do we get where we want to be?

 This subject is offered in all countries across the world albeit with different names

 Reconstruction of Africanism

 Africans and Africa look to long history which has demeaned his person and belittled

his culture

 The justice of history portray Africa as a dark continent with neither culture and

civilisation

 So the white man assigned the missionaries not to educate Africans but also to supply

them with civilisation and culture that they lacked thereby exposing them to the

marvellous gen stems

 As a result of the missionaries involvement Africans lost their values

 Africans were therefore nothing but a parasite people therefore NASS and pan

Africans attempt to call on African people to seek, illustrate and defend their cultural

codes of behaviour to re inscribe black personality and dignity into the world

landscape overlaid with colonisation and racism

 Africans are neither passengers without luggage in the arch to civilisation nor cultural

orphans not insolvent onlookers in history

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 No society exist with no culture therefore Africans must overcome the basic sense of

inferiority and worthlessness that colonisation indoctrinated them

 It is necessary to the sneering world that Africa has a beautiful civilisation to be proud

of, lets re float the past and reconstruct African culture and identity

 Elders, story tellers not only ensure the continuity of history and social norms but also

they influenced fashion both the collective conscious and individual conformity and

the guidance of African heritage and its cosmos with the mysticism ingrained in the

flora and fauna and shrines is now well illustrated

 Such legendary heroes as Chaka and others assume greater and contemporary

relevance they are exploits as emperors, warriors, administrators or great military

strategist whose valour will be equated to that of Alexandra the great or Napoleon

Bonaparte assumed cultural and political importance as they were turned into father of

nation symbols

 They cued tribal wars, founded empire, restored peace and justice, initiates social

reform and ensured agriculture

The Dexterity and Shrewdness that characterised manyukas of Munhumutapa or Chaka in the

face of colonial instruction

 These were scoaned upon by imperialist as blood thirst tyrant or diminted tribal chiefs

who imposed themselves on the people – yet to the Africans those were epic figure of

resistance against injustices of colonisation

 Walter wrote in his book “colonisation was back ward move towards human

 The folktale, songs, proverbs and puzzles were part of huge reservous of African

wisdom and codes of conduct which inspired corrective writing and thinking
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 They potray the traits of African humanism such respect for traditions, elders,

ancestors and parents

 The merits of good relationships, hospitality to strangers, the importance of solidarity,

clan unity, friendship, truthfulness and community service

 The evils of adultery and wickedness, the virtues of courage and valour entrenched in

popular

 From these folktales one can see that wisdom, education, intelligence and the notion

of civilisation are the monopoly of no one race or culture and that having no written

literature does not necessarily mean that

 The spoken words constituted the life force and traditional African lines of

 It is something which embedded the grains of popular wisdom and norms that links

the past and intelligence

NASS and the teacher

 It is a subject designed for students in tertiary institutions

 It is a core subject with its core subject

 It is about those issues that are of critical importance to us as citizens of Zimbabwe

 It is about Zimbabwe’s past, present and future

 It is about Zimbabwe’s heritage and challenges that faces her as a nation

 The first component of NASS is the historical one it comprises the study of the

history of Zimbabwe from three colonial times to present day

 History plays an important role in the process of learning, acculturating, and link with

our identity, for nation building, nationhood, sovereignty and national consciousness
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Civil education

 It comprises of study of governments and their institutions, it looks at issues like law

making processes, NGO’s and the media

 It is for the empowerment of individuals so that they become both active and

reflective citizens of the country

 It seeks to play an important role to improve governance for the better of society e.g.

individuals will be aware of their rights

Business study component

 The study will comprise of basic economics such demands, cash flows and budgeting

 Most of our education has been education for employment – white collar jobs

resulting in 1000 school livers failing to find jobs now it has to be education for future

employers
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LECTURER: MR B NDLOVU

DATE: 11/02/15

TOPIC; Was the introduction of NASS a political exercise?

 Critiques on NASS has tended to regard NASS introduction as a political exercise by

a failed state and also as a way of legitimising its government and outright

indoctrination

 YES

 Because all education is a political exercise designed and manipulated by the

government or state to further its goals

 Politics plays a key role in establishing the objectives of education system to meet its

goals on the new state and government

 Therefore politics and education are so closely linked and difficult to separate

 NO

 It is an intellectual exercise and not politicisation

 It is also about rational thinking and objective analysis of Zimbabwe’s situation

 NASS and the teacher

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 Education is a cultural process of moulding an individual within the prevailing

political, social and economic condition and the teacher plays a pivotal role in the

process. Why?

 Because the teacher is the centre of the most societal activities and his/her views are

highly respected

 Teachers in Zimbabwe are trained to be in better position to handle and deal with

societal problems

LECTURER: M N Siziba

DATE: 06/05/15

Topic: THE PEOPLE OF ZIMBABWE

People of Zimbabwe make up the nation of Zimbabwe

A nation is the people living together on a definite peace of land, and these people share

common experiences, history, ways of life.

They also choose a government which they allow to run their affairs.

According to Mahlangu in his book uMthwakazi he says amaNdebele can be divided into two

groups according to their totems, which are those whose totems are related to water (trace

their origins from Mahlanga and Siziba) and the other groups are those that have to do with

the ground.

Both of these groups are found where bantu languages are spoken as SA to Tanzania.

According to Chigwedere the people of southern Africa fall into three groups. He identifies

the first groups like Mahlangu and he call them Dziba (water). The land totems he calls them
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The third group is the baTonga people in the Zambezi valley. Us are patrilineal (trace our

origins through the father) but people to the North they are matrilineal because children are of

their mother not the father, they trace their origins through their mothers. He also observed

that baTonga have also have totems even if they are matrilineal.

State formations

The great Zimbabwe, Mutapa, Rozvi and Ndebele, the Gaza state and the Zulu state.

All these state were created by Bantu speaking people

The Great Zimbabwe

It was brobably so as to more effectively exploit resources for the benefit of the ruling class.

thembireshoko group probably

These states were founded by leaders who organised, traumatised people

NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

LECTURER: MN SIZIBA

DATE: O8/05/15

TOPIC: PEOPLE OF ZIMBABWE

Mind Set

Leftist

 of the centre they want fundamental change

 poor, own nothing, low job workers

 revolutionary progressive

 they want change everyday

 communist, pan Africanist, nationalist like ZANU PF, ANC

The centre

 they are moderate, liberals

 relatively well off

 consist of professionals e.g doctors, lecturers

 liberal state

Rightist

 of the centre they are reactional they do not want change, anti-revolutional

 constructive

 rich, they own everything

 conservatives
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 fascist, MDC, Neo conservatives

The difference between Afrocentric and Eurocentric

Afrocentric Eurocentric

 Is based on Ubuntu  Based on ubukhiwa

 They celebrate collective existence or  They are very intolerant

group spirit  See Africa and Africans as bad people

 They tolerate others who need assistance from the messiah

 They see Africa in good light

 Were developed by pan Africanist

e.g. NkwameKrumer
NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

LECTUER

DATE:03/06/15

TOPIC: WHY WE STUDY MINDSETS

We do mindsets so that we can understand certain concepts around us

So that we understand behaviours, attitudes and how we relate to one another

NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

LECTURER: M.N. SIZIBA

DATE: 05/06/15

TOPIC: FACES OF IMPERIALISM

Organisations against imperialism:

 ANC and PAC (SA)

 ZANUPF

 MPLA, Frelimo ( Angola and Mozambique)

 SWAPO, Chama-chamapinduzi (Namibia and Tanzania)

 Aborigines and Maoris (Australia and new Zealand)

 12 December movement (USA0

 Theme “aluta continua” ( the struggle continues)

Need for aluta continua

 Africa is under imperialism

 African-Americans, red Indians still not free

 Former colonies with “flag and anthem independence)

 Imperialists still alive and kicking

 Imperialist more organised and effective now

Evidence of imperialist

 Events in Iraq and Zimbabwe

 Dominance of violent and predatory states

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 Increasing misery of Africans and other non-whites (with imposed inferiority

complexes)

 Systematic, deliberate destruction of national economies

 Commandeering people and natural resources in service of imperialist

 Obscene inequalities, conflicts and general instability in former colonies

 Occurrence of any one or more of the forms of imperialism

Imperialism 1870 – 1950

 Aka industrial revolution/ capitalist/colonialism

 Aims/objectives:

 Sources of raw materials

 Markets for mass produced goods

 Profit

 Dumping grounds for excess products, capital stock, criminals, labour and population

 Action plans:

 Dispatch colonists to colonies

 Destroy local livelihood system

 Impose colonial systems

 Build capitalist infrastructure

 Exploit natural and human resources

 Impose tools like racism, modernism, Christianity to control conquered people

Neo Colonialism 1950s – now

 Aim:

 Keep former colonies under control of former colonial masters trhough:

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 Defining democracy, good governance, human rights, values, culture, attitudes

 Education/” mis-education of the negro”

 Trade regime benefiting former colonisers

 Allowing Africans political power only

Actions -:

Cultural domination

 Destabalisation of post independence states

 Coup detats and actions f FBI, CIA, MIS, M16

 Wars – DRC, Angola, Nigeria etc

 Aid – but who aids whom?

 Globalisation/globalism 1990 – now

 Aim – one world organisation and run by USA and her allies in the interest of the

same

 Objectives:-

 Create, run uni-polar world

 Force open poor economies to goods from rich economies: close rich economies to

goods from poor economies

 Gain easy access to 3rd world resources

 Ensure Western culture is universal

 Actions: define democracy, human rights, good governance for all

 Link aid to good governance

 Find excuses for invading small resource-rich states

 Control global institutions e.g. UNO, IMF, WB

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 Use terror/shock and awe tactics (might is)

 Indoctrinate through media dis-information

Finance capitalism

Current form of imperialism

Practised through WB, IMF, Doners and other development partners

Involves management of global economy in the interest of America and EU

Economies managed or controlled through finance, money

NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES LECTURE NOTES PA/2015/229

LECTURER: MR M N SIZIBA

DATE: 24/06/2015

TOPIC:

 Some institutions used by imperialist

 United Nations Organisations: USA using financial leverage to override UNO

 UNO as imperialist tool:

 Veto power protects interest of the rich powerful countries like USA

 UNO is powerless against “neo-cons”

 Hence call by likes of Zimbabwe and SA to reform UNO

Bretton woods institutions (IMF, WB, and WTO)

 Provide economic and financial support

 Give cue to donors (all under conditions)

 WB for ESAP’s under certain conditions

 WTO for liberalisation of the 3rd world economies

 NB: Rich countries not required or forced to liberalise or stop subsiding agriculture

British common wealth

 Used by UK and its extensions to control and exploit black former colonies
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 Conditions spelt out at Harare Chogm (1991), “democracy, good governance and

human rights” standards used to condemn Zimbabwe, necessitating her quitting

(2004)

NGO’s

 Represent interest of their home countries and not the hosts

 Politicised and personalised in Zimbabwe

 Interfere with rather than complement state

 Issue conditions for aid

Foreign aid

 Imperialist use aid to control recipients of the aid

 Aid used to maintain neo-colonial relations between former colonisers and colonised

 Aid promotes dependence

MNC’s/TNC’s

 Coca Cola, lever Bros

 Operate across borders and among them control >75% of the Earth’s resources

 Profits repatriated and used to enrich home countries

ICC

 Situated in the Hague, Netherlands

 Tries members involved in atrocities and other crimes against humanity

 Work as a racist white men’s court for trying and condemning black leaders
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 Not trying “international terrorist” like USA’s Bush or UK’s Blair for same crimes

against people of Iraq, Libya and Zimbabwe etc.

Ideas

Democracy, good governance and human rights

Used to condemn strong assertive leaders seen as threatening the empire

Condemned leaders demonised as dictators, undemocratic and violators of sacred human

(white people’s) rights