•

Electronic Devices and Circuits

TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
8 EHAVIOUR OF MOS
Thu\ llelny time. 27.8. . hi h input impedance ( I 00 MQ
tJ = Charging umc of emitter-Junction 1mnsition capacito~ce + Since MOSFET hn, v~ry 3 g9 MQ in case of MOSFETs).
ume taken by the minority carriers to cro~ base rl!ll1on + 1
in case of JFETs and 10 to dinary 1raosbtor i. e. low
time in m,ing collector current to I0% of mrudrnum value of le· . . gs of an or . .
the maJor shoncomin loading of signal source 1s
Even when the transistor begins to switch on, a finite ·th consequent . " .
input impe~ance w1 ET is an ideal device ,or use 1n
time elapses before the collector current le aua.ins its maxi- eliminated in FET. Hence_ F h' h transistors can be used.
mum value. This quantity is known as the rise time t, which . t'on Ill w IC
almost every npp1tea 1 . small space as compared
is defined as the 1ime required for the output current le to As a FET chip occu~1es very d in ICs.
go from 10% to 90% of its maximum value. . FET are widely use . .
10 BJT chip. s . di ital switching c1rcu1ts though
The sum of delay time rd and rise time r, is called the FETs are generally used in g
tum-on time t 0 n i.e. t0 n = td + t, their operating speed is lower. . h wn in Fig 27 15
The rise time and the fall time (defined below) are due alog switch 1s s O · · ·
to the fact that, if a base-current step is used to saturate the MOSFET as an ~n lied to the MOSFET i.e. VGS= 0,
transistor or return it from saturation to cutoff, the transistor When no gate voltage is app d 1·t behaves like a small
T b 5 saturated an
collector current has to completely traverse through the ac- MOSFE ecome f less than 100 Q and, therefore,
tive region. The collector current rises or falls exponentially resistance usually of the value O R
OS (ON} y,
output voltage becomes equal to V 001 = Ro+ Ros (ON) '"
with time constant ,, = hFE ( Cc Re+ w'T) where Cc is the D
Ro
collector transition capacitance, Re is collector resistance, Vin o-...J\i'J:Nor-----~--
v~
/,FE is de current gain and u>T is the frequency in radians at
which the current gain is unity.

fa
G
In the same way, when the input current is switched
off, collector current le does not fall to zero instantly i.e. ,
Ro - s
there is some time lapse before collector current le com-
mences to fall and when the input becomes zero. Turn-off
time t0 rr is made up of a storage time ts and a fall time ,1 -=-
(t0 ff = ts + r }, defined below. Fig. 27.15. MOSFET As An Analog Switch
1
The fall rime r1 is defined as the time required for collec-
Since R is very large in comparison to Ros (ON)• V out
tor current 1c to gq from 90% to 10% of its maximum value. 0
Storage time 's is defined as the time interval between can be 1aken equal to zero.
the end of the input pulse (trailing edge) and when the collector When a negative voltage equal to V GS (Of:F) is ap~lied to ~ e
current falls to 90% of its maximum value. gate, the MOSFET operates in the cutoff region and 1t acts like
The failure of the transistor to respond to the trailing a very high resistance usually of some MQ. Hence output voltage
edge of the driving pulse for time interval ts (indicated in becomes nearly equal to input voltage.
Fig. 27.14) is due to the fact that a transistor in saturation
has a saturation charge of excess minority carriers stored in 27. 7. MULTIVIBRATORS
the base. The transistor cannot respond until this saturation A multivibrator is basically a two stage R-C coupled
excess charge has been removed and the time taken for it is amplifier with positive feedback from the output of one
much larger than delay time and fall time. Collector transi- amplifier to the input of the other, as illustrated in Fig. 27.16.
tion capacitance starts discharging and when it clischarges to Multivibrator is a switching circuit and may be defined
90% of its maximum collector current also falls to 90 per- as an electronic circuit that generates nonsinusoidal waves
cent of its maximum value. Thus storage time ts is equal to such as rectangular waves, sawtooth waves, square waves
sum of time taken in removing excess charge stored and the etc. Mullivibrators are capable of storing binary num-
time taken by collector transition capacitance to discharge to
bers, counting pulses, synchronising arithmetic operations and
90% of its maximum but major portion of the time is taken
perfonning other essential functions used in digital systems.
m removing excess charge storage.
In some cases storage time ts is 2 to 3 times larger than COUPLING
fall or rise time which is undesirable in applications that need NETWORK
fast switching speed. To meet this requirement it is necessary
to reduce the storage time and this is accomplished by con-
necting a capacitor across base resistor R8 . This will cause an COUPLING
NETWORK
impulse current to flow out of base just at the end of pulse. TRIGGER OVTPIJT
The time duration of the output pulse measured between
two 50% levels of rising and falling waveform is known as
the pulse width. OUT?IJT TRIGGER
For a fast-switching transistor, turn-on time 'on and turn- Fig. 27.16. Basic Configuration of a Multivibrator
off time t0 ff must be of the order of nanoseconds. For the
2N3904 transistor, _Ordin~ly s~uare waves can be generated by intro-
t, = 35 ns, td = 35 ns, ts = 200 os and ,1 = 50 ns. ducing a switch 10 a de circuit, as shown in Fig. 27 .17 (a).
 'Circuits (Mllltlvlb rators)

,I
wave will be gc ncrukci I

SWITCH S
.
at rcgulnr •nterv•1l .
n
1y turn '111
• • s: Hence a
ly a switching c1rcu l! the
, ll1Uftivit
'
,w·
)r.1101
Itch ""
i, l'\· ilml• t 1111~1:1,m :and parameters. 'I hus it 16
101 n, 11 <1111.::, n,11 nr.:c<l uny r.xtcr nal pul~c
for llS opcia-
off and nn
•
ju~• a.n M,cilla-

l
f1, ( t
!;
e:::,
lion. Since its output o\cillalcli in hctwcen
\!Ute, freely . 11 1, called a frn runni ng multi
vibra tor•. It
1~ aho n,1mc d a, HJtw rc-wa v, gtne rator hasc<l on_
applrc.ition. AMY may al,o be used a~ a synr
hmnr
1111
sed
l osci/ lwnr un<l for driving sweep yenerator.,

-c.__--tlg
I I 0
,I It is also
r I 2. Monostable or Single-Sh1Jt Mulli vibra tor.
l or delay multi vi/m1 tnr In thi6 cir-
culled a singl e swlflJ (,
while
I·
ta) Ordinary Square-Wave cuit, one couplrng network provides ac coupling
coup ling. It has only one stabl e
Gtnuating Circuit (b) Square-Wave the other provides de
one quasi stabl e state. In thi:. circu it.
(standby) state and
Fig. 27,17 from
a triggering signal is required to induce a tran!iition
The circuit operates in t wo state · e state. The circu it rema ins in the
· · stable to quasi stabl
Ued by c1rcu1t condition · The ope s viz. on and ,rr a perio d deter mine d by the circu it
· O;; con quasi stable ~tate for
that when one ampliti .
ch ra1ton of the . . .- c1rcu1t 1s components. After this period, the circuit return
:. to its
. 1er 1s cutOff requi red to
back loop maintains the oth (off) the po · • initial stable state and no exter nal signa l is
er amplifier in a cond uc1tng sn_1ve ostab le
on state. When a trigger causes on . induce thi reverse transition. Thus, the mon
. a desired
,state, the couplmg network acts tO e amplifier to chang e multivibrdtor supplies a single output pulse of
second amplifier.. .The outputs are chang ~ the state of the time duration for every input trigger pulse.
. . tr opposa .in sense one Since the circuit vibrates once for a trigger, it is calle
d
jndicatmg a ans1tton from an .. ,rr,, e
' only one
as univi brato r or mono stabl e multi vibra tor. As
0 state to
h · ;1
the other t e opposite transition Th nd . an on state and .
111ultivibrator may remain indefi · . t co ition in which the
Until the circuit is trig-
triggering signal is requi red to induc e
stable state to quasi stable state and the circuit
a trans ition from a
returns to
gered by some external signal ~ntte Y ite pe-
is termed as th sta ble state.
e its initial stable state automatically after a defin
There are only two possibl st riod, it is called singl e-sho t multi vibra tor.
and are as follows : e ates of a multivibrator
3. Bistable or Flip-Flop Multivibrator. The
bistable
First state : Transistor Q 1 011 and transi.stor Q off multivibrator, also called a two-shot multivibra tor, requi res
Second state : Transistor Q 1 ol1' d . 2 · to its origin al
'✓J an Transistor Q2 011 . application of two triggers to return the circuit
istor to be
Depending upon the type of cou lin state. The first trigger causes the conducting trans
g ~etwothrrk employ~ the to the
multivibrators are classified into the ~ollowmg ee categones. cutoff, and the second trigger causes a transition back
bista ble
l. Astable or free runni ng mult' 'b conducting state. Because two triggers are required,
1v1 rator. , such a
vibrator. circuits are sometimes called flip-f lops. Obviously
2. Monostable or singl e-sho t multi ling net-
circuit does not oscillate. In this circuit, both coup
3. Bistable or flip-flop multivibrator. eleme nt is
works provide de coupling and no energy storage
other
The first one is the non-d riven type whereas the used.
many
two are the drive n type (also called the trigge
red oscill ators) . A bistable multivibrator is employed for performing
such as coun ting and storin g of binar y
as digital operations
Multivibrators are used for various purposes such use in the
(squa re, rectan gular , informations. This circuit also finds extensive
generation of nonsinusoidal waveforms of pulse type wave form s.
y, frequ ency generation and processing
sawtooth etc.) and pulses occuring periodicall for the three types of multi vibra tors
extended Input-output relations
division, synchronised generation of pulses and
bit of are shown in Fig. 27. 18.
waveforms, generation of time delays, storage of binary Outp ut
Input Configuration
information etc.
l. Asta ble or Free running Multivibrator. In an asta- _I7 Sl_ fl_
ac cou- ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
ble multivibrator, both coupling networks provide NONE
stage
pling through coup ling capacitors. Each amplifier
in the midb and so as to
provides phas e shift of 180°
or 0° and thus a
provide an over all phase shift of 360° ~,, MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
lates, pro-
positive feedback. The circuit, therefore, oscil
er than
vided that the total loop gain is equal to or great
operation
unity. It has no stabl e state . The two states of
are quasi stable (temp orary ) states.
of astable multivibrator BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOA
make s succe ssive tran-
The astable multi vibrator, therefore,
one after a pre-
sitions from one quasi state to the othe~
. ed time. .tn terval , wi'thout the aid of an exter. nal. Fig. 27.18
de termm ds upon c1rcu tt
periodic time depen
.
tngge
. s1gna
nng
. 1. Th e
 •
27.8. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS
The a,tahh.' or free runoinp. multivibrntor nbo calkcl the
coff,·ctor-co11plcd n.11111,k 11111/th>ilm1t11r, i, widl'ly L'mployccl
lc~tOJ current c:w,cs.
poing volwgc :.1)! •
c11 p11citor C' 7 wIlll:
.
. ·ollcctor
l:
, 11 .11,~ fed to
,
. ·h begins LO c
•1·111· resulting
.
E!ectronlc Devices and Circuits
voltage to fall. This negative
.
Ille base of transistor Q1 through
. •
onduct less ,.e,, 1t comes ou
h
. ,creased voltage at t e collec.
11
•

of ,n1ura11on. s · 11 C 1 and appears acros~ R2. The

for the gt'ncrntion of :--quan' wnws or pubes. A typical nstu· tor of Q 1 1s coup Jc•d. throug therefore, increases. Th'1s procc~s
•.

hk multl\,ihrator i~ shown in Fig. 27. IQ. It i:-- L'~SL'Otinlly 11 collector current oJ 02, . ·tor Q finally cuts off and tran
two-stage R-C coupled amplifkr with thl' output of first 'di until 1rans1s 1
continues rap1 Y . Al this instant, the collector voltage-
~1age coupkcl to the input of llCcond stngc; und the output si~tor Q2 conducts h~av,!Y: rnaxirnum value of Vcc• capacitor
of ~ccond stage coupled to the input of the first stage. As of transistor Q, attains its e of v and a full cycle of
the phtbc of a signal is rc,L'rscd when amplified by a single the full va Iu cc•
C I charges to rn Jeted. The cycle then repeats itself.
stage common emitter amplifier, it comes back to its origi- operation has been co_ ~b tor can be taken from the collec-
nal phase when passi:d through two stages. Thus, the signal t f the mult1v1 ra
The oul_pu o .· The output is a square wave, as shown
fodbad. to the ba~c of either transistor is in the same phase tor of either transi stor. f ency is determined by RI' J½.
as the original signal at its output. It amounts to a positive in Fig. 27.20 and ~ho~e requ
feedback. The amount of feedback is so large that the tran- C and C in the crrcuit.
I 2
sistors are driven between cutoff and saturation almost in- T,_.T,~
stantaneously. A transistor remains in either saturation or l c1 .. ,1

cutoff for a period depending on the time constant of the

COLLECTOR
CURRENT OF O,
t
base-circuit elements.
• Yee COLLECTOR Vcc
VOLTAGE OF O, f
u,,1,a~,~o~N
Vee 11111 of= L-~==f---f===:----:==~-~

nn BASE VOLTAGE
OF a,
0
f

uu ""1---~-+ --f---t--- t---r---t- ,---j

I
I

'""" t I~i
OUTPUT WAVE
COLLECTOR
CURRENT OF 0 , i, 2 1
1cm o l==L-.6 ==~-7"= 7-f==:-- -:
Vee
COLLECTOR f
VOLTAGE OF a, Uc2 a, ON
+ Yaa VcE(utJ O l--~,;;,; ;,L-~=~ -~=7-~= ~
0
BASE VOLTAGE OF f
Fig. 27.19. Collector-Coupled Asuible Multivibrator 02 Ub2

- V,c r:--+--f-- +---f,--f---:f-- t-,--l,

Operation. The operation of the multivibrator circuit I I I
~ ~ ~
illustrated in Fig. 27.19 is as follows : - - - - - - - T I M E ,!
When power is first applied to the circuit, both transistors
Fig. 27.20. Waveforms For Astable Multivibrator
start conducting. Because of small differences in their operating
characteristics, one of the transistors will conduct slightly more Frequency of Oscillation. From the above discussion
than the other. This starts a series of events. Assume arbitrarily it is found that as soon as astable multivibrator is switched
that Q1 initially conducts more than Q2. This causes the coJlector on, transistor Q1 goes on while transistor Q goes off Let
voltage of Q1to drop more rapidly than that of Q2. The resulting 2
this instant be r = 0.
negative signal is fed to the base of Q2 through capacitor C
1 At time = 0 For Transistor Q1 (in On-state)
and drives it towards cutoff. As a result the collector voltage
of Q2 rises towards Vcc- Collector voltage, vc
1
= V CE (sat) ~ 0 ... (27 .2)
This change in collector voltage of Q2 is fed to the base Va: - VCE(sa1)
of Q1 through capacitor C2• It causes transistor Q to go
Co II ector current, ic
1
= I Ci(sarJ =
1 R3
into saturation. This happens so quickly that capacitor C
1
does not get a chance to discharge, and the reduced voltage Yee
:o: ~ .• •(27 .3)
at the collector of Q1 appears across resistor R2• -
Base voltage, y 8
The switching action now begins, capacitor C1 begins l(on) ... (27.4)
to discharge exponentially through R2. When the voltage on
C 1 reaches zero volt, C 1 attempts to charge up to the value Base current, 181 (inl = VBB - VBE(sat)

of+ V 88 , the base supply voltage. But this action immedi- R1

ately places a forward bias on Q2 and thus transistor Q
2 .. .(27.5)
begins to conduct. As soon as Q2 starts conducting, its col-
 -- ...,urs)

-
nslstor Q 2 On off ,
8 h,t\•)
Collector vo1tag1: .
• I( ' 2
- V
I I
Collcc1or curr, . V I • 2 x O (".,ti ) JU • 1 \S() R{ . (27.15)
. Cl\\ ll' ( I
t the instant of is Wit . ~ 11 1 "" I r-c quc ru..:y o f 1hc M:1unrc wave,
' I: 1\1no ll I) ' 1.. , hl
e commenccincnt 1• . c,, 0 n th . 1~ , . ,. , .on. <27 16)
tiage on capacitor C' .
o '"-'gen '-'r,111v1..•l IPnw ~1•. 'llPph, 1I 7 ' 'I 1.31SO H, C IU
"d 1 ts V l'l'llhn .,
tor s1 e vo 1tagc or the Minimum Velut•JI of ~. h,r r.u tamed ~,11atton the
J ''"
l \:· Th,, l" 't:11111..•1K1·
. tup •,c ·, · 1111p1i . · 1111 " '- tKt<,r :. 11111 n1 rm1uro1c t,, r wh 1cl1 m1n1mum 'lialua of ~ arc
,yoltage 1s Ve.•Ion\ . At th C en 'l , or C' I ·, ... V ~, t1i,11 lht
as lwlow
Uector side voltugc of I t ot lhc rc' • l ( and hu , l'
l \C c•1n gc,1cra1 iv.
Vee to V CE(,ul) (alHlost ,,,nc11or (.' l · c cyclL-, II'1 -~
t discharge instantane 7.ero) . ~llt 11', l,\), dccrca,cd Hq
OUsly . le c·ip •
of the transistor Q is .· · 1 hus the ' acnor C ll'H 1 • R 2 a Rn nnd R-,=R,•Rc-,
V 2 • given as Voltage at lhe1
8 21011) :::: V (' kn ('27 17)
8 m,n= ~
1, ~ 01 21001 - Vee
After comme11cemenr 0 -r ... (27 .8)
.~ • 'J regener . 27 .8.1. Emitter-Coupled Astable Multivlbrat.or
Q, goes OJJ (i.e. 0 < t T ative feedback bi,,
< ,), Voltage a . , be - In an emitter-coupled a.-.table muhivibrator circuit capac1t.or C
increases from VB (r :::: 0 cross capacitor is connected between emitters of two transistors. as shown m
• toward V
2 <ocr i )
is provided by capacitor C s Bil· Charging Fig. 27 .21 . · ."ransii.tor O I remains either in saturat~on or ~n
0 A . I and resisto R cutoff w ..,1le transistor 0 2 i:-. either in cutoff region or 10
Ve = · t any instant t v 1 • r 2 assuming
1 , o tage v • active region . Capacitor C is a :.torage element_ Let the
B 2 is given as
transistor 0 2 start conducting fin,t.
VB2(r) =: V
BB
+ [V B 2(off) - VBB1 Re
-, • \" cc
(1 = 0 ) e l I .. . (27 .9)

the base voltage of tra . R,

ns1stor Q v .
· II
nenua y wit ·
· h time constant c R H 2• B 2 ( r) nses
1 2· owever, as soon
v82 becomes equal to V8 2 <0 at f T
") ime 1, the transistor
commences conducting and v

-
B 2 <1 > remains constant at C

RE, Ve R E2

-Ti N

Ve'.! (011) == VBB + [VB 2(off)

( 1 =0)
- Vaa]e R 2C1 ... (27 .10) -=-
Fig. 27.21. Emitter-Coupled Astable Multivibrator
Solving Eqs. (27.8) and (27 .10) we get
As soon as Q2 starts conducting. a current flows through
VBB + Va:
Rc2 making its collector voltage to fall and a voltage drop
- V132 (on) ]
T 1 == R 2 C 1 log e [ V V ...(27.11)
BB - B 2(on) across RE2 too. Thi.s drop is followed by REI as voltage
across capacitor C cannot change instantaneously. This emitter
If V88 >> Vs '.!(on) , Eq. (27 . 11 ) becomes voltage keeps transistor Q I off. Now the capacitor C begins
charging in the direction shown in Fig. 27 .2 l and as a result
T 1 = RF 1 loge + [1 ~~~] .... (27 .12) emitter voltage of transistor Q 1 starts falling. When capaci-
tor C charges to a level so that emitter voltage of transistor
and if V BB = V cc• then Eq. (27 .12) reduces to Q 1 falls to a level to make it conducting. When transistor Q 1
... (27 .13) starts conducting, its collector voltage drops causing base
T == R.,C log 2 == 0.693 R 2C 1
I - I e • Q r the off-time of voltage of transistor Q2 to fall. Thus transistor Q 2 goes into
From Eq. (27 .13) the on-time of transistor I o cutoff region. Now capacitor C starts charging in reverse
r Q2 is given as direction and when it goes to a level so that emitter voltage
T 1 = 0.693 R.,C , .
t
Q or the on- ,me
· of tran- of transistor Q2 falls to force it to conduct. When transistor
-
Similarly. the off-time of tran ststor 1 Q2 begins conducting and voltage drop across RE2 rises
Q 2 is given as coupling to emitter of Q 1. Thus Q 1 is cutoff. Thus one cycle
T 2 = 0.693 R 1C 2 of operation is completed.
lfence. total time period of square wave An emitter-coupled astable multi.vibrator has the follow-
... (27.14)
693 (R C + R 1C 2) ing advantages over a collector-coupled astable multi.vibrator.
T = T 1 + T 2 = 0. 2 1 _ R = R (say) and
. ltivibrator R1 - 2 1. Collector of transistor Q2 is not connected to any part of
For a symmetrical mu . eriod is given as the circuit, so it can be used to provide an output terminal
<; = C (say) then total time p
• 2. F1rquc11\' ) :lll,1u,1111c-111 i, \•11,y h1'\\l\l\1' 11111,0 nt ,111ly rn11•
\':tJ':td11,, in till' d1 ('1111.
~. S) 11tht\mi,.11ii111 i, 1'.1,itv •
1111"1hk Ill"·"(' nl (1;11\St~llll ()
I
1
.i11d
,.. ·, ., •

'I ~ • 'I 'I J • 2

ElectronlC Devices and Circuits

0 l'f' • 0 1 )( :2 tTl'l • 0.2 ms

0.2 fll I .X m \
1.X X JO )
J_-. _;.:.:.:..;.._-~ • oos1 µr
T
7 = 0.1
.,, input .,t h,1,,· i, 1,11l:11\'11
(\ ■ 11 ,11') 11{2 () (1'JJ )( 12 XI())
4. Tlwre lit\' no l\'C1,, 1'r) 111ll1'H'nh ( ,ur h 11~ 11v1·"hool _,
, oltag,·,) 11\ th1' 1111\p111 T, _ ■
Q,2Y l0 '.\ C O()()''
, 7 µfl
1111d f '2 o 1,'Jl I< 1 0.69~ :,d2 z I() ·
lhm1'h'r, th1• \'lllill1'h'1111pkd AMV hw, 1h1• d1awl111rk11
.. , irihlr. mul1ivihr,11or is given in Fig. 27.22.
,,f 11,in~ m,,~ 1'1'11\1'\'twnt, ,11\d d1tl1111lt} m oh1,1111111t,? p1opc1 lk~iprwd t. 1rt1111 ol IIic ' 1
,,p~mlin}' nmd1111,n,, +Vcc•+20V
Example 27. 12. In un n,t11hl1• m11lthlhr11tor drrnlt shown In
t'i~. 27.IQ R 1 = R: a: 5 kQ, R.1 = R4 = 0.4 kO nnd l' 1 = , 2 "'
------r---9 1 kil R~
0,02 µK llt-tcrmlnc li) the time p('rlod und frl'quency of circuit
osdllation 1md (ii) minimum \nlur of lronsistor ~-

Solutlon: B,N:' re,istancc R8 = R1 = R2 = 5 k.Q = 5 x 10 1 {2

Colk-.:tor resi~1nnce, Re = R3 = R4 = 0.4 k.Q = 400 n ~
01 OFF
= =
Coupling c.ipacitor. C = C 1 C2 0.02 µF = 0.02 x 10 6 F ON

(il Time perioc!, T = 1.386 R8 C

= 1.386 X 5 X 10 3 X 0.02 X ]0--6 Fig. 27.22
= 0.14 ms Ans.
Frequency of oscillation, f = l. =
1
= 7.2 kHz Ans. 27 _9 , MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS
T 0.14xl0-3
Asaeaymen1
Ir d t·oned 1·0 Art · 27 ·•
7 monostable multivibrator is
5 X 10 3 amplifier with two states-one stable state and an-
(II") ~ -- -Rs = ~ = 12.5 Ans. a two-s tage . . th .
mm Re other quasi stable state. The circuit rem~ _m e quasi stable
state for a period detennined by the crrcwt components and
Example 27.13. Design an astable multivibrator. The repetition then returns to its initial stable state. In the stable state one
rate is 500 Hz and pulse width is 0.2 ms. Use two transistors
transistor is in the on or conducting state while the other is in
with hit= 50. Vee= V8 B = 20 V, Rc 1 = Rc2 = 1 kn.
off or non-conducting state.
[Pb. Technical Univ. Pulse and Digital Switching Circuits Dec. 2004]
_ _ __ _ . . . , - - - - - - -1 ----<> +V cc
Solution : Collector resistances Rc 1 = Rc2 = 1 k.Q
Repetition rate, f = 500 Hz
Pulse width, PW = 0.2 ms Cc _fl
0 ------ ·
hit of transistors = 50 --Nl/wW../v-t---i ~TPU T

Supply voltages Vcc = V88 = 20 V

Let the junction voltage be VCE (sat) = 0.3 V l
and VBE (sat) = 0.7 V
Vee - VcE (sat)
ICE (sat) = Re

= 20-0.3 "'20mA Fig. 27.23

lk.Q
The circuit arrangement of a transistor monostable
ICE(sat) 20mA multivibrator is shown in Fig. 27.23. It consists of two similar
Base current, 18 (min) = - - - = 50
hfe transistors Q 1 and Q 2 with equal collector resistances R3 and
= 0.4 mA R4 (i.e. R3 = R4). The circuit is designed for operation with
Let us take 18 actual 1.5 times 18 (min) i.e. 1.5 x 0.4 mA = 0.6 mA transistor Q2 normally conducting and transistor Q1 cutoff.
Let us assume that the transistors are driven equally into saturation The output of transistor Q1 is coupled to the base of transistor
during their conducting period. Q2 via capacitor C1 as in case of astable multivibrator. How-
R 1 = R2 = R ever, the other coupling is direct one through base resistor R1•
Transistor Q2 is forward biased by power supply V and
Vas - VBE(sat) 20- 0.7 . R cc
and R = _,;__l_s_:_..:.. = 0.6 mA = 32 kQ base resistor 2 and remains saturated in stable state. Opera-
tion in this stable state is ensured if the biasing resistor R2 is
1 selected to. pennit sufficient base current in transistor Q2 for
Tune period T = .!_ =- - =2 ms .
' f 500 operat10n m saturation region. Transistor Q I is reverse biased
Pulse width = 0.2 = 0.1 by power supply V BB and resistor R remains cutoff in the
Duty cycle = T 2 stable state. The input pulse is applied through capacitor C2.
llJlillchlng Circuits (M

•
u1tlvlbrators)
'lbe output may be tak
Q en from .
or 2· Cllher of the .
Operation. The O . transistors Q 1 When a po~itive trigger puh;c of short duration and suf-
J)Cratton of ficient magnitude is applied to the ba~c of transistor Q 1 through
When the power supp}
.
.
the circu 1·1 1s
·
ex.pl 1· capacitor C,, it (input pulse) override., the revcri,e bias of
pu~se appl_ied transistor Q Y_ is switched ~ ne<l below.
00 emittcr-basc·junction of transistor Q 1 and gives it a forward
rauon region. It is be· 2 1s on and is bu~ with no input
• ing forw• Opera11ng · · bias. Thu., tran-,istor Q I starts conducting and the potential
t,ase resistor R2. The col) ard biased b in ''" '-atu-
of collector of transi!ltor Q 1 comes down to ground. Since
ground potential. The ba:ctor of transisto; su~ply_ V cc and
charge on capacitor C 1 cannot disappear in~tantly. the volt-
ground potential becau e of transistor QQ~ is virtually at age across the capacitor plates is maintained. With the posi-
junction. This is illustr:~ of _the forward-bia! is 0.7 V above tive side of the capacitor C 1 pulled down to zero volt by
ed in Figs. 27 24 of base-emitter
· (a) and 27.24 (b). transistor Q , the negative side goes to a voltage far below
Vee --- IDEAL
ground pote~tial. Thus a negative bias is applied to the base of
t transistor Q and transistor Q 2 is cutoff. The collector of tran-
(a) Uc2 I
1 sistor Q2 ri;es toward Vcc and is now capable of supplying
I ~ ACTUAL
Vee<..,> --- 1 base current to transistor Q 1 through its base resistor R1• Thus
To~T-i '~----- transistor Q 1 remains turned on even after the positive spike
--- -iT1
- TIME,t from the transistor Q1 is removed.
t As time passes charging current flows onto the plates of
u~ viii (on)
I ----... capacitor C1. The flow path is down through 1½, through capacitor
(b)
~
-------
ACTUAL
C1 and through collector to emitter of Q 1 into ground. As can
be seen, this path seeks to charge capacitor C 1 to the opposite
polarity, what happens is that the voltage across capacitor C 1
gets reduced. When the voltage across the capacitor crosses
Vee
_
TIME, t ________
through zero and attains 0.7 Vin the opposite polarity, as shown
in Fig. 27.24 (b), it bleeds a small amount of current into the
base of transistor Q2. This small base current causes collector
Vccr----
current to flow in transistor Q 2, lowering its collector voltage.
(c) Uc1
t \I I
The reduced collector voltage causes a reduction in base current
I I /--ACTUAL
V CE (IOI) ------- --~---- I to transistor Q 1• This in turn causes a reduction in collector
I<: --------- current of Q 1• The Q 1 collector voltage rises slightly, thereby
To T1
TIME,t---- raising the base of Q2 higher yet. This action is regenerative;
once it begins, it avalanches. In the end, transistor Q2 is saturated

u~I IDEAL
APPLIED PULSE once again and transistor Q 1 is cutoff. Thus the circuit reverts
back to its original stable state. The circuit remains in this state

+ +
---~AL
(d) until another triggering pulse causes the circuit to switch over
CUT-OFF 1----T-=.io T1
LEVl:L L..;._ _ __ the state and the other cycle repeats itself.
STABLE QUASI• STABLE
STATE STABLE STATE - The width of the output pulse is determined by the time
STATE
constant of C 11½. The multivibrator generates one output
Fig. 27.24. Waveforms For Monostable MultivibraJor pulse _for every input trigger pulse and that is why it is
sometimes called the one-shot multivibrator. The width or
Transistor Q I is cutoff being reverse biased by supply VBB
duration of the pulse is given as T = 0.693 C R . *
and resistor R5. Its base resistor R1 is connected to the collec- I 2
tor of transistor Q 2, which is at zero potential. Thus collector Applications. 1. The falling part of the monostable
resistor R3 is completely disconnected from the grounded emitter multivibrat~r o~tput is often used for triggering another pulse
of transistor Q I and is free to carry current to charge capacitor gene_rator circuit, thus producing a pulse delayed by a time
C1• Since capacitor C 1 is connected to the base of transistor T with respect to the input pulse.
Q2, which is close to ground potential, it will charge up almost _2. Mon~stable multivibrator is also employed for regen-
to the supply voltage V . The polarity of the charge on ca- eratrn~ or reJuvenating old and wornout pulses. Various pulses
pacitor C is plus (+) on~e left and minus (-) on the right, as used m computers and telecommunication systems become
I
shown.
• From Fig. 27.24 (b)

VB2(t) = Vee+
[ VB2(0ID -Vee e
(t=To l l - ( t -To l/R2e1

·: VB2<oID Ct = ToJ = VB2<onJ - VCC

Now when t = To+ T V 1 -TIJ½C 1

vB2 Ion) =Vee+ lVa2 on - 2 co e
VB2 (T + TI =
0
I 2 V cc - V B2 Ion) = ~C2 log, 2:: 0.693 c l ~ ifVB2(on) is negligible compared with V
or T = ~Cl og, V - V
CC
l
82 Ion
CC·
 •'<'OH~\\ hnl diq<,rh·d during 11,r. ,\ 11H11111,111hk n11rl1 ivihr ,11111
cnn he <·mph)~ Cl1 to gi-ncrn tl' nr\\. l'lc,111 1111d ~h111 p p11 lfl l'S
from 1hr,c \li"1l't'1cd 1\11(1 n~rd p11l ~1·s.
\

•I.
•
, . ;;
~1111Ch,l~(.':IJ 1 .. I
~llllllt't'olllllll l 1Chll

l)11 Clil fll ~"'l1CCll

f
,,
Electronic

''

•
Oevlcon and Clrcuns
,. 1 I,; 1,cc from ~ouphng in the circuit, trigger

I
f
" 1ilw i;ir\; 111 1, if 11 ,., c1111ncc1e( at H .
, ,
R cir1,;11i1111'1'1 good s1ah1l11y. ntc Plll11e
III I. 1110 n111ttrclc "' 1np111 vu tagc er r base
, I

w111I h ,,..pcru I'on v ·

27.9.1. Emitter-Coupled Mono5tabl~ Multlvlbrat.or ,,, ,-,(11
, wine• J I,
1 i:,111 x:
VIII 11•d
, hy pqlCIIIIOIJICICr r<>lat1 un •
Thr rtrruit ,,f an rn111tl'l•1 ,,11pkil 11111111,~luhk 111111tivi h1111111 . fh mi,no•19 hh• rnulli~lhrator 1.ilc ut .,
111
n in Fig. :7 :5. 1111, \'il\'llil ,~ nl\111k.,ig1wd tnr nper 111 inn E le 27 1.a r•or ''
1, ,h(i" xnmp . . 11111 r0 r the ,t,>slK" v11lu1•.1, "' I<,. c 2 J.. £2'"
wi1h trunsi,11,r Q~ nonnally C\\n1h1l'li11g (11111 t1 ,111~i,101 (.,) 1 111111 • '"" 11,,,111 pul ~c " ' 12 v. '
I{ 20 kU (' • o.l JJI' 11nd V, 1 • •
rtmdur1ing. Tht npcmti1,11 ,,f thr rtrcuit b l'Xplainl'd hL"low. 11 ' ~ II V y = 0.8 V and p • 50. Cher I(.
A"' 11111 l' v, Ii r,ao • , ,·h
up thl' ~1.1tur11t 1on o c
2
;ro,:~j;;~~
Ml that the circuit achi a~ a
. .
ltlvll) rutor irJ.l!S.r:. l.f,.S. /,/(1•. /;ngin,er,nx fl, l~~J
mono'itu bl c mu ·
· • = 12 V
Solutlon : Collcc1or supp IY voltage • Vcc
2 Vee - Vs ,oo)
Input pul~c width, T = Ra C Jog, Yee - Vs 1on1
+ v..,,
6 2 x12-0.8
= 20 x 103 x O. l x HT log, _ .8
12 0
= J .4565 ms Ans.

+ V cc =+ 12 V

Fig. 27.25. Emitter-Coupled Mo11ostable Multivibrator Re= 20 k Q Re = 2 kQ

Let initially MMV is in stable state with Q 1 non-conducting !le 1.. 11

and Q 1 conducting. As transistor Q2 is conducting, voltage

drop across RE is large enough to provide a negative bias at
base of transistor Q1. Thus the output states are stable.
Now voltage at base of transistor Q I is increased with
the help of potentiometer R so as to forward bias the tran-
B

r ;;•~•·•
C

t: V" ""' n o, V

sistor Q 1 and make it conducting. When Q 1 starts conducting Fig. 27.26. Transistor in Saturation
its collector potential falls. This reduced potential is applied
to the base of transistor Q2 through capacitor C and current Saturation collector current,
through transistor Q2 falls and so the voltage drops across Vee - VCE(satl 12-0.2
RE. This in turn increases the Q 1 collector current by which rC(sat) -- - -Re- - = - - =5 .9mA
2xl03
the collector voltage reduces further and finally transistor Q2
Minimum base current required to keep the transistor on can
is cutoff. As time passes, charging current flows onto the
be determined by using hfe·
plates of capacitor C. The flow path is down through R8 ,
capacitor C and through collector to emitter of transistor Q 1 I
B(min) -
- Ic(sal)
-h-
= ~ =0.118mA
into ground. As the capacitor C gets charged, the base potential fe 50
of transistor Q2 rises. Thus charging continues until the voltage Base current can be calculated as
at base of transistor Q2 becomes sufficiently large to make it Vin - VBE (sat) 12 - 0.8
conducting. When the transistor Q2 starts conducting, voltage Ia=-----=
Ra 20 X 10 3
drop across RE increases. This reduces the bias applied to Q 1
= 0.56 mA
and so its collector current increases its collector voltage. Thus Hence 18 > 18 (min) which ensures the transistor in saturation. Ans.
base voltage of Q2 is further increased, Q2 conducts more and
more and so voltage drop across RE rises and reduces the bias Example 27.15. Design a collector-coupled one shot multivibrator
applied to the base of transistor Q1• The action is regenerative, circuit using 11-p-11 transistors. Neglect IcBo and junction voltages
once it begins, it avalanches. In the end transistor Q2 is satu- of the transistor,
in saturation. Let hr,e (min) = 20 • In stable state '
rated once again and transistor Q 1 is cutoff. Thus the circuit the OFF transistor has VBE = -1 V. The ON transistor has base
reverts back to its original stable state. Emitter-coupled monostable current 18 which is 50% in excess of the I . value • VCC =
B (mm)
multivibrator (MMV) has got the following advantages over 8 V, le (sat) = 2 mA, delay time = 2,500 µ sec. Chosen R = Rr
1
182 (actual) = 1.5 182 (min)"
collector-coupled MMV.
[Pb. Technical Univ. Pulse & Digital Switching Circuits Dec. 2006]
1. Since in such an MMV, collector of Q2 is not connected
to base of Q 1, signal at collector of Q2 is not directly Solution ·· hf, .
(min) -
- 20·' ICBO• VBE (sat)an d y CE (sat) - neg1·1g1'bl e
involved in regenerative loop and hence terminal C2 can le 2 (actual) = 1.5 18 2 (min) for the transistor in saturation
be used freely to provide output.
VBE = -1 V for the off transistor
2. Separate negative supply is not required as emitter junction
R 1 = R2, Vcc = 8 V and le (sat) = 2 mA
of transistors is self biased through RE.
_,am'lll ""'ro\Jlt9 (l•
~- 'YllJlt,vlbrat

•
OJ'I)
In the stable Sll1tc "i
"" i, n1 I fl
11,1 V ,~ llN
I~ ~ E!,ttmplt 27, lti, t ■ lfulatt th• nlmp()ftrt1f \1than ol mon~aht~
~
m11l1hlhr1tor tlt1\tlopln1 ■ 11 ootpnl putw of 500 pl flutjtH>il.
" A!llillumr h1, 1 ) • 251 11 t O•il • & mA 1 \\ ( • JO \1 \ Q • ...e V,
v, 1 h•II • II Tt
1nd \' ,, 1._, • OJI \ ; 1,iu ... _. • I~ '«J _..:
V HI 11111 I " I \',
o, fI•/ I 1tnt, ,I rln,, J!j
OFF
Solullon : Urfer 111 I 1g 27 n
111, fmtn1 H, Vl r 10 V, I, 1 A
_ , . 88 V JIii ■ 4 v. V1 1 l•i! ■ 0 4 V, Vnr • (Jl!i \,

Fl).!, 2.7.27
1
1121!1<:lu•lt • I ''n
Imm,• V 00 • I V
In Mnhlc Mole (.) 1 11 QFJ find () II 0!1:
v(', Vo ,(Ml
Collc1.1ur rc,1st11n1,;c Kc, •
Ir 1 11•1

• ~ • I 92 U2 Am.
~xw'
- -V Rt 1, 2cw1 5mA
- BB ~ +V R2 In /mini• • --•02 mA
R., + R, Cl (lal) R , ht,rrrwn) 25
• I t R)
or -l = - V B B ~
lo J(KIUII) • l.5 10 21a11n "'15 )( 02 lll 03 rnA
Rt+ R2 V( I I.al) -- O
or VBB = 2 V Ans.
Vee - Vo1-:' lull I0-0.8
I Re&iswncc R = ------·---- =
la . - c~1-.ai\ ..,
Is2 (Ktual1 0.3 X 10-J
2(m1n) - - , =..!:..=o I ,A
1fe 20 · 0 = = 'YJJ/ji kO Am.
la~ (actual) = I 51 8 l
· 1 ln1in)::: . 5 X 0.1::: 0.15 mA In the stahlc state Qt 1s OFF nnd Q2 1s ON
.
Res1stance Yee - VBE-. (Sat) Base potential of Q 1•
R = --:----.:::..:.:.::·~
R1 R.,
I B 2 I actual) Ye 110FF) = -Vee x---+ VCE ao x R ·R
8-0 R1 + R2 I+ 2
53.33 kQ Ans .. y (sat) = o
0.15 X JO- 3 . · BE R1
0.4x
R~
-
or -I= -4x---::--+
Input pulse width, T = 0.693 RC R1 + R2 R, - R2
or Capacitance c = _!_ = 2,.SOOx10-6 or -R 1 - R2 = -4R 1 + 0.4R~
O.(filR 0.693 X53.33 x 10 3 0.068 µF Ans. or R2 = 2.143R 1
In quasi stable state. Q1 is ON and Q2 i, OFF. A~,u.rne lhat Q
1
In the quasi stable state, Q 1 is ON and Q is OFF. is equally driven into saturation
2
I 150 Re, = Re ~ = 1.92 kQ
a 1 (actual) = Ia(min) X IOQ = 0.1 X 1.5 = 0.15 mA
T
Capacitance, C = - -
lc 1 = 2 mA 0.693R
Yee - VBE 1C•a1J VBE1(•01)-(-Yssl 5()() X 10-t,
Re +R 1 R2
= - - - - - - -3
0.693 X 30.677 X IQ
or 0.15 x 10-3 = __s_-_o__ 0+2
= 23.527 x 10.<) F or 0.02352"1 µF Ans.
4xJ0 3 +Rt R2
Vcc--VeE 1Nt\
1B1 (actual) = - \eE1 l-.at -(-\as)
8-0 2 ----
or 0.15 x 10-3 = Re+ R 1 R:c
4 x 10 3 + R, R2
8-0 OJ = IO - 0.8 O.S + -l
2
or 0.15 x 10-3 = 1.92 + R 1 2.l43R 1
4xI0 3 +R 1 R1
Solving for R 1 nnd tukmg higher value of R (in order to
or 0.15 x 10-3R~ - 5.4R 1 + 8 x 103 = 0 reduce the loading effect) = 20.58 k.Q Ans. 1
r---::--------:;----,
5.4 + Jc5.4) 2 -4 x 0.15 x 10- 3 x 8 x 10 3 R2 = 2.143R 1 = 2.143 x 20.58 = 44.1 kQ Ans..
or R, = 2x0.15xl0- 3 The speed-up capacitor C I is choosen such that R C = I µs
1 1
5.4 ± 4.94 6
= 34.45 kQ So, C 1 = I x IQ 48.6 pF Ans.
0.3 X 10- 3 20.58 X \OJ
Higher value is taken to reduce the loading ~ffe~t.
27.10. BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS
Thus the component values for the designed c1rcu1t are:
R, = R2 = 34.45 kQ; Rc1 = Rc2 =4 kQ; A bistable multivibrator, as its name implies, has two stable
R = 53 _33 k.Q; C = 0.068 µF Ans. states. It can stay in either of the two states indefinitely (as
 1
•
long as de power .,upply remain, on). Only an
of a suilahlc tngger pub.e
other stable stale. The cin:ui
stable state only by apply
l
make

ing
cnn
s
he
thl'

:mlllh
circu
broug
cr
ht
it

,uituh
h>
h.irk
lc
Ill
applicatio11
dHlll/

tri~fC
II~
!C to lhl'
on!,!111111
r pulse
Ill!'!'
.
I llfll 1"Ill "
11\L'' II1l' 1'1111 11 (. 1. huM', JllllCI
ll'rlor 01111·11 I II 1 • •
( IfJVt'll Ill III \,I 1 •
Electronic OevJcef and C1rc1Jrtr-
I irrmHi ~r,11. <) 1 wlwrc • it l11r1hcr revcn~~ bi ,
IOtl 111 t1a11 111sl 11r <) 1 1,, . 11w~ c c;, 11.
·,II Aller l,;w. Lyd1 ·,. !Ire 1r:in•.i1;1,,,
' r, '•111d 1rn11\1 1>for <) 1
. ,,r·,rio lo 1,.111

\( fl(/' of the ITIIIII 1v1h, allll ·r .

, . . 2
(J i~
1 ,fl , rl11 K 111 Iii,•
.
he Lin ui1 HIii
"'

/Tip I I I fl II I I' ·
/i lllhle ~lat,· «)1 off ;,11<1 <Ji t,n,
or from ,\ 1'/' fl/11
Thu, one trigger pul,c cau~l '' the mult1 \lhrar 111
now n.:111U111 in lhrs ,l·c1111d
ro flop buck
one ~late 10 another :ind the ne~r pulse muse ., it until a po,wvc puhc is applied lo lhc ha~t
ol rran\ J\ t,,r <J,
it b i.:allcd rhe
10 it\ original slate. This i, the wry reason thal or a negative pul"~ to rhc ha<,c o/ 1r:m1 ,,~ 1or 0 2·
flip-flop multivihrator. The noteworthy poJlll'> ure : I . Under wtoff
concJi1i,J1J
digital
The bistable multi, ibrator is employed in many nearly the full supply voltage V« appear~ acros
s the rran~i\l,,r
y inform a-
operations such as counting and storing of binar the c,rder ,,f
and can also and this restricts the i;upply voltage V<.< to
tion, as a frequency divid.!r in timing circuits several tens of volts (smaller than the lrnn,;1<;tor
l,rcakcJc1wn
be used for gener .ition of pulse s.
The circuit of a bistable multivibrator is show
n in voltage Vrn>·
nt fc i\
Fig. 27.28. It consists of two identical trans
istors 1 Q and 02 2. Under saturation condition, the collector curre
a.i; to restri ct
with equal collector resistances R3 and R4 and with outpu t maximum. Hence R3 and R4 must 1,c chosen '>O
The value1, of
of one supplied to the input of the other. The feedb ack 1s the collector current to the pcrmhsiblc value.
selected that
coupled through resistors R 1 and R2 shunted
by capacitors resistors R 1, R2, R5 and R6 and V88 mu.~t be so
k~ow n as the current i\ large enou gh to drive the
C 1 and C2 respectively. These capacitors are in one state the base
d state the emit-
to impro ve the while in the secon
commutating capacitors and are provided transistor into saturation
ing flow of cutof f value .
switching characteristics of the circuit by allow ter-base junction must be below
gh them . so that
3. The values of R" Ri, Rs and R6 are selected
1hrou
high frequency components of square wave
is reduc ed and ~ and R
Thus transition 1ime (rise and fall times) they are much greater than collector resistances 4
The output the amplifier
distortionless square wave output is obtained. and consequently have no loading effects on
Q or Q 2•
may be 1aken from either of the two transistors 1 circuit.
~- --- --- --- --r --- --- --v +V ~
istor Q2
If transistor Q 1 is in conducting state and trans
betw een point
is in non-conducting state, the voltages V 81
een point C1
B and ground (points E1 and E2) and VCl betw
ge V82 on
a~d ground are both small. The base-bias volta
17 _ transistor Q2 is then
0 ------·
OUTPUT
... (27.18)

l which being negative, keeps transistor Q2 in

its cutoff state.
the colle ctor current
Since R4 is much smaller than R I and
colle ctor voltage of
of transistor Q2 is assumed zero, the
Fig. 27.28. Bistable Multivibrator Circuit is then
transistor Q2 is + V cc· The base current I81
on to
Working. When the power supply V cc is switched Yea -Va, ... (27.19)
g sligh tly more Rs
the transistors, one transistor starts conductin
cteris tics of
than the other due to small differences in the chara and if V81 can be considered negligibly smal
l,
Q ) to the satu-
the transistors. This drives one transistor (say 1
to the cutof f in a manner = Yee _ Yea ... (27.20)
ration and the other trans istor Q 2 1
R, Rs
tor. This is the first a1
explained in case of astable multivibra
of I8 1'
stable state of the multivibrator. The multi vibra tor can be driven For keeping transistor Q 1 conducting, the value
nued current i.e.
from the first stable state (Q 1 on and 2 Q off) to the other must be sufficiently positive to ensure conti
r a negat ive
stable state (Q l off and Q 2 on) by applying eithe . . . 181 2: lei ... (27.21 )
posrnve tngg er
trigger pulse to the -liase of transistor Q 1 or a hFE
pulse to the base of transistor Q2. = Vee - VeE (sa1J ... (27.22 )
cient Since Ie,
Let a negative pulse of short duration and suffi R3
Q through
magnitude be applied to the base of transistor 1 Vee - YcE rsat)
on transistor Q 1 ... (27.23)
capacitor C3. This reduces the forward bias Ia, 2: - - - - -
hFER3
curre nt and, thereby,
and causes a reduction in collector
The values of Vcc• V8 8 , RI' 1½, R3 and R4
C • The rising are so se-
increase in potential of its collector terminal 1
se junction of ntly a stable
coJJector voltage appears across the emitter-ba lected that Eq. (27.23) is satisfied and conseque
C via . For the
transistor Q2 as it is connected to collector terminal 1 state exists with Q2 cutoff and 1 Q in satur ation
~-C2 paraJJe] circuit. As a result colle ctor curre nt of tran-
symmetry of circuit (R 3 = R4; R1 = R2 and R 5
= RJ, it is
ge falls. cutof f and
tiltor Q increases and. therefore, its coJlector volta th . evident that a second stable state exists with 1
Q
'Ille decr
2
euillg coJJector vo]tage appears across e emitter- Q2 in saturation.
 Switching Circuits (Multlvibrators)

Vee

i
---
ON

I
I
OFF
,-----...--
1rACTUA
ON

l3!
~
"' V<Vct:,
•
Vet:,.,~ 10 \

I L

II
I
I
1
i4--1DEALIZED
1
I
0:
0

R2=10kCl
D,
-
lo

R1 r 10k!l
'c, o!
T1----T2
TRIGGER APPLIED
- - - - T I M E.I
=

-4 - 12
l'c2 =0
(a) a,
"OFF' - le,

s
-le 2
02
"ON"

Vee - OFF
-- I
ON OFF
,------· E1
I2 ! ffl
II
N ,..
ps E2

j I
I
I
1
I
I
I

I
:..--ACTU.A.L
-;:-
"'
0: "'
0:
-;:-

u"2 I I
I I

I I
I .
I
I
I
I
lf--1DEALIZ ED
-Vaa=-10V

Fig. 27.30
--- I I
I
Collector current of Q2, Ic = I 1 - l2
2
- - - - T I M E, !
= 8.33 - 0.2 = 8.13 mA
Minimum base current required for Q2 to be on,
(b)
Ie 2 8.13 mA
Fig. 27.29 In2(min) = = _3_0_
h1,
~o points should be noted about lhe switching proc- = 0.271 mA
ess. F1~st the pulse used for switching need only be applied Base voltage of QI , V81 = Ye 2 - l2R1
for a lime sufficient for the changeover; it can then be re- = 0 - 0.2 mA x IO kQ
moved. Second, if a negative pulse is used lo affect switch- = -2 V
ing, ~ positive pulse is required for the next switching, a R,
negative pulse for the one following, etc. Also VB, = -Vas X
R, + Ra2
Idealized output waveforms for the bistable multivibrator
are shown in Fig. 27.29 as solid curves. The doned wave- = - JO x _IO_ = -2 Y
fonns are those of an actual circuit, the deviations from the 10+ 39
idealized result from switching transierits. Since base-to-emitter voltage of Q I is negative (transistor being
N-P-N type), the transistor is in cutoff.
Example 27.17. A fixed bias binary (bistable) is obtained by Since the diode D1 is on,
connecting two transistors as inverters. The various circuit
Yee - Ye, J0-10
parameters are Vcc =- =
V88 10 V; Re = Re = 1.2 K; R8 = Current 13 = - - - - = _ k.Q = 0
12
RI½= 39 Kand R1 = R2 = 10 K. The trakistori
are made of Si Re,
and have h1, = 30. Compute stable currents and voltages. Neglect
Current 14 = Ye, - VBE2 (sa l)
lceo, [Pb. Teclu1ica/ Unfr P11/u & Digital Switching Circuits Dec. 2004]
R2
Solution : For a bist.'.lble multi vibrator depicted in Fig. 27 .30, assume = JO-O =lmA
transistor Q, in on state and transistor Q 1 in off scale in one of 10 k.Q
the stable ;tares. Neglecting junction voltages, diode D 1 is on Diode current, 10 = 13 - 14 = 0 - I mA = - l mA
and diode D1 is off. The currents are shown in the circuit diagram
2
Current 15 = - ~ --- =
Ya -(-Yaa) YaE 2 ,,ur, -(-Vas)
(Fig. 27.30).
Ra, Ra,
Vee - Ve1
Current 11 = - - - - = O- HO) = 0.256 mA
Re ~ 39 k.Q
Current I8 iactual) = 14 - 15 = 1 - 0.256 = 0.744 mA
= Vcc-VeE1(sat) = J0-0 =8.33mA
Re2 1.2 lill Since 18 (actual) is much larger than 18,(min), transistor Q is
2
really on an~lhe stable state with Q 2 on ana Q 1 off is confirmed :
Ve1 -1-Yaa> The stable state voltages and r::iJrrents are:
Current I~ =
R 1 + Ra 1 Vc, = JO V le, = 0 mA

0-H0J Vc 2 = 0 V Ic = 8.13 mA
VCE:t""'I -{-V_.B{) = 2
= --=-----,,-- V 81 = - 2 V 1 =0
R, + R!t{ (10 +39)1& 81
vi½= 0 V 1B2 = 0.744 mA Ans.
= 0.'.!mA