American Association State Highway

Designation: E 10 – 01e1 and Transportation Officials Standard

AASHTO No.: T70–86

Standard Test Method for

Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 10; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

e1 NOTE—Section 8.4.1 was editorially updated in June 2004.

1. Scope* curved surface area of the indentation which is assumed to be

1.1 This test method (Test Method A) covers the determi- spherical and of the diameter of the ball.
nation of the Brinell hardness of metallic materials, including 2F
HBW 5 0.102 3 ~See Table 1! (1)
methods for the verification of Brinell hardness testing ma- p D~D 2 =D2 2 d 2!
chines (Test Method B) and the calibration of standardized
hardness test blocks (Test Method C). where:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the D = diameter of the ball, mm,
standard. F = test force, N, and
d = mean diameter of the indentation, mm.
NOTE 1—In common terminology, the equivalent force in kgf is The Brinell hardness is denoted by the symbol: HBW.
substituted for N.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In former standards, a steel ball was
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the allowed for hardness values below 450. In cases when a steel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ball was used, the Brinell hardness was denoted by HB or HBS.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.1.2 Discussion—The symbol HBW is preceded by the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- hardness value. When conditions other than those specified in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 11.1.2 are used, the hardness value is supplemented by an
index indicating the test conditions in the order:
2. Referenced Documents
(1) Diameter of the ball, in mm,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(2) A value representing the test force in kg/f (see Table 3), and,

--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2 (3) Duration of loading, in s.
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Examples:
Determine Conformance with Specifications3 350 HBW 5/750 = Brinell hardness of 350 determined with a ball of 5-mm diam-
E 74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instru- eter and with a test force of 7.355 kN (750 kgf) applied for 10 to 15 s.
600 HBW 1/30/20 = Brinell hardness of 600 determined with a ball of 1-mm di-
ments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Ma- ameter and with a test force of 294.2 N (30 kgf) applied for 20 s.
chines2
E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship 3.1.1.3 Discussion—Brinell hardness numbers vary with the
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell test force used; however, test results will generally be in
Hardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hard- agreement when the ratio of the test force to the square of the
ness, and Scleroscope Hardness2 ball diameter is held constant (see Table 3).
3.1.1.4 Discussion—Table 2 lists the Brinell hardness num-
3. Terminology bers corresponding to various diameters of indentations for
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 29.4 kN (3000 kgf), 14.7 kN (1500 kgf), and 4.90 kN (500 kgf)
3.1.1 Brinell hardness number—a number, which is propor- test forces making it unnecessary to calculate for each test the
tional to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the value of the Brinell hardness number by the above equation in
Table 1 when these forces are used with a 10-mm diameter ball.
3.1.2 Brinell hardness test—an indenter (tungsten carbide
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on ball with diameter D) is forced into the surface of a test piece
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on and the diameter of the indentation d left in the surface after
Indentation Hardness Testing.
Current edition approved February 10, 2001. Published April 2001. Originally
removal of the test force, F, is measured. (see Table 1 and Figs.
published as E 10 – 24 T. Last previous edition E 10 – 00a. 1 and 2.)
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 E 10 – 01e1
TABLE 1 Symbols and Designations and tolerances indicated in Table 4 may be used also provided
1 1 the precautions set forth in 8.1 are observed.
NOTE 1— Constant 5 g 5 9.806 65 5 0.102
n 5.2.2 The tungsten carbide ball indenter shall have a mini-
Symbol Designation mum hardness of 1500 HV10.
D Diameter of the ball, mm
F Test force, N NOTE 2—Caution: The Brinell test is not recommended for material
d Mean diameter of the indentation, mm having hardness over 650 HBW (see 8.1).
h Depth of the indentation, mm
D 2 =D2 2 d2 5.2.2.1 The chemical composition of tungsten carbide balls
5 shall be:
2
HBW Brinell hardness
Test force Tungsten Carbide (WC) Balance
5 Constant 3 Cobalt (Co) 5.0 to 7.0 %
Surface area of indentation
Total other Carbides 2.0 % max
2F
5 0.102 3
pD~D 2 =D2 2 d2! 5.2.2.2 The use of hardened steel ball indenters has been
eliminated from this test method. Only tungsten carbide balls
may now be used for this test method.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The tungsten carbide ball may be used 5.2.3 If a ball is used to test a specimen which shows a
for materials with a Brinell hardness not exceeding 650. Brinell hardness greater than 650, the result should be consid-
3.1.3 calibration—adjustment of the significant parameters ered suspect and the ball inspected for damage. If there is any
by comparison with values indicated by a reference instrument evidence of damage, the ball shall be replaced.
or by a set of reference standards. 5.3 Measuring Device—The divisions of the micrometer
3.1.4 verification—checking or testing to assure conform- scale of the microscope or other measuring devices used for the
ance with the specification. measurement of the diameter of the indentations shall be such
as to permit the direct measuring of the diameter to 0.1 mm and
4. Significance and Use the estimation of the diameter to 0.05 mm.
4.1 The Brinell hardness test is an empirical indentation
hardness test. Brinell hardness tests provide useful information NOTE 3—This requirement applies to the construction of the device
only and is not a requirement for measurement of the indentation.
about metallic materials. This information may correlate to
tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, or other physical 6. Test Specimen
characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in
quality control and selection of materials. Brinell hardness 6.1 There is no standard shape or size for a Brinell test
testing at the specific location on a part may not represent the specimen. The specimen upon which the indentation is made
physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. shall conform to the following:
Brinell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for accep- 6.1.1 Thickness—The thickness of the specimen tested shall
tance testing of commercial shipments, and they have been be such that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of
--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

used extensively in industry for this purpose. the test force appears on the side of the piece opposite the
indentation. As a general rule, the thickness of the specimen
TEST METHOD A—GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND shall be at least ten times the depth of the indentation (Table 5).
TEST PROCEDURE FOR 6.1.2 The minimum width shall conform with the require-
BRINELL HARDNESS TESTS ments of 8.3.
5. Apparatus 6.1.3 Finish—When necessary, the surface on which the
indentation is to be made shall be filed, ground, machined or
5.1 Testing Machine—Equipment for Brinell hardness test-
polished with abrasive material so that the edge of the
ing usually consists of a testing machine which supports the
indentation shall be clearly defined to permit the measurement
test specimen and applies an indenting force to a ball in contact
of the diameter to the specified accuracy (see 9.1). Care should
with the specimen. The design of the testing machines shall be
be taken to avoid overheating or cold working the surface.
such that no rocking or lateral movement of the indenter or
specimen occurs while the force is being applied. The design of
7. Verification of Testing Machine
the testing machine shall ensure that the force to the indenter
shall be applied smoothly and without impact forces. Precau- 7.1 Verification Methods—The hardness testing machine
tions shall be taken to prevent a momentary high test force shall be verified in accordance with one of the two acceptable
caused by the inertia of the system, hydraulic system over- methods of verifying Brinell hardness testing machines as
shoot, etc. See equipment manufacturer’s instruction manual given in Test Method B.
for a description of the machine’s characteristics, limitations, 7.2 Test Force Range—When direct verification is used, the
and respective operating procedure. Brinell hardness testing machine is acceptable for use over a
5.2 Brinell Balls: test force range within which the error in test force does not
5.2.1 The standard ball for Brinell hardness testing shall be exceed 61 %. When indirect verification is used, the Brinell
10.000 mm in diameter with a deviation from this value of not hardness machine is acceptable for use over a test force range
more than 0.005 mm in any diameter. The ball shall be polished within which the mean hardness value obtained is within 63 %
and free of surface defects. Smaller balls having the diameters of the Brinell hardness of the standardized test blocks used.

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 E 10 – 01e1
TABLE 2 Brinell Hardness NumbersA
(Ball 10 mm in Diameter, Applied Forces of 500, 1500, and 3000 kgf)

NOTE 1—The values given in this table for Brinell hardness numbers are merely solutions of the equation given in the definition in 3.1.1, and include
values for impression diameters outside the ranges recommended in 8.1. These values are indicated by italics.
Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number
Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000-
tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf
Force Force Force Force
Force Force Force Force Force Force Force Force
2.00 158 473 945 2.60 92.6 278 555 3.20 60.5 182 363 3.80 42.4 127 255
2.01 156 468 936 2.61 91.8 276 551 3.21 60.1 180 361 3.81 42.2 127 253

--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.02 154 463 926 2.62 91.1 273 547 3.22 59.8 179 359 3.82 42.0 126 252
2.03 153 459 917 2.63 90.4 271 543 3.23 59.4 178 356 3.83 41.7 125 250
2.04 151 454 908 2.64 89.7 269 538 3.24 59.0 177 354 3.84 41.5 125 249
2.05 150 450 899 2.65 89.0 267 534 3.25 58.6 176 352 3.85 41.3 124 248
2.06 148 445 890 2.66 88.4 265 530 3.26 58.3 175 350 3.86 41.1 123 246
2.07 147 441 882 2.67 87.7 263 526 3.27 57.9 174 347 3.87 40.9 123 245
2.08 146 437 873 2.68 87.0 261 522 3.28 57.5 173 345 3.88 40.6 122 244
2.09 144 432 865 2.69 86.4 259 518 3.29 57.2 172 343 3.89 40.4 121 242
2.10 143 428 856 2.70 85.7 257 514 3.30 56.8 170 341 3.90 40.2 121 241
2.11 141 424 848 2.71 85.1 255 510 3.31 56.5 169 339 3.91 40.0 120 240
2.12 140 420 840 2.72 84.4 253 507 3.32 56.1 168 337 3.92 39.8 119 239
2.13 139 416 832 2.73 83.8 251 503 3.33 55.8 167 335 3.93 39.6 119 237
2.14 137 412 824 2.74 83.2 250 499 3.34 55.4 166 333 3.94 39.4 118 236
2.15 136 408 817 2.75 82.6 248 495 3.35 55.1 165 331 3.95 39.1 117 235
2.16 135 404 809 2.76 81.9 246 492 3.36 54.8 164 329 3.96 38.9 117 234
2.17 134 401 802 2.77 81.3 244 488 3.37 54.4 163 326 3.97 38.7 116 232
2.18 132 397 794 2.78 80.8 242 485 3.38 54.1 162 325 3.98 38.5 116 231
2.19 131 393 787 2.79 80.2 240 481 3.39 53.8 161 323 3.99 38.3 115 230
2.20 130 390 780 2.80 79.6 239 477 3.40 53.4 160 321 4.00 38.1 114 229
2.21 129 386 772 2.81 79.0 237 474 3.41 53.1 159 319 4.01 37.9 114 228
2.22 128 383 765 2.82 78.4 235 471 3.42 52.8 158 317 4.02 37.7 113 226
2.23 126 379 758 2.83 77.9 234 467 3.43 52.5 157 315 4.03 37.5 113 225
2.24 125 376 752 2.84 77.3 232 464 3.44 52.2 156 313 4.04 37.3 112 224
2.25 124 372 745 2.85 76.8 230 461 3.45 51.8 156 311 4.05 37.1 111 223
2.26 123 369 738 2.86 76.2 229 457 3.46 51.5 155 309 4.06 37.0 111 222
2.27 122 366 732 2.87 75.7 227 454 3.47 51.2 154 307 4.07 36.8 110 221
2.28 121 363 725 2.88 75.1 225 451 3.48 50.9 153 306 4.08 36.6 110 219
2.29 120 359 719 2.89 74.6 224 448 3.49 50.6 152 304 4.09 36.4 109 218
2.30 119 356 712 2.90 74.1 222 444 3.50 50.3 151 302 4.10 36.2 109 217
2.31 118 353 706 2.91 73.6 221 441 3.51 50.0 150 300 4.11 36.0 108 216
2.32 117 350 700 2.92 73.0 219 438 3.52 49.7 149 298 4.12 35.8 108 215
2.33 116 347 694 2.93 72.5 218 435 3.53 49.4 148 297 4.13 35.7 107 214
2.34 115 344 688 2.94 72.0 216 432 3.54 49.2 147 295 4.14 35.5 106 213
2.35 114 341 682 2.95 71.5 215 429 3.55 48.9 147 293 4.15 35.3 106 212
2.36 113 338 676 2.96 71.0 213 426 3.56 48.6 146 292 4.16 35.1 105 211
2.37 112 335 670 2.97 70.5 212 423 3.57 48.3 145 290 4.17 34.9 105 210
2.38 111 332 665 2.98 70.1 210 420 3.58 48.0 144 288 4.18 34.8 104 209
2.39 110 330 659 2.99 69.6 209 417 3.59 47.7 143 286 4.19 34.6 104 208
2.40 109 327 653 3.00 69.1 207 415 3.60 47.5 142 285 4.20 34.4 103 207
2.41 108 324 648 3.01 68.6 206 412 3.61 47.2 142 283 4.21 34.2 103 205
2.42 107 322 643 3.02 68.2 205 409 3.62 46.9 141 282 4.22 34.1 102 204
2.43 106 319 637 3.03 67.7 203 406 3.63 46.7 140 280 4.23 33.9 102 203
2.44 105 316 632 3.04 67.3 202 404 3.64 46.4 139 278 4.24 33.7 101 202
2.45 104 313 627 3.05 66.8 200 401 3.65 46.1 138 277 4.25 33.6 101 201
2.46 104 311 621 3.06 66.4 199 398 3.66 45.9 138 275 4.26 33.4 100 200
2.47 103 308 616 3.07 65.9 198 395 3.67 45.6 137 274 4.27 33.2 99.7 199
2.48 102 306 611 3.08 65.5 196 393 3.68 45.4 136 272 4.28 33.1 99.2 198
2.49 101 303 606 3.09 65.0 195 390 3.69 45.1 135 271 4.29 32.9 98.8 198
2.50 100 301 601 3.10 64.6 194 388 3.70 44.9 135 269 4.30 32.8 98.3 197
2.51 99.4 298 597 3.11 64.2 193 385 3.71 44.6 134 268 4.31 32.6 97.8 196
2.52 98.6 296 592 3.12 63.8 191 383 3.72 44.4 133 266 4.32 32.4 97.3 195
2.53 97.8 294 587 3.13 63.3 190 380 3.73 44.1 132 265 4.33 32.3 96.8 194
2.54 97.1 291 582 3.14 62.9 189 378 3.74 43.9 132 263 4.34 32.1 96.4 193
2.55 96.3 289 578 3.15 62.5 188 375 3.75 43.6 131 262 4.35 32.0 95.9 192
2.56 95.5 287 573 3.16 62.1 186 373 3.76 43.4 130 260 4.36 31.8 95.5 191
2.57 94.8 284 569 3.17 61.7 185 370 3.77 43.1 129 259 4.37 31.7 95.0 190
2.58 94.0 282 564 3.18 61.3 184 368 3.78 42.9 129 257 4.38 31.5 94.5 189
2.59 93.3 280 560 3.19 60.9 183 366 3.79 42.7 128 256 4.39 31.4 94.1 188

8. Procedure (1500 kgf), or 4.90 kN (500 kgf). It is recommended that the

8.1 Magnitude of Test Force—Typically, the force in the diameter of the indentation be between 24 and 60 % of the ball
standard Brinell test shall be 29.42 kN (3000 kgf), 14.7 kN diameter. A lower limit in indentation diameter is necessary

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 E 10 – 01e1
TABLE 2 Continued
Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number
Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000- of Indenta- 500-kgf 1500- 3000-
tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf tion, mm kgf kgf
Force Force Force Force
Force Force Force Force Force Force Force Force
4.40 31.2 93.6 187 5.05 23.3 69.8 140 5.70 17.8 53.5 107 6.35 14.0 42.0 84.0
4.41 31.1 93.2 186 5.06 23.2 69.5 139 5.71 17.8 53.3 107 6.36 13.9 41.8 83.7
4.42 30.9 92.7 185 5.07 23.1 69.2 138 5.72 17.7 53.1 106 6.37 13.9 41.7 83.4
4.43 30.8 92.3 185 5.08 23.0 68.9 138 5.73 17.6 52.9 106 6.38 13.8 41.5 83.1
4.44 30.6 91.8 184 5.09 22.9 68.6 137 5.74 17.6 52.7 105 6.39 13.8 41.4 82.8
4.45 30.5 91.4 183 5.10 22.8 68.3 137 5.75 17.5 52.5 105 6.40 13.7 41.2 82.5
4.46 30.3 91.0 182 5.11 22.7 68.0 136 5.76 17.4 52.3 105 6.41 13.7 41.1 82.2
4.47 30.2 90.5 181 5.12 22.6 67.7 135 5.77 17.4 52.1 104 6.42 13.6 40.9 81.9
4.48 30.0 90.1 180 5.13 22.5 67.4 135 5.78 17.3 51.9 104 6.43 13.6 40.8 81.6
4.49 29.9 89.7 179 5.14 22.4 67.1 134 5.79 17.2 51.7 103 6.44 13.5 40.6 81.3
4.50 29.8 89.3 179 5.15 22.3 66.9 134 5.80 17.2 51.5 103 6.45 13.5 40.5 81.0
4.51 29.6 88.8 178 5.16 22.2 66.6 133 5.81 17.1 51.3 103 6.46 13.4 40.4 80.7
4.52 29.5 88.4 177 5.17 22.1 66.3 133 5.82 17.0 51.1 102 6.47 13.4 40.2 80.4
4.53 29.3 88.0 176 5.18 22.0 66.0 132 5.83 17.0 50.9 102 6.48 13.4 40.1 80.1
4.54 29.2 87.6 175 5.19 21.9 65.8 132 5.84 16.9 50.7 101 6.49 13.3 39.9 79.8
4.55 29.1 87.2 174 5.20 21.8 65.5 131 5.85 16.8 50.5 101 6.50 13.3 39.8 79.6
4.56 28.9 86.8 174 5.21 21.7 65.2 130 5.86 16.8 50.3 101 6.51 13.2 39.6 79.3
4.57 28.8 86.4 173 5.22 21.6 64.9 130 5.87 16.7 50.2 100 6.52 13.2 39.5 79.0
4.58 28.7 86.0 172 5.23 21.6 64.7 129 5.88 16.7 50.0 99.9 6.53 13.1 39.4 78.7
4.59 28.5 85.6 171 5.24 21.5 64.4 129 5.89 16.6 49.8 99.5 6.54 13.1 39.2 78.4
4.60 28.4 85.4 170 5.25 21.4 64.1 128 5.90 16.5 49.6 99.2 6.55 13.0 39.1 78.2
4.61 28.3 84.8 170 5.26 21.3 63.9 128 5.91 16.5 49.4 98.8 6.56 13.0 38.9 78.0
4.62 28.1 84.4 169 5.27 21.2 63.6 127 5.92 16.4 49.2 98.4 6.57 12.9 38.8 77.6
4.63 28.0 84.0 168 5.28 21.1 63.3 127 5.93 16.3 49.0 98.0 6.58 12.9 38.7 77.3
4.64 27.9 83.6 167 5.29 21.0 63.1 126 5.94 16.3 48.8 97.7 6.59 12.8 38.5 77.1
4.65 27.8 83.3 167 5.30 20.9 62.8 126 5.95 16.2 48.7 97.3 6.60 12.8 38.4 76.8
4.66 27.6 82.9 166 5.31 20.9 62.6 125 5.96 16.2 48.5 96.9 6.61 12.8 38.3 76.5
4.67 27.5 82.5 165 5.32 20.8 62.3 125 5.97 16.1 48.3 96.6 6.62 12.7 38.1 76.2
--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

4.68 27.4 82.1 164 5.33 20.7 62.1 124 5.98 16.0 48.1 96.2 6.63 12.7 38.0 76.0
4.69 27.3 81.8 164 5.34 20.6 61.8 124 5.99 16.0 47.9 95.9 6.64 12.6 37.9 75.7
4.70 27.1 81.4 163 5.35 20.5 61.5 123 6.00 15.9 47.7 95.5 6.65 12.6 37.7 75.4
4.71 27.0 81.0 162 5.36 20.4 61.3 123 6.01 15.9 47.6 95.1 6.66 12.5 37.6 75.2
4.72 26.9 80.7 161 5.37 20.3 61.0 122 6.02 15.8 47.4 94.8 6.67 12.5 37.5 74.9
4.73 26.8 80.3 161 5.38 20.3 60.8 122 6.03 15.7 47.2 94.4 6.68 12.4 37.3 74.7
4.74 26.6 79.9 160 5.39 20.2 60.6 121 6.04 15.7 47.0 94.1 6.69 12.4 37.2 74.4
4.75 26.5 79.6 159 5.40 20.1 60.3 121 6.05 15.6 46.8 93.7 6.70 12.4 37.1 74.1
4.76 26.4 79.2 158 5.41 20.0 60.1 120 6.06 15.6 46.7 93.4 6.71 12.3 36.9 73.9
4.77 26.3 78.9 158 5.42 19.9 59.8 120 6.07 15.5 46.5 93.0 6.72 12.3 36.8 73.6
4.78 26.2 78.5 157 5.43 19.9 59.6 119 6.08 15.4 46.3 92.7 6.73 12.2 36.7 73.4
4.79 26.1 78.2 156 5.44 19.8 59.3 119 6.09 15.4 46.2 92.3 6.74 12.2 36.6 73.1
4.80 25.9 77.8 156 5.45 19.7 59.1 118 6.10 15.3 46.0 92.0 6.75 12.1 36.4 72.8
4.81 25.8 77.5 155 5.46 19.6 58.9 118 6.11 15.3 45.8 91.7 6.76 12.1 36.3 72.6
4.82 25.7 77.1 154 5.47 19.5 58.6 117 6.12 15.2 45.7 91.3 6.77 12.1 36.2 72.3
4.83 25.6 76.8 154 5.48 19.5 58.4 117 6.13 15.2 45.5 91.0 6.78 12.0 36.0 72.1
4.84 25.5 76.4 153 5.49 19.4 58.2 116 6.14 15.1 45.3 90.6 6.79 12.0 35.9 71.8
4.85 25.4 76.1 152 5.50 19.3 57.9 116 6.15 15.1 45.2 90.3 6.80 11.9 35.8 71.6
4.86 25.3 75.8 152 5.51 19.2 57.7 115 6.16 15.0 45.0 90.0 6.81 11.9 35.7 71.3
4.87 25.1 75.4 151 5.52 19.2 57.5 115 6.17 14.9 44.8 89.6 6.82 11.8 35.5 71.1
4.88 25.0 75.1 150 5.53 19.1 57.2 114 6.18 14.9 44.7 89.3 6.83 11.8 35.4 70.8
4.89 24.9 74.8 150 5.54 19.0 57.0 114 6.19 14.8 44.5 89.0 6.84 11.8 35.3 70.6
4.90 24.8 74.4 149 5.55 18.9 56.8 114 6.20 14.7 44.3 88.7 6.86 11.7 35.2 70.4
4.91 24.7 74.1 148 5.56 18.9 56.6 113 6.21 14.7 44.2 88.3 6.86 11.7 35.1 70.1
4.92 24.6 73.8 148 5.57 18.8 56.3 113 6.22 14.7 44.0 88.0 6.87 11.6 34.9 69.9
4.93 24.5 73.5 147 5.58 18.7 56.1 112 6.23 14.6 43.8 87.7 6.88 11.6 34.8 69.6
4.94 24.4 73.2 146 5.59 18.6 55.9 112 6.24 14.6 43.7 87.4 6.89 11.6 34.7 69.4
4.95 24.3 72.8 146 5.60 18.6 55.7 111 6.25 14.5 43.5 87.1 6.90 11.5 34.6 69.2
4.96 24.2 72.5 145 5.61 18.5 55.5 111 6.26 14.5 43.4 86.7 6.91 11.5 34.5 68.9
4.97 24.1 72.2 144 5.62 18.4 55.2 110 6.27 14.4 43.2 86.4 6.92 11.4 34.3 68.7
4.98 24.0 71.9 144 5.63 18.3 55.0 110 6.28 14.4 43.1 86.1 6.93 11.4 34.2 68.4
4.99 23.9 71.6 143 5.64 18.3 54.8 110 6.29 14.3 42.9 85.8 6.94 11.4 34.1 68.2
5.00 23.8 71.3 143 5.65 18.2 54.6 109 6.30 14.2 42.7 85.5 6.95 11.3 34.0 68.0
5.01 23.7 71.0 142 5.66 18.1 54.4 109 6.31 14.2 42.6 85.2 6.96 11.3 33.9 67.7
5.02 23.6 70.7 141 5.67 18.1 54.2 108 6.32 14.1 42.4 84.9 6.97 11.3 33.8 67.5
5.03 23.5 70.4 141 5.68 18.0 54.0 108 6.33 14.1 42.3 84.6 6.98 11.2 33.6 67.3
5.04 23.4 70.1 140 5.69 17.9 53.7 107 6.34 14.0 42.1 84.3 6.99 11.2 33.5 67.0
A
Prepared by the Engineering Mechanics Section, National Bureau of Standards.

because of the risk in damaging the ball and difficulty measur- reduction in sensitivity as the diameter of the indentation
ing the indentation. The upper limit is necessary because of a approaches the ball diameter. The thickness and spacing

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TABLE 3 Test Conditions
Ball
0.102 F Test Force F
Hardness Symbol Diameter
D2 Nominal Value
D, mm
HBW 10/3000 10 30 29.42 kN − (3000 kgf)
HBW 10/1500 10 15 14.71 kN − (1500 kgf)
HBW 10/1000 10 10 9.807 kN − (1000 kgf)
HBW 10/500 10 5 4.903 kN − (500 kgf)
HBW 10/250 10 2.5 2.452 kN − (250 kgf)
HBW 10/125 10 1.25 1.226 kN − (125 kgf)
HBW 10/100 10 1 980.7 N − (100 kgf)
HBW 5/750 5 30 7.355 kN − (750 kgf)
HBW 5/250 5 10 2.452 kN − (250 kgf)
HBW 5/125 5 5 1.226 kN − (125 kgf)
HBW 5/62.5 5 2.5 612.9 N − (62.5 kgf)
HBW 5/31.25 5 1.25 306.5 N − (31.25
kgf) FIG. 2 Principle of Test
HBW 5/25 5 1 245.2 N − (25 kgf)
HBW 2.5/187.5 2.5 30 1.839 kN − (187.5
kgf) TABLE 4 Tolerances for Brinell Hardness Balls

--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
HBW 2.5/62.5 2.5 10 612.9 N − (62.5 kgf)
Ball Diameter, mm Tolerance, mm
HBW 2.5/31.25 2.5 5 306.5 N − (31.25
kgf) 10 60.005
HBW 2.5/15.625 2.5 2.5 153.2 N − (15.625 5 60.004
kgf) 2.5 60.003
HBW 2.5/7.812.5 2.5 1.25 76.61 N − (7.8125 2 60.003
kgf) 1 60.003
HBW 2.5/6.25 2.5 1 61.29 N − (6.25 kgf)
HBW 2/120 2 30 1.177 kN − (120 kgf)
HBW 2/40 2 10 392.3 N − (40 kgf)
HBW 2/20 2 5 196.1 N − (20 kgf) TABLE 5 Minimum Thickness Requirements for Brinell
HBW 2/10 2 2.5 98.07 N − (10 kgf) Hardness Tests
HBW 2/5 2 1.25 49.03 N − (5 kgf) Minimum Thickness Minimum Hardness for Which the Brinell Test
HBW 2/4 2 1 39.23 N − (4 kgf) of Specimen May Safely Be Made
HBW 1/30 1 30 294.2 N − (30 kgf)
HBW 1/10 1 10 98.07 N − (10 kgf) 3000-kgf 1500-kgf 500-kgf
in. mm
HBW 1/5 1 5 49.03 N − (5 kgf) Force Force Force
HBW 1/2.5 1 2.5 24.52 N − (2.5 kgf) ⁄
1 16 1.6 602 301 100
HBW 1/1.25 1 1.25 12.26 N − (1.25 kgf) 18 ⁄ 3.2 301 150 50
HBW 1/1 1 1 9.807 N − (1 kgf) ⁄
3 16 4.8 201 100 33
14 ⁄ 6.4 150 75 25
⁄
5 16 8.0 120 60 20
38 ⁄ 9.6 100 50 17

TABLE 6 Standard Test Forces

Ball Diameter, Force Recommended Range,
mm HBW
10 29.42 kN (3000 96 to 600
kgf)
10 14.7 kN (1500 48 to 300
kgf)
10 4.90 kN (500 16 to 100
kgf)

FIG. 1 Principle of Test

TABLE 7 Hardness Ranges Used By Standard Test Block

requirements of 6.1.1, 6.1.2, and 8.3 may determine the Method
maximum permissible diameter of indentation for a specific
test. Table 6 gives standard test forces and approximate Brinell 100 to 200 HBW
300 to 400 HBW
hardness numbers for the above range of indentation diameters. 500 to 600 HBW
It is not mandatory that the Brinell test conform to these
hardness ranges, but it should be realized that different Brinell
hardness numbers may be obtained for a given material by range of hardness for a given class of materials. For softer
using different forces on a 10-mm diameter ball. For the metals, forces of 2.45 kN (250 kgf), 1.23 kN (125 kgf), or
purpose of obtaining a continuous scale of values it may be 0.981 kN (100 kgf) are sometimes used. The force used shall
desirable, however, to use a single force to cover the complete be specifically stated in the test report (see 11.1.2).

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8.1.1 For testing thin or small specimens, a ball less than 10 fixed scale in the eyepiece. If a more accurate determination is needed, as
in referee or standardization tests, a laboratory comparator such as a
--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

mm in diameter is sometimes used. Such tests, which are not to

be regarded as standard tests, will approximate the standard micrometer measuring device is required.
tests more closely if the relation between the applied force, F, 10. Conversion to Other Hardness Scales or Tensile
measured in N, and the diameter of the ball, D, measured in Strength Values
mm is the same as in the standard tests,
10.1 There is no general method for accurately converting
where: Brinell hardness numbers to other hardness scales or tensile
0.102F/D 2 = 30 for 29.42 kN (3000 kgf) force and 10-mm strength values. Such conversion are, at best, approximations
ball, and, therefore, should be avoided except for special cases
0.102F/D2 = 15 for 14.72 kN (1500 kgf) force and 10-mm where a reliable basis for the approximate conversion has been
ball, and obtained by comparison tests.
0.102F/D2 = 5 for 4.90 kN (500 kgf) force and 10-mm
NOTE 5—Hardness Conversion Tables E 140 for Metals give approxi-
ball. mate hardness conversion values for specific materials such as steel,
8.1.1.1 Example—A 1.23-kN (125-kgf) test force on a austenitic stainless steel, nickel and high-nickel alloys, and cartridge
5-mm diameter ball would approximate a standard 4.90-kN brass.
(500-kgf) test force on a 10-mm diameter ball.
8.1.2 Tests for soft metals often are made with the following 11. Report
force-diameter ratios: 11.1 Whenever a Brinell hardness number is used, provide
the following information:
0.102F/D 2 5 2.5 (2)
11.1.1 The Brinell hardness number, which shall be reported
2
0.102F/D 5 1.25 rounded to three significant digits in accordance with rounding
0.102F/D 2 5 1.0 method in Practice E 29 (for example, 125 HBW, 99.2 HBW).
11.1.2 The test conditions when the Brinell hardness num-
8.1.3 When balls smaller than 10 mm in diameter are used,
ber is determined from forces other than 29.42 kN (3000 kgf),
both the test force and ball size shall be specifically stated in
ball diameters other than 10 mm, and test force applications
the test report (see 3.1.1, 3.1.1.1, and 11.1.2).
other than 10 to 15 s (see 3.1.1 and 8.4).
8.2 Radius of Curvature—When indentations are made on a
curved surface, the minimum radius of curvature of the surface 12. Precision and Bias
shall be not less than 21⁄2 times the diameter of the ball.
Indentations made on curved surfaces may be slightly elliptical 12.1 Precision—An interlaboratory comparison program is
rather than circular in shape. The measurements of the inden- now in progress which, when completed, will be the basis of a
tation shall be taken as the mean of the major and minor axes. statement on precision.
12.2 Bias—There is no basis for defining the bias for this
8.3 Spacing of Indentations—The distance of the center of
test method.
the indentation from the edge of the specimen or edge of
another indentation shall be at least two and one half times the
TEST METHOD B—VERIFICATION OF BRINELL
diameter of the indentation.
HARDNESS TESTING MACHINES
8.4 Application of Test Force—Apply the force to the
specimen uniformly taking precautions to prevent a momentary 13. Scope
overload of the system. Apply the full test force for 10 to 15 s.
13.1 Test Method B covers two procedures for the verifica-
8.4.1 If a duration of test force application other than 10 to
tion of Brinell hardness testing machines. These are as follows:
15 s is used, results of the test shall be reported using the
13.1.1 Direct Verification—Separate verification of force
nomenclature outlined in 3.1.1.2 and 11.1.2.
application, indenter, and the measuring device for measuring
8.5 Alignment—The angle between the indenter force line
the diameter of the indentation.
and the surface of the specimen should be 90 6 2°. (see 9.1)
13.1.2 Indirect Verification—Verification by the standard-
ized test block method.
9. Measurement of Indentation
13.2 New or rebuilt machines shall be initially checked by
9.1 Diameter—In the Brinell hardness test, two diameters the direct verification method (see 13.1.1) before being placed
of the indentation at right angles to each other shall be in service.
measured and their mean value used as a basis for calculation 13.3 Machines used for routine testing may be checked by
of the Brinell hardness number for flat specimens. If the largest either verification method.
and smallest diameters for two readings of the same indenta-
tion differ by 0.1 mm or more, refer to the material specifica- 14. General Requirements
tions for further guidance. For routine tests and for tests to 14.1 Before a Brinell hardness testing machine is verified,
determine compliance with a material or product specification, the machine shall be examined to ensure that:
the diameter of the indentation shall be estimated to 0.05 mm 14.1.1 The machine is set up properly.
(0.0020 in.). 14.1.2 The ball holder, with a new ball whose nominal
NOTE 4—These measurements are usually made with a low- diameter has been checked (see 15.1.2), is mounted firmly in
magnification portable measuring device (approximately 203) having a the plunger.

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14.1.3 The force will be applied and removed without shock 15.2.4 Repeatability—For each standardized block, let
or vibration. d1, d 2, . . ., dn be the mean values of the measured diameter of
14.2 If the measuring device is integral with the machine, the indentations, arranged in increasing order of magnitude.
the machine shall be examined to ensure the following: The repeatability of the testing machine under the particular
14.2.1 The change from test force application to measuring verification conditions is determined by the following quantity:
does not influence the readings. dn 2 d1 (3)
14.2.2 The method of illumination does not affect the The repeatability of the testing machine verified is not
readings. considered satisfactory unless it satisfies the conditions given
14.2.3 The center of the indentation is in the center of the in Table 8.
field of view. 15.2.5 Error—The error of the testing machine under the
particular verification conditions is characterized by the fol-
15. Verification lowing quantity:
15.1 Direct Verification—Separate verification of force ap- H̄ 2 H (4)
plication, indenter, and measuring device:
where:
15.1.1 Force Application—Brinell hardness testing ma-
error = H̄ − H
chines shall be verified at the test force(s) at which it is used.
The test forces will be checked periodically with a force
measuring device traceable to national standards (in the United H 1 1 H 2 . . . Hn
H̄ 5 n (5)
States, National Institute of Standards and Technology) in the
manner described in Practices E 4. A Brinell hardness testing H1, H 2, . . ., Hn = the hardness values corresponding to d1,
machine is acceptable for use when the test force error does not d2, . . ., dn, and
exceed 61 %. H = specified hardness of the standardized block.
15.1.2 Indenter—The indenter to be verified shall be a new 15.2.6 The Brinell hardness testing machine shall be con-
ball selected at random from a lot meeting the hardness sidered verified if the mean hardness differs by no more than
requirements specified in 5.2. The diameter of each ball shall 3 % from the hardness value of the standardized hardness test
be verified at not less than three positions and the mean of these block.
readings shall not differ from the nominal diameter by more 15.2.7 The verification is incomplete if a verification report
than the tolerance specified in Table 4. is not issued.
15.1.3 Measuring Device—The measuring device used to 15.3 Verification Report—The test report shall include the
--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

determine the diameter of the indentation shall be verified at following information:

five intervals over the working range by the use of an accurate 15.3.1 Reference to this ASTM test method,
scale such as a stage micrometer. The adjustment of the device 15.3.2 Method of verification (direct or indirect),
shall be such that, throughout the range covered, the difference 15.3.3 Identification of the hardness testing machine,
between the scale divisions of the device and of the calibrating 15.3.4 Means of verification (test blocks, elastic proving
scale does not exceed 0.01 mm (0.0004 in.). devices, etc.),
15.3.5 Diameter of indenter ball and test force,
15.1.4 The verification is incomplete if a verification report
15.3.6 The result obtained,
is not issued.
15.3.7 Date of verification and reference to the calibration
15.2 Indirect Verification—Verification by standardized test institution, and
block method. 15.3.8 Identity of person performing the verification.
15.2.1 A Brinell hardness testing machine also may be
checked by making a series of at least five indentations on 16. Procedure for Periodic Checks by the User
standardized hardness test blocks (Test Method C).
16.1 Verification by the standardized test block method
15.2.2 If the machine is to be used at conditions other than (15.2) is too lengthy for daily use. Instead, the following is
10/29.42 kN (3000 kgf)/15, the machine also shall be verified recommended:
at those other conditions.
15.2.3 The testing machine shall be verified for each test
force and for each size of ball used. For each test force, TABLE 8 Repeatability of Testing Machine
standardized blocks within the hardness ranges given in Table
7, shall be used. Hardness of Repeatability
HBW
Standardized of the Testing
Block HBW Machine, max H1–H5,
NOTE 6—When the hardness test in question makes it impossible to H
max
reach the higher hardness range defined in Table 7 (for 0.102/ F/D2 = 5 or
10), the verification may be carried out with two blocks from the lower <225 0.04 d̄ 100 9
hardness range. 200 17
>225 0.02 d̄ 300 12
15.2.3.1 Verification shall be carried out using a tungsten 400 17
500 20
carbide ball and this verification will be valid for hardnesses 600 24
# 650 HBW.

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16.1.1 Make at least one routine check in accordance with 19. Standardizing Procedure
16.1.2 each day that the testing machine is used. 19.1 The standardized blocks shall be calibrated on a Brinell
16.1.2 Consult the machine manufacturer’s start-up proce- hardness testing machine which was verified in accordance
dures. Select the force, indenter, and measuring device that will with the requirements of 15.1.
be used for the routine testing. Make at least two indentations 19.2 The mechanism that controls the application of the
on a standardized hardness test block. If the mean of these two force shall ensure that the speed of approach immediately
values falls within the tolerances required (see 15.2.6), the before the ball touches the specimen and the speed of penetra-
hardness machine may be regarded as producing satisfactory tion does not exceed 1 mm/s (0.040 in./s).
hardness results. If not, the hardness machine shall be verified 19.3 The test force shall be within 0.25 % of the nominal
as described in 15.2. force. Use of a Practice E 74 Class AA device will be required
to verify the force.
TEST METHOD C—CALIBRATION OF 19.4 The test force shall be applied for 10 to 15 s.
STANDARDIZED HARDNESS TEST BLOCKS FOR 19.5 The standardized blocks shall be calibrated at a tem-
BRINELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINES perature of 23 6 5°C, using the general procedure described in
Test Method A.
17. Scope
20. Indenter
17.1 This test method covers the calibration of standardized
hardness test blocks for the verification of Brinell hardness 20.1 A ball conforming to the requirements of 15.1.2 shall
testing machines as described in Test Method B. be used for calibrating standardized hardness test blocks.
21. Number of Indentations
18. Manufacture
21.1 At least five uniformly distributed indentations shall be
18.1 Each metal block to be calibrated shall be not less than made on the test surface of the block.
16 mm (5⁄8 in.) in thickness for 10-mm balls, 12 mm (1⁄2 in.)
thick for 5-mm balls, and 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) thick for smaller balls. 22. Measurement of the Diameters of the Indentation
18.1.1 The maximum surface area of the test block shall be 22.1 The illuminating system of the measuring device shall
40 2cm2 (6 in.2) for balls less than 5 mm in diameter, and 150 be adjusted to give uniform intensity over the field of view and
cm (24 in.2) for balls equal to or greater than 5 mm in diameter. maximum contrast between the indentations and the undis-
18.2 Each block shall be specially prepared and heat treated turbed surface of the block.
to give the necessary homogeneity and stability of structure. 22.2 The measuring device shall be graduated to read 0.002
18.3 The maximum error in parallelism shall not exceed mm (0.00008 in.) for indentations made with balls of 5-mm
0.0008 mm/mm (in./in.) for blocks when used with balls diameter or larger and 0.001 mm (0.00004 in.) for indentations
having a diameter greater than or equal to 5 mm and 0.0002 made with balls of smaller diameter.
mm/mm (in./in.) for blocks when used with balls having a 22.3 The measuring device shall be checked by a stage
diameter less than 5 mm. The maximum deviation in flatness of micrometer, or by other suitable means to ensure that the
the block surfaces shall not exceed 0.02 mm (0.0008 in.) and difference between readings corresponding to any two divi-
0.005 mm (0.0002 in.) for balls having diameters equal to or sions of the instrument is within 60.001 mm (0.00004 in.) for
greater than 5 mm and less than 5 mm, respectively. balls of less than 5-mm diameter and within 60.002 mm
18.4 The supporting surface of the test block shall have a (0.00008 in.) for balls of larger diameter.
ground finish and shall have a mean surface roughness height
rating that shall not exceed 0.0008-mm (32-µin.) centerline 23. Uniformity of Hardness
average. 23.1 If d1, d2, . . ., dn are the mean values of the measured
18.5 The test surface shall be free of scratches which would diameters as determined by one observer and arranged in
interfere with measurements of the diameters of the indenta- increasing order of magnitude, the range of the hardness
tion. readings, measured from the last block, is defined as dn − d1
18.5.1 The mean surface roughness height of the test surface where n = at least five indentations.
rating shall not exceed 0.0003-mm (12-µin.) center line aver- 23.2 The range of hardness readings shall be equal to or less
--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

age for the standard 10-mm ball. For smaller balls a maximum than 2 % of the mean diameter for Brinell hardness numbers
mean test surface roughness height rating of 0.00015 mm (6 equal to or less than 225 and 1 % for Brinell hardness number
µin.) is recommended. values greater than 225.
18.6 To permit checking that no material is subsequently
removed from the standardized block, its thickness at the time 24. Marking
of standardization shall be marked on it to the nearest 0.1 mm 24.1 Each standardized block shall be marked with the
(0.004 in.), or an identifying mark shall be made on the test following:
surface. (See Section 24.) 24.1.1 The arithmetic mean of the hardness values found in
18.7 Each block, if of steel, shall be demagnetized by the the standardizing test and the type of ball used.
manufacturer and maintained demagnetized by the user. 24.1.2 The name or mark of the supplier.
18.8 Each block must be uniquely serialized by the manu- 24.1.3 The serial number or other unique identification of
facturer for traceability. the block.

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24.1.4 Name or mark of the calibrating agency if different 24.3 Each block shall be supplied with a certificate showing
from supplier. the results of the individual standardizing tests and the arith-
24.1.5 The thickness of the block or an official mark on the metic mean of those tests, including the following:
test surface (see 18.6). 24.3.1 Date of standardization,
24.1.6 The year of calibration. It is sufficient that the year of 24.3.2 Serial number of block, and
calibration be incorporated into the serial number of the block.
24.3.3 Name of manufacturer or mark of supplier.
24.2 All of the markings except the official mark should be
placed outside of the test area or on the side of the block. When
25. Keywords
the markings are on the side of the block, the markings shall be
upright when the test surface is the upper face. 25.1 Brinell hardness; metallic

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue E 10-00a
that may impact the use of this standard. The numbering system used in this Summary reflects current numbering
of this edition of E 10.

NOTE 7—Most of the changes listed below resulted from the new (16) 3.1.4 (formerly 3.3)
requirement for using only tungsten-carbide indenter balls and disallowing (17) 5.2.2–replaced
the use of steel indenter balls (see 5.2.2.2
(18) Former Note 5–deleted
(1) 2.1 –E 74 title revised.
(19) 5.2.2.2–added
(2) 3 –definitions alphabetized and new numbering structure
(20) 5.2.3–revised
used.
(21) Table 2–revised
(3) 3.1 –new title added.
(4) 3.1.1 (formerly 3.2) - revised (22) Table 3–revised
(5) Equation 1– editorial correction (23) Table 5–revised
(6) 3.1.1.1 (formerly Note 2) - revised (24) Table 6 (formerly Table 7) - revised
(7) 3.1.1.2 (formerly Note 3 ) - revised (25) Table 7 (formerly Table 6) - revised
(8) 3.1.1.3 (formerly part of Note 3) (26) Former Table 8 - deleted
(9) 3.1.1.4 (formerly part of Note 3) (27) 8.5-revised
(10) 3.1.2 (formerly 3.2) - revised (28) 11.1.1–revised
(11) 3.1.2.1 (formerly Discussion 1) - revised (29) 15.2.3–revised
(12) Former Discussion 2–deleted) (30) 15.2.3.1–revised
(13) Former Discussion 3 – deleted (31) 15.3.5- revised
(14) Table 1–revised and editorially corrected (32) Table 9–renumbered as Table 8 and revised
(15) 3.1.3 (formerly 3.4) (33) Summary of Changes added.

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--````,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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