TFN Module 1

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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
Course Code/Title: NUPC 101: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
 Course Description
This course deals with theories as applied to nursing practice on the aspect of
metaparadigm: person, health, environment and nursing. Likewise, it includes other theories
relevant to nursing. the learners are expected to use these theories as a basis and guide in
nursing practice
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the students should have been able to:
1. Apply knowledge on how concepts and theories serve as guide to nursing practice. 2.
Apply guidelines of evidenced-based practice in the delivery of care on the aspect of
metaparadigm.
3. Demonstrate basic nursing skills in rendering safe and appropriate care utilizing the
nursing process.
CLASS INTRODUCTION
It is an honor and a privilege to be your Instructors for this course, Theoretical Foundation of
Nursing under (NUPC 101) for this 1st semester, A.Y. 2021-2022. I am Ms. Jewell F.Llavore, It is
unfortunate that we cannot introduce ourselves in person because of the pandemic arises at
present, But we can still get to know each other by introducing ourselves thru correspondence
via the internet. Please accept our invitation for you to join our group chat in your messenger
account. This group chat account will be our venue of correspondence for the whole
semester. Feel free to introduce yourselves in a way or manner that suits you. First impression
may last a life time. Be comfortable also in expressing your thoughts and/or questions within
the context of our lessons. It is the best interest of this course to help you expand your
understanding, interest and capabilities in your study and practice of Nursing. For other
inquiries, you may also contact us thru messenger, SMS or Email.
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COURSE REQUIREMENT
To be able to pass this course, the students must:
1. Read and comprehend the entirety of the modules and attend the face-to-face
meeting or online when required. Attendance will be acknowledged.
2. Answer all the activities provided in every lesson. Accomplished summative test at
the end of every module.
3. Accomplish the Midterm and Final Evaluation/Exams.
4. Submit the final project, Photographic Portfolio, before the final examination.
COURSE STUDY GUIDE
This module was prepared for you to work on independently and diligently. It aims for you
to be confident in honing and performing your nursing skills. Do it with enthusiasm.
1. Exerting oneself – you have the knowledge and skills to make it through. You can do it!
2. Patient is a virtue – do not miss any important part in the module.
3. Study hard, study more – read other materials or references for a better understanding of
the subject matter. Ask any member of your family or friends to assist you if you encounter
difficulties. Do not give up.
4. Answer confidently – make sure to answer completely and concisely. Cite your references.
Answers to essays should be direct to the point.
5. Submit on time – before the end of midterms and finals, you will need to submit your
output or accomplished activities thru correspondence or during our face-to-face meeting.
Rest assured of my prompt reply once you correspond to submit.
If you need assistance during the course of your study, you may contact us thru messenger,
SMS or email.
Read on and ponder. Study well!!!
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GRADING SYSTEM
Module Assignments/Activity - 60%
Midterm/Final Examination - 40%
Total 100%
COURSE CONTENT
Module I Introduction to Nursing Theory
Lesson 1 Definition: Concepts, Theory, Nursing, Nursing Theory,
Nursing Metaparadigm
Lesson 2 The Evolution of Nursing
Lesson 3 Four Ways of Knowing
Lesson 4 Scope of Theories and Analysis
Lesson 5 Purposes and Significance of Nursing Theories
Module II Nursing Theoretical Works and their relevance to Nursing

Nursing Practice
Lesson 1
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Patricia Benner
Lesson 2
A. Virginia Henderson
B. Betty Neuman
C. Dorothea Orem
Lesson 3
A. Sister Callista Roy
B. Imogene King
Lesson 4
A. Faye Glenn Abdellah
B. Lydia Hall
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Octaviano, Eufemia F. and Balita, Carl, E. (2020). Theoretical Foundations of Nursing:

The Philippine Perspective, Ultimate Learning Series
Udan, J. Q. (2020). Theoretical Foundations of Nursing (2nd ed.). Manila: Educational

Publishing House.
Estacio Joel, (2018, December). Altruistic Care Theory of Nursing Action: Towards Health
Equity through Nursing Practice. http://www.researchgate,net/publication/340940292
Altruistic Action towards Health Equity through Nursing Practice. The Philippine journal of
nursing. 88. 43-47
Potter, Griffinperry, Stockert, Hall. (2017).Fundamentals of Nursing(9th ed.). St.

Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Hall Lydia., (2017, March13), Retrieved June 22,2020 from

https://phdessay.com/lydia.hall//3.
Retrieved from https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Ernestine
Wiedenbach.php
Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/quiz/nursing_theory_quiz2.html
Retrieved from http://nursingtheories-mtctfn2011-

2012.blogspot.com/2012/03/betty-neumans-systems-model.html ,Nursing theories, (
March 12,2012)
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LEARNER CONTRACT
To ensure that you will benefit from studying and accomplishing the TFN-course modules you
will need to identify your responsibilities as a learner by taking part in constructing a
Learner’s Contract with your parent’s/guardian’s assistance.
Be guided with the following:
Name: _______________________________________
Address: ______________________________________
CP/Tel number :________________________________
Name of Parent/Guardian: _____________________
CP/Tel number: _________________________________
Academic success is the product of cooperative effort. In order that each party will benefit
from this unified effort, each will have the following responsibilities:
As a student: Obey rules and policies of the University
: Be guided by my parent’s rules at home

: Spend at least _________________ study for each subject
: Be attentive in following instructions guided by the instructor As a

parent : Maintain a discipline policy with my child
: Spend at least ___________________ to supervise my child’s work As a

teacher: Enforce rules/policies of the University
: Provide ample time to guide and assist you in your study of the Course : Work to
make learning enjoyable
: Review and revise learning activities when necessary
: Be available when you need additional assistance in your study : Update

you of school activities and
: Be open to suggestions and/or recommendations.
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Agreeing Party:
Student Signature: _________________________ Date: ________________
Parent Signature: __________________________ Date: ________________

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INTRODUCTION
MODULE 1
Introduction to Nursing
Theory

This module is intended to introduce the nursing theory with a brief overview of the
historical development of nursing, specifically, the search for nursing substance that led to this
outstanding time in nursing history. It also presents the basic terminology specific to
understand nursing theory in relation to a structure of nursing knowledge. This module
discourses the analyses of nursing theory and describes the criteria selected for use to
organize the analysis of each theoretical work and concludes with reasons for theory.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading the module the learners are expected to:
1. Define what is a concept, theory, nursing, nursing theory and meta paradigm. 2.
Describe the significant events and people in the development of the Nursing profession.
3. Identify the four ways of knowing and its importance to the nursing practice. 4.
Evaluate a nursing theory and able to apply to nursing practice.
5. Relate the importance of Theory to Nursing Practice.
DIRECTIONS
1. Examine carefully the module objectives.

2. Read through the module test and answer them to the best of your ability.
3. Accomplish the worksheet in the module.
4. Take note of the following icons presented within the module.
5. If in case you encounter difficulties as you go along with your module, feel free to
reach me thru messenger or thru my email address jllavore@dmmmsu.edu.ph
At the end of the module you will find this icon signifies activity and module test to
determine how well you achieved in the objectives. Read carefully the questions and
answer them with all of your best. This will reinforce your learning.
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This is the icon that signifies critical thinking. It assesses your understanding and
exercising your thoughts, ideas and opinions in a given question or scenario.
This is the icon for nurse’s notes. It introduces some ideas to remember, read it
carefully and store them in your memory.
Lesson 1: Definition of Terms: What is Nursing, Concept, Theory, Nursing

Theory, and Paradigm
Introduction:
Nursing, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of
knowledge vital to nursing practice--nursing science. To distinguish this foundation of
knowledge, nurses need to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line
with nursing. As a science, nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses do,
and why. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its own body of
knowledge on which delivery of care is based.
The Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what
nurses do, and why do they do it. The Nursing theories provide a way to define nursing as a
unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines. It is a framework of concepts and
purposes intended to guide the practice of nursing at a more concrete and specific level.
Do You want to be A Before we begin our lesson, I want you to reflect

on this question. Do you want to be a Nurse? Is this the profession you are dreaming? Is this what you really
want? Then if Yes, continue reading the texts. Nursing is a profession that require educational
preparedness, so count 1,2,3 and Let’s start learning.
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Concept
o Concepts are often called the building blocks of theories.
o They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images.
o It is interrelated concepts define a theory.
o Concepts are used to help describe or label a phenomenon.
o They are words or phrases that identify, define, and establish structure and boundaries
for ideas generated about a particular phenomenon.
o Concepts may be abstract or concrete.
Conceptual Framework vs. Theoretical Framework
CONCEPTUAL THEORETICAL
It is a structure of concepts or theories It is a structure of concepts which exist

which are pulled together as a map for or tested in the literature, a ready-made
the study. map for study.
Types of Definition of Concepts
CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL
Comparable to definition from a Specifies exactly how the concept will

literature such as dictionary, be determined and assess, it also
encyclopedia, and journals identifies procedures and operations
significant to determine concepts.
Example 1: Hospital Stay
The time during which a person is a The total days as patient beginning with
registered patient in a certain admission day and finishing with
hospital, discharge.
Example 2: Ambulation
To walk from one place to another or Taking 6 steps without assistance.

to move about.
Describes
Prescribes
Theory Explains
Predicts
THEORY NURSING CARE
• Theory is "a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, •
purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena"
• A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice. •
Theories are composed of concepts, definitions, models, propositions and are based
on assumptions.
• They are derived through two principal methods:
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1.Deductive reasoning
2. Inductive reasoning
A theory makes it possible to "organize the relationship among the concepts to describe, explain,
predict, and control practice"
Assignment: Research at least 5 definition of theory by different Authors. Specify the

author’s name and the year it was published. This will give you an overview of various
meanings of theory from different perception. You may have it on a table form or
narrative form, it will be your choice. Just a short meaning. Good Luck!
Nursing
▪ Nursing is the “diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential

health problems”. -- American Nursing Association (ANA)
▪ Nursing is “a dynamic discipline. It is an art and science of caring for individuals,
families, groups. And communities geared toward promotion and restoration of
health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering and assisting clients to face
death with dignity and peace. --Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of
Nursing (ADPCN),
Nursing Theory
The Nursing theory is defined as a group of interrelated concepts that are developed from
various studies of disciplines and related experiences. This aims to view the essence of nursing
care. Theories are specifically contributed by different nursing theorist from different times
and ages. Conceptualizes as aspect of nursing to describe, explain, predict or prescribed
nursing care (Meleis, 2012).
IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES:

• Aim to describe, predict and explain phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978). •
Provide foundations of nursing practice, help to generate further knowledge and indicate
in which direction nursing should develop in the future (Brown, 1994).
• Help to distinguish what should form the basis of practice by explicitly describing
nursing. • Help provide better patient care
Nursing Paradigm
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Nursing paradigm are patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among the
existing theoretical works in nursing.
• Nursing metaparadigm consists of four concepts:

1. Person: The focus of nursing care
o Example: Watson’s Theory of Human Caring views the patient holistically,
while Johnson’s Behavioral System model views the person through a lens of
seven different subsystems
2. Health: Depending on the theorist, health and illness can be perceived as two
separate constructs (or concepts) or health and illness is viewed as a continuum
(changes slowly over time)
o Example: King’s Theory of Goal Attainment views health a functional state
throughout a person’s life (a continuum), while Neuman’s Systems model
views health and illness as two separate constructs
3. Nursing: A process whereby nurses provide care. The process changes based on
the theorist.
o Example: Watson’s Theory of Human Caring views nursing as provision of
care using the 10 carative factors whereas Orem’s Self-Care Deficit theory
where nurses’ focus of care is assisting patients to meet their self-care
needs
4. Environment: the person’s environment within a global context (Mintz-Binder,
2019)
.
Lesson 2: The Evolution of Nursing
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The profession of nursing, as we know it today, did not always exist. Nursing in the 21st
century, with its focus on theory, research, evidence-based practice, and cutting edge
technology, started out with humble beginnings. There were many important historical
Figures along the way who helped shaped nursing as it evolved and transformed into the
respected profession that it is today.
Are you ready to travel back in time to

discover
and learn more about the pioneers of
the
nursing profession and their contributions to
nursing theory
Nursing at its Beginning

Women took care of their family
members
Care revolves around magical thinking,

superstitious and religious belief
Believed in Greek God, the goddess of healing.
Nurses as a herbalist, wet nurses, caregivers

Christ’s parable of the Good Samaritan in
providing care
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Nursing Science and Theory in the Early 20th Century
The use of experimentation to gain new knowledge emerged during this period as nurses
strive to base their actions on evidence and scientific data.
Positivism - encloses the use of both logical reasoning and empiricism, became prevalent
during this era in the discovery of truth for the development of science. Empirical and
objective data co-exist as the focus of interest of study as one of each need to be tested in
order to determine as to what is true or what is not. As a result of the different point of
views during this period, the growth of new scientific knowledge commenced. This evidence
with the emergence of radical thinking rationalism and empiricism.
Rationalism - make use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and established
facts to evidently prove something.
Empiricism - makes use of objective and tangible data or those that are perceived by the
senses (smell, sight, taste, and feeling) to observed and collect data. This data is then used
to formulate general knowledge, which is the use inductive type of reasoning. In nursing, the
use of this is highly important in the assessment of patients all throughout the entire nursing
process.
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REFLECTIVE ACTIVITY
The picture below displays the evolution of nursing profession. While looking at this
picture, what are your insights and thoughts? Can you describe the evolution of nursing in
this picture? (This will not be graded, but will assess your understanding as the nursing
continues to expand).
Nursing as a practice is said

to begin between 1840 and
1845. In Great Britain,
Florence Nightingale led
several women to a group of
sick or injured Crimean War
soldiers and began to give
them supervised care. ...
Nurses of all races and
backgrounds were accepted
into programs and became
part of the workforce.
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NURSING LEADERS OF THE 20th CENTURY
Nursing Leader Year Contribution to Nursing
Mary Grant Seacole 1854 Worked together with Florence Nightingale during th
(England) soldiers.
Florence Nightingale (England) 1859 Referred as the “Lady with the Lamp” contributed th
practice and administration.
Dorothea Lynde Dix (USA) 1861 Appointed superintendent of the female nurses of th
Louisa May Allcott (USA) 1862-1863 Wrote the book “Hospital Sketches” as she described
Civil War.
Harriet Tubman (USA) 1861-1865 “The Moses of Her People” she served the slaves of t
Walt Whitman 1862-1865 Worked together with Louisa Alcott during the Civil W
(USA)
Sojouner Truth (USA) 1862-1865 Worked as a nurse during Civil War and a nurse-couns
after.
Jean Henri Dunant (Switzerland) 1862-1865 Organized the international conference that founded
Lucy Osborned (Australia) 1868 Developed Australia’s first school for nurses after tra
supervision of Nightingale when she became the supe
Linda Richards (USA) 1873 America’s first trained nurse
Mary Mahoney (USA) 1879 America’s first black nurse
Clara Barton 1812-1912 Organized and established the American Red Cross
(USA)
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Mary Agnes Snively (Canada) 1884 Developed the Toronto General Hospital School of Nu
Canadian Nurses Association.
Lilian Wald (USA) 1867-1940 Founder of Public Health Nursing. She also founded t
Nurse Service which provided nursing services educa
Bedford Fenwick (England) 1899 Established in International; Council of Nurses in Gre
Clara Louise Mass (USA) 1876-1901 Worked as a contract nurse with the US Army during
Margaret Higgins Sanger (USA) 1879-1966 Founder of Planned Parenthood which initiated
informatio
Lavina L. Dock (USA) 1858-1965 During the 1920, she contributed in the 19th Amendm
Mary Breckinridge (USA) 1881-1965 Established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) which
opened one the first midwifery training schools durin
Dr, Lauranne Sams (USA) 1971 Served as the first President of the National Black As
M. Lucille Kinlein (USA) 1972 First Independent nurse practitioner.
Dr. Iidaura Maurillo-Rohde (USA) 1974 Served as the first president of National Hispanic Nu
Eddie Bernice Johnson (USA) 1992 The first nurse to be elected to the United States of
Julia R. Plotnick (USA) 1992 Served as the Chief Nurse Officer, Rear Admiral and b
coordination for US Surgeon General.
Ada Sue Hinshaw (USA) 1993 Directed the National Center for Nursing Research to
Nursing Research under the National Institute for He
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PROMINENT NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Cesaria Tan First Filipino nurse who had Master’s Degree in Nursing in the United States.
Socoro Sirilian Reformed Social Service for Indigenous patient at San Lazaro Hospital.
Magdalena First Filipino Industrial

Valenzuela
Annie Sand Founded the national league of the Philippines Government Nurses.
Cornel Elvegia First Female Military Nurse

Mendoza
Loreto Tupas Known as the dean of Philippines Nursing Education

Florence Nightingale of Iloilo.
Socoro Diaz First editor of “The Message” the first journal of the Philippines Nurses Association
previously known as FNA (Filipino Nurses Association)
Conchita Ruiz First editor of “The Filipinos Nurses” the second journal of the PNA.
Dr. Julita Sotejo -Considered as Florence Nightingale of the Philippines”

-founder and the first if the university of the Philippines College of Nursing in The
Philippines. -Professor Emeritus of UPCN
-The Author of code of ethics for Nurses (PRC BON Res.#633, 1982)
Anastacia Giron First Filipino Nurse with a title of Nursing Superintendent chief Nurses at the Philipp
Tupaz Hospital (PGH)
*Founder or Filipino Nurses Association (FNA), at present known as the Philippines G
School of nursing in 1992
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ROLES OF NURSES
These pictures demonstrate the different roles of nurses. Nurses makes difference in
other’s life. Whatever their role, being a nurse is rewarding and overwhelming.
Assignment: Search for the different role of nurses. Identify their roles and
responsibilities. Cite an example for each role. You may refer to the picture to help you
identify the roles of a nurse. Answer this like you are the nurse in the picture. Say hello
to the future nurses! Good luck!
EXPANDED ROLES OF NURSES
NURSE Nurse generalist has mastery in certain practice of nursing. The following are
GENERALIST examples of special areas: general nursing practice, medical-surgical nursing,
pediatric and geriatric nursing, college health nursing, nursing continuing
education and staff development and home health nursing.
NURSE CLINICIAN Nurse clinicians perform direct nursing actions in specialty areas. They may or
may not have advanced educational preparation as long as they are certified by
a governing body to perform such duties.
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NURSE Nurse practitioner requires advanced educational or nursing practice and must
PRACTITIONER be certified by a governing body that they may practice so.
NURSE Nurse specialist requires one to have master's degree in nursing and must have
SPECIALIST specialization in a particular field of nursing.
Let’s watch this video:
“Nurses dispense comfort, compassion and caring without even a prescription.” -

Val Saintsbury. Try to reflect on this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urFFEi7rJqU
Nurses Touch, ATI Nursing, January 31,2012.
ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTION: By using the pool of nursing leaders in the Philippines and nursing
leaders of the 20th century, fill in the missing information given in the tables below to
assess if you remember the events and people discussed above.
First FNA president
Florence Nightingale of the Philippines
First editor of “The Message”
FNA Filipino Nurses Association founder
First Filipino industrial nurse
First editor of “The Filipino Nurses”
Known as the Dean of Philippine

Nursing Education
First female Military Nurse
Founded the National League of

Philippine Government nurses
First Filipino Nurse who had master’s

Degree in Nursing in the United
States.
First independent nurse practitioner.
Established the International Council

of Nurses in Great Britain
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Organized the International
Conference that founded the red
Cross during the Geneva Convention
America’s first trained nurse.
Founder of Public Health Nursing
Organized and established the

American Red Cross
Served as the first President of the

National Black Nurses Association.
Referred as the “Lady with the Lamp”
Lesson 3: FOUR WAYS OF KNOWING

1. Empirical Knowing - Empirical knowing focuses on evidenced-based research for effective
and accurate nursing practice. It is where most theory and research development are
concentrated and some conceptual forms have better capacity to explain nursing phenomena
than others.
Examples:
• David, a nursing student answers a question posed by the clinical instructor based on
what he learned from the school.
• Elmer, a nurse researcher, uses scientific method to produce desired study results. •
Nurse Michael practices nursing interventions based from accepted clinical practices.
Nurse’s Notes
Any scientific, researched-based, theoretical and factual information that the nurse
makes use of is under Empirical Knowing. Example is knowledge obtained
from textbooks, lectures, journals, and online researches.
TRIVIA!
Did you know that Florence Nightingale is also a statistician? Her
mathematical skills proved valuable in documenting and managing care
among large numbers of patients, many of whom are soldiers and victims of
Crimean War.
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Evidence-based Practice (EBP) as part of Empirical Knowing
Evidence-based nursing practice involves accurate and thoughtful decision making about
health care delivery for clients. This is based on the result of the most relevant and supported
evidence derived from research in response to client’s preferences and expectations. Practice
founded on EBP can bridge the gap of nursing practice and research to provide basis for nurses
to transform research into quality care.
Six (6) Characteristics of Quality Health Care that reinforces Aspects of EBP
✓Client-centered
✓Scientifically-based
✓Population outcome based
✓Developed through quality improvement and benchmarking
✓Individualized to client’s need
✓Attuned with system policies and resources
According to Benefield (2002), Evidence report is comprised of knowledge synthesis,

review, and documentation of how evidenced-based practices are being implemented in the
clinical area.
In the application of Evidence-based practice, the nurse should first become aware of the
need for information. Development of a question or problem statement to address the need is
the next step in the process. Once the question is defined, the nurse should conduct a
systematic review on research studies that has been done on the particular topic.
2. Aesthetic Knowing - is related to understanding what is of significance to particular

patients such as feelings, attitudes, points of view (Carper,1978). It is also the manifestation
of the creative and expressive styles of the nurse (Kenney,1996). It focuses on empathy, the
ability for sharing or vividly understanding another’s feeling.
Examples:
• Nurse Moses places himself in the “patient’s shoes” when communicating, giving
judgement and providing care.
• Nurse Ace shows compassion, mercy and understanding towards patients, co-workers and
supervisors.
• Nurse Miguel uses layman terms in explaining the needs of the patients with Right-sided
Heart Failure.
Nurse’s Notes
Aesthetic knowing is used in the process of giving appropriate nursing care
through understanding the uniqueness of every patient, thus emphasizing use
of creative and practical styles of care.
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3. Ethical Knowing - requires knowledge of different philosophical positions regarding what is

good and right in making moral actions and decisions, particularly in the theoretical and
clinical components of nursing.
Examples:
• Nurse Felix presents himself as a patient advocate and defends his client’s right to choose
care.
• June, a clinical instructor, reprimands a student who cheated on a quiz and explains the
consequences.
• Nurse Renato explains the concepts behind organ donation to a terminally-ill patient.
Nurse’s Notes
Ethical Knowing involves the judgement of right and wrong in relation to intentions,
reasons and attributes of individuals and situations.
4. Personal Knowing - encompasses knowledge of the self in relation to others and to self.
- It involves the entirely of the Nurse-Patient Relationship.
-It is the most difficult to master and to teach. It is the key to comprehending health in
terms of personal well-being.
-It stresses that human beings are not in a fixed state but are constantly engaged in a
dynamic state of changes (Kenney,1996).
Examples:
• Ben, a nursing student, strives to promote a meaningful personal relationship with his
elderly patient.
• Lune, a nursing student, undergoes Psychological Counseling and Self-Awareness sessions
before his Psychiatric Nursing rotation.
ACTIVITY
Let’s check your understanding in answering the Nurse’s Word Pool
Instruction: You will categorize the words listed inside the circle of nursing
knowledge into four ways of knowing. Write your answers on the table provided below the
nursing word pool. Do not forget to review your answers. Enjoy!
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Experimental investigation reflection
Whistle-blowing Scientific method
Self-awareness identity empathy

abortion Perception kindness
understanding Morality Research
Evidence-based practice
Beneficence
Advocate Creativity Consciousness

EMPIRICAL AESTHETIC ETHICAL PERSONAL
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Lesson 4: SCOPE OF THEORIES AND ANALYSIS
Theories direct nursing action and the nurse cannot claim an empirical or
factual basis in her work unless she knows how to choose from the class of theories as a firm
basis. Also, she cannot claim nursing judgment as central to her practice unless knowledge of
the categories of analysis is well understood.
Theories unique to nursing help the discipline define how it is different from other
disciplines. They are known to have a relative system of ideas that is intended to explain a
given phenomenon or a fact.
Nursing Theories reflect particular views of person, health and environment, nursing
and other concepts that contribute to the development of a body of knowledge specific to
nursing concerns. They have originated from studies in other discipline related to nursing and
from earlier works in nursing - like philosophies, conceptual models, and theories.
Scope refers to the qualified level of precision of a certain theory and the accuracy of
its concepts and propositions.
THREE CATEGORIES THAT RELATE TO THE SCOPE OF THEORY
1. Grand Theories
Grand theories are simply known to speak about a broad range of important
relationship among concepts of a discipline. They are made up of concepts representing
common and extremely complex phenomena. They are viewed to be the broadest in scope,
represents the summary of development, and concentrate on the broad phenomena of
concern with the discipline. They arise at the time when nursing was addressing its nature
mission and goals.
2. Middle - Range Theories
They are the least abstract level of theoretical knowledge because they include details
specific to nursing practice. Descriptions, explanations, and predictions are mad with the
purpose of answering questions about different nursing phenomena. They specify such things
as the health condition, the patient population (age group), the location of practice, and the
different interventions of the nurse.
Middle Range Theories

Hildegard Peplau Psychodynamic Nursing
Joyce Travelbee Human-to-Human Relationship Model
Madelleine Leininger Transcultural Theory in Nursing

Margaret Newman Model of Health
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3. Micro - Range Theories
These are situations-specific and limited to particular populations or fields of practice

and also a linking of concrete concepts into a statement that can be observed in practice and
research.
Higgins and Moore (2000) distinguish different levels of micro-range theory:
a. the higher level of abstraction - strongly related to mid-range theory and consists
of a limited number of concepts and applicable to a narrow issue or event
b. the lower levels of abstractions
Hypothesis is an example of low abstraction micro-range theory. It is a greatest guess or

prediction about what one expects to discover. It is a tentative statement o relationship
between two or more variables that can be empirically tested (Chinn and Kramer, 1999)
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THEORY
Theory analysis – the researcher systematically and objectively examines the context,
structure, and its function.
➢ In evaluating a theory, we must first provide description of it. This is done by reviewing
the entire work while focusing in its historical aspect we must consider its degree of
usefulness to guide practice, research, education and administration. Evaluation
provides new insight into relationships among concepts and their links to each other.
This allows the researcher to know the theory's strengths and weaknesses.
Five (5) criteria in evaluating a theoretical work (Chinn and Kramer, 1991)
1. Clarity - In evaluating the clarity of a certain theory consistency, semantics (study of the
meaning of language, symbols and logic) and structure are considered important. Words
commonly have multiple meanings within and across disciplines and for that reason, they
should be defined operationally on how it is used in the framework from which it is derived.
The diagram should also be clear and consistent all throughout. It should also follow a logical
sequence which is understandable. Lastly, assumptions should be consistent with the defined
goals of the theory.
2. Simplicity - Chin and Kramer advised that in nursing, practice simple theory such as middle
range theory is important serve as a guide. A theory must be adequately comprehensive at a
level of abstraction to offer direction. However, it must have a few concepts as possible having
simple relations to assist clarity.
Raynolds added that the most useful theory is the one that offers greatest sense of
understanding. Parsimony is defined by Walker and Avant as elegant in simplicity although it
may be extensive in content.
3. Generality - It is important to examine the scope of concepts and goals within the theory
for this analysis criterion. As a rule of thumb, the more limited the concept and goals is, the
less general the theory becomes. According to Chin and Kramer, situations in scope of the
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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theory, the greater its significant. Consequently, the more abstract the work is, the more
middle range theory can be drawn from it.
4. Empirical Precision - Empirical precision is defined as the degree in which the defined
concepts are observable in actual setting. It is in line with the testability and ultimate use of
the theory. Hardy elaborated that empirical adequacy can be measured by the evidences that
supports the theory. She placed emphasis on the congruence of theoretical claims and
empirical evidence
5. Derivable Consequences - Chin and Kramer suggest that if research, theory and practice
are meaningfully related, nursing theory should lead itself to research testing which would
result to additional knowledge that would guide practice. Furthermore, they suggest that
nursing theory should give direction to research and practice, create new ideas, and ought to
distinguish the focus of nursing to other profession.
Example on how to analyze a theory:
Criteria Question to be Asked
Clarity '' is the theory clearly state?''

''How clear is the theory?''
''Is it easily understood?''
Simplicity ''How simple is the theory?''
Generality ''How general is the theory?''

''How broad is the scope of the theory?''
Empirical ''Is the theory testable?''

Precision ''How accessible is the theory?''
Derivable '' How important is the theory?''

Consequences ''Does the theory have a significant contribution
to nursing knowledge?''
Let us assess your critical thinking! Critique this article, click this link
http://www.researchgate,net/publication/340940292
The article introduces a theory about how nursing care is provided to ensure
equity in health. This Nursing theory is ACTON or Altruistic Care Theory of Nursing by Joel
Estacio, follow the criteria on how to analyze a theoretical work that discussed above. To
show your answer concretely and constructively, you may use the table below (You may
use a separate sheet to provide your answers) or may you answer it in a paragraph not
exceeding to 200 words. Heads up, you can do it! Good luck!
-If you encounter any problem my line is always open, you can communicate with me
about your problem in this lesson.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Criteria Your Answers
Clarity
Simplicity
Generality
Empirical
Precision
Derivable
Consequences
Lesson 5: Purposes and Significance of Nursing Theory
When we think about nursing profession, we come out with ideas and thoughts about the
significance of care, love, compassion and competent clinical practice. We might have a
depiction of a female nurse who is wearing a shiny white clinical uniform, with topping of a
well knitted cap, carrying a complete set of medicine tray.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
❖ Criteria of a Profession by William Shepherd

1. A profession must satisfy an indispensable social need and be based upon well
established and social accepted scientific principles.
2. It must demand adequate pre-professional and cultural training.
3. It must demand the possession of a body of specialized and systematized training. 4.
It must give evidence of needed skills which the public does not possess; that is skills which
are partly inherent and partly acquired.
5. It must have developed a scientific technique which is the result of tested
experience. 6. It must require the exercise of discretion and judgment as to time and manner
of the performance of duty: This is in contrast to the kind of work which is subject to
standardization in terms of unit performance or time element.
7. It must have a group of consciousness designed to extend scientific knowledge in
technical language.
8. It must have sufficient self-impelling power to retain its members throughout life. It
must not be used as a mere stepping stone to other occupations.
9. It must recognize its obligations to society by insisting that its members live up to an
established code of ethics.
❖ Criteria of a Profession by Flexner

1. A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical services that are vital to
human welfare, and especially suited to the tradition of seasoned practitioners shaping the
skills of newcomers to the role.
2. It constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and subsequently imposes on its
members a lifelong obligation to remain current in order to ''do no harm''. 3. A profession
functions autonomously (with authority) in the formulation of professional policy and in
monitoring its practice and practitioners.
4. It utilizes in its practice a well-defines and well-organized body of knowledge that is
intellectual in nature and describes its phenomenon and practitioners.
5. A profession has a clear standard of educational preparation for entry into practice.
6. A profession is distinguished by the presence of specific culture, norms, and other values
that common among its members.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Student’s Worksheet
Activity 1
Instruction: Answer the following questions in an essay form with not more
than 200 words, you may use another sheet for your answers.
Question:
1. What do you think will happen if theories in nursing were not formulated? Kindly cite an
example on how this will affect your present health care system.
________________________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________________________
_ ___________________________________________________________
2. Given the criteria of a profession, what criteria do you think is the most important that a
nurse should possess? Why did you say so?
________________________________________________________________________________
_ Activity 2: Match them up!
Instruction: Match Column A to Column B by drawing a line. Enjoy answering!
Column A Column B Orem’s Self Care Theory Derivable consequences “How

simple is the theory?” Grand theories Area in practice and age group Micro-range
theories “How broad is the scope of the theory” Clarity
“How important is the theory”? Simplicity
The most concrete type of theory Generality
Testability of the theory Empirical Precision “Is the theory clearly stated?”
Middle-range Theories
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Module (1) Test

Let’s assess your knowledge
I. Instruction: Read carefully the questions and encircle the letter of your answer.
1. Which of the following components contribute to generate a theory?

a. Meta paradigm
b. concept
c. Phenomenon
d. Nursing theorist
2. One characteristics of theory must be:
a. Logical in Nature
b. complex in nature
c. Paradoxical in nature
d. inconsistent
3. These are sets of related concepts based on studies and experience which contribute for
the betterment for nursing care?
a. Theory
b. Nursing Theories
c. Assumption
d. Inconsistent
4. These are also called the building blocks of Theories?
a. Metaparadigm
b. Hypothesis
c. Propositions
d. Concepts
5. Who formulated the famous Environmental Theory?
a. Martha Rogers
b. Florence Nightingale
c. Imogene King
d. Lydia Hall
6. These are patterns used to show a relationship among the existing theoretical works in
nursing
a. Conceptual Paradox
b. Nursing Theory
c. Metaparadigm
d. Theory
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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7. The following choices are types of theories, but:

a. Grand Theory
b. Prescriptive Theory
c. Descriptive Theory
d. Wide-range Theory
8. Conceptual frameworks are commonly represented through:
a. Diagram
b. paragraph
c. Caricatures
d. Images
9. Which of the following is a component of a metaparadigm in nursing?
a. Concepts
b. Proposition
c. Assumption
d. Nursing
10. It is defined as sets of empirical data or experiences that can be observed or
touched? a. Proposition
b. Phenomenon
c. Meta paradigm
d. Middle-range Theory
Part II:
Let’s assess your creativity!

A theory is composed of interrelated concepts. Kindly cut 10 pictures from a magazine
and paste them in a sheet of paper. You arrange them in a manner that will exhibit
relatedness. Then, you will explain the relationship of each picture. Make sure to pick related
pictures. Enjoy exploring your creativity! Use separate sheet for this activity.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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MODULE 2
NURSING THEORETICAL WORKS AND DIFFERENT VIEWS OF VARIOUS NURSING
THEORIST
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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 INTRODUCTION
The module presents background of nursing theorist and the relevance of their theory to
nursing practice, education, and research. It identifies theory analysis and theoretical
assertions.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading the module the learners are expected to:
1. Compare the views of various nursing theorist on person, health, environment, and
nursing
2. Apply Theory in related disciplines:
Nursing Practice
Nursing Education
Nursing Research
3. Realize the importance of theorist and theory in the development of nursing.
DIRECTIONS
1. Examine the modules objectives.
2. Read through the module tests and answer them to the best of your ability.
3. Take note of the icons presented within the module.
4. Take note of the following icons presented within the module.
5. If in case you encounter difficulties as you go along with your module, feel free to reach
me with Facebook messenger or thru my email address jllavore@dmmmsu.edu.ph
At the end of the module you will find this icon signifies activity and module test to
determine how well you achieved in the objectives. Read carefully the questions and
answer them with all of your best. This will reinforce your learning.
This is the icon for nurse’s notes. It introduces some ideas to remember, read it
carefully and store them in your memory.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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COURSE CONTENT
LESSON 1:
A. Florence
Nightingale’s: B. Patricia
Benner
C. Ernestine Weidenbach
Lesson 2:
A. Virgina Henderson
B. Betty Neuman
C. Dorothea Orem
Lesson 3:
A. Sister Callista Roy
B. Imogene King
Lesson 4:
A. Faye Glenn
Abdellah B. Lydia Hall
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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As you could recall, on our Module 1, page 9 we discussed the metaparadigm of

nursing which is a nursing theory is a set of concepts and principles that define the
scientific basis of nursing profession. Nursing theories enhance students' understanding of
the principles, values, and meanings of nursing profession. In addition, it helps nurses to
understand their role in the healthcare setting.
Let us have a recall on the metaparadigm of Nursing before we move to the next
page.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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In the next page, you will identify the metaparadigm of nursing as presented by
various theorist. You may able to compare and contrast their views on person, health,
environment and nursing. And as you go along with our lesson about theories, you will
understand the metaparadigm of nursing theories.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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THEORIST NURSING PERSON HEALTH ENVIR
NIGHTANGLE The nurse has to put the patient are defined in relationship to She believed nature alone cures. She focus
in the best condition for nature their environment and the Given her definition that of the art warmth,
to act upon him. impact of the environment of nursing is to unmake what God cleanline
upon them. had made the disease.
BENNER She viewed nursing practice as A person has an effortless She defines health as what can She used
the care and study of the lived and non-reflective be assessed, while wellbeing is terms of
experience of health, illness understanding of the self in the human experience of situated
and disease and the the world. health or meaning,
relationships among three wholeness. the pers
elements. interactio
interpret
of the si
Henderson health as a quality of life and is person is an individual who Nurses must provide physicians It is impo
very basic for a person to requires assistance to data about the safety needs of the individua
function fully. As a vital need, achieve health and patient. environm
health requires independence independence or in some this abilit
and cases, a peaceful death.
interdependence
NEUMAN This concept provides the -person as an individual, health as dynamic in nature. A The env
nurse to consider that a family, community or the person's health depends upon which internal
client's physical, society. state of the continuum they are in force th
physiological, -person as an open system line with, the person maybe in line person's
that works with other parts with the state of wellness or
psychological, mental,
of its body as it interacts illnesses.
social, cultural, with the environment.
development and spiritual
well-being is dynamic.
OREM nursing as a human service. human beings are very health should be perceived Orem’s v
It is distinguished human much different from the this way since she believes phenom
service its focus is on other living things in that these integrated aspects insepara
persons with inabilities to terms of their capacity. of health are inseparable her view
maintain Humans can reflect upon environm
continuous provision of events, source
health care. She added that themselves and their internal
Nursing is based on values environment. interact
differen
Sister Callista Roy's goal is to promote the person as a biophysical Health is the process of being environm
Roy adaptation in four aspects to being in constant and becoming integrated and conditio
nursing. She contributed to interaction with the whole person according to Roy affect
the person's health, quality environment. The person person.
of life and dying with is open, adaptive who termed
dignity. uses coping skills to deal that a
with stressors. influenc
stimuli
and resi
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Imogene King Nursing for King is an act person existing in an Health as the ability of a person Environm
wherein the nurse open system as a to adjust to the stressors that balance
interacts and spiritual being and the internal and external externa
communicates with the rational thinker who environment exposes to the social sy
client. The nurse helps makes choices, selects client. It is the maximal use of
the alternative courses of the potentials that a person
client identify the existing action, and has the can perform to achieve balance
health condition, exploring ability to record their in one's health.
and agreeing on activities to history
promote health. through their own
language and symbols,
unique,
holistic and have
different needs, wants
and goals
Abdellah The concept of nursing in Abdellah classifies the health is defined as the center The id
this theory is generally beneficiary of care as and purpose of nursing services. addresse
grouped into twenty-one individuals. However, she Although Abdellah does not give included
problem areas for nurses to does not set standard a definition of health, she optimum
work out their judgment limits on the nature and speaks to a ''total health needs'' national
and appropriate care. essence of human and a healthy state of mind and levels.
beings. body'' in her description of
nursing as a comprehensive
service.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Lesson 1
A. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Florence Nightingale, (12 May 1820 - 13 August 1910), who came

to be known as The Lady with the Lamp, was a pioneer of modern
nursing and noted statistician.
LIFE of Florence Nightingale

Florence nightingale was born into a middle class, lavish, well connected
British family at the Villa Columbia, Florence, Italy and was named after
the city of her birth. Inspired by what she took as a Christian divine
calling, experienced first in 1837 at Embley Park and later throughout her
life,
Nightingale committed herself to nursing
The Crimean War

During the Crimean War, from 1853 to 1856, many British soldiers died from wounds and
disease until Florence Nightingale set up a hospital near the battlefront. This picture shows
soldiers at the siege of a key Russian base.
Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War which become
her central focus when reports began to filter back to Britain about the horrific conditions for
the wounded.
❖ THEORETICAL SOURCES OF NIGHTINGALE's THEORY
A lot of factors influenced the improvement of Nightingale's Theory for Nursing. Individual,
societal and professional values were all essentials to the development of her work. She
combined her individual resources with societal and professional.
Nightingale’s approach to health care was systemic and holistic. She consistently stressed
health promotion and disease prevention. The foundations for good health were:
• decent housing (a rarity in her day, even for the wealthy);

• clean water and air (large numbers died from water and air-borne diseases); • good nutrition
(especially a problem for the poor, but lack of standards in the food industry harmed
everyone);
• safe childbirth (mortality rates were much higher than, both for childbirth and post
childbirth from puerperal fever);
• good child care (a major subject in her Notes on Nursing) and no child should ever be in a
workhouse (when many were).
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Yet, even with the best of conditions—a long time yet in realization—some people would
become ill. Her strategy for dealing with illness was again holistic and comprehensive, but
notes its conservative strain, for intervention can be dangerous:
• home visiting by nurse and doctor;
• minimal use of hospitals—concern over mortality rates in general (acute-care) hospitals; •
linking of general (acute care) hospitals in city centers with convalescent hospitals in the
country or seaside.
“NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL”

A. HEALTH OF HOUSES
B. VENTILATION AND WARMING
C. LIGHT
D. NOISE
E. VARIETY
F. BED AND BEDDING
G. PERSONAL CLEANLINESS
H. NUTIRTION AND TAKING FOOD
I. CHATTERING HOPES AND ADVICES
J. SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Let’s watch this!

Click this link at YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s05qFON5EA And watch
"Nurses: Their Vital Role in Transforming Healthcare." Hope it will give you more passion to
aim your dream to be a Nurse.
RELEVANCE OF THEORY IN NURSING PRACTICE, EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

EDUCATION
1. Principles of nursing training. Better practice result from better education. 2. Skills
measurement through licensing by the use of testing methods, the case studies. RESEARCH
1. Use of graphical representations like the bar, pie diagrams.
2. Notes on nursing.
NURSING PRACTICE
1. Disease control
2. Sanitation and water treatment
3. Utilized by modern architecture in the prevention of “sick building syndrome” applying the
principles of ventilation and good lightning.
4. Waste disposal
5. Control of room temperature
APPLICATION OF NIGHTANGALE’S THEORY IN NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
The following information should be adequate
• Adequacy of ventilation
• Cleanliness of environment
• Presence of draft
• Sudden noises
• Amount of sunlight and artificial light
ANALYSIS
Nightingale believed that the environment was the major component creating illness in a
patient; she regarded disease as ''the reactions of kindly nature against the conditions in
which we have placed ourselves''. She recognized not only the dangers of the environment,
but she also highlighted the benefit of good environments in preventing illness.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Nightingale's Theory has been used to provide general guidelines for all nurse practitioners
for a number of years. The universality of her concepts still remains relevant except for some
specific activities. The concept of the nurse, patient and environment are still applicable and
relevant in all nursing settings today. Therefore, it meets the criterion of generality.
Nightingale's concepts in her theory are often stated completely and are presented as truths
rather than tentative, testable statements. In contrast to her quantitative research on
mortality done in Crimean; she proposed that nurses should base their practice or
observations and experiences rather than systematic, empirical research. Her writings
continue to motivate creative thinking nurses and her works gives food for thought that
continues to encourage the profession. It is only right that Nightingale continues to be
honored as the brilliant founder of modern nursing.
POINTS FOR Further Study
• Read on Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing: “What It is, What It is Not”

• Florence is a unique figure in the history of the world. The nursing profession continues to
embrace her as a founder of modern nursing.
• She provided the nursing profession the “Legacy of Caring”
Activity
Let’s test your words!

Essay:
1. Why Florence Nightingale’s theory is considered a Holistic Nursing Theory?
2. What was Florence Nightingale’s greatest achievement? Relate your answer to your
perception 5 to 10 years from now. (words not more than 200, you may use another sheet)
Let’s test your creativity!
Florence Nightingale is known to be the Lady of the Lamp. Let your imagination works this
time, draw or illustrate the lamp that Florence Nightingale is referring
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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to in your own imagination. Explain your drawing short briefly. Close your eyes for 10 seconds
to refresh your mind. Start imagining now. Good Luck!
B. PATRICIA BENNER
Patricia Benner- From Novice to Expert
‘’Nursing is concerned with the social sentient body that

dwells in finite human world; that gets sick and
recovers; that
is altered during illness, pain and suffering; and that
engages
with the world differently upon recovery.’’
Getting to Know the Theorist
Born in Hampton, Virginia and spent her childhood in

California, where she had her eagerly and professional
education. She received her Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing from
Pasadena College in 1964, her Master’s Degree in Medical Surgical Nursing from the University
of California, San Francisco in 1970 and Ph. D. from University of California, Berkeley.
“From Novice to Expert”
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Reflective Activity:
Upon seeing the ladder of novice to expert, how can you see yourself 10 years from now?
ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY

RELEVANCE OF THEORY TO NURSING PRACTICE, EDUCATION, RESEARCH
The model has been used to aid in the development of clinical ladders of promotion, new
graduate orientation programs and clinical knowledge development seminars. This has
greatly contributed in the competency ladders and promotions in the nursing service.
Nursing educators have realized that learning needs at the early stages of clinical knowledge
development are different from those required at later researches. These researches have
been used in studying the impact of nursing and its seven domains in every aspect of the
profession. Several researches tested these models and validated them. In application of the
theory presented, nurses have clear vision of the competencies required in order for them to
climb up into the leadership ladder.
Analysis
Benner’s model is comparatively simple about the five stages of skill acquisition. It gives a
relative guide for classifying levels of nursing practice, from individual nurse descriptions and
observations to actual nursing practice.
Benner’s model has universal characteristics for the reason that it is no restricted by age,
illness, health or location of nursing practice. The descriptive model of nursing practice
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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has the potential for universal application as framework; however, the description is limited
by dependence on the actual clinical nursing situations from which they must be used.
Benner’s model was tested using qualitative methodologies. Succeeding researches suggest
that the framework is applicable and useful in providing knowledge of the description of
nursing practice. The strength of Benner’s is that data-based research contributes to the
science of nursing. The implication of Benner’s research finding lies on her conclusion that ‘’a
nurse’s clinical knowledge is relevant to the extent to which its manifestation in nursing skill
makes a difference in patient care and patient outcome.
Activity
Let’s practice your views!
Describe a situation or it may be from your own experience that you have observed that
illustrate how various level of skill development from novice to expert involve. Answer
this in a paragraph form, using not more than 500 words only. Start answering with a big
smile on your face. Goodluck! (You may use a separate sheet).
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Let’s talk about your thoughts!

Reflecting on Patricia Benner’s theory, how will you enhance your skills and achieve your
goals as a nursing student. Answer this in 4 sentences only. Internalize your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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C. ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH
ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH- The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing
LIFE OF WIEDENBACH
Ernestine Wiedenbach was born in 1900 in Hamburg,

Germany, and her family moved to New York in 1909. She earned
a Bachelor of Arts from Wellesley College in 1922 and her
Registered Nurse’s license from the John Hopkins School of
Nursing in 1925. She got her Masters of Arts from Teachers
College, Columbia University in 1934. In 1946,
Ernestine Wiedenbach’s Contribution to Nursing

“The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing”
It defines nursing as the practice of identifying a patient’s need for help through the
observation of presenting behavior and symptoms, exploration of the meaning of those
symptoms, determination of the cause of discomfort, the determination of the patient’s ability
to resolve the patient’s discomfort, or determining if the patient has a need for help from the
nurse or another health care professional.
Wiedenbach’s model of nursing defines the patient as any person receiving help of
some kind from the health care system. Help can include care, teaching, and advice. In this
nursing theory, a patient does not need to be ill or injured since health education qualifies
someone as a patient. The nurse is a functioning human being who not only acts, but thinks
and feels. A nurse uses his or her knowledge in his or her role. Knowledge encompasses all
that has been perceived and grasped by the human mind. It may be factual, speculative, or
practical.
Assignment: Research on the two types of judgement in dealing with patients. Identify
each type, then try to compare it in a table form.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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➢ Wiedenbach’s prescriptive theory is based on three factors:

• The central purpose which the practitioner recognizes as essential to the particular
discipline.
• The prescription for the fulfillment of the central purpose.
• The realities in the immediate situation that influence the central purpose
Nurse’s Notes
The art of nursing includes understanding a patient’s needs and concerns,

developing
goals and actions intended to enhance a patient’s ability, and directing the
activities
related to the medical plan to improve the patient’s condition. The nurse also focuses on
prevention of complications that can come up due to re-occurrence, or the development
of new concerns.
POINTS FOR Further Study
Refer to page 272 of Theoretical Foundations of Nursing by Josie Quiambao-Udan First Edition
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Lesson 2
A. Virginia Henderson (14 NURSING

BASIC
NEEDS)
GETTING TO KNOW THE THEORIST
Virginia Henderson -‘’First Lady of Nursing’’ and

the
‘’First Truly International Nurse’’
▪ Began her career in public health nursing in the
Henry
Street Settlement, Washington, D.C.
▪ First fulltime instructor in nursing in Virginia.
▪ Early advocate for the introduction of psychiatric nursing in 1929
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
THE NURSE – PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
Three levels comprising the nurse-patient relationship can be identified, ranging from a very
dependent to a quite independent relationship: (1) the nurse as a substitute for the patient,
(2) the nurse as a helper to the patient, and (3) the nurse as a partner with the patient. In
times of grave illness, the nurse is seen as a ‘’substitute for what the patient lacks to make
him ‘complete, “whole, ’or ‘ independent,’ by the lack of physical strength, will, or
knowledge.’’
THE NURSE-PHYSICIANS RELATIONSHIP

Henderson insisted that the nurse have a unique function that is distinct from the physician’s
function. The care plan, formulated by both the nurse and the patient, must be implemented
in such a way as to promote the physician’s prescribed therapeutic plan. Henderson stressed
that nurses do not follow doctor’s orders because a nurse ‘’questions a philosophy that allows
the physician to give order to patients or other health workers. ‘’She extended this to
emphasize that nurses help patients with health management when physicians are
unavailable. She also indicated that many nurse and physician functions overlap.
THE NURSE AS A MEMBER OF THE HEALTH CARE TEAM

Henderson compared the entire medical team, including the patient and family, to wedges on
a pie graph. The size of each members section depends on the patient’s current needs;
therefore, it changes as the patient progress toward independence. In some situations,
certain team members are not included in the pie. The goal is for the patient to have the
largest wedge possible or to take the whole pie.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
48

ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY PRACTICE
RELEVANCE OF THEORY TO:
NURSING
In gathering data, the nurse uses observation, smell, feeling and hearing. In the
assessment phase, the nurse would assess the patient in all 14 components of basic nursing
care. To complete the assessment phase, the nurse must analyze the collected data. This
requires knowledge of what is normal in the health and disease.
EDUCATION
Henderson stated, ‘’in order for a nurse to practice as expect in her own right and to
use the scientific approach to the improvement of practice, the nurse needs the kind of
education available only in colleges and universities. The nurse education demands universal
understanding of diverse human beings. The student becomes involved in the complete study
of the patient and the patient’s needs.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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RESEARCH
Research questions arise from each of the 14 components of basic nursing care. It is the
nurse’s function to assume responsibility for identifying problems, continually validating his or
her function, improving the methods he or she uses and reassuring the effectiveness of
nursing care.
POST TEST
Let’s test your memory!

1) Where did Virginia Henderson begin her career in public health nursing?
2) Henderson viewed this as a quality of life and is very basic for a person to function fully?
3) Is an individual who requires assistance to achieve health and independence or in some

cases, a peaceful death.
4) During this condition, the nurse help the patient acquire or regain his independence.
5) The first nine components of Henderson’s components of nursing functions are categorized
as?
Let’s test your understanding!

Henderson stated there are three levels compromising the nurse-patient relationship. Discuss
the three levels and cite an example for each.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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B. BETTY NEUMAN
“System Model in Nursing Practice”
Getting to know the Theorist
System Model in Nursing Practice

“Health is a condition in which all parts and subparts
are in harmony with the whole of the client”
Betty Neuman was born on 1924 on a farm near Lowell,

Ohio. Worked as head nurse, school nurse, industrial nurse
and
was also involved in clinical teaching at University of Southern
California Medical Center, Los Angeles.
Betty Neuman's theory incorporated the concept of a whole

person as an open system approach. The concept is aimed towards the development of a
person in a state of wellness having the capacity to function optimally. The main role of the
nurse in her theory is to help a person to adapt with environmental stimuli causing illness
back to a state of wellness.
“SYSTEM MODEL IN NURSING PRACTICE”

The picture above illustrates that Nursing is a unique profession in that is concerned with all
the variables affecting an individual’s response to stresses, which are intra- within the
individual, inter- between one or more other people. The concern of the nursing is to prevent
stress invasion, to protect the client’s basic structure and to obtain or maintain a maximum
wellness. The nurse helps the client, through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
modes, to adjust to environmental stressors and maintain client stability.
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
Theoretical assertions are the relationships among the essential concepts of a model.
• The Neuman model depicts the nurse as an active participant with the client and as
“concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stressors”. • The client
is in a reciprocal relationship with the environment in that “he interacts with this
environment by adjusting himself to it or adjusting it to himself”. • Neuman links the four
essential concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing in her statements regarding
primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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• Earlier publications by Neuman stated basic assumptions that linked essential concepts of
the model. These statements have also been identified as propositions and serve to define,
describe, and link the concepts of the model.
Activity 1
Let’s assess your knowledge!

Instruction: Indicate which of the following statements are True (T) and which is False (F)
by circling the appropriate letter.
T F 1.The main role of the nurse in her theory is to help a person adapt with environmental
stimuli causing wellness back to a state of illness.
T F 2.For an open system to exists, there must be an exchange of information and reaction
surrounding a person.
T F 3. Flexible line of Resistance acts to facilitate coping to overcome the stressors that are
present within the individual.
T F 4.According to Neuman, health is constant in nature such that illness occurs when there
is an unmet need or failure to cope with environmental stressors.
T F 5. Holistic approach requires the consideration of all factors affecting a client’s health
and therefore requires the nurse to adjust to the patient’s unique needs.
Activity 2
DIRECTIONS: Match each of the following items. Write the letter corresponding to the
correct answer on the blank provided.
_______ 1. tensions that produce alternations in the a. 1970 normal flow of the environment
_______ 2. outcome of a certain stressor set towards b. secondary prevention disorganization
of the system producing illness
_______ 3. the year when Neuman released her first book c. client variables _______ 4.
focuses on actual treatments of adjustments d. interpersonal to facilitate strengthening of
person after being
exposed to a certain disease
_______ 5. they function to achieve stability in relation to e. stressors the environmental
stressors experienced by the
client.
_______ 6. Neuman designed a conceptual model for f. negentropy nursing response to
request from UCLA graduate
students.
_______ 7. a stressor that reflects man as a social being g. intrapersonal _______ 8. a
reaction that is set towards wellness h. egentropy _______ 9. a stressor that reflects man as a
psychospiritual i. 1971 being
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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_______ 10. helping alleviate the actual existing effects of j. tertiary prevention an action
that altered the balance of health of a
person
C. Dorothea Orem
‘’Self-Care Theory of Nursing’’
Getting to know the Theorist
“’Individuals, families, groups and communities need

to be taught selfcare’’
Dorothea Elizabeth Orem, one of America’s foremost nursing theorist, was born in Baltimore,
Maryland in 1914. Orem began her nursing career at Providence Hospital School of Nursing in
Washington, D.C., where she received a diploma of nursing in the early 1930’s.
Orem’s theory addresses client’s self-care needs. It is defined as goal-oriented activities that
are set towards generating interest in the part of the client to maintain life and health
development. The theory is aimed towards making the clients perform self-care activities in
order to live independently.
SELF-CARE THEORY OF NURSING
Orem defined self-care as the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform
on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well-being.
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Assignment:
How do you take care of yourself during this pandemic that we are facing today? What tips
you can share or advice others in taking care of themselves during this Covid 19 pandemic?
ACCEPTANCE OF THE NURSING COMMUNITY
PRACTICE
Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory has been used in studies in patients having heart problems,
cancer, and mental illness. Orem’s theory had been widely used in dealing with geriatric
cases, especially those having chronic illnesses. The use of her theory gave way for further
studies in health promotion, self-care, and family caregiver stress.
EDUCATION
The use of Orem’s theory in curriculum development was reported in the late 1970’s. the
theory is used at all levels of curriculum and in continuing education. Some American
universities continuously use her theory as a strong and effective framework for curricular
design, gradually, focus on preventive health care is being introduced also in nursing schools.
RESEARCH
A number of researches derived from Orem’s theory can be classified relating to the
development of research instruments for scientific measurements of the components of her
theory and studies that test these components.
ANALYSIS
Orem’s theory is stated in limited number of terms. These terms are defining and used
consistently in her theories. The Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing is a systematic synthesis
of knowledge about the theoretical entities such as self-care, self-care agency, therapeutic
self-care demand, the relational entity self-care deficit and nursing agency.
GENERALITY
As Orem described her theory, Self-Care Deficit Theory assists nurses in different areas in any
clinical setting. This is true as the theory operates upon the combinations of several
conceptualized properties or features common to all instances of nursing. Moreover, the
theory she proposed helps nurses develop and validate nursing knowledge, and in teaching
and learning the nursing profession.\
EMPIRICAL PRECISION
Orem’s theory is used in both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Although widely
used by researchers, several components of the theory still need instrument development in
order for them to be measured accurately. The significant value of Orem’s theory is in its
scope, complexity, and clinical usefulness. It could be effectively used in generating
hypotheses and adding to the body of knowledge of nursing.
DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES
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Orem’s theory distinguishes nursing from other disciplines in terms of focus. Although other
disciplines use the instruments developed from Orem’s theory, the theory of nursing systems
in terms of focus and emphasis sets the nursing profession apart. Orem’s theory gives
direction to nursing specific outcomes related to identifying and meeting the therapeutic self
care demands and self-management systems.
Lesson 3:
A. Sister Callista Roy (Adaptation Model)
"The model provides a way of thinking about
people and their environment that is useful in any
setting. It helps one prioritize care and challenges
the nurse to
move the patient from survival to transformation."
Sister Callista L. Roy was born on October

14,
1939 in Los Angeles, California. She graduated in
nursing in 1963 at the Mount Saint Mary College, Los
Angeles.
Her Master's Degree in Pediatric Nursing was finished in 1966 and
Doctorate in Sociology in 1977 from the University of California.
Roy Adaptation Model
The Adaptation Model contains the following concepts:

➢ The person is adapting in stable interaction with the environment, either internal or
external
➢ The environment serves as the source of a range of stimuli that will either threaten or
promote the person's unique wholeness
➢ The person's major task is to maintain integrity in face of these environment stimuli: •
Focal - Most immediately confronting the person and attracts the most attention.
• Contextual -all other stimuli that strengthens the effect of focal stimulus • Residual - Those
stimuli that affect focal stimulus but the effects are not clear.
Nursing Process
Steps in the nursing Process
Step 1: Assessment of Behavior
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Data gathering about the behavior of the person as an adaptive system in each of the
adaptive modes.
Step2: Assessment of Stimuli
There are stressors that are termed as "stimuli" that influence the person. These stimuli are
focal, contextual and residual.
Step3: Nursing Diagnosis
Formulation of statements that interpret data about the status of a person. step4: Goal
Setting
Creation of clear statements of the outcomes for nursing care that is specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic and time bound.
Step5: Intervention
Determination of how best to assists the person in attaining the established goals Step6:
Evaluation
Judging the outcome of the nursing care in relation to the behavior after the intervention in
comparison with goal.
Acceptance by the Nursing Community

Practice
Bower and baker (1976) consider Roy's Model useful for nursing practice because it outlines
the features of the discipline and provides direction for practice, education and research. It
is valuable theory for nursing practice because it includes a goal that specified as the aim for
activity and prescription of activities to attain the goal.
The nursing process is well suited for use in practice setting. The two-level assessment in
unique to this model and leads to identification of adaptation problems of nursing diagnosis.
Education
Roy's Adaptation model can help as basis for student nurses who render care for clients to
promote adaptation with regard to their science. According to Roy, the goal of a nurse is to
help a patient put his energy to achieve recovery.
Research
Roy's model was used extensively to guide knowledge development through nursing research.
Roy together with her colleagues outlined a typology of adaptation problems or nursing
diagnosis in which research and testing is considered necessary.
Analysis
Roy's model is considered complex in terms of structure because it is composed of several

major concepts (nursing, person, health-illness, environment, adaptation and nursing
interventions) sub-concepts (regulator and cognator) and four effector modes (physiological,
self-concept, role function and interdependence).
The Roy's Adaptation Model is described as broad in scope which is considered an advantage
because it can be used for theory building and testing. It can also be applied in all settings of
nursing practice. However, it is limited because it only focuses on the patient and has
adaptation in the environment.
The empirical data indicates that this theory has substance. It also offers a guide to
researchers who wants to integrate physiological phenomena in their study. In order for its
empirical precision to increase researchers should continue to utilize the model as the basis
for their study. The holistic approach of the model makes it helpful for researchers who are
interested to study adaptive process.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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Activity: Application in Nursing Practice, As discussed on page 44, Nursing Process, read
the scenario carefully, after reading, apply the steps on nursing process. Imagine yourself
on the situation and how are you going to have your
assessments and interventions. Base your answer on the lesson discussed. Take time to
read, you can go back to page 44 if you missed something. You can do it! Good luck! Villar
Pedro, 50-years old man has diabetes for five years and has not followed the prescribed
treatment regimen. He has non-healing wound on his right foot which promoted him to go to
the hospital to have it checked. His attending physician scheduled him for a right leg below
the knee amputation to prevent further complication.
His past health history revealed that physical examination had been infrequent. he also
reported that he did not adhere to the lifestyle changes and medication regimen that was
prescribed. He smokes approximately two packs of cigarettes per day for the past ten years.
The client claims to drink alcoholic beverages occasionally.
During history taking, the nurse found out that Mang Pedro is married and living with his wife
and three children in a semi-concrete house in which he describes as less sanitary. He is
working as a janitor in the local municipal office. His wife is unemployed and he describes her
as emotionally distant and verbally abusive at times because of financial instability.
He has done well after surgery through he complains of pain in the operative site with a scale
of 8 of 10. During discharge, the nurse discusses the importance of rehabilitation, strict drug
compliance and lifestyle changes. Eventually, Mang Pedro became agitated and said "Namatay
and tatay at lola ko dahil sa diabetes. Bakit po ako magbabago kung mamamatay lang din
naman ako dahil sa sakit na yun?"
When the nurse explored his feelings about what he said, Mang Pedro become extremely
tearful and expressed his great concern about him being worthless. He is worried about his
future and his family. He Believes that his illness is a punishment for his past life.
Let’s Watch this

Visit this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ug4fDIJNQhw to have an idea on the steps of
nursing process. Practice making an assessment as early as now.
Nursing Process Steps, May 3,2018
Critical Thinking:
A 21 years old male patient is admitted with fracture at C5 and C7 that resulted in
quadriplegia. He was injured during a basketball game at the university where he is currently
a senior. His career had been promising. At the time of the injury, contact negotiations were
in progress with a leading professional football team.
1. Consider what adaptations would be necessary in each of the four adaptive modes: a)
physiological, b) self-concept, c) interdependence, and d) role function.
2. Use Roy's criteria to identify focal and contextual stimuli for each of the four adaptive
modes.
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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3. Create an intervention for each of the adaptive modes that will promote adaptation. A.
Imogene King (Goal Attainment Theory)
Imogene King received a diploma in nursing from St.

John's Hospital of Nursing in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1945. While
working in a variety of staff nurse roles, she began a course
work
toward a Bachelor of Science in Nursing Education, which she
received from St. Louis University in 1948.
King model is composed of three interacting systems: these

are personal Interpersonal and Social Communication. These are
used to establish a nurse-client relationship and utilize by the nurse to form a strong
foundation for a dynamic and interactive environment. King discussed the three health
needs of human beings:
o Need for information

o Need for care for illness prevention and
o Need for total care when a person doesn't have the capacity to help themselves.
Nurse’s Notes
The theory focuses on creating a positive behavior that can be adapted both by
the nurse and client to achieve goals established by the client with the help of a
nurse.
“GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY”

Action
In King's theory, reaction is not specified but somehow relates reaction as part of action.
According to her reaction is a form of reacting or a response to a certain stimulus.
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Interaction
Interaction, as defined by King, is any situation wherein the nurse relates and deals with a
clientele or patient.
Open System
Open system is the absence of boundary existence, where a dynamic interaction between the
internal and external environment can exchange information without barriers or hindrances.
PROPOSITION OF KING's GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
King gave a proposal wherein goal attainment is possible if the nurse will fulfill several
conditions:
• If a continuous accuracy is currently is a nurse-patient interaction, a transaction will

happen.
• If nurse and patient will build a transaction, goals will be achieved
• If goals are achieved, satisfaction will happen.
• If goals are met, efficient nursing care will happen.
• If transactions are done in a nurse-client interaction, growth and development will be
increase.
• If role anticipation and performance in the nurse and patient are the same transaction will
happen.
• If role disagreement happens in both nurse and patient, stress would be the result. • If nurse
with exceptional skill and knowledge correspond adequate information to patient, the same
goals and accomplishment will happen.

Practice
Professional have used Kings theory in different specialized are with the use of dynamic
interactive communications between the nurse and the client as proof, Professionals need
communication to successfully and correctly make decisions for their plan of care.
King also developed the Goal Oriented Nursing Record (GONR) from her theory GONR have
been useful in documenting the outcomes of care that was performed by nurses. It helps
nurses to easily facilitate the present problem from careful assessment of the client gathered
through the interactive communication process between the nurse and the client. Her record
management facilitates proper and correct range for the use of evaluation system.
Education
King's theory has been used to design the nursing curriculum in different schools and
universities and framework for nursing education. It provides a systematic means of viewing
the nursing profession, organizing nursing knowledge and clarifying the nursing discipline.
Research
King's theory has been one of theoretical basis of some researches that helped in formulating
a system view of the application of the nursing practice. Some researchers have formulated a
middle range theory out of King's theory such as patient's satisfaction from nursing
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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care, clients with chronic illness and family health. The theory can also help set a framework
for nursing studies which can further prove the use and advantages of the nursing practice.
ANALYSIS
Simplicity
King's theory was a result of a careful research study. Her research literature was based on
the existing evidences during her study. She maintains the simplicity of her theory even if she
presented different complex concepts.
Generality
King's theory has been said to have limited application for the nursing practice. It was stated
that the interaction between the nurse and the client also comprises non-verbal
communication that cannot be clearly defined and evaluated. This has been the issues of the
communication barriers that exist between the nurse-patient relationships. King addresses
this critique through concepts of another theorist that cannot also be tested completely.
Empirical Precision
King's formulated theory was based on empirical data that are observed within the
boundaries of the nurse-patient relationship. Her observation consists of the different
characteristics of transactions among different patients. As her theory has been used by
different nursing students and other allied nursing practitioner. It is noted that her theory can
be used to measure the effectiveness of nursing care provided to clients.
Derivable Consequences
King’s theory can be applied to nursing process: Assessment, Planning, Implementation, and
Evaluation. She believes that nurses must carefully assess clients to set mutual goals and
achieve those goals appropriately and effectively. Her theory provided clients to think choices
and be able to participate in the desired outcome of the care plan.
MODULE 2 TEST
Critical Thinking!
1. Imogene King has developed a Theory of Goal Attainment that is based on a philosophy of
human beings and a conceptual system. Give your insights to Imogene King’s Goal Attainment
Theory. How this theory can be applicable and useful to nursing practice. Limit your
discussion at least 4 to 5 sentences only.
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Lesson 4
A. Faye Glenn Abdellah (21) Twenty-One Nursing Problems
In March 13, 1919, Faye Glenn Abdellah was born in

New York City. She completes her basic nursing education, Magna
cum laude in 1942 from Fitkin Memorial Hospital School of Nursing, in
Neptune m, New Jersey.
According to Abdellah, the practice of competent nursing care in the future is for the nursing
student to realize that identifying and answering overt and covert nursing problems is the
core of Nursing.
Typology of Twenty-one Nursing Problems
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort.

2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep.
3. To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or other trauma and
through the prevention of the spread of infection.
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct
deformity. 5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all
body cells 6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body
cells.
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination.
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.
9. To recognize the physiological responses of the body disease
conditions-pathological, physiological and compensatory.
10. To facilitate the maintenance of the regulatory mechanism and
functions. 11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function.
12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings and
reactions. 13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic
illness. 14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal
communications. 15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal
relationships. 16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual
goals. 17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment.
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical emotional and
developmental needs.
19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and
emotional.
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness.
21. To understanding the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of
illness.
It is anticipated that the Twenty-one Nursing Problems as an extensive collection, would give
confidence to the simplification of principles and as a result, would guide care and promote
the development of the nurse's judgmental ability. From this, it can be said that Abdellah's
Twenty-One Typology of Nursing Problems is one of the forerunners of the Nursing Diagnoses
as complied by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA).
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Theoretical Assertions
Abdellah repeatedly stated several assertions, although they were not labeled assertions:
1. ''The nursing problem and nursing treatment typologies are the principles of nursing
practice and constitute the unique body of knowledge that is running.'
2. ''Correct identification of the nursing problem influences the nurse's judgment in selecting
steps in solving the patient's problem.''
3. The core of nursing is the patient/client problems that focus on the patient and his/her
problems.

Practice
Using the Twenty-one Nursing problems Technique, the clinical practitioner could assess the
patient, make a nursing diagnosis and plan interventions. With the Problem-Solving process,
the nurse and nursing student will now attempt to make the welfare of the patient as the
essential goal or objective rather than his or her medical condition. Using the typology in the
clinical setting, nurses will now give their work an empirical basis.
Education
Abdellah's Typology of Twenty-one Nursing Problems had the most potent effect on the
educational system. Educators came to the realization that revisions are of prime importance
if nurses were to become self-governing. They saw that the biggest flaw in the profession was
the absence or limited base of a scientific body of knowledge unique to nursing. The typology
satisfied this void and gave the most crucial and timely opportunity to move away from the
medical replica of cultivating nurses.
Research
The Typology of Twenty-one Nursing Problems was shaped through research; therefore, it is
expected that more research followed after its introduction to the academic world. Intensive
research, like the Function Studies (a type of research) scrutinized the quantity of time the
nurse spent with the patient. The typology utilized by Abdellah and Strachan became the
root for cultivating the nursing care model and was then employed for setting up the staffing
outline in clinical settings. The staffing pattern were found on the patient's identified needs
and, as Abdellah foresaw, they comprise of: Intensive care, Intermediate care, Long-term
care, Self-care, Home-care units.
Arranging patients by similar needs than by diagnoses, the nursing service could give the
optimum staffing patterns to acknowledge patient's needs. Abdellah and Levine released in
1965 the first major text book in nursing research entitled Better Patient Care through
Nursing Research.
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ANALYSIS
The typology is straightforward and it is practical to use among patients. The notion of
nursing, nursing problems and problem-solving-process are distinctly explicit. The
Metaparadigm of Nursing are understood and implied. Nursing and nursing problems were
connotatively given meaning, whereas the problem-solving process in given denotatively,
these
styles of definitions do not seem to move away from the simplicity of the definitions.
Generality
The aim this model differs in generalization. The more general is to affect nursing education
optimistically, whereas sub-goals are to present scientific basis for practice and to present a
method of qualitative appraisal of educational familiarity of the students. Therefore, it’s a
goal are suitable for nursing.
Empirical Precision
The concepts are very exact empirical referents that are easily recognizable. The concepts
are inclusive of the field of nursing. The faculty of 40 collegiate schools of nursing performed
a rigorous analysis and study then confirmed and validated the typology.
Derivable Consequences
The importance on problem solving is not restricted by time or space and gives a way for
continual growth and change in the service of nursing care. The problem-solving process and
the typology of twenty-one nursing problems can then be deemed the forerunner of the
nursing care process, classification of nursing diagnoses, and outcome calculation in evidence
in the present time.
Assignment:
1. Search the 10 steps in identifying nursing problem according to Abdellah? Read and
analyze it carefully. (Use separate sheet for your answer).
2. Find a case study in the internet, books, or journals, then identify the patient’s problem
basing on your answer on number 1, then apply the nursing process. (Use separate sheet for
your answer).
B. Lydia Hall
Care, Core, Cure Theory
Lydia Eloise Hall (September 21, 1906 –

February 27, 1969) was a nursing theorist who developed
the Care, Cure, Core model of nursing.
Her theory defined Nursing as “a participation in care,

core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole
function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with
other members of the health team.”
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“Care, Core, Cure Theory “

Lydia Hall used her knowledge of psychiatry and nursing experiences in the Loeb Center as a
framework for formulating her theory. Also known as “the Three Cs of Lydia Hall,” it contains
three independent but interconnected circles: the core, the care, and the cure.
The core is the patient receiving nursing care. The core has goals set by him or herself rather
than by any other person, and behaves according to his or her feelings and values. The cure
is the attention given to patients by medical professionals. Hall explains in the model that
the cure circle is shared by the nurse with other health professionals, such as physicians or
physical therapists. These are the interventions or actions geared toward treating the patient
for whatever illness or disease he or she is suffering from. The care circle addresses the role
of nurses, and is focused on performing the task of nurturing patients. This means the
“motherly” care provided by nurses, which may include comfort measures, patient
instruction, and helping the patient meet his or her needs when help is needed.
Assumptions
The assumptions of Hall’s Care, Cure, Core Theory are as follows:(1) The motivation and
energy necessary for healing exist within the patient, rather than in the healthcare team. (2)
The three aspects of nursing should not be viewed as functioning independently but as
interrelated. And lastly, (3) The three aspects interact, and the circles representing them
change size, depending on the patient’s total course of progress.
Care
• Nurturing component of care
• It is exclusive to nursing
• “Mothering”
• Provides teaching and learning activities
• Nurses goal is to “comfort” the patient
• Patient may explore and share feelings with nurse
• Nurse is concerned with intimate bodily care
• Nurse applies knowledge of natural and biological sciences
• Nurse act as potential comforter
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Core
• Patient care is based on social sciences

• Therapeutic use of self
• Helps patient learn their role is in the healing process
• Patient is able to maintain who they are
• Patient able to develop a maturity level when nurse listens to them and acts as sounding
board
• Patient able to make informed decisions
• Emphasis on social, emotional, spiritual and intellectual needs
• Patient makes more rapid progress towards recovery and rehabilitation Cure
• Care based on pathological and therapeutic sciences

• Application of medical knowledge by nurses
• Nurse assisting the doctor in performing tasks
• Nurse is patient advocate in this area
• Nurse is a patient advocate
• Nurses role changes from positive quality to negative quality
• Medical surgical and rehabilitative care
• COPERATE WITH FAMILIES OR CARE GIVERS
MODULE 2 TEST
Let’s assess your thoughts!

1. Discuss Hall’s theory, the Care, Core, Cure theory relating to your own experiences as a
student nurse. How will this theory be used in your nursing practice, nursing education, and
nursing research? (Use separate sheet for your answer).
2. Select a patient in your practice setting, use the Abdellah’s Typology of 21 Nursing
Problems to assess the patient, formulate a nursing diagnosis. Plan appropriate interventions,
and identify outcome measures. (Use separate sheet for your answer).
Let’s assess your knowledge!
Instruction: Encircle your answers to the following questions. No erasures or

superimpositions.
1. Self-care deficit theory was proposed by:
A. Virginia Henderson
NUPC-101 -Module 1-
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B. Betty Neuman
C. Imogene King
D. Dorothea Orem
2. Which theory defines nursing as the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities
and enhances person and environment transformation?
A. Goal attainment theory
B. Henderson's definition of nursing
C. Roy's adaptation model
D. Faye Glen Abdelah's theory
3. Typology of twenty-one Nursing problems were explained by:

A. Imogene King
B. Virginia Henderson's
C. Faye G. Abedellah
D. Lydia E. Hall
4. "Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process". This definition was stated by: A. Hildegard
Peplau
B. Jean Watson
C. Faye Glen Abdellah
D. M. Rogers
5. Which of the following statements is related to Florence Nightingale? A. Nursing is

therapeutic interpersonal process.
B. The role of nursing is to facilitate "the body's reparative processes" by manipulating client's
environment.
C. Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person
and environment transformation
D. Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological,
developmental, or social needs.
6. Which of the following is NOT a concept related to Roy's Adaptation Model? A. Focal Stimuli
B. Cognator Subsystem
C. Role function
D. Flexible line of defense
7. According to Roy's adaptation theory, which subsystem responds through four cognitive
responds through four cognitive-emotive channels (perceptual and information processing,
learning, judgment, and emotion)?
A. Regulator Subsystem
B. Cognator Subsystem
C. Physiologic Mode
D. Self Concept-Group Identity Mode
8. The "humanistic science of nursing" was explained by:

A. Rogers (1970)
B. Ida Orlando (1960)
C. Nightingale (1860)
D. Neuman (1972)
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9.Imogene King's "goal attainment theory" is a type of: A. Need theories

B. Interaction theories
C. Outcome theories
D. Humanistic theories
10. Which is NOT a concept related to Faye Abdellah's theory? A. Susternal Care Needs
B. The twenty-one Nursing Problems
C. Restorative Care Needs
D. Therapeutic Self-care Demand
NUPC-101 -Module 1-

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1

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Course Code/Title: NUPC 101: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

COURSE STUDY GUIDE

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Midterm/Final Examination - 40%

Module II Nursing Theoretical Works and their relevance to Nursing

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Octaviano, Eufemia F. and Balita, Carl, E. (2020). Theoretical Foundations of Nursing:

Udan, J. Q. (2020). Theoretical Foundations of Nursing (2nd ed.). Manila: Educational

Potter, Griffinperry, Stockert, Hall. (2017).Fundamentals of Nursing(9th ed.). St.

Hall Lydia., (2017, March13), Retrieved June 22,2020 from

Retrieved from http://nursingtheories-mtctfn2011-

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

CP/Tel number :________________________________

Name of Parent/Guardian: _____________________

CP/Tel number: _________________________________

: Be guided by my parent’s rules at home

: Be attentive in following instructions guided by the instructor As a

: Spend at least ___________________ to supervise my child’s work As a

make learning enjoyable

: Review and revise learning activities when necessary

: Be available when you need additional assistance in your study : Update

: Be open to suggestions and/or recommendations.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Student Signature: _________________________ Date: ________________

Parent Signature: __________________________ Date: ________________

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

1. Examine carefully the module objectives.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Lesson 1: Definition of Terms: What is Nursing, Concept, Theory, Nursing

Do You want to be A Before we begin our lesson, I want you to reflect

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

It is a structure of concepts or theories It is a structure of concepts which exist

Types of Definition of Concepts

Comparable to definition from a Specifies exactly how the concept will

Example 1: Hospital Stay

To walk from one place to another or Taking 6 steps without assistance.

THEORY NURSING CARE

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Assignment: Research at least 5 definition of theory by different Authors. Specify the

▪ Nursing is the “diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential

IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES:

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

• Nursing metaparadigm consists of four concepts:

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Are you ready to travel back in time to

Nursing at its Beginning

Care revolves around magical thinking,

Believed in Greek God, the goddess of healing.

Nurses as a herbalist, wet nurses, caregivers

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Nursing Science and Theory in the Early 20th Century

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Nursing as a practice is said

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

Nursing Leader Year Contribution to Nursing

Linda Richards (USA) 1873 America’s first trained nurse

Student Signature: _________ Date:

Parent Signature: __________ Date: