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Wick Miller's Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets
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Hill, Kenneth C
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University of California
Wick Miller’s Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets
revised and expanded by
Kenneth C. Hill
Report 18, Volume I

Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
University of California, Berkeley
September 2020
© 2020 by Kenneth C. Hill. Anyone may copy or reproduce this book (in full or in part) for
education, language learning or teaching, or research. No commercial or for-profit use is
permitted.
Introduction Introduction
Introduction
In 1987 and in 1988, Wick Miller, of the University of Utah, circulated drafts of a Computerized Data
Base for Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets. The present listing is an updating of Miller's project and is offered as
resource for future research on Uto-Aztecan vocabulaey.
Each form cited is provided with a standardized representation in IPA notation and is referenced to its
original spelling and to the source of that spelling. With a standardized representation, forms are made
immediately comparable, and the reader will not have to puzzle out how to interpret each of the diverse
orthographies that have been used for these languages.
The sets are organized roughly northwest to southeast. This geographical scheme is followed for the
branches and also for the languages found within each branch.
For several years now, this has been a work in progress with a number of the sets being quite
provisional. A number, possibly a large number, of individual forms will have to be reassigned to
another set, or possibly dropped, as our understanding of comparative Uto-Aztecan improves. Some sets
are clearly not of Uto-Aztecan age; a number of these are noted as likely Wanderwörter. Obvious recent,
non‐Uto‐Aztecan loanwords are excluded.
The cognate sets were "arranged in an expandable format to easily allow the addition of more data, and
to allow for corrections." Each set is headed by a "cognate number" in the form (C)V- plus a numeral. The
(C)V- represents the first part of the presumed reconstruction for the set. The numeral assigned in the
cognate number formula is arbitrary; new numerals are assigned sequentially as new sets are identified.
This causes little in the way of problems for electronic searching, but when printed, the English finder
list becomes essential.
Miller notes that "For this system to work, once a number is occupied, it must forever be occupied, and
never replaced with a different cognate set. [...] Imagine, for example, that a given cognate set is given
the number wi-03. As new languages are added to the set, it becomes clear that initial *kʷ should be
reconstructed, so that it is moved to kʷi-08. No new entry can be placed in wi-03; it must forever remain
empty, with a cross reference to kwi-08 [sic for kʷi-08]." (To aid searchability kw rather than Miller’s kʷ
is used here in the set labels. However, kw and kʷ must remain distinct in the phonetic representation
since some languages have a contrast between kw and kʷ.)
Miller had a special section for grammatical morphemes which he called "Grammatica." I have omitted
that section. However ,many of the items that appeared there have been integrated into the general list.
iii
Notation Notation
Since Miller's original project never reached real publication, a completely faithful adherence to the
original numbering is probably not really necessary. I have kept the system unmodified for a number of
reasons, one of which is, of course, to honor the memory of Wick Miller.
Some sets are "too small." Sometimes Miller added a set because it appeared in a comparative study even
if no cognates were cited. Sometimes I have split a set, once in a while leaving a form stranded. I have
let these small sets remain so as not to disrupt the numbering scheme.
It should be noted that this listing has not incorporated material from the important and independent
work of Brian D. Stubbs (Uto-Aztecan, A Comparative Vocabulary, Blanding, UT: Rocky Mountain Books
and Productions). Stubbs's work is organized according to meaning categories while the present list is
organized according to phonology. Stubbs also goes deeply into the question of reconstruction, which I
have left very much backgrounded. The present work and Stubbs's work are complementary approaches
to very much the same material.
Notation
For each form, a normalized transcription is provided (in italics) as well as the transcription found in the
original source (in < >) when it differs from the normalization. No explanation is provided for any of
the various transcription schemes employed in the sources; for that, reference to the source works
themselves will be necessary. Unfortunately, some sources provide little or no explanation and many are
hard to come by. Space-vertical bar-space ( | ) between forms is to be understood as "or".
The symbols of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) are used throughout for the segmental
elements in the normalized spellings, with a few special treatments as noted.
The letter v represents a labial continuant, in most instances a bilabial approximant [β̞], as in Spanish. It
sometimes approximates w, particularly in Tohono O’odham. Similarly, as in some dialects of Mexicano
(Nahuatl), the w phoneme may allophonically approximate v. A western European-style labiodental
fricative, IPA [v], is probably not to be found among the Uto-Aztecan languages.
The letter ʂ is used for the apicoalveolar sibilant, which contrasts with the blade alveolar s in several of
the languages. The corresponding affricate is tᶳ. These are not to be understood as retroflex (except
allophonically in Serrano, which has rhotic vowels).
Affricates are transcribed as having their sibilant component as a release feature: tˢ, tᶳ, tᶴ. Similarly, the
laterally released stop of Nahuatl is written tˡ. This treatment is not only desirable theoretically, but in
some of the languages an affricate can contrast with the corresponding sequence of sounds. In Hopi, for
example, tˢ contrasts with ts.
iv
Notation Notation
The high non-front unrounded vowel is transcribed ɯ. The vowel symbol ɨ is used only in the phonetic
transcription of Southern Ute, which seems to have three unrounded high vowels, [i] , [ɨ] and
[ɯ] <u̧ >, as well as the rounded vowel [u] . In the normalized transcription, [ɨ] is treated as the
equivalent of ɯ. (A practical reason for avoiding the symbol <ɨ> is that it is visually hard to distinguish
from and thus difficult to proofread.)
The macron marks long vowels and the breve marks the "clipped" vowels of Musangnuvi Hopi in Whorf
(1946). In Southern Numic languages, the difference between long and short is phonetically realized in
final position by the difference between voiced and voiceless vowels. In such languages the macron
serves to mark the voiced vowels—even where the voicing seems to relate to original nasality; voiceless
vowels in that position are unmarked. In languages where voicelessness of vowels needs to be marked,
such as Tohono O'odham and Comanche, it is represented with the conventional IPA symbol, a ring
below.
Word-initial glottal stops are not written before vowels in the normalized transcription. For some,
perhaps most of the languages glottal stops in this position are epiphenominal, contingent on a vowel's
being in word-initial position or after a vowel-final prefix (to which the intrusive glottal stop can be
assigned). For other languages the glottal stop in this position may figure as a true consonant, but here I
have decided in favor of not writing the glottal stop in this position for any of the languages. This is in
agreement with Dayley (1989a:444) and in disagreement with most other Uto-Aztecanists.
Stressed vowels are marked by a macron below or underline. In languages with a general rule for stress,
only exceptional forms are marked for stress. (Note that the under-bar is also used in the conventional
IPA value of “retraction” for Serrano: Serrano has three places of articulation with back consonants: k, ḵ,
q.)
The acute accent marks high tone, the circumflex falling tone and the haček rising tone. Low tone is
unmarked. Northern Tepehuan and Huichol have tone. I have heard tonal phenomena in Yoeme (Yaqui)
but the lexical resources available to me do not allow for its representation here. The “falling tone” of
Orayvi Hopi is a postvocalic murmur, transcribed as ɦ after a vowel and with the subscript diaeresis with
a murmured syllable-final resonant.
In the normalized reconstructions, the nonphonetic, subscript “transitions” of Vogelin et al. 1962 are
retained. They represent “unchanged” (u), “spirantizing” (s), and “nasalizing” (n). These are treated rather
differently in more recent work, but they remain part of the history of comparative Uto-Aztecan.
v
The set labels Acknowledgments
Further, several of the reconstructions proposed by Alexis Manaster Ramer in various publications and in
personal communications are labeled with his initials, AMR, with no further bibliographical
specification.
The set labels
The symbols used for the cognate set labels are phonetically more abstract. This is mainly to make it
easier to look things up by the use of only conventional keyboard symbols, but it also allows the
expression of a couple of uncertainties regarding the reconstructed sounds.
The letter c is used for the affricate, avoiding the question of whether *[tˢ] or *[tᶴ] should be posited as
the phonetic value for the protolanguage sound. The letter pair ts is easily available, tʃ is not, but it
seems poor methogology to choose one reconstructed value over another based on which is easier to
type.
The letter sequence kw is used for the labialized velar consonant *kʷ. No commercially available
keyboard has the symbol ʷ (raised w).
The letter E is used for the Uto-Aztecan vowel variously reconstructed as *ɯ, *ï, *ɨ, *ə, *e. The
reconstruction for four of the Uto-Aztecan vowels, *a, *i, *o, *u, is not controversial, but that for the
fifth vowel is. The use of the abstract (non-phonetic) symbol E for the fifth vowel avoids the
commitment to one reconstruction or another in assembling this set of (possible) cognates. Further, four
of the symbols, ɯ, ï, ɨ, ə, are not available on the computer keyboard for American English. Using any of
them in the set labels would make it hard to access many of the cognate sets. The symbol E avoids this
problem as well. However, the symbol E is NOT to be understood as representing the specific vowel [e],
a once popular reconstruction now largely abandoned by Uto-Aztecanists.
This material was prepared using TshwaneLex dictionary-making software and the typefont Charis SIL.
Acknowledgments
I thank Jason Haugen (Oberlin College) and William Merrill (Smithsonian Institution) for offering
corrections and constructive comments.
vi
a-01 a-03
a-01 laugh (Miller 1967: 251 *ʔac) *atˢi | *atˢa <*ʔaci | *ʔaca> to laugh at ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (39)
Tepiman *a̱ʔaɯ | *a̱ʔai <*'?a?aɨ/i> to laugh at ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (303)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) aʂ <ʔax> to laugh at obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.394
Pima Bajo aʔʃi <á'si> reírse «laugh» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 254
Northern Tepehuan āʃ́ i- <ááši-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (303)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ās <‑'?aas> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (303)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío aʔtᶴina̱ | atᶴina̱ <aʔci-ná | aci-ná> to be laughing ‣ Miller 1996: 326
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) atᶴi ̱ <achí> reir, sonreir «laugh, smile» ‣ Hilton 1959: 4
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata atᶴia <achi-a> laugh ‣ Shaul 1983: 114
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ātᶴe <aache> laugh; grin, smile ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 17
Mayo ātᶴe <aache> se ríe, sonríe «laugh, smile» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 113
Cora/Huichol
Cora raʔa̱ʔatˢe <ra'á'atze> se ríe de él, se burla de él «he laughs at him, he makes fun of him» ‣
McMahon & McMahon 1959: 163
a-02 squash, pumpkin, cucurbit

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ala̱we <aláwe> squash, gourd ‣ Miller 1996: 324
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ajaʔawi <aya'awi> a type of squash ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 25 [or aja̓wi?]
Mayo ājaw <aayau> calabaza harota «a kind of squash or gourd» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 113
[harota is unidentified]
Tubar
Tubar haja- <jaya-> calabaza «squash» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
Nahua *ajoh- <*ayoh-> squash ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (159)
Classical Nahuatl ajoʔtˡi <ayotli> calabaça «squash» ‣ Molina 1571: 3v
Classical Nahuatl ajoʔtˡi <ayoh-tli> squash, calabash ‣ Karttunun 1983: 16
Tetelcingo Mexicano ajohtˡi <ayojtli ̱> calabaza «squash» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 109
Pochutla Mexicano ejut <eyút> calabaza «squash» ‣ Boas 1917: 25
Pipil ajuh <ayuh> squash sp., pumpkin ‣ Campbell 1985: 174
a-03 wing, feather, armpit, arm (Miller 1967: 465 *ʔana) *aᵤŋa <*ʔaᵤŋa> wing, feather, arm ‣ Voegelin et
al. 1962: 140 (58)
Northern Uto-Aztecan
Numic *ahna armpit/wing ‣ Ianucci 1973: 100 (1)
1
a-04 a-04
Western Numic
Western Mono ahakko̱ttˢi <ahaqo̱tsI> armpit ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 3
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) aha | naha armpit ‣ Dayley 1989: 2
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ahma armpit ‣ Crapo 1976: 27
Western Shoshone ahnatukka underarm, armpit ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 263
Shoshone ahna armpit ‣ Miller 1972: 105
Comanche ahna underarm, armpit, side of chest ‣ Robinson & Armogost 1990: 11
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi aŋapɯ <’aŋávə̥> arm. Includes both upper and lower arm. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 1
[cognate?]
Southern Paiute aŋapu <aŋáɸU> arm ‣ Sapir 1931: 548
Southern Paiute aŋapu <aŋa´ɸU> arm ‣ Sapir 1931: 548
Southern Ute aapɯ <?aá-vu̧ > upper arm ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 96
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi aŋa̱ʔat <anga('at)> long hair that falls to the back of the head, such as in men's
traditional hairstyles ‣ Hopi Dictionary [suggested by Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (58)] [cognate?]
Tepiman *a̱?ana <*'?a?ana> feathers, wing ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (302)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) aʔan <ʔaʔan> a pair of wings; feathers of the wings ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.402
Pima Bajo a̱ʔnɯr <á'ner> ala «wing» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 219
Northern Tepehuan āń a- <áána-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (302)
Southern Tepehuan āʔ̱ na- <'?aa?na-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (302)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ana̱ <aná> wing ‣ Miller 1996: 324
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ana̱ <aná> ala «wing» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 42
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ana̱ <aná> ala «wing» ‣ Hilton 1959: 5
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hana̱t <hanát> ala «wing» ‣ Pennington 1981: 184
Eudeve anat | hana̱t <anat | hanát> ala «wing» ‣ Lionnet 1986: 67 | 82
Cora/Huichol
Cora ana̱ <aná> pluma «feather» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 114
Wixarika (Huichol) ánā ́ <´ánáa> ala «wing» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 138
a-04 spear thrower, weapon, bow (Miller 1967: 53 *ʔawt | *wat) [Since the bow was introduced well after the
breakup of Proto-Uto-Aztecan, 'bow' cannot be part of the reconstructed meaning.]
Numic *etɯ <*etə> bow/gun ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (10)
Western Numic
2
a-05 a-05
Western Mono e̱tɯ̄ <e̱dɨ> bow, gun, weapon ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 17
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) etɯn | aitɯn <etün | aitün> gun, bow ‣ Dayley 1989: 14
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone aiti bow and arrow, gun ‣ Crapo 1976: 28
Western Shoshone eti <aiti> gun, bow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone eti <aiti> gun ‣ Miller 1972: 105
Comanche ēttɯ <eetʉ> bow for shooting arrows, bois d'arc, wood for archery bows ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 14
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu etɯ | etɯttˢi <ʔedɨ | ʔedɨ-ci> bow; rifle ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 188
Chemehuevi atˢɯ <’átsə̥> bow ‣ K. Hill 1969: 2
Southern Paiute atᶴɯ <a(·)´tcÏ> bow ‣ Sapir 1931: 554
Southern Ute ātᶴi <?áa-ci> bow ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 95
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ālit <ʔa·li-t> the bow ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 221
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ata̱ <atá> gun ‣ Miller 1996: 325
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ata̱ <ata> arco (para flechas) «bow» ‣ Hilton 1959: 7
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ata̱ <atá> arco «bow» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 42
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl atˡatˡ <atlatl> amiento «leather string» ‣ Molina 1571: 8r
Classical Nahuatl aʔtˡatˡ <ahtla-tl> spear thrower, atlatl ‣ Karttunen 1983: 7
a-05 horn, antler (Miller 1967: 235 *ʔawa) *āwat <*aawat> ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *awa <*ʔawa>
horn ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (104)
Numic *awah | awaⁿ <*awah | *awaN> horn ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (6)
Western Numic
Western Mono a̱wā <a̱wa> horn ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 9
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) āma(ppɯh) <aama(ppüh)> horn, antler ‣ Dayley 1989: 1
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ān <aan> horn, antler ‣ Crapo 1976: 27
Western Shoshone ān <aan> horn, antler ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 263
Shoshone ān <aan> horn ‣ Miller 1972: 105
Comanche ā <aa> animal horn ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 11
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu āppɯ <ʔaa-pɨ> horn ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 185
́ ə̥> horn ‣ K. Hill 1969: 3
Chemehuevi āppɯ <’āp
Southern Paiute āppɯ <’a·´-p·Ï> horn ‣ Sapir 1931: 543
3
a-06 a-06
Southern Ute āppɯ <?áa-pu̧ > horn(s) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 96
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi āḻ a <aala> horn, antler ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi āla <aala> horn ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 191
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal āwat <ʔa·wa-t> the horn (of any animal) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 221
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ātˢ <ʔāts> horn ‣ Anderton 1988: 262
Serrano -āʳʔ horn, antler ‣ kch
Gabrielino/Fernandeño
Tongva (Gabrielino) aʔāʔ̱ an <'a'áa'an> his horn ‣ Harrington notes 131
Cupan
Luiseño ‑āw
̱ <‑ʔá·w> horn(s), antler(s) ‣ Bright 1968: 7
Cupeño ‑a̱wʔa <‑a̱w'a> horn ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Cahuilla ‑a̱wʔa <‑ʔáwʔa> horn of an animal [possessed] ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 18
Cahuilla a̱wal <ʔáwa-l> horn of an animal [absolutive] ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 18
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) aʔag <ʔaʔag> a pair of horns (belonging to an animal) ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.395
Pima Bajo ag <ag> cuerno «horn» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 230
Northern Tepehuan āgádɯ <aagá-dɨ> its horn (same as its leaf) ‣ Bascom 1982: 303 (cf. sa-01)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío awa̱ <awá> horn ‣ Miller 1996: 325
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) awa̱ <ahuá> cuerno «horn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 4
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) āwam <aawam> horn, antler ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 18
Mayo āwam <aáguam> cuernos «horns» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 113
Tubar
Tubar hamʷa̱t <jamoá-t> cuerno «horn» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
Cora/Huichol
Cora e̓wa̱ <e'ehuá> cuerno «horn, antler» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 129
a-06 spit, spittle, saliva

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño a̱wkaʃ <ʔá·wka-š> saliva ‣ Bright 1968: 7
Guariío/Rarámuri
4
a-07 a-08
Guarijío aʔka̱ <aʔká> saliva ‣ Miller 1996: 326

Tubar
Tubar wakala̱t <waka-lá-t> saliva ‣ Lionnet 1978: 79
Cora/Huichol
Cora ɯ̱ kɯʔe <ʌ́cʌ'e> saliva ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 193
a-07 small, little (Miller 1967: 387a *ʔali, 387b *ʔili)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk anōʔtˢiʔ <ʔanōtsiʔ, ʔan̅uts̅ i, ʔanoʔsi, ʔanoʔsiʔ, niʔanuʔsi, anōtsiʔ> baby, small, little
finger ‣ Anderton 1988: 270
Serrano aɲīʔiʔ small ‣ kch
Serrano aɲīʔtᶴiʔ small one ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño alu̱ʔmal <ʔalúʔ-ma-l> small, thin; a baby ‣ Bright 1968: 5 [cognate?]
̃ small one ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 65
Cahuilla i ̱niʃiʎ <ʔíniš-il>
Tepiman *ar�̱̄ <*?a'rii> little one ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (300)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ali <ʔali> child ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.379
Pima Bajo liʔo̱b <li-'ób> niño «child» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 247
Northern Tepehuan āȋ <áai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (300)
Northern Tepehuan āĺ i <ááli> little ones ‣ Bascom 1982: 296
Southern Tepehuan aʎ�̱̄ <?a'lʸii> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (300)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío aʔme̱rima <aʔmérima> short ‣ Miller 1996: 326 [cognate?]
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ili small, little, few ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 64
Mayo ilikki <ilicqui> poco, poquito «few, a little bit» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 146
Tubar
Tubar ali- pequeño «small, little» (probably not cognate: found only in alisi ̱k <ali-sík> a kind of small ant)
‣ Lionnet 1978: 54 (cf. a-09)
a-08 hunt (Miller 1967: 242 *ʔamu)

Takic
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ām
̱ a <áama> hunt, to ‣ Woodward 2007: 175
Luiseño ām ̱ a- <ʔá·mu‑ | ʔá·ma-> to hunt small game ‣ Bright 1968: 5
̱ u‑ | ām
Cupeño a̱mu <a̱mu> to hunt ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
5
a-09 a-09
Cahuilla -a̱mu- <‑ʔámu-> to hunt ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 15

Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ami ̱ <amí> buscar «look for» ‣ Hilton 1959: 5; Lionnet 1972: 42
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve amu̱n <amún> cazar «hunt» ‣ Pennington 1981: 162
Ópata amua <amu-a> hunt ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) āmu <aamu> hunt ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 18
Mayo āmu <aamu> caza «[he] hunts» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 113
Tubar
Tubar himʷa- <jimw-a-> cazar «hunt» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
a-09 ant (Miller 1967: 4 *ʔane)

Numic *ani mosquito/fly/ant ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (5)
Western Numic
Western Mono ani ̱ppi <ani ̱pI> (big mosquito found in the mountains) (unidentified species) ‣
Bethel et al. 1993: 6 [cognate?]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) aŋipi | aŋimmuih <angipi | angimmuih> fly ‣ Dayley 1989: 5
[cognate?]
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone annin ant (sp., red with black abdomen) ‣ Crapo 1976: 29
Western Shoshone aʔnin <a'nin> piss ant ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone anin ant (red or black; also generic term) ‣ Miller 1972: 106
Comanche ani ̥kūtaʔ <ani ̱kuuraʔ> ant ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 12
Southern Numic [cognate?]
́ i ̥> small red ant sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 1
Chemehuevi aŋāpi <’aŋāv
Southern Paiute aŋāpi <aŋa·´(a)-ɸI> ant (small, black sp.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 548
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ān
̱ ɯ <aanu> ant ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi ān
̱ ɯ <aanu> ant ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 191
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ānɯnt <ʔa·nɨn-t> yellow ants ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 221
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ānɯht <ʔanəht, ʔanəqt, ʔan̅əht; ʔa·nat‘> ant sp. ‣ Anderton 1988: 270
Serrano āʳnɯʳht large ant sp. ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ān ́ red ant ‣ McCawley 1996: 268
̱ at <ahń-naht>
6
a-10 a-10
Cupan *ān
̱ a-t <*ʔá:na-t> ant ‣ Munro 1990: 237 (4)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ān
̱ at <’áanat> ant; large and red; used in the boys' ceremony ‣
Woodward 2007: 175
Luiseño ān
̱ at <ʔá·na-t> ant (in general), red ant ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Cupeño a̱nat <a̱na-t> ant, red ant ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla a̱net <ʔánet> ant, big ant ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 16
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ari ̱t <arít> hormiga «ant» ‣ Pennington 1981: 162
Ópata ari ant ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Cahita
Mayo ere̓sūkim <ere'esuúquim> hormiga «ant» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 138
Tubar (cf. a-07)
Tubar alisi ̱k <ali-sík> clase de h[o]rmiga pequeña y negra «a kind of little black ant» ‣ Lionnet 1978:
54 (with si-12)
a-10 head louse (Miller 1967: 269 *ʔate) *atɯn <*atïn> louse ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203; *atɯ | *atɯ-
mɯ <*atɨ(‑mɨ)> louse ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (251); *atɯ <*ʔatɨ> louse ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
138 (24)
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu attˢipi <ʔaci-vi> louse ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 183
Chemehuevi atˢipi <’atsívi ̥> piojo «louse» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 2
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi a̱tɯ <atu> head louse ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk atᶳɯmtᶳ <ʔatʃəmətʃr> head louse, tick ‣ Anderton 1988: 264
Serrano aʳtᶳɯm head lice (plural only) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) moʔāṟ <mo'áarr> tus piojos «your lice» ‣ Harrington notes 15
Cupan
Luiseño ula̱t <ʔulá·-t> head louse (u is unexpected) ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Cupeño a̱laʔat <a̱la'a-t> head louse ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Tepiman *aʔa̱tɯi <*?a'?atɨi> head lice ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (304)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) āʔatᶴ <ʔaaʔac> head louse, head lice ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.371
Pima Bajo aʔat <á'at> piojo «louse» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 251
Northern Tepehuan āt́ ɯi <áátɨi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (304)
Southern Tepehuan aʔāṯ <?a'?aat> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (304)
7
a-11 a-11
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ehte̱ <ehté> louse ‣ Miller 1996: 334
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) te <té> piojo, tener piojos «louse, have lice» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 77
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ate̱t <atét> piojo de la cabeza «head louse» ‣ Pennington 1981: 163
Ópata atte piojos de la cabeza «head lice» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ete louse ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 42
Mayo ette piojo «louse» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 139
Tubar
Tubar ate̱t <atȩ́-t> piojo de la cabeza, clase de hórmiga grande y colorada «head louse; a kind of
big red ant» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
Cora/Huichol
Cora a̱te <ate> piojo «louse» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 116
Wixarika (Huichol) até <áté> piojo «louse» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 140
Nahua *atəmV- <*atəmV-> louse ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (103)
Classical Nahuatl atemitˡ <atemitl> piojo «louse» ‣ Molina 1571: 7v
Classical Nahuatl atemitˡ <atem(i)-tl> louse ‣ Karttunen 1983: 12
Tetelcingo Mexicano atimitˡ <ati ̱mi ̱tl> piojo «louse» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 108
Pochutla Mexicano atomt <atómt> piojo «louse» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil atimet <atime-t> louse ‣ Campbell 1985: 170
a-11 bathe (Miller 1967: 26 *ʔas) *asi <*ʔasi> to bathe ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (139)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ās̱ i <aasi> wash one's own hair ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi āsi <aasi> wash hair ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 111
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal āʃɯt <ʔa·š-(ɨt)> to bathe ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ār, āh- <ʔār, ʔar, ʔah-> take a bath ‣ Anderton 1988: 264
Serrano aʔah bathe ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) āʂ- : nōn i āʂ̱ ro <nóon 'i 'áaʃro> voy a bañarme «I'm going to take a bath» ‣
Harrington notes 509
Tongva (Gabrielino) aʂu̱jno <'aʃúyno> bañarlo «bathe him» ‣ Harrington notes 509
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) āʃ̱ <áash> bathe oneself ‣ Woodward 2007: 175
8
a-12 a-13
Luiseño āʂ̱ - | āʂ̱ a- <ʔá·ṣ(a)-> to bathe (intr.), take a bath ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Luiseño āʂ̱ - <ʔá·ṣ-> to menstruate for the first time ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Cupeño a̱ʂ- <a̱s̷he> to bathe ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla ‑a̱ʔas- <‑ʔáʔas-> to bathe, take a bath ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 21
a-12 eagle (Miller 1967: 147 *ʔas)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal āʃawɯt <a·šawït> golden eagle ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 12
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ahɯŋt <ʔahəŋt, ahəŋht; ʔa·hə·nkt, ʔa·hə·ŋkt> eagle ‣ Anderton 1988: 265
Serrano ahɯʳŋt eagle ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) aʂa̱wt <'aʃáwt> golden eagle ‣ Harrington Notes 065
Cupan
Luiseño a̱ʂwut <ʔáṣ-wu-t> golden eagle ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Cupeño a̱ʂwət <a̱s̷hwe-t> eagle (p. 151 has <sh> rather than <s̷h>) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 185
Cahuilla a̱swet <ʔáswet> eagle, eagle feather ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 16
Nahua [cognate?]
Classical Nahuatl aastˡi <aaztli> ala para bolar «wing with which to fly» ‣ Molina 1571a: 8r
[cognate?]
Classical Nahuatl astˡan <Aztlan> primitivement occupée par les Aztèques, et dont la position,
object de nombreuses recherches, est encore ignorée. «originally occupied by the Aztecs, and whose
location, the object of numerous investigations, is still unknown» ‣ Siméon 1885: 45 [cognate?]
Classical Nahuatl astatˡ <aztatl> garça «heron» ‣ Molina 1571: 10r [cognate?]
Tetelcingo Mexicano āstātˡ <östötl> garza «heron» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 171 [cognate?]
a-13 crow, raven (Miller 1967: 111 *ʔat) [cf. Gashowu Yokuts 'alwuṭ̓ 'crow' (Newman 1944:187)]
Northern Uto-Aztecan *at-wɯt-(?) <*at-wït-(?)> crow ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 206
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu āttakkatˢi <ʔaataka-zi> raven, "crow" ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 186
Chemehuevi attappɯtˢi <’atápətsi ̥> crow ‣ K. Hill 1969: 2
Southern Paiute attappɯtˢi | attakkʔotˢi <A‘ta´-p·ïts· | A‘ta´-q̓·wɔts·, A‘ta´q̓·ɔts·> crow ‣ Sapir 1931:
553
Southern Ute ta̱kkʔotᶴi <táq?o̧-ci> crow, raven ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 185
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi aŋʷɯ̱ si <angwusi> crow, raven ‣ Hopi Dictionary
9
a-14 a-14
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk atᶳawat | atᶳavat <ʔatʃawat, ʔatʃrawat, atʃ̅ rawat, atʃ̅ raw̅ at, atʃravat> big crow, raven ‣
Anderton 1988: 264
Serrano aʳtᶳawt crow ‣ kch
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) āḻ amal <’áalamal, álemel> crow ‣ Woodward 2007: 175, 176
Luiseño a̱lwut <ʔálwu-t> a crow (the bird) ‣ Bright 1968: 5
Cupeño a̱lwət <a̱lwe-t> crow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla a̱lwet <ʔálwet> crow ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 14
a-14 tortoise, turtle (Miller 1967: 341 *ʔay, 445 *ʔay) <*ayo-> ‣ AMR; *aj- <*ay-> turtle ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1978: 277 (281)
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu aja <ʔaya> turtle ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 187
Chemehuevi aja <’ájḁ> turtle sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 1
Chemehuevi paʔāja <pa-'?aaj(a)> water-turtle ‣ Press 1979: 153
Chemehuevi paʔajɯ <pa’ájə̥> turtle sp. "Any kind of turtle that lives in the water." (with ‑ɯ
<‑ə̥> for expected ‑a <‑ḁ>) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 23 (with pa-07)
Southern Paiute aja | aʔaja <a´(i)YA | a’aíA> turtle ‣ Sapir 1931: 554
Southern Ute ajappɯtᶴi | aja <?ayá-pu̧ -ci | ?áyh> turtle ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 100
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi āj̱ a <aaya> hand rattle ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano ājt <ʔaY-t> rattle ‣ Miller 1967: 51
Serrano juʔātᶳ water turtle (second syllable) ‣ kch (with ju-22)
Cupan *āj̱ i-la <*ʔá:yi-la> turtle ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (134)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ajl <’ayl> abalone ‣ Woodward 2007: 178
Luiseño a̱jla <ʔáy-la> abalone ‣ Bright 1968: 7
Cupeño a̱jiʎ <a̱yi-ly> desert tortoise, turtle ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
̃ turtle ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 20
Cahuilla a̱jiʎ <ʔáyil>
̃ small turtle ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 257 (with ju-22)
Cahuilla ju̱ʔajiʎ <yúʔayl>
Tubar
Tubar hajawe̱t <jaya-wé-t> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ājḗ <áayée> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 141
10
a-15 a-16
Nahua *ājō- <*aayoo-> turtle ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268

Classical Nahuatl ajotˡ <ayotl> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Molina 1571: 3v
Classical Nahuatl ājōtˡ <āyō-tl> tortoise, turtle ‣ Karttunen 1983: 16
Classical Nahuatl ājakatᶴtˡi <āyacach-tli> rattle ‣ Karttunen 1983: 15
Tetelcingo Mexicano ājōtˡ <öyutl> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 172
Pochutla Mexicano ajut <ayút> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil ājūtˢin <a:yu:-tsin> small land turtle ‣ Campbell 1985: 175
a-15 call (Miller 1967: 75 *ʔay)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi a̱ja <aya> helper ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ājat <ʔa·y-[at]> to call ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño aja̱ʔ <ʔayáʔ> a messenger who announces people making a formal visit ‣ Bright 1968: 7
a-16 say *awi | *awa <*ʔawi | *ʔawa> to tell ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (124)
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono hawa- to scold ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 27 [cognate?]
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi āʔ̱ awna <aa'awna> tell, inform, relate, announce ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal āwinat <a·winat> tell ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 21.5
Takic [cognate?]
Serran
Serrano āv tell a true story ‣ kch [cognate? v is unexpected]
Tongva (Gabrielino) āṟ oʔa <'áaro'a> answer, contesta! do not be silent but respond! ‣ Harrington
notes 657
Cupan
Cupeño a̱ʔalxi <a̱'alxi;‑0> to relate history ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Cahuilla ‑a̱ʔalxe- <‑ʔáʔalxe-> to tell a true story ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 20
Tepiman *a̱ʔaga | *a̱ʔagi <*'?a?aga/i> to tell ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (301)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) āg <ʔaag> to say something; to tell a story, to sing a song, once ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.361
11
a-17 a-19
Pima Bajo ag | agɉɯ <ág | ágdye> decir «say» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 231
Northern Tepehuan āǵ a- <áága-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (301)
Southern Tepehuan a̱ʔaga- <'?a?aga-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (301)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve a̱wan <águan> decir. pedir «say, request» ‣ Pennington 1981: 161
Tubar
Tubar ‑amʷa̱- <‑amwá-> decir «say» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
a-17 good (Miller 1967: 201 *ʔay)

Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute aʔajuakka <·a’a´(i)yu-αq·A> it (is) good ‣ Sapir 1931: 554
Takic
Serran
Serrano aʔaj good ‣ kch
a-18 father
Numic *ahpɯ <*ahpə> father ‣ Ianucci 1973: 100 (2)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) appɯ <appü> father, dad ‣ Dayley 1989: 8
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone appɯ <appy> father ‣ Crapo 1976: 29
Western Shoshone appɯ <appe> father ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone appɯ <appe> father ‣ Miller 1972: 106
Comanche ahpɯʔ <ahpʉʔ> father ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 12
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute nanappɯtˢi <nana´-p·uts·, na(·a)na´-p·ïts·> old man ‣ Sapir 1931: 577 [cognate?]
a-19 jaw
Numic *a(h)ta jaw/upper cheek ‣ Ianucci 1973: 100 (3)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) atapɯ | ahtapɯ <atapü | ahtapü> jaw ‣ Dayley 1989: 9
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ahtahpɯ <ahta-hpy> jaw ‣ Crapo 1976: 27
Western Shoshone ahtahpɯh <ahtahpeh> jaw ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 263
Shoshone ahtahpɯ <ahtahpe> jaw ‣ Miller 1972: 105
Comanche ahta | atappɯ̥ | ahtappɯ̥ <ahra | arapʉ̱ | ahrapʉ̱> jaw ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 12,
13
12
a-20 a-21
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu attapɯ <ʔata-vɨ> jaw, jawbone ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 187
Chemehuevi attakkoʔoppɯ <’atáko’opə̥> lower jaw ‣ K. Hill 1969: 2
Southern Paiute attahkɯpɯpi <A‘ta´χï(·ï)vï-ɸI> upper cheek (between ear and eye) ‣ Sapir 1931:
553
a-20 ribs
Numic *ama(h)(taⁿ) <*ama(h)(taN)> ribs ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (4)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) amattampɯ <amattampü> rib ‣ Dayley 1989: 4
Western Shoshone amattampɯh <amattampeh> rib ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone ama <ama> waist, rib cage ‣ Miller 1972: 106
Shoshone amattampɯh <amattampeh> ribs ‣ Miller 1972: 106
Comanche ama- <ama-> underarm to waist, side of chest ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 12
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu awattɯbɯ <ʔawatɨ-bɨ> rib ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 187
Chemehuevi awantappɯ <’awántapə̥> rib ‣ K. Hill 1969: 3
Southern Ute awattappɯ <?awátapu̧ > rib ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 99
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk amutˢ <ʔamuts> rib ‣ Anderton 1988: 269
Serrano ‑aʳmoʳʔ rib ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño amsi ̱svəl <amsi ̱sve-l> rib ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío omate̱re <oma-tére> arm pit ‣ Miller 1996: 367
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) amara̱ <amará> sobaco «armpit» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 103
a-21 sunflower
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono ā̱kkɯ <aakƗ> wild sunflower seeds ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 1
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) akkɯ <akkü> sunflower ‣ Dayley 1989: 4
Western Shoshone akkɯn <akken> sunflower ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 263
Shoshone akkɯn <akken> sunflower seeds (Helianthus) ‣ Miller 1972: 106
13
a-22 a-22
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu paʔakkattabɯ <pa-ʔakata-bɨ> sunflower, Helianthus annuus ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 246
(with pa-63)
Chemehuevi akka <’ákḁ> pamita seeds (the word pamita remains unidentified) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 1
Chemehuevi akkattappɯ <’akátapə̥> pamita plant ‣ K. Hill 1969: 1
Southern Ute kɯppɯ <kú̧ -pu̧ > sunflower ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 126
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi a̱ɦqawɯ | a̱ʔqawi | a̱ʔqawɯ | aqa̱ɦqawi | aqa̱ɦqawɯ <àaqawu | a'qawi | a'qawu |
aqàaqawi | aqàaqawu> sunflower ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic (with pa-63)
Serran
Kitanemuk pāʔapkatᶳ <pāʔapkatʃr, pāʔ́ apḳatʃr> sunflower ‣ Anderton 1988: 446
Serrano paʔaqtᶳ brittlebush (Encelia farinosa Gray) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño pāʔ̱ kal <pá·ʔka-l> sunflower (long vowel is unexpected before consonant cluster) ‣ Bright
1968: 30
Luiseño pāʔ̱ akal <páa'akal> sunflower ‣ Elliott 1999: 659
Cupeño pa̱ʔaqiʎ <pa̱'aqi-ly> Sunflower ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱ʔakal <pá'akal> sunflower ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 76
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve aka̱t <akát> mirasol «sunflower» ‣ Lionnet 1986: 67
a-22 tongue
Numic *ekoⁿ <*ekoN> tongue ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (7)
Western Numic
Western Mono e̱kō <e̱g̸o> tongue ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 18
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ekon | okon tongue ‣ Dayley 1989: 13, 170
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone aikon | ekon tongue ‣ Crapo 1976: 27
Western Shoshone ekon <aikon> tongue ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone ekon <aikon> tongue ‣ Miller 1972: 105
Comanche ēko | ēko̥ <eeko | eeko̱> tongue ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 16
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ekubɯ | ekumpɯ <ʔegu-bɨ | ʔegu-mbɨ> tongue ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 188
Chemehuevi ako <’ágo̥> tongue ‣ K. Hill 1969: 1
Southern Paiute ahko | ahkompi <a´x·Ɔ | aχɔ´-mpI> tongue ‣ Sapir 1931: 552
Southern Ute akoppi <?aĝó-pi> tongue ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 96
14
a-23 a-26
a-23 smell (merged into E-20)
a-24 red
Numic *eŋka(h) red ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (10)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute atˢa̱ <a'ca> red, red-brown ‣ Nichols 1974: 257
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) aŋkapi(tɯn) <angkapi(tün)> red ‣ Dayley 1989: 5
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ainka- red ‣ Crapo 1976: 28
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone enka- (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 28
Western Shoshone enkapihtɯn <ainkapihten> red ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone enka <ainka> red ‣ Miller 1972: 105
Comanche ekappi ̥ | ekappi ̥ttɯ̥ <akapi ̱ | ekapi ̱tʉ̱> red ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 15
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu akakki- <ʔaga-ki-> to be red ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 184
Chemehuevi aŋkamūkki <’aŋkámūkʷi̥ ̥> red flannel ‣ K. Hill 1969; 1
Chemehuevi aŋkasɯʔappi <’aŋkásə’api ̥> Hepatic tanager (or some similar sp. Red all over.
sə’ápi ̥, sagebrush, but etym. unclear) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 2
Southern Paiute aŋkahkatɯ <aŋqa´-χa-RÏ> red ‣ Sapir 1931: 548
Southern Ute akkakatɯ <?aká-ĝa-ri ̧> red ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 96
a-25 agave
Takic (with mu-19)
Tongva (Gabrielino) amū̱r <'ạmúurr> quiote «flower stalk [of the agave]» (Harrington says this is
the same as Serrano ūmutᶳ <’úumọtʃ>) ‣ Harrington notes 121 (cf. u-08)
Cupan *amū̱-l <*ʔamú:-l> agave ‣ Munro 1990: 237
Acjachemem (Juaneño) amu̱l <amól> mescal plant ‣ Woodward 2007: 176
Luiseño amū̱l <ʔamú·-l> mescal plant, Agave deserti ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Cupeño amu̱l <amu̱-l> Agave sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla a̱mul <amul> Agave deserti Engelm., Agave, Century Plant ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 31
a-26 dog
Takic
Cupan *awā-̱ l <*ʔawá:-l> ‣ Munro 1990: 240
15
a-27 a-29
Acjachemem (Juaneño) awāl <awāl> dog ‣ Woodward 2007: 178

Luiseño awāḻ <ʔawá·-l> dog ‣ Bright 1968: 7
Cupeño awa̱l <awa̱l> dog ‣ J. Hill 2005: 469
Cahuilla a̱wal <ʔáwal> dog ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 18
a-27 possessed animal, pet (Miller 1967: 136 *ʔawci)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑atˢit <‑ʔatsit, ‑ʔātsit> pet, domesticated animal ‣ Anderton 1988: 263
Serrano -ātᶴiʔ possessed animal; horse ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʔāṯ ᶳen woʂi ̱’ <ne'áatʃen woʃíi'> mi perro «my dog» ‣ Harrington notes 425
(with ku-39)
Cupan *āṯ ᶴi-la <*ʔá:či-la> pet ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (91)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) āṯ ᶴil <áachil> horse; domestic animal ‣ Woodward 2007: 175
Luiseño a̱ʃla <ʔáš-la> pet, domestic animal; guardian spirit ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Cupeño a̱tᶴiʎ <a̱či-ly> pet ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla -aʃ <‑ʔaš> pet, domestic animal ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 16
a-28 raccoon
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pāhajātˢi <paahayaa-zi> raccoon ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 248 (with pa-07)
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pa̱ʔjamal <paʔýa-ma-l> raccoon ‣ Bright 1968: 30 (with pa-07)
Cupeño aja̱mal <aya̱ma-l> raccoon ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
̃ raccoon (‑ʎ is unexpected) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 19
Cahuilla a̱jamaʎ <ʔáyamal>
a-29 corn flour drink

Nahua *atōl- <*atool-> atole ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (7)
Classical Nahuatl ātōlli <ātōl-li> atole, a drink made from cornstarch ‣ Karttunen 1983: 14
Tetelcingo Mexicano atōli <atuli ̱> atole ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 108
Pochutla Mexicano etul <etúl> atole ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil atūl <atu:l> atole (a corn drink) ‣ Campbell 1985: 171
16
a-30 a-32
a-30 paper
Nahua *āma- <*aama-> paper (amate, a species of fig tree) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (124)
Classical Nahuatl amatˡ <amatl> papel «paper» ‣ Molina 1571: 4v
Classical Nahuatl āmatˡ <āma-tl> paper, letter, book ‣ Karttunen 1983: 10
Tetelcingo Mexicano āmatˡ <ömatl> papel «paper» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 170
Pochutla Mexicano amet <amét> papel «paper» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil āmat <a:ma-t> fig tree sp., paper, book ‣ Campbell 1985: 163
a-31 avocado
Nahua *āwaka- <*aawaka-> avocado ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (8)
Classical Nahuatl awakatˡ <auacatl> fruta conocida, o el compañon «fruit sp., testicle» ‣ Molina
1571: 9r
Classical Nahuatl āwakatˡ <āhuaca-tl> avocado; testicle ‣ Karttunen 1983: 7
Tetelcingo Mexicano āwakatˡ <öhuacatl> aguacate «avocado» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 170
Pochutla Mexicano aweket <auequét> aguacate «avocado» ‣ Boas 1917: 24
Pipil āwakat <a:waka-t> avocado ‣ Campbell 1985: 172
a-32 parrot
Hopi [with "embellishing" kʲa- <kya->]
Orayvi Hopi kʲā̱ro <kyaaro> parrot ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi kʲāṟ o <kyaaro> parrot ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 196
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) āɖo <ʔaaḑo> parrot; peacock ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.361
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wala̱ <waʀá> guacamayo «parrot» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 90
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ha̱ro <háro> loro grande que llaman guacamaya «macaw» ‣ Pennington 1981: 185
Tubar
Tubar walo̱ <waló̧> guacamaya «parrot» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) áru <´áru> guajolote, gualojote silvestre «turkey, wild turkey» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 139
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl alo <alo> papagayo grande «large parrot» ‣ Molina 1571: 4r
17
a-33 a-36
a-33 bottom, anus *ato <*ʔato> anus, bottom ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (60)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi a̱ɦtɶ <àatö> under, below; in a low pitch ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) at <ʔat> anus, rear; beginning of a basket or jar ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.393
a-34 cross nibling

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ahir <ʔahir> nephew or niece ‣ Anderton 1988: 265
Serrano ‑āhir man's cross nephew, niece ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño ‑a̱sisma <‑a̱sisma> woman's niece: woman's brother's child, woman's male cousin's child
‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla ‑a̱sis <‑ʔásis> niece, i.e., brother's daughter ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 16
a-35 then
Takic
Serran
Serrano ajaɯʔ then ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño a̱jə <a̱ye> now, then ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Cahuilla aj | a̱jax <ʔáy | ʔáy-ax> already ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 19
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl je <ye> ya. Aduerbio de tiempo. «now, already. Time adverb.» ‣ Molina 1571: 35v
Classical Nahuatl je <ye> already ‣ Karttunen 1983: 335
Tetelcingo Mexicano je <ye> ya «now, already» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 248
a-36 open the mouth (Miller 1967: 294 *hak)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu aki- <ʔagi-> to lick or eat (a mealy substance) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 185
Southern Paiute akī <a(·)χ(ɛ)í‘> takes (flour, ground seeds) and tastes (while engaged in
grinding seeds) ‣ Sapir 1931: 552
18
a-37 a-39
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ākɯt <á·agḯt> was biting ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.319
Takic
Serran
Serrano āḵ eat flour-like food, put it in the mouth ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) āx ̱ ro <nóon 'i 'áaxro> voy a comer pinole «I am going to eat
̱ - : nōn i āx
pinole» (āx̱ - means 'to put granular food in the mouth, esp. pinole'; the word for pinole is moh�̱̄ <mọhíi>) ‣
Cupan
Cupeño a̱xin <a̱xe;‑ine> to eat pinole ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
a-37 here
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ahkʷɯk <ʔaqkwək, ahḳək, ahkwək> here (or near?) ‣ Anderton 1988: 266
Serrano ahkʷ here, to here ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño axʷa̱ŋa <axwa̱nga> therein ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Cupeño axʷa̱ʔaw <axwa̱'aw> thereat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
a-38 babysit
Takic
Serran
Serrano ahqaj babysit ‣ kch
Cupan
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ‑a̱qjaw- <‑ʔáqyaw-> to rock a baby; to take care of a baby ‣ Seiler &
Hioki 1979: 16
a-39 take (mult. obj.)

Takic
Serran
Serrano ajej get, take, mass/mult. obj. ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño āj- <ʔá·y-> to have, get (several objects) ‣ Bright 1968: 7
Cahuilla ‑a̱j- <‑ʔáy-> to pick from a tree (fruit, beans, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 19
19
a-40 a-42
a-40 chokecherry
Takic
Cupan *āṯ u-t <*ʔá:tu-t> chokecherry ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (26)
Luiseño āṯ ut <ʔá·tu-t> chokecherry, Prunus virginiana ‣ Bright 1968: 7
Cahuilla a̱tut <ʔátut> chokecherry ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 17
a-41 tansy mustard [changed from PLANT SP.]

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ās̱ a <aasa> wild mustard plant, tansy mustard, Descuraina pinnata ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan *a̱ʂi-la <*ʔáṣi-la> plant sp. (sic with no vowel length marked) ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (99)
Luiseño a̱ʂla <ʔaṣ-la> a plant, Viola pedunculata ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Cahuilla a̱siʎ <asily> Descuraina pinnata (Walt.) Britton, Tansy-Mustard, Pepper Grass ‣ Bean &
Saubel 1972: 66
a-42 third person pronoun

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ‑at, obj. ‑jat <‑'at, obj. ‑yat> third person singular possessive suffix complex ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ‑am, obj. ‑jam <‑'am, obj. -yam> third person plural possessive suffix complex ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi aɦ- | a- <àa- | a-> third person singular pronominal prefix on relationals and certain
verbs ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi amɯ̱ ɦ- | amɯ̱ - <amùu- | amu-> third person plural pronominal prefix on relationals
and certain verbs ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk amaʔ <ʔamaʔ> that ‣ Anderton 1988: 267
Serrano a- third person singular possessive prefix ‣ kch
Serrano amaʔ third person singular pronoun or demonstrative, that ‣ kch
Serrano ām third person plural pronoun or demonstrative ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) a‑ <'a-> his [third person singular possessive prefix] ‣ Harrington notes 241
20
a-43 ca-02
a-43 resultative prefix

Takic
Serran
Serrano amɯmʔkiʔ dead ‣ kch (with mE-03)
Tongva (Gabrielino) amō̱jaʔ <'amóoya'> muerto «dead» ‣ Harrington notes 609 (with mE-03)
Cupan
Luiseño a̱kʷʂa <ʔá-kwṣa> cooked, ripe ‣ Bright 1968: 20 (with kwa-01)
Cupeño awə̱lvə <awe̱lve> grown up, old ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178 (with wE-10)
ca-01 twist
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴaʔi ̱ <caʔí> stuck ‣ Miller 1996: 327
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴaʔi ̱ <cha'í> apretarse, atorarse «be squeezed, get stuck» ‣ Hilton 1959: 25
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴaʔi ̱ <cha'í> atorarse «get stuck» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 54
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢā- <saa=> entretejido, trenzado «interwoven, braided» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 92
Nahua *tˢāwa <*ȼaawa> spin thread ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (157)
Classical Nahuatl nitˢawa <tzaua.ni> hilar «spin» ‣ Molina 1571: 151v
Classical Nahuatl tˢāwa <tzāhu(a)> to spin ‣ Karttunen 1983: 310
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˢāwa <qui ̱tzöhua> lo hila «[she] spins it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1971: 215
Pochutla Mexicano tˢawes <tzauéz> hilar «spin» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil tˢāwa <tsa:wa> to weave (C) | to make clothes (SD) (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo
Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 526
ca-02 ribs (Miller 1967: 345 *ca)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tᶴa̓ppɯl <caʔapɨ-l> ribs (sic, with <c> rather than <č>; cf. tᶴa̓ppɯpān <tca´'apïba·ń> at
his ribs [C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.343]) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227 [There are many copying errors in C. F.
Voegelin 1958; earlier Voegelin references are more reliable.]
Takic
Serran
Serrano ‑tᶴaʔ <‑caʔ> ribs ‣ Miller 1967: 52, set 345
Tongva (Gabrielino) netᶳa̱x <netʃáax> mi lomo «my back, ribs» ‣ Harrington notes 591
21
ca-03 ca-04
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑tᶴa̱wʔa <‑čáwʔa> rib[possessed] ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 24
Cahuilla tᶴa̱waʔal <čáwa-ʔal> rib [absolutive] ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 24
ca-03 hold (Miller 1967: 234 *cak) *tˢakʷi <*ȼakʷi> hold ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (245) (cf. ca-
18)
Numic *tˢaŋka <*caŋka> lead by the hand ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (254)
Western Numic
Western Mono tˢakka- <tsaqa-> to lead (by hand) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 247
Central Numic
Western Shoshone tˢannah <tsannah> lead (vt.) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 291
Shoshone tˢanka <tsankaH> to lead someone or some animal ‣ Miller 1972: 144
Shoshone tˢa- <tsa"-> with the hand, grasping, and toward the body ‣ Miller 1972: 18 (also at ca-
18)
Comanche tˢakatɯ <tsakarʉ> lead a person or an animal ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 116
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tˢakakkʷē- <ca-ga-kwee-> to lead ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 196
Takic
Serran
Serrano tᶴawej gather, pick, harvest ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴa̱qʷi- <čáqwi-> to seize, catch ‣ Bright 1968: 12
Cupeño tᶴa̱kʷin <cha̱kwe;‑ine> to catch, grab, cling to ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Nahua *tˢakʷa <*ȼakʷa> close ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (29)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatˢakʷa | nitetˢakʷa <tzaqua.nitla | tzaqua.nite> atapar o cerrar algo, o laſtar y
pagar la pena pueſta por la ley | encerrar a alguno «cover or close something, pay the penalty
imposed by the law | lock someone up» ‣ Molina 1571: 151v
Classical Nahuatl tˢakʷa <tzacu(a)> to close, enclose, lock up something or someone; to pay a
penalty ‣ Karttunen 1983: 310
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˢakʷa <qui ̱tzacua> lo cierra, lo tapa «[he] closes it, covers it» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 213
Pochutla Mexicano tˢekʷe <tzecué> cerrar «close» ‣ Bpas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢakʷa <tsakwa> to close, to shut, to cover ‣ Campbell 1985: 524
ca-04 using the hand

Numic *tˢa(ʔ)i | *tˢē ̆ <*ca(ʔ)i | *ce(e)> hold ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (253)
Western Numic
22
ca-05 ca-07
Western Mono tˢa- <tsa-> by hand, with the fingers, by pulling ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 240
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢa- | tˢo- <tsa"- | tso"-> by grasping in the hand ‣ Dayley
1989a: 96
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢa- <ca"-> with the hand, grasping (instrumental prefix) ‣ Crapo
1976: 29
Shoshone tˢa- <tsa"-> with the hand, grasping, and toward the body ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Comanche tˢa(h)- <tsa(h)-> with inward, upward motion of hand ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
310
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tᶴa- <tca-ᵘ> instr. pref. ("Its precise force, however, is far from clear." [107]) ‣
Sapir 1931: 696
ca-05 hold (merged into ca-03)
ca-06 good (Miller 1967: 200 *cam)

Numic *tˢā-̆ <*ca(a)-> good ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (252)
Western Numic
Western Mono tˢa̱u <tsau> good, well, really ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 249
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢao <tsao> good, well, right ‣ Dayley 1989: 344
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢān- <caan-> good ‣ Crapo 1976: 29
Western Shoshone tˢān <tsaan> good, nice, pretty; well, really ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Western Shoshone tˢaʔi <tsa'i> be good ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Shoshone tˢā <tsaa> good ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche tˢā <tsaa> good, well ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 112
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢa̱ŋaw <tsangaw> it is for the good that…; thankfully; that's good ‣ Hopi Dictionary
ca-07 lizard (Miller 1967: 267 *cana)

Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tᶴaŋā <tca(·)ŋa´‘> lizard (sp.; one foot long and of rough appearance) ‣ Sapir
1931: 698
Takic
Serran
Serrano tᶴāʳŋtᶳ gridiron-tailed lizard, zebra-tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides) ‣ kch
23
ca-08 ca-10
ca-08 be soaked
Numic *tˢaŋk(ʷ)V <*caŋk(ʷ)V> wet/soak(ed) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (255)
Central Numic
Shoshone tˢɯnki <tsenkiH> to be soaked ‣ Miller 1972: 144
Southern Numic (with pa-07)
Southern Paiute patᶴakkʷī <patca´q·wi‘, pa(·)tca´q·wi‘> is wet, moist, gets wet ‣ Sapir 1931: 608
Southern Ute pattᶴakkoī <pa̱cáqx̂oy> get wet ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 153
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢe̱ɦkʷe <tsèekwe> be soaked ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tᶴakʷani <chaquani> mojarſe mucho la ropa, o coſa aſsi «for clothes or something
similar to get soaked» ‣ Molina 1571: 19r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴakʷāni <chacuān(i)> for something to get spattered, soaked ‣ Karttunen 1983: 44
ca-09 mistletoe
Takic
Cupan <*tᶴa̱ja-> mistletoe (kch)
Luiseño ‑tᶴāj̱ aka <‑čá·yaka> mistletoe (poss. only) ‣ Bright 1968: 12
Cupeño tᶴa̱jə <cha̱ye> mistletoe, algae (= cha̱ya) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Cahuilla tᶴa̱jal <chayal> Phoradendron Nutt., Mistletoe ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 101
ca-10 blue jay (cf. ca-12)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢaippittˢi <tsaippittsi> piñon jay ‣ Dayley 1989: 339
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢaipittˢih <cai-piccih> bluejay ‣ Crapo 1976: 30
Shoshone tˢaipittˢih <tsa̅� ̅-pittsih> blue jay ‣ Miller 1972: 143
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢa̱ʔiw <tsa'iw> blue jay ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ātˢajipiʃt <ʔa·z̧ayibiš-t> bluejay ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 221
Takic
Cupan *tᶴāʔ̱ iʃ <*čá:ʔi-š> blue jay ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (18)
Luiseño tᶴā̱ʔiʃ <čá·ʔi-š> crested blue jay ‣ Bright 1968: 11
Cupeño tᶴa̱ʔiʃ <cha̱'i-sh> Bluejay ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
24
ca-11 ca-12
Cahuilla tᶴa̱ʔiʃ <čáʔiš> blue bird sp. ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 364
ca-11 horned toad

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢīrukuʔ <tsíruḳuʔ, tsīruku> lizard; cachora (iguana) ‣ Anderton 1988: 285
Serrano tᶴiʎāḵoʔ western whiptail (lizard) (Cnemidophorus tigris) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴala̱ka <čaláka> horned toad ‣ Bright 1968: 11
Cupeño tᶴala̱ka <chala̱ka> horned lizard ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Cahuilla tᶴa̱laka <čálaka> horned toad ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 22
ca-12 shout
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢa̱ʔlawɯ <tsa'lawu> make a public announcement ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tˢaʔa̱kmoŋʷi <Tsa'akmongwi> Crier Chief, the man who announces major religious
ceremonies for a village ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴani ̱ <ca-ní> to say ‣ Miller 1996: 327
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴane̱ <chané> sonar mal, resonar, tocar a la puerta «sound bad, resonate,
knock on the door» ‣ Hilton 1959: 25
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴae <chae> call, howl, yell, scream, whoop, call loudly ‣ Molina et al. 1999:
30
Mayo tᶴāje <chaaye> está gritando «[he] is shouting» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 133
Tubar
Tubar tˢai- | tˢa- <ȼai- | ȼa-> gritar «shout» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
Nahua *tˡahtˢi <*tlahȼi> shout, bark (GA [General Aztec] shows consonant assimilation) ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1978: 267 (144) (moved from ta-41)
Classical Nahuatl nitˢatˢi <tzatzi.ni> dar bozes, balar la oueja, bramar el toro, o cantar el gallo de
caſtilla «call out, for a sheep to bleat, for a bull to bellow, for a rooster to crow» ‣ Molina 1571: 151v
Classical Nahuatl tˢaʔtˢi <tzahtzi> to shout, proclaim, bray, crow, etc. ‣ Karttunen 1983: 310
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˢahtˢi <tzajtzi ̱> grita «[he] shouts» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 243
Pochutla Mexicano tatˢi <tatzí> ladrar, gritar «bark, shout» (cognate with dissimilation: *tˢ-tˢ- > t-tˢ- ?)
‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil tˢahtˢi <tsahtsi> to shout ‣ Campbell 1985: 523
25
ca-13 ca-16
ca-13 mound
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴahpa̱ <cahpá> ridge, edge of e.g. mountain, board, table; edge of shin bone ‣ Miller 1996:
327
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢa̱psi <zápsi> loma «hill» ‣ Pennington 1981: 247
ca-14 house
Nahua *tᶴān- <*čaan-> house ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (85)
Classical Nahuatl <techan> morada, o caſa agena «habitation, house whose owner is unknown» ‣
Molina 1571: 92r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴāntˡi <chān-tli> home, residence ‣ Karttunen 1983: 46
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴāntˡi <chöntli ̱> casa, hogar, habitación «house, home, dwelling» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 126
Pochutla Mexicano itᶴan <ichán> su casa «his house» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil ‑tᶴan <‑chan> house, home ‣ Campbell 1985: 184
ca-15 sapote
Nahua *tˢapo- <*ȼapo-> zapote ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (198)
Classical Nahuatl tˢapotˡ <tzapotl> cierta fruta conocida «fruit sp.» ‣ Molina 1571: 151v
Classical Nahuatl tˢapotˡ <tzapo-tl> sapota, a type of fruit ‣ Karttunen 1983: 311
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˢapotˡ <tzapotl> zapote ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 243
Pochutla Mexicano tˢepot <tzepót> zapote ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢaput <tsapu-t> zapote (fruit, tree) ‣ Campbell 1985: 525
ca-16 grass
Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttˢaʔapɯ <ca'a-bɨ> weeds ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 71
Takic
Serran
Serrano tᶴaʔi be dense, crowded ‣ kch
Serrano tᶴeiʔt thicket, bush(es), brush ‣ kch
Tepiman *sa̱ʔi <*'sa?i> grass ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (187)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂaʔi <xaʔi> hay, bale of hay; trash ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.332
Pima Bajo ʂaʔi <šạ ?i> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (187)
Southern Tepehuan sa̱ʔi | sa̱iʔ <'sa?i | 'sai?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (187)
26
ca-17 ca-18
Southeastern Tepehuan saiʔ <sai'> grass ‣ Willett 1991: 52
ca-17 song
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢātᶳ <tsatr̥, tʃratʃr, tʃrātʃr, tsahtʃ, tsātʃr> shaman ‣ Anderton 1988: 278
Kitanemuk tˢātᶳuʔ <ts̅ atʃruʔu, tsātʃruʔ> sing ‣ Anderton 1988: 278
Serrano tᶴātᶳ song ‣ kch
Serrano tᶴātᶳuʔ sing ‣ kch
Serrano tᶴāqaʔ ceremonial singer ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴāṯ uʃ <čá·tu-š> magical song, sung by sorcerers ‣ Bright 1968: 12
Luiseño tᶴāṯ u <cháatu> sing a cháatush [tᶴāṯ uʃ] 'magical song' ‣ Elliott 1999: 234
ca-18 pick (Miller 1967: 234 *ca) (cf. ca-03)

Numic *tˢa(ʔ)i <*ca(ʔ)i> hold ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (253)
Western Numic
Western Mono tˢē- <tsee-> to hold (something) still ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 252
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢai | tˢe <tsai" | tse"> grasp, catch ‣ Dayley 1989: 338
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢai <cai"> to lead, to hold in the hand ‣ Crapo 1976: 30
Western Shoshone tˢe <tsai"> hold, grasp ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 291
Shoshone tˢai <tsa̅� ̅G> to hold in the hand; to lead ‣ Miller 1972: 143
Shoshone tˢa- <tsa"-> with the hand, grasping, and toward the body ‣ Miller 1972: 18 (also at ca-
03)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢāṯ ˢaja <tsaatsaya> winnow ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran [loanword? ‑j- is unexpected]
Kitanemuk tˢaʔjk <tsaʔjk> select or choose something; pick out ‣ Anderton 1988: 281
Serrano tᶴajaʔkin select, pick ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴāj̱ i- <čá·yi-> sift, winnow ‣ Bright 1968: 12
Cupeño tᶴaju̱ʔin <chayu̱'e;‑ine> to harvest ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Tepiman *sāda̱(‑) <*saa'da(‑)> to herd cattle ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (186a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂād <xaad> to chase obj to where one wants to go, to herd obj ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.324
27
ca-19 cE-01
Northern Tepehuan sādá- <saadá‑> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (186a)

Southern Tepehuan sād
̱ a- <'saada-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (186a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴaʔpina̱ <caʔpi-ná> to grab, hold; to support, hold up ‣ Miller 1996: 328
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴaʔpi ̱ <cha'pí> coger, agarrar, casarse «grab, get married» ‣ Lionnet 1972:
54
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴapi ̱ <chapí> coger, agarrar (una persona), tomar, elegir «grab, take,
select» ‣ Hilton 1959: 25
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢa̱pan <zápan> coger, agarrar «take, grab» ‣ Pennington 1981: 247
Ópata tˢa <tza> agarrar «grab» ‣ Pennington 1981: 38
ca-19 chuckwalla
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢakawatan | tˢakʷatan <tsakawatan | tsakwatan>
chuckwalla ‣ Dayley 1989: 339
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi tˢakʷata <tsagwárḁ> chuckawalla ‣ K. Hill 1969: 43
Takic
Serran
Serrano tᶴāqtᶳtᶴ <Chakt͇’-t͇cẖ ͇> chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) ‣ Merriam 1850-1974: 109
Cupan
Cahuilla tᶴa̱xʷal <čáxwal> lizard (brownish, living among rocks) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 26
ca-20 wild cherry

Takic
Cupan *tᶴām
̱ i-ʃ <*čá:mi-š> cherry, wild ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (22)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tᶴāmtᶴ <chaamch> wild cherry, islay ‣ Woodward 2007: 179
Luiseño tᶴā̱miʃ <čá·mi-š> wild cherry, islay, Prunus ilicifolia ‣ Bright 1968: 11
Cupeño tᶴa̱miʃ <cha̱mi.sh> chokecherry, Prunus sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 152
Cahuilla tᶴa̱miʃ <chamish> holly-leaved cherry or islay, P[runus] ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. ‣ Bean &
Saubel 1972: 119
cE-01 dawn
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴeʔlani ̱ <ceʔla-ní> to dawn; to get up in the morning ‣ Miller 1996: 329
28
cE-02 cE-05
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiʔra̱ <chi'rá> amanecer (el día) «dawn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 27
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴeʔla̱ <che'ʀá> amanecer «dawn» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 55
cE-02 older sibling

Tepiman *s�̄si
̱ <*'siisi> older sibling ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (188)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sīs <siis> older sibling or older cousin; great-grandchild ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.157
Pima Bajo ʃ�̄ʃi̱ <'šiiši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (188)
Northern Tepehuan ‑ʃ�̄ʃǐ <‑šiíši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (188)
Southern Tepehuan ʃīʃ <'šiiš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (188)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴeʔe̱ <ceʔé> brother-in-law: OlSiHu, Hu/WiYoBr ‣ Miller 1996: 329
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiʔe̱ <chi'é> cuñado, cuñada (Casada con el hermano mayor o la hermana
mayor; con la prima hermana. Mujer casada con primo hermano mayor. «Married to one’s older brother
or sister; to one’s female cousin. Woman married to one’s older cousin.») «brother- or sister-in-law» ‣
Hilton 1959: 26
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴeʔe̱la <che'é-ʀa> cuñado «brother-in-law» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 55
cE-03 cold (merged into E-18, sE-07)
cE-04 count (Miller 1967: 107 [no reconstruction])

Numic *‑tˢɯ- <*-cə-> count ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (263)
Western Numic
Western Mono tattˢɯwɯ- <tatsɨwɨ-> to count ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 205
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯtˢɯ̄ h <tütsüüh> count ‣ Dayley 1989: 336
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯttˢɯ̄ h <tycyyh> to count ‣ Crapo 1976: 89
Western Shoshone tɯtˢɯ̄ <tetsee> count ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 288
Shoshone tɯtˢɯ̄ <tetseeH> to count ‣ Miller 1972: 140
Comanche tɯtˢɯtɯ <tʉtsʉrʉ> count definite objects ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 139
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hitˢe̱man <hitzéman> contar «count» ‣ Pennington 1981: 193
cE-05 crowded
Numic *tˢɯhki <*cəhki> mixed/crowded ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (264)
29
cE-06 cE-08
Western Numic
Western Mono kɯttˢi- <kɨtsi-> to crowd against, be (too) tight on (with consonant metathesis?) ‣
Bethel et al. 1993: 50
Central Numic
Comanche tˢɯhki ̥kattɯ <tsʉhki ̱katɯ> crowd with people, fill with people ‣ Robinson & Armagost
1990: 123
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tᶴɯkki- <tcïq·i-> to be mixed with ‣ Sapir 1931: 702
cE-06 give as a gift

Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiriwe̱ <chiriwé> obsequiar, regalar «give as a gift» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 56
Tubar
Tubar hiliwa̱ <jiƚi-wá> dar ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56, 74 [cognate? h- <j-> is unexpected]
cE-07 duck (Miller 1967: 144 [no reconstruction]) *tˢɯka <*ȼɨka> duck, (down?) ‣ Campbell & Langacker
1978: (221)
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tˢikatˢi <čiga-zi> duck ‣ Zigmond et al.1990: 198
Chemehuevi tˢɯka <cɨg(a)> duck ‣ Press 1979: 146
Southern Paiute tᶴɯka <tcï´x·A> duck ‣ Sapir 1931: 702
Southern Ute tᶴɯkatᶴi <cu̧ gá-ci ̱> duck ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 233
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢɯkɯ̱ mana <tsukumana> American coot ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua *ɯtᶴka- <*ɨčka-> cotton ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (37)
Classical Nahuatl itᶴkatˡ <ichcatl> algodon, o oueja «cotton, sheep» ‣ Molina 1571: 32r
Classical Nahuatl itᶴkatˡ <ichca-tl> cotton, wool, or (by extension) sheep ‣ Karttunen 1983: 92
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītᶴkatˡ <ichcatl> algodón, lana «cotton, wool» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 129
Pochutla Mexicano oʃket <oxquét> algodón «cotton» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil itᶴkat | itᶴkakt <ichka-t (C) | ichkak-t (SD)> cotton (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo Domingo
de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 219
cE-08 stick, stab (Miller 1967: 415 *cek)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴehani ̱ <ceha-ní> to be pricked, stabbed, e.g. by thorns, bitten by insect ‣ Miller 1996: 328
30
cE-09 cE-12
cE-09 shake
Nahua *tˢəlowa <*ȼəlowa> shake ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (143)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatˢetˢeloa <tzetzeloa.nitla> ſacudir la ropa, o el arbol de fruta para derrocarla,
o cernir algo, o çarandar «shake out clothes, shake fruit out of a tree, wiggle something, sift» ‣ Molina
1571: 152r
Classical Nahuatl tˢetˢeloa <tzetzeloā> to shake, wave something; to sift something ‣ Karttunen 1983:
311
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˢetˢeloa <qui ̱tzetzeloa> lo cierne, lo cuela, lo sacude «[he] sifts it, strains it,
shakes it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 214
Pochutla Mexicano ʃitˢulu <xitzulú> sacudí «shake it!» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢehtˢelua <tsehtselua> to shake ‣ Campbell 1985: 527
cE-10 six
Nahua *tᶴikʷasēm <*čikʷaseem> six ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (148)
Classical Nahuatl tᶴikʷase <chiquace> ſeys «six» ‣ Molina 1571: 21r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴikʷasē <chicuacē> six ‣ Karttunen 1983: 50
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴikʷasē <chi ̱cuasie> seis «six» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 124
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴukose | tᶴigon <chucocé | chigon> seis «six» ‣ Boas 1917: 37
Pipil tᶴikʷasīn | tᶴikʷasin <chikwasi:n (C) | chikwasin (SD)> six ((C) Cuisnahuat dialect | (SD) Santo
cE-11 straight
Tepiman *sɯri ̱ni <*sɨ'rini> straight ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (210)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂɯliɲ <xeliñ> straight ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.336
Pima Bajo ʂɯ̱ lin <'šɨ̣ liñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (210)
Northern Tepehuan sɯlíɲi <sɨlíñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (210)
Southern Tepehuan sɯʎ�̄ɲ̱ <sɨ'lʸiiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (210)
Tubar
Tubar tᶴiravona̱ <cira-voná> a la derecha «to the right» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54 [cognate?]
cE-12 wolf
Tepiman *sɯ̱̄ ʔɯi <*'sɨɨ?ɨi> wolf ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (211)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂɯ̄ ʔɯ <xeeʔe> wolf ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.335
Northern Tepehuan sɯ̄́ ji | sɯ́ i <s� ́� ́yi | s�í > ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (211)
Southern Tepehuan sɯ̄ ʔ <'sɨɨ?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (211)
Southeastern Tepehuan sɯʔ <[sïʔ]> wolf ‣ Willett 1991: 27
31
cE-13 ci-01
cE-13 roll
Takic
Serran
Serrano tᶴɯnɯnḵ roll ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴo̱ra/i- <čóra/i-> to be round, roll (intr.); to roll something (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 13
Cupeño tᶴə̱nə- <che̱ne‑> to roll ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Cahuilla ‑tᶴe̱nen- <‑čénen-> to roll (of sth. circular) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 30
cE-14 follow
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nitˢɯvaʔ <nitsəvaʔ> with me ‣ Anderton 1988: 288
Serrano tᶴɯ̄ vaʔ follow ‣ kch
Serrano nitᶴɯ̄ vaʔ with me, accompanying me ‣ kch
cE-15 kick
Takic
Serran [vowel is wrong]
Kitanemuk tˢiŋk <tsiŋk> kick ‣ Anderton 1988: 284
Serrano tᶴiŋkin <čiŋkin> kick ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño tᶴə̱ŋin <che̱nge;‑ine> to kick ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Cahuilla ‑tᶴe̱ŋen- <‑čéŋen‑> to dance; to kick ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 30
ci-01 bitter (Miller 1967: 43 *cipu) *tˢispu <*cispu> bitter ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (13)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢ�̄vo
̱ <tsiivo> bitter ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran [short vowel is unexpected]
Kitanemuk tˢivuʔ <tsivuʔ, tsivuʔu> bitter ‣ Anderton 1988: 285
Serrano tᶴivuʔ bitter ‣ kch
Cupan *tᶴ�̄vu-t
̱ <*čí:vu-t> bitter ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (16)
Luiseño tᶴīv- <čí·v-> to be bitter ‣ Bright 1968: 13
32
ci-02 ci-03
Luiseño tᶴ�̄v̱ ut <čí·vu-t> bitter ‣ Bright 1968: 13

Cupeño tᶴiv | tᶴi ̱vat <chi ̱v | chi ̱va-t> bitter ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Tepiman *sivu̱ʔu <*si'vu?u> bitter ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (196)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) siv bitter ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.166
Pima Bajo ʃi ̱vu <'šivu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (196)
Northern Tepehuan ʃívu <šívu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (196)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ʃivu̱ʔ <‑ši'vu?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (196)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴihpu̱na <cihpú-na> to be bitter ‣ Miller 1996: 329
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴipu̱ <chipú> ser amargo «be bitter» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 55
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴipu̱ <chipú> estar amargo «be bitter» ‣ Hilton 1959: 27
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tᶴipu̱en <chipúen> amargo «bitter» ‣ Pennington 1981: 102
Ópata tᶴipu <chipu> bitter ‣ Shaul 1983: 108
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴīvu <chiivu> bitter ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 33
Mayo tᶴīvu <chiibu> amargo «bitter» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 135
Cora/Huichol
́ <síivi=> agrio «bitter» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 94
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢ�̄wi-
Nahua [cognate? with truncation and reduplication?]
Classical Nahuatl tᶴitᶴik <chichic> coſa amarga «something bitter» ‣ Molina 1571: 9v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴitᶴik <chichic> something bitter ‣ Karttunen 1983: 47
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴitᶴik <chi ̱chi ̱c> amargo «bitter» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 124
Pipil tᶴitᶴik <chichik> bitter ‣ Campbell 1985: 187
ci-02 cloth
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴini ̱ <ciní> cloth ‣ Miller 1996: 330
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴini ̱ <chi-ní> manta, trapo, ropa «blanket, piece of cloth, clothing» ‣
Lionnet 1972: 56
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴini ̱ <chiní> manta, ropa «blanket, clothing» ‣ Hilton 1959: 26
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴīnim <chiinim> cotton ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 33
Mayo tᶴīnim <chiínim> algodón «cotton» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 135
ci-03 roll
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴihtu̱la <cihtúla> roll, coil ‣ Miller 1996: 330
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) situ̱ra <sitúra> estar redondo «be round» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
33
ci-04 ci-05
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) situ̱rami <sitúrami> redondo «round (sg.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiru̱rami <chirúrami> círculos, redondos «circles, round (pl.)» ‣ Hilton
1959: 27
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴitu̱ <chitú> ser redondo o circular «be round, circular» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 56
ci-04 suckle, nurse (Miller 1967: 421 *ci) *tˢi | *tˢiʔi <*ci(ʔi)> to suck out ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (33)
Tepiman *si ̱ʔi <*'si?i> to suckle ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (198b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) siʔi to suck obj (breast or bottle) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 168
Pima Bajo ʃiʔ- <'ši?-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (198b)
Northern Tepehuan ‑ʃ�̄-́ <‑šíí-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (198b)
Southern Tepehuan ʃi ̱ʔi <'ši?i> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (198b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴiʔina̱ <ciʔi-ná> to suckle ‣ Miller 1996: 330
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiʔi ̱ <chi'í> mamar, tomar pecho «suckle» ‣ Hilton 1959: 26
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tᶴi ̱an <chían> mamar «suckle» ‣ Pennington 1981: 175
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴeʔe <che'e> suckle ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 31
Mayo tᶴe̓je <ché'eye> está mamando «(it) is suckling» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 134
Cora/Huichol
Cora tˢe̓ <tze'e> mama «[it] suckles» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 189
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢítˢí <sísí> pecho, teta; pezón «breast, teat; nipple» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 94
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitᶴitᶴi <chichi.ni> mamar «suckle» ‣ Molina 1571: 19v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴītᶴī <chīchī> to suckle ‣ Karttunen 1983: 47
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴītᶴī <chichi> mama «[it] suckles» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 124
Pipil tᶴītᶴi | tᶴītᶴī <chi:chi (C) | chi:chi: (SD)> to nurse, to suck (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo
ci-05 spit, spittle, saliva (Miller 1967: 406 *cic | *cit, 407 [no reconstruction]) *tˢuʔa- <*ȼuʔa-> saliva, spit ‣
Campbell & Langacker 1978: 276 (270); *tˢi- <*ci-> spit ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (114)
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tˢitˢija <čičiya> saliva ‣ Zigmond et al.1990: 198
Chemehuevi tˢitˢiapɯ <tsitsíʲavə̥> spittle, saliva ‣ K. Hill 1969: 44
Takic
Serran
Serrano tᶴɯʳvkin spit ‣ kch
34
ci-06 ci-07
Tepiman *sisi ̱va <*si'siva> to spit ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (192)

Tohono O'odham (Papago) sisva to spit ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.164
Pima Bajo ʃi ̱ʃiv- <'šišiv-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (192)
Northern Tepehuan ʃiʃíva <šišíva> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (192)
Southern Tepehuan ʃi ̱ʃvo <'šišvo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (192)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴitᶴi <chichi> saliva ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 32
Mayo tᶴittᶴi <chitchi> saliva, baba «saliva» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 135
Nahua *tᶴihtᶴV- <*čihčV-> saliva ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (137)
Classical Nahuatl nitᶴitᶴa <chicha.ni> eſcupir «spit» ‣ Molina 1571: 19v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴitᶴitˡ <chichitl> ſaliua, o bofes «saliva, lungs» ‣ Molina 1571: 20r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴiʔtᶴa <chihcha> to spit ‣ Karttunen 1983: 50
Classical Nahuatl tᶴiʔtᶴitˡ <chihchi-tl> saliva ‣ Karttunen 1983: 51
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴihtᶴa <chi ̱jcha> escupe «[he] spits» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 124
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴotᶴ <choch> escupir, saliva «spit, saliva» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pochutla Mexicano notᶴotᶴ <nochóch> mi saliva «my saliva» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tᶴihtᶴa <chihcha> to spit ‣ Campbell 1985: 190
Pipil tᶴihtᶴal <chihchal> saliva, spittle ‣ Campbell 1985: 190
ci-06 basket (Miller 1967: 23 *ciku | *siku)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono tˢi ̱kku | tˢi ̱kko <tsi ̱kU | tsi ̱qO> basket (used for beating seeds out of plants) ‣
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tᶴikiwitˡ <chiquiuitl> ceſto, o canaſta «handbasket, basket» ‣ Molina 1571: 21v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴikiwitˡ <chiquihu(i)-tl> basket ‣ Karttunen 1973: 53
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴikiwitˡ <chi ̱qui ̱bi ̱tl> canasta, chiquihuite «basket» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 125
Pipil tᶴikiwit <chikiwi-t> basket ‣ Campbell 1985: 192
ci-07 sharp point *tˢi- <*ci-> point ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (164)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢikkɯ̄ nah <tsikküünah> put pointed obj on top of ‣ Dayley
1989: 353
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢi- <ci"-> with a pointed instrument (instrum. prefix) ‣ Crapo 1976:
31
35
ci-08 ci-09
Western Shoshone tˢikkɯah <tsikkeah> dig out with a sharp pointed object ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 291
Western Shoshone tˢi- <tsi"-> with a sharp or pointed instrument ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 110
Shoshone tˢi- <tsi"-> with a pointed object ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Comanche tˢi(h)- <tsi(h)-> with sharp pointed instrument ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 310
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tˢikkuti- <či-kuri-> to poke, stir ‣ Zigmond et al.1990: 198
Chemehuevi tˢi- <ci'-> pointed object- ‣ Press 1979: 146
Southern Paiute tˢikittonno <tsɩγ̯i´-t·ɔnƆ> to stab with a stick ‣ Sapir 1931: 701
Southern Ute tᶴikkutɯī [tᶴi ̥ku̱ɾɯih] <ci ̱kúru̧ y> poke with, poke into, stick into ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979:
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢɯkɯ̱ ʔat <tsuku('at)> its point, tip ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯttˢɯhkat <ï´ts·ïxk·a´t> is pricking ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 185
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢɯk <tsək> stick or stab ‣ Anderton 1988: 288
Serrano tᶴikɯʳn poke, prick, stab, stick in ‣ kch
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sīʂp <siixp> to nail, pin obj in one place ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.158
ci-08 turkey
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴiwi ̱ <ciwí> domesticated turkey ‣ Miller 1996: 330
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiwi ̱ <chiwí> guajolote «turkey» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 56
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiwi ̱ <chihuí> cócono (silvestre), guajolote «young wild turkey, turkey» ‣
Hilton 1959: 26
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢivi ̱ <ziví> guajolote «turkey» ‣ Pennington 1981: 249
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴīwi <chiiwi> turkey ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 33
ci-09 comb
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve atetˢi ̱kan <atetzícan> peinar «comb» ‣ Pennington 1981: 163
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴike <chike> comb one's own hair ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 33
36
ci-10 ci-13
Mayo tᶴikke <chicque : a'a chicque, au chicque> lo está barriendo, se está peinando «is sweeping it,
is combing oneself» (a'a 'it', au 'himself/herself') ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 135
Tubar
Tubar tᶴika̱t <ciká-t> clase de peine hecho de fibras de agave «a kind of comb made of agave
fibers» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
ci-10 chile
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢ�̄li̱ <tsiili> chile ‣ Hopi Dictionary [loanword from Nahuatl via Spanish]
Nahua *tᶴīl- <*čiil-> chile ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (27)
Classical Nahuatl tᶴilli <chilli> axi, o pimienta de las indias «chile, pepper of the Indies» ‣ Molina
1571: 21r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴīlli <chīl-li> chili pepper ‣ Karttunen 1983: 52
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴīli <chili ̱> chile ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 125
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴil <chil> chile ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tᶴīl <chi:l> chili, chilipepper ‣ Campbell 1985: 193
ci-11 do, make (merged into cu-01)
ci-12 make sound

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi si ̱la | si ̱li <sila | sili> clack, make a clacking sound (as with bones); jingle, make a
jingling sound (as with metal) (not cognate but motivated by similar onomatopœia as below) ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Nahua *tˢilīnV <*ȼiliinV> sound, ring ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (156)
Classical Nahuatl tˢilini <tzilini> ſonar, o reteñir el metal «sound, for metal to jingle» ‣ Molina 1571:
152r
Classical Nahuatl tˢilīni <tzilīn(i)> for a bell to ring, for something metallic to sound ‣ Karttunen
1983: 312
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˢilīni <tzi ̱lini ̱> suena «it makes sound» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 243
Pochutla Mexicano tˢilintuk <tzilintúc> está sonando «it is making sound» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢilini <tsilini> to ring (of bells) ‣ Campbell 1985: 529
ci-13 wait for

Nahua *tᶴia <*čia> wait ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (183)
Classical Nahuatl nitetᶴia <chia.nite> eſperar a alguno «wait for someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 19r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴija <chiy(a)> to wait for someone, something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 53
37
ci-14 ci-17
Tetelcingo Mexicano motᶴia <mochi ̱a> espera «(he) waits» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 148
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitᶴia <qui ̱chi ̱a> lo espera «(he) waits for it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 185
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴe <che> esperar «wait» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tᶴija <chiya> to look at, to wait for ‣ Campbell 1985: 198
ci-14 elbow
Tepiman *s�̄so
̱ <*'siiso> elbow ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (189)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sīʂ <siix> elbow ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.158
Pima Bajo ʃi ̱ʃi- <'šiši-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (189)
Northern Tepehuan ʃ�̄ʃo ̌ <šiíšo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (189)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve itˢo̱t <itzót> codo; esquina «elbow; corner» ‣ Pennington 1981: 200
ci-15 round, circular *tˢikuri | *tˢikori <*cikuri | *cikori> circular ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (148)
Tepiman *siko̱ra <*si'kora> round ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (190); *siko̱ri <*si'kori> around ‣ Bascom
1965: 171 (191)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sikoɖ <sikoḑ> forming a circle ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.158
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sikol circular, circularly ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.159
Pima Bajo ʃi ̱kar <'šikar> round ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (190)
Northern Tepehuan ʃikóra <šikóra> round ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (190)
Northern Tepehuan ʃikóli <šikóli> around ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (191)
Southern Tepehuan ʃikō̱ʎ <ši'koolʸ> around ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (191)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴikola <chicola> around ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 33
Mayo tᶴikola <chícola> rodeo «around» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 134
Cora/Huichol [initial fricative rather than affricate is unexpected]
Cora sikɯ̱̄ ra̓ <sicʌʌ́rara'a> está redondo (plano) «(it) is round (plane), circular» ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 173
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂíkɯ̄́ .ráɯje- <xícǘü.ráüye=> redondo «round» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 122
ci-16 now, today

Tepiman now, today ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (194)
Pima Bajo ʃiv <'šiv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (194)
Northern Tepehuan ʃívi <šívi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (194)
Southern Tepehuan ʃiv <'šiv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (194)
ci-17 whirlwind
Tepiman *sivo̱rika | *sivo̱riki <*si'vorika/i> whirlwind ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (195)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sivuloki ̥ | sivloki ̥ <siv(u)lokï> whirlwind ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.166
38
ci-18 ci-21
Northern Tepehuan ʃivóliki <šivóliki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (195)

Southern Tepehuan ʃivō̱ʎik <ši'voolʸik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (195)
ci-18 east
Tepiman *si ̱ʔari <*'si?ari> east ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (197)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) siʔaɖ <siʔaḑ> to dawn, to rise in the morning (of the moon) ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.167
Northern Tepehuan ʃíáli- <šíáli-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (197)
Southern Tepehuan ʃi ̱aʔʎ- <'šia?lʸ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (197)
ci-19 sour (Miller 1967: 404 [no reconstruction]) (cf. co-03)

Cora/Huichol
Cora tˢina̱h <tzináj> está agrio «[it] is bitter» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 190
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢínā-́ <sínáa=> ácido «sour» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 94
ci-20 pick up
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢiʔ <tsiʔ, ts̅ iʔ> pick up something ‣ Anderton 1988: 281
Serrano tᶴiʔaj gather from the ground, pick up, pick at one's food (the way birds eat) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴi ̱ʔi- <číʔi-> to gather things lying on the ground, e.g., acorns, walnuts, firewood ‣
Bright 1968: 12
Cupeño tᶴi ̱ʔa <chi ̱'a> to gather ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Cahuilla ‑tᶴi ̱ʔ- <‑číʔ-> to pick[,] to gather from the ground (e.g. acorns) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 34
ci-21 twin
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk natˢavorākam <náts̅ avoraḳ̅am, natsavorāk̅am> twin(s) ‣ Anderton 1988: 415
Serrano tᶴēqʳtᶳ twin (perhaps = tᶴīqʳtᶳ, with i lowering to ē before qʳ) ‣ kch
Serrano tᶴēqoʳm twins ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño tᶴi ̱ʃxiʎim <chi ̱shxilyim> twins ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Cahuilla tᶴi ̱ʃxiniʃ <číšxiniš> twin ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 34
39
ci-22 ci-24
ci-22 hatch, emerge from shell

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢim <tsim> hatch out (of chicks) ‣ Anderton 1988: 283
Serrano tᶴiʎkam small children ("hatchlings"?) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴ�̄la/i‑
̱ <čí·la/i-> to hatch out, said of chicks / to remove the shell, to shell peas, beans,
etc. ‣ Bright 1968: 12
̃
Cahuilla ‑tᶴi ̱ʎaj- <‑čílay-> to shell (nuts, corn, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 32
ci-23 branch, limb

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑tˢima <‑ts̅ im̅ a> branch or bough of a tree ‣ Anderton 1988: 283
Serrano ‑tᶴim limb ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla tᶴi ̱ma <číma> branch of a tree ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 32
ci-24 boy
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk titinit <titinit, titi̅ nit, titin̅it> young boy ‣ Anderton 1988: 519 [sound symbolic de-
affrication? perhaps for diminutive]
Serrano tᶴitᶴint boy ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tᶳenū̱hoʔ <tʃenúuho'> chiquito «little» ‣ Harrington notes 580
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ‑tˢintˡi <‑tzin-tli> compounding element with honorific or diminutive sense ‣ Karttunen
1983: 314
Tetelcingo Mexicano ‑tˢīn-, ‑tˢī <‑tzin-, ‑tzi> [honorific/diminutive suffix] ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
passim
Pipil ‑tˢin | ‑tᶴin <‑tsin | ‑chin> diminutive, reverential (suffix) ‣ Campbell 1985: 529
40
ci-25 ci-27
ci-25 only, just, merely

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tᶴītᶴ <či·č> one ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222 [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢiʔkitᶳ <tsiʔkitʃ, tsiʔkiʃr, tsiʔkitʃr> pure ‣ Anderton 1988: 283
Serrano tᶴiktᶳ only, just ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla tᶴe- : tᶴe-ʔi ̱pa nehi ̱wqal <če- : če-ʔípa nehíwqal> just : I am/live just here (vowel is
unexpected) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 28
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴikti <chikti> all, each, every, everyone; even; even though ‣ Molina et al.
1999: 33
Mayo tᶴikti <chicti> cada «each» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 134
ci-26 hard, strong

Nahua *tʃikak | tᶴikāwak <*čika(awa)k> hard, strong ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (79)
Classical Nahuatl tᶴikaktik | tᶴikawak <chicactic | chicauac> coſa rezia y fuerte, o perſona anciana
«something robust and strong, old person» ‣ Molina 1571: 19v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴikāwak <chicāhuac> something strong, robust, powerful; someone who has
attained old age ‣ Karttunen 1983:
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴikāwak <chi ̱cöhuac> recio, rápido, fuerte, firme, poderoso, robusto «strong,
fast, hard, powerful» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 124
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴikek <chiquéc> duro «hard» ‣ Boas 1917: 41
ci-27 singe
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢi ̱ri <tsiri> get singed ‣ Hopi Dictionary 1998: 633
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡa-tᶴinoa <nitla,chinoa> chamuſcar algo «singe something» ‣ Molina 1571a: 35r
41
co-01 co-01
co-01 pound (Miller 1967: 232 *con)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono tattˢoko- <tatsog̸o-> to pound with a rock, smash by pounding ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
206
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢokʷeh <tsokweh> smash by pounding ‣ Dayley 1989:
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tˢokko- <coko-> to pound ‣ Zigmond et al.1990: 200
Southern Ute tᶴɯkkoī <cu̦̲qx̂óy> pound ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 114
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂoɲiak <xoñiak> to cut obj by striking it a blow, to chop obj into long
pieces ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.344
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴeʔnani ̱ <coʔna-ní> to pound ‣ Miller 1996: 332
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴo̱ni <chó-n-i> llamar a la puerta «knock on the door» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 57
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoʔna̱ <cho'ná> golpear «hit» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 57
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢo̱nan <zónan> moquetear «hit in the face» ‣ Pennington 1981: 249
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴona <chona> punch ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 35
Mayo tᶴonna <chonna : a'a chonna> lo está bofetando, lo está gaznatando «[he] is buffeting him,
[he] is slapping him» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 136
Cora/Huichol
Cora ka̱htˢune <cájtzune> está goteando «[it] is dripping» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 122
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢúnīja- <súniiya=> gotear, saltar «drip, jump» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 95
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ninotˢoˢtona | nitetˢoˢtona | nitˡatˢoˢtona <tzotzona.nino | tzotzona.nite |
tzotzona.nitla> dudar algo, o darſe algun golpe ẽ la pared, o enel vmbral dela puerta | apuñear, o
dar golpe a otro | tañer atabales, o organos, dar golpes, o batir oro «doubt something, bump into the
wall or the doorway | punch or hit another | play drums or organs, hit or beat someone» ‣ Molina
1571: 154r
Classical Nahuatl tˢotˢona <tzotzon(a)> to strike someone, to beat something, to play an instrument
‣ Karttunen 1983: 319
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˢotˢona <qui ̱tzotzona> lo toca (instrumento musical), lo golpea, la toca (la
puerta) «[he] plays it (musical instrument), hits it, knocks on it (the door)» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
215
42
co-02 co-03
Pipil tˢutˢūna <tsutsu:na> to play (musical instrument) ‣ Campbell 1985: 546
co-02 base, trunk

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢɶna̱ʔat <tsöna('at)> nape of neck, base of skull ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂon <xon> beginning of something; lower end, base, foot; spring of
water ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.340
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴohki ̱ <cohkí> trunk of tree, stem of corncob; base; fault ‣ Miller 1996: 331
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) kɯ̄ .tˢúnú <cüü.súnú> troncón «large trunk» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 44
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˢontetˡ <tzontetl> rebelde y pertinaz «stubborn and obstinate» ‣ Molina 1571: 153v
Classical Nahuatl tˢintˡi <tzintli> el ojo del ſaluonor «anus» ‣ Molina 1571: 152v
Classical Nahuatl tˢontetˡ <tzonte-tl> someone stubborn and defiant, a piece of something that
sticks up ‣ Karttunen 1983: 318
Classical Nahuatl tˢīntˡi <tzīn-tli> base, foundation; buttocks, anus (suggested by Manaster Ramer
1996: 113; vowel is unexpected) ‣ Karttunen 1983: 314
co-03 sour (Miller 1967: 403 *cuk | *suk)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴoʔko̱ni <coʔkó-ni> to be sour ‣ Miller 1996: 332
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoko̱ <chocó> estar agrio «be sour» ‣ Hilton 1959: 28
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢoko̱en <zocóen> agrio, y es verbo «(be) sour» ‣ Pennington 1981: 249
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴo̓ko <cho'oko> salty; sour ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 34
Mayo tᶴo̓ko <chó'oco> salada, ácido, agrio «salty, acid, sour» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 136
Cora/Huichol
Cora tˢikurā̱ <tzicuraá> chocolate (i in first syllable is unexpected) ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 189
(perhaps with pa-07)
Nahua [ʃ <x> is unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl ʃokok <xococ> coſa agria «something bitter» ‣ Molina 1571: 160v
Classical Nahuatl ʃokoatˡ <xocoatl> cierta beuida de mayz «a kind of drink made from corn» ‣
Molina 1571: 160v (with pa-07)
Classical Nahuatl ʃokotˡ <xocotl> fruta «fruit» ‣ Molina 1571: 160v
Classical Nahuatl ʃokok <xococ> something sour ‣ Karttunen 1983: 329
43
co-04 co-06
Classical Nahuatl tᶴokolātˡ <chocolā-tl> chocolate (with *ts remaining an affricate in this compound) ‣
Karttunen 1983: 54 (with pa-07)
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃokok <xococ> agrio «sour» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 246
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴokolātˡ <chocolötl> chocolate ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 125 (with pa-07)
Pipil ʃukuk <xuku-k> sour ‣ Campbell 1985: 581
Pipil tᶴukulat <chukulat> chocolate ‣ Campbell 1985: 200 (with pa-07)
co-04 snot (Miller 1967: 219b *com (*coʔm ?))

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂoʂa <xoxa> nasal nucus, nose phlegm ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.350
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴoʔma̱ <coʔmá> snot ‣ Miller 1996: 332
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoʔma̱ <cho'má> moco «snot» ‣ Hilton 1959: 28
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢo̱ma <zóma> moco de narices «snot» ‣ Pennington 1981: 249
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴōmim <choomim> phlegm ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 35
Mayo tᶴōmim <choómim> moco «snot» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 136
Cora/Huichol
Cora tˢu̓me̱ <tzu'umé> moco «snot» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 65
co-05 brain
Numic *tˢohpi(h)ki <*cohpi(h)ki> brains ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (257)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttˢoppiki <copigi> brain ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 64
Western Mono tˢoppi ̱kī <tsopi ̱gi> brain, brains ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 261
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi tˢoppikkipi <tsopík̑ivi ̥> brain ‣ K. Hill 1969: 45
Southern Paiute tˢoppikkiatʔoni <tsɔˣ-pi´k·ɩ-a-r’ɔ-nI> my brains (obj.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 702
Southern Ute tᶴɯppikkipi <cu̧ píki-vi ̱> brain ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 114
Hopi [cognate?]
Orayvi Hopi tˢɶ̱ qja <tsöqya> brain ‣ Hopi Dictionary
co-06 head (Miller 1967: 219a *co, 219c *coni) *tˢoni <*ȼoni> hair, head ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274
(241); *tˢo | *tˢoni <*co(ni)> head hair ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (38)
Numic *tˢoh- <*coh-> head ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (256)
44
co-07 co-09
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢo- <tso-> pertaining to the head ‣ Dayley 1989: 357
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢo- <co"-> with the head (instrumental prefix) ‣ Crapo 1976: 32
Western Shoshone tˢo- <tso"-> with the head ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 110
Shoshone tˢo- <tso(")-> with the head ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Shoshone tˢoppaitiki | tˢoppetiki <tsoppaitiki> pillow ‣ Miller 1972: 145
Comanche tˢo(h)- <tso(h)-> with head ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 310
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi tˢo- <co'-> head- ‣ Press 1979: 147
Chemehuevi tˢoppipɯ <tsopívə̥> headhair; war-scalp ‣ K. Hill 1969: 45
Southern Paiute tᶴo- <tcɔ-> head (instr. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 702
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tˢomōl <como·-l> the head hair ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) netᶳō̱tᶳonŋa <nẹtʃóotʃonŋa> [on my] face, eye—2 mgs. ‣ Harrington notes 253
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂoɲhinakuɖ <xoñhinakuḑ> hammer (ʂoɲ- <xoñ-> refers to the head of the
instrument [Voegelin et al. 1962: 138]) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.343
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢoni ̱t <zonít> cabeza «head» ‣ Pennington 1981: 249
Ópata tᶴoni <choni> head ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴōnim <choonim> head hair; scalp fetish ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 35
Mayo tᶴōnim <choónim> cabello, pelo (de la cabeza) «hair of the head» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 136
Nahua *tˢon- <*ȼon-> hair ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (77)
Classical Nahuatl tˢontˡi <tzontli> cabello o pelo «hair» ‣ Molina 1571: 153v
Classical Nahuatl tˢontˡi <tzon-tli> head of hair ‣ Karttunen 1983: 318
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˢontˡi <tzontli ̱> cabello «hair of the head» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 244
Pochutla Mexicano tˢon <tzon> pelo «hair» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢun- <tsun-> head, hair, point, top (in compounds) ‣ Campbell 1985: 539
co-07 head (merged into co-06)
co-08 hair of the head (merged into co-06)
co-09 buttocks (Miller 1967: 66 *co)

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴove <chove> buttocks; rear end (of automobile) ‣ 35
45
co-10 co-12
Mayo tᶴovve <chobbe> parte trasera, posterior «behind, rear end» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 136
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢū́tɯ́ a <súutǘa> base, fundamento «base, foundation» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 95
co-10 cry (Miller 1967: 114 *coak) *tˢoaka <*ȼoaka> cry ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (304)
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono jaka- <yag̸a‑> to cry ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 299 [cognate?]
Tepiman *su̱akai | *su̱aki <*'suakai/i> to cry sg. ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (204a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂoak <xoak> to cry; to rattle; to moo; to bleat ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.337
Pima Bajo ʂu̱ak- <[']šu
̣ ak-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (204a)
Northern Tepehuan súákai <súákai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (204a)
Southern Tepehuan su̱ak <'suak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (204a)
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢuaka- <suaca=> llorar «cry» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 95
Nahua *tᶴōka <*čooka> cry ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (40)
Classical Nahuatl nitᶴoka <choca.ni> llorar, balar la oueja, bramar el leon o el toro, cantar el buho
o las otras aues «cry, for a sheep to bleat, for a lion or bull to roar, for an owl or other bird to sing» ‣
Molina 1571: 21v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴōka <chōca> to weep, cry, howl, to utter one's characteristic sound ‣ Karttunen
1983: 54
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴōka <chuca> llora «[he] cries» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 126
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴuka <chucá> llorar «cry» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tᶴūka <chu:ka> to cry ‣ Campbell 1985: 199
co-11 wither
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoʔlo̱ <cho'ʀó> marchitarse «wither» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 57
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tˢoro̱pen <zorópen> arrugarse «wrinkle up» ‣ Pennington 1981: 249
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴōri <choori> wrinkled ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 35
Mayo tᶴōli | tᶴōri <chooli | choori> arrugada «wrinkled» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 136
co-12 knee
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴohkopo̱ | tᶴohkopo̱ri <cohkopó | cohkopóri> knee ‣ Miller 1996: 331
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoko̱ba <chocoba> rodilla «knee» ‣ Hilton 1959: 28
46
co-13 co-16
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoko̱bala <chokó-ba-ʀa> rodilla «knee» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 57
co-13 torch
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴohpi ̱ <cohpí> torch ‣ Miller 1996: 331
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴope̱ <chopé> ocote «torch» ‣ Hilton 1959: 28; Lionnet 1972: 57
co-14 buzzard, vulture

Nahua *tˢopīlō- <*ȼopiiloo-> buzzard ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (23)
Classical Nahuatl tˢopilotˡ <tzopilotl> aura «vulture» ‣ Molina 1571: 153v
Classical Nahuatl tˢopīlōtˡ <tzopīlō-tl> buzzard ‣ Karttunen 1983: 319
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˢopīlōtˡ <tzopilutl> zopilote, águila «vulture, eagle» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
244
Pochutla Mexicano tˢupilut <tzupilút> zopilote «vulture» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
co-15 sew *tˢoma <*coma> to sew ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (37); *tˢoma <*ȼoma> sew ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1978: 279 (314)
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono attˢuna- <atsuna-> to sew, sew up ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 9 [cognate?]
Tepiman *sōma̱ <*soo'ma> to sew ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (201a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂōm <xoom> to sew a seam on obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.346
Pima Bajo ‑ʂōm- <‑'šọ om-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (201a)
Northern Tepehuan sōmá- <soomá-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (201a)
Southern Tepehuan sō̱ma <'sooma-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (201a)
Nahua *tˢoma <*ȼoma> sew ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (142)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatˢoma <tzoma.nitla> coſer algo, o cubrir de paja el bohio «sew something,
cover a hut with straw, thatch» ‣ Molina 1571: 152r
Classical Nahuatl tˢoma <tzom(a)> to sew something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 316
Tetelcingo Mexicano kihtˢoma <qui ̱jtzoma> lo cose «[he] sews it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 188
Pochutla Mexicano nui ntatˢomes <nuí ntatzoméz> voy a coser «I'm going to sew» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢuma <tsuma> to sew ‣ Campbell 1985: 537
co-16 sweep, clean *tˢopa- <*ȼopa-> clean, sweep ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271 (214)
Nahua *(tˡa-)otᶴpāna <*(tla-)očpaana> sweep ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (164)
Classical Nahuatl tˡatᶴpana <tlachpana> barrer «sweep» ‣ Molina 1571: 117v
Classical Nahuatl tˡatᶴpāna <tlachpān(a)> to sweep ‣ Karttunen 1983: 255
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitᶴpāna <qui ̱chpöna> lo barre «[he] sweeps it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 185
47
co-17 co-19
Pochutla Mexicano ʃtatᶴapane na moʃt <xtachapané na moxt> ¡barre las cenizas! «sweep the ashes!»
‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pochutla Mexicano taʃpanast <taxpanázt> escoba «broom» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil nikutᶴpāna <ni-k-uchpa:na> I'm sweeping it ‣ Campbell 1985: 547
Pipil tatᶴpāna <ta-chpa:na> to be sweeping ‣ Campbell 1985: 547
Pipil utᶴpānwas <uchpa:nwas> broom ‣ Campbell 1985: 547
co-17 domesticated animal

Tepiman *so̱iga <*'soiga> domesticated animal ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (199)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂoiga <xoiga> pet; horse; domesticated animal ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.338
Pima Bajo ‑ʂo̱igɯ- <‑'šọ igɨ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (199)
Northern Tepehuan sóíga <sóíga> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (199)
Southern Tepehuan so̱iʔ <'soi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (199)
co-18 head off

Tepiman *sōbi ̱dai <*soo'bidai> to head off ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (200a); *sō̱bi <*'soobi> he headed off
‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (200b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂōbid <xoobid> to stop, prevent obj from doing something ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.346
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂōbi ̥ <xoobï> def of xoobid ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.346
Pima Bajo ʂōb- <'šọ ob-> he headed off ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (200b)
Northern Tepehuan sōbíɉai <soobídʸai> to head off ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (200a)
Northern Tepehuan sōb̌ i <soóbi> he headed off ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (200b)
Southern Tepehuan ‑sō̱biɉ <‑'soobidʸ> to head off ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (200a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑sōb <‑'soob> he headed off ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (200b)
co-19 grasshopper
Tepiman *sō̱ʔoi <*'soo?oi> grasshopper ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (203)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂōʔo <xooʔo> grasshopper ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.349
Pima Bajo ʂō̱ʔo <'šọ o?o> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (203)
Northern Tepehuan sṓi | sṓji <sóói | sóóyi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (203)
Southern Tepehuan sō̱i <'sooi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (203)
Tubar
Tubar zoo̱ <zo̧ó̧> chapulín «grasshopper» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢúje <súye> chapulín «grasshopper» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 95
48
co-20 cu-01
co-20 be numb [unclear why Miller used the label "be numb" for this set]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴopo̱na <chopona> cruzar las piernas «cross one's legs» ‣ Hilton 1959: 29
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tᶴopo̱ren <copóre-n> encogerse «shrink, shrivel» ‣ Lionnet 1986: 79
co-21 for fire to go out (Miller 1967: 171 *cupa) *tˢu- <*ȼu-> go out (fire) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987:
273 (236)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴoʔa̱ni <coʔá-ni> to put out the fire ‣ Miller 1996: 332
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoʔwa̱ <cho'huá> apagar, extinguir (lumbre) «put out, extinguish (fire)» ‣
Hilton 1959: 28
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴoʔi ̱ <cho'í> apagarse «go out (re fire)» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 57
co-22 feather headdress

Takic
Cupan *tᶴēj̱ a-t <*čé:ya-t> feather headdress ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (40)
Luiseño tᶴēj̱ at <čé·ya-t> feather headdress ‣ Bright 1968: 12
Cupeño tᶴi ̱jat <chi ̱ya-t> eagle-feather head-dress ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Cahuilla tᶴi ̱jat <číya-t> bundle of feathers ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 34
cu-01 finish
Numic *tˢu... | *tˢo... <*cu... | *co...> disappear ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (258)
Western Numic
Western Mono tˢuppa- <tsupa-> to sink (into) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 262
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢumah <tsumah | tsuma"> be all gone, run out ‣ Dayley
1989: 161
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢoah <coah> to run out of supplies, to be out of something, to be
all gone ‣ Crapo 1976: 32
Western Shoshone tˢuʔah | tˢumah <tsu'ah | tsumah> run out of, be out of ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993:
292
Shoshone tˢuna <tsunaH> to run out of supplies, to be out of something; to disappear, to be all
gone; to become extinct ‣ Miller 1972: 145
Comanche tˢuʔma | tˢuʔmakkɯttɯ <tsuʔma | tsuʔmakʉtʉ> finish, use up ‣ Robinson & Armagost
1990: 123
49
cu-02 cu-02
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tˢuppat <cupa[-t]> it (fire) is out ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴuʔpi ̱bani <cuʔpíba-ni> to finish ‣ Miller 1996: 333
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴupa <chupa> finish, complete; fulfill a vow; get married; create ‣ Molina et
al. 1999: 37
Mayo tᶴuppa <chuppa : a'a chúppac; chúppac> lo terminó; se terminó, rindió «finished it; ended,
surrendered» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 137
Nahua *tᶴīwa <*čiiwa> do, make ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (46)
Classical Nahuatl niktᶴiwa or nitˡatᶴiwa | nitetᶴiwa <chiua.nic. vel. nitla. | chiua.nite> hazer algo |
engendrar a otro «make or do something | engender someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 21v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴīwa <chīhu(a)> to make, do something, to engender, beget someone ‣ Karttunen
1983: 51
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitᶴīwa <qui ̱chihua> lo hace, lo crea, lo cumple, lo edifica, lo forma «[he]
makes it, creates it, completes it, builds it, forms it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 185
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴua <chuá> hacer «make» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tᶴiwa <chiwa> to do, to make ‣ Campbell 1985: 198
cu-02 dog (Miller 1967: 137 *cu)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴuhtᶴu̱ri <cuhcúri> dog ‣ Miller 1996: 332
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tᶴu̱tᶴi <chúchi> perro «dog» ‣ Pennington 1981: 144
Ópata tᶴita <chita> dog (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴūʔu <chuu'u> dog ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 37
Mayo tᶴūʔu <chuu'u> perro «dog» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 137
Cora/Huichol
Cora tˢɯ̓ <tzʌ'ʌ> perro «dog» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 190
Wixarika (Huichol) tˢɯ̄́ kɯ <sǘücü> perro, chucho «dog» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 95
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tᶴitᶴi <chichi> perro, o perra «dog» ‣ Molina 1571: 19v
Classical Nahuatl itˢkʷintˡi <ytzcuintli> perro o perra «dog» ‣ Molina 1571a: 95r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴitᶴi <chichi> dog ‣ Karttunen 1983: 47
Classical Nahuatl itˢkʷīntˡi <itzcuīn-tli> native Mexican dog ‣ Karttunen 1983: 108
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴitᶴitō <chi ̱chi ̱tu> perro «dog» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 124
Pochutla Mexicano tatᶴom <tachóm> perro «dog» ‣ Boas 1917: 31 [cognate?]
Pochutla Mexicano notatᶴu <notachú> mi perro «my dog» ‣ Boas 1917: 32 [cognate?]
50
cu-03 cu-06
cu-03 deer (Miller 1967: 124b *cu)

Tepiman
Southeastern Tepehuan suimaʎ <[´sui.maɡ̷lʸ]> deer (SG) ‣ Willett 1991: 24
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴomali ̱ <choma-ʀí> venado «deer» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 58
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴumari ̱ <chumarí> venado «deer» ‣ Hilton 1959: 30
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve <súputz> cierto venado pinto «a kind of spotted deer» ‣ Pennington 1981: 224
cu-04 snot (merged into co-04)
cu-05 close the eyes (Miller 1967: 92 *cum)

Numic *tˢu(ʔ)(h)ma | *tˢu(ʔ)(h)mi <*cu(ʔ)(h)ma | *cu(ʔ)(h)mi> close the eyes ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120
(259)
Western Numic
Western Mono muttˢukka- <mutsuqa-> to have one's eyes closed ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 80 [cognate?]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) uttˢumih <uttsumih> close the eyes ‣ Dayley 1989: 367
Shoshone ɯttˢɯmi <ettsemiH> to close the eyes ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Comanche ɯhtˢumatɯ <ʉhtsumarʉ> close the eyes ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 142
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute uttᶴumʔmā- <u-t·cum’ma·-> to close one's eyes (mom.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 704
Southern Paiute uttᶴumʔmi- <u-t·cum’mi-> to close one's eyes (dur.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 704
Southern Ute uttᶴuʔmī <whcú?mi> close one's eyes ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 204
Takic [cognate? medial ‑p- is unexpected]
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴū̱pa- <čú·pa-> to be closed, of the eyes ‣ Bright 1968: 13
Luiseño tᶴupu̱ʔa/i- <čupú-ʔa/i-> to have one's eyes closed (intr.); to close one's eyes (tr.) ‣ Bright
1968: 13
Cupeño tᶴu̱pin <chu̱pe;‑ine> to shut eyes ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
cu-06 gather (Miller 1967: 194 *cupa)

Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute tˢopa <ʐoba> gather ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 63
51
cu-07 cu-07
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢova̱la <tsovala> gather, bring together (vt.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴu̱pa- <čúpa-> to be gathered, bundled together ‣ Bright 1968: 13
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴupa <chupa> finish, complete ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 37
Mayo tᶴuppa : tᶴuppak <chuppa : chúppac> se terminó, rindió «it ended, became exhausted» ‣
Collard & Collard 1962: 137
cu-07 suck (Miller 1967: 420 *cun, 321 *cunu [tobacco pipe])
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tᶴohmi- <čohmi-> to suck (e.g., an orange) (tᶴ <č> is unexpected; vowel is unexpected) ‣
Zigmond et al.1990: 200
Chemehuevi tˢumuppi <tsumúpi ̥> pipe ‣ K. Hill 1969: 45
Southern Paiute tᶴuŋu- <tcuŋu-> pipe ‣ Sapir 1931: 703
Southern Paiute tᶴuŋuppakɯ <tcuŋu´-p·aγÏ‘> pipe-fish, sucker ‣ Sapir 1931: 703
Southern Ute sōʔmī <só̧o̧?mi> suck, sip (unexpected lenition: *tˢ > s; vowel is unexpected) ‣ Southern
Ute Tribe 1979: 176
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢō̱nanta <tsoonanta> be sucking ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tˢo̱ɦtˢona <tsòotsona> suck ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tˢō̱ŋo <tsoongo> tobacco pipe ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tˢō̱tˢoŋo <tsootsongo> smoke tobacco ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢūŋ <ts̄u̥ŋ [sic]> suck ‣ Anderton 1988: 293
Serrano tᶴūŋ suck ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tᶴu̱ŋi- <čúŋi-> to kiss ‣ Bright 1968: 13
Luiseño tᶴū̱ŋi- <čú·ŋi-> to suck at the breast ‣ Bright 1968: 13
Cupeño tᶴu̱ŋin <chu̱nge;‑ine> to kiss ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Cahuilla ‑tᶴuŋ- <‑čúŋ-> to suck (of humming bird) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 36
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴuʔmina̱ <cuʔmi-ná> to eat something like beans, using a tortilla to suck or slurp it up; to
drink of birds ‣ Miller 1996: 333
52
cu-08 cu-11
Eudeve/Ópata [cognate?]
Eudeve tᶴu̱tˢan <chútzan> chupar «suck» ‣ Pennington 1981: 115
Ópata tᶴuba <chuba> suck (< Spanish chupa?) ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴūne <chuune> suck ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 37
Mayo tᶴūne <chuune> chupa «suck» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 137
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatᶴitᶴina <chichina.nitla> chupar algo, o tomar ſahumerio de olores con cañas
«suck something, take scented smoke with pipes» ‣ Molina 1571: 19v
Classical Nahuatl tᶴitᶴīna <chichīn(a)> to soak something up, to suck something in, to smoke
something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 49
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitᶴitᶴīna <qui ̱chi ̱china> lo fuma «[he] smokes it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 185
Pipil tᶴitᶴina <chichina> to suck, to smoke ‣ Campbell 1985: 188
cu-08 tobacco pipe (merged into cu-07)
cu-09 for fire to go out (merged into co-21)
cu-10 bird (Miller 1967: 41 *cutu) *tˢūtu <*ȼuutu> bird ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 270 (204)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tˢō̱ro <tsooro> bluebird ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴuʔruki ̱ <cuʔrukí> bird ‣ Miller 1996: 333
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴurugi ̱ <churuguí> pájaro «bird» ‣ Hilton 1959: 30
Cora/Huichol
Cora tˢūrāḵ aʔi <tzuuraáca'i> carpintero (pájaro) «woodpecker» (vowel is unexpected) ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 190
cu-11 bone
Numic *tˢuhni <*cohpi(h)ki> brains ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (260)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tˢuhmippɯh | tˢuhnippɯh <tsuhmippüh | tsuhnippüh> bone
‣ Dayley 1989: 361
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tˢuhni <cuhni> bone ‣ Crapo 1976: 32
Western Shoshone tˢuhni <tsuhni> bone ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 292
Shoshone tˢuhni <tsuhni> bone ‣ Miller 1972: 145
Comanche tˢuhni | tˢuhniʔ <tsuhni | tsuhniʔ> bone ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 122
53
cu-12 cu-14
cu-12 fig
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sūna <suuna> fig ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.170
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴuna̱ <cuná> Ficus insipida ‣ Miller 1996: 333
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴuna̱ <chuná> higuera «fig tree» ‣ Hilton 1959: 30; Lionnet 1972: 58
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tᶴu̱na <chúna> higuera, higo «fig tree, fig» ‣ Pennington 1981: 175
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tᶴūna <chuuna> cultivated fig ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 37
Mayo tᶴūna <chuuna> higo «fig» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 137
cu-13 stoop, squat

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴuhku̱ <cuhkú> to be hunched: to be standing on four feet, face downward; to be hung
up, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 333
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴuku̱ <chukú> estar en cuatro patas o ruedas, estar agachado o encorvado
«be on four feet or tires, be squatted or bent over» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 58
cu-14 white, clean, clear

Nahua *tᶴɯpak | tᶴɯpāwak <*čɨpa(awa)k> white, clean, clear ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (190)
Classical Nahuatl tᶴipawa | nitetᶴipawa | ninotᶴipawa | nitˡatᶴipawa <chipaua | chipaua.nite |
chipaua.nino | chipaua.nitla> pararſe limpio, o pararſe clara el agua turbia, o purificarſe algo |
alimpiar o purificar a otro | alimpiar purificar, o afinar algo «become clean, for turbid water to
become clear, become purified | clean or purify someone | clean or purify oneself | clean, purify,
refine something» ‣ Molina 1571: 21r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴipawak <chipauac> coſa limpia, hermosa, o clara «something clean, beautiful,
clear» ‣ Molina 1571: 21r
Classical Nahuatl tᶴipāwa <chipāhua> for something to become clean, pure ‣ Karttunen 1983:
Classical Nahuatl tᶴipāwak <chipāhuac> something clean, pure ‣ Karttunen 1983:
Tetelcingo Mexicano tᶴipāwak | tᶴipaktik <chi ̱pöhuac | chi ̱pacti ̱c> blanco, limpio, güero, huero,
rubio «white, clean, light-complected» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 125
Pochutla Mexicano tᶴupek <chupéc> blanco «white» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tᶴipāwak <chipa:wak> clear, white ‣ Campbell 1985: 197
54
cu-15 cu-19
cu-15 fall
Tepiman *suri ̱ga | *suri ̱gi- <*su'riga | *su'rigi-> to fall pl. ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206a); *sū̱ri <*'suuri>
they fell ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂulig | ʂulg- <xul(i)g> to fall somewhere (pls) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 355
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂul <xul> fell somewhere (pls) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 355
Pima Bajo ʂulg- <'šụ lg-> to fall pl. ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206a)
Pima Bajo ʂul <'šụ l> they fell ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206b)
Northern Tepehuan sūlígi- <suulígi-> to fall pl. ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206a)
Northern Tepehuan sūľ i <suúli> they fell ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206b)
Southern Tepehuan ‑sū̱ʎgi- <‑'suulʸgi-> to fall pl. ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑sūʎ <‑'suulʸ> they fell ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (206b)
cu-16 water
Tepiman *sūda̱gi <*suu'dagi> water ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (207)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂūdagi ̥ <xuudagï> water, liquid ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.357
Pima Bajo ʂū̱dɯg <'šụ udɨg> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (207)
Northern Tepehuan sūdági <suudági> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (207)
Southern Tepehuan sū̱daʔi | sū̱daiʔ <'suuda?i | 'suudai?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (207)
cu-17 fill
Tepiman *sū̱dai <*'suudai> to fill ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (208)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂūd <xuud> to become full ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.356
Northern Tepehuan sū̌dai <suúdai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (208)
Southern Tepehuan sū̱dai <'suudai-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (208)
cu-18 sandal, shoe

Tepiman *sū̱saka <*'suusaka> sandal ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (209)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂūʂk <xuuxk> a pair of shoes ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.359
Pima Bajo ʂū̱ʂak <'šu
̣ ušạ k> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (209)
Northern Tepehuan sūś aka <súúsaka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (209)
Southern Tepehuan sū̱sak <'suusak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 172 (209)
cu-19 point
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tᶴuhpa̱ <cuhpá> sharp point ‣ Miller 1996: 333
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴupe̱ami <chupéami> agudo, puntiagudo «pointed» ‣ Hilton 1959: 30
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴupi ̱- <chupí-> picar «prick, poke» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 58
55
cu-20 E-01
cu-20 enter
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tˢurupɯk <tʃrurupək, tsurupək, tsurupək, ts̅ urupək, trurupək> enter, go or come in ‣
Anderton 1988: 294
Serrano tᶴurupḵ enter ‣ kch
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tᶴalūp̱ a <chalúupa> to enter ‣ Woodward 2007: 179
Luiseño tᶴulu̱pa/i- <čulúpa/i-> to be inside (intr.); to put inside (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 13
Cupeño tᶴu̱lupin <chu̱lupe;-ine> to push in ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
cu-21 thorn
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāṯ ˢo <paatso> cocklebur ‣ Hopi Dictionary (perhaps with pa-63)
Takic
Cupan *tᶴuna̱-l <*čuná-l / *čuná:-la> sticker ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (124)
Luiseño tᶴunāḻ a <čuná·-la> cocklebur ‣ Bright 1968: 13
Cupeño tᶴu̱nal <chu̱na-l> sandburr ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 153
Cahuilla tᶴu̱ŋal <čúŋal> sticker, thorn; jumping cactus [cholla] ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 36
cu-22 bat (separated from cu-07)

Nahua *tˢinākan <*ȼinaakan> bat ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (10)
Classical Nahuatl tˢinakan <tzinacan> murcielago que muerde «a bat that bites» ‣ Molina 1571: 152r
Classical Nahuatl tˢinākantˡi <tzinācan-tli> bat ‣ Karttunen 1983: 312
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˢonākatˡ <tzonöcatl> murciélago «bat» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 244
Pochutla Mexicano tˢinaka <tzinacá> murcielago ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢinākan <tsina:kan> bat ‣ Campbell 1985: 529
E-01 plant (v.) (Miller 1967: 323 *ʔe | *ʔei, 324 [no reconstruction]) *ɯtˢa <*ïca> to plant ‣ Manaster Ramer
1991: 205; 1992: 257; *ɯs(tˢa) <*ʔɨs(ca)> to plant ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (119)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ɯah <üah> plant (crops), sow ‣ Dayley 1989: 367
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ɯʔa- <ʔɨʔa-> to plant ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 191
56
E-02 E-02
Chemehuevi ɯappɯ <’əápi ̥> plant (noun) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 3

Southern Paiute ɯaī <ïa´-i‘> plants (v.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 559
Southern Ute ɯaī <?u̧ áy> plant, sow, cultivate, farm ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 108
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱̄ ja <uuya> plant ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *ɯ̱ sai <*'?ɨsai> he plants ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (339a); *ɯsi ̱- <*?ɨ'si-> to plant ‣ Bascom 1965:
183 (339b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯʂa‑ <ʔexa‑> to plant one kind of seeds ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.424
Pima Bajo ɯʃ- <'?ɨš-> to plant ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (339b)
Northern Tepehuan ‑ísai <‑ísai> he plants ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (339a)
Northern Tepehuan ɯʃí- <ɨší-> to plant ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (339b)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ɯs <‑'?ɨs> he plants ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (339a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ɯʃi ̱- <‑?ɨ'ši-> to plant ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (339b)
Southeastern Tepehuan ɯʃi <[ïši]> to plant ‣ Willett 1991: 28
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío etᶴani ̱ <eca-ní> to plant ‣ Miller 1996: 334
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) eʔtᶴa̱ <e'chá> sembrar «plant» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 43
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) itᶴa̱ <ichá> sembrar «plant» ‣ Hilton 1959: 37
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve etˢa̱n <etzán> sembrar «plant, sow» ‣ Pennington 1981: 181
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ētᶴa <eecha> plant (vt.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 39
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ētᶴi <eechi> be planted; plant (n.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 39
Mayo ētᶴa <eecha> está sembrando, siembra «is planting, plant» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 113
Tubar
Tubar sa- <sa-> sembrar «plant» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 63
E-02 sore, wound (Miller 1967: 402 *ʔeya) *ɯtˢaC <*ïcaC> sore, wound ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 257
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono ɯ̱ jā <ɨ ̱ya> sore ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 44
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ɯapain | ɯapaʔin | ɯapaʔen <üapain | üapa'in | üapa'en>
have a wound; be grazed, injured ‣ Dayley 1989: 368
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ɯa <ya> sore, wound ‣ Crapo 1976: 102
Western Shoshone ɯʔattˢih <e'attsih> sore, wound, injury ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 265
Shoshone ɯa <ea> sore, wound ‣ Miller 1972: 107
57
E-03 E-04
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ɯa- <ʔɨa-> to wound, hurt ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 191
Southern Paiute ɯapɯ <ïa´ɸÏ> (animal) that has been wounded ‣ Sapir 1931: 559
Southern Ute ɯ̱ api <?ú̧ a-vi ̱> wound (unexpected initial stress) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ ja <uya> sore, scab ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ehtᶴa̱ <ehcá> sore ‣ Miller 1996: 334
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴa <chá> llaga «sore» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 99
Tubar
Tubar atˢa̱t <aȼá-t> llaga, sífilis «sore, syphilis» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
E-03 chin, jaw (Miller 1967: 88 *ʔoyi) *ɯtˢaC <*ïcaC> jaw, chin ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 257
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶji ̱ʔat <öyi('at)> chin (vowel is wrong) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʔō̱jen <ne'óoyen> mi quijada «my jaw, jawbone» ‣ Harrington notes 576
Cupan
Luiseño ō̱jil <ʔó·yi-l> jaw, chin ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Cupeño ə̱jəwəka <e̱yeweka> chin ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 183
Cahuilla ‑e̱jewakʔa <‑ʔéyewakʔa> chin ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 44
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯʂpo <ʔexpo> beard ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.424
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ehtᶴapo̱a <ehcapóa> beard, mustache ‣ Miller 1996: 334
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴabo̱a <chabóa> barba, bigote «chin/beard, mustache» ‣ Hilton 1959: 24
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve i ̱tˢva <ítzva> barba «chin/beard» ‣ Pennington 1981: 200
E-04 blood (Miller 1967: 47a *ʔet) *ɯtwa <*ïtwa> blood ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *ɯ- <*ɨ-> blood ‣
Campbell & Langacker 1978: 270 (205)
Numic *paɯhpi | *pɯ̄ hpi <*paəhpi | *pəəhpi> blood ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (128) (with pa-07)
Western Numic
Western Mono pā̱ppi <paapI> blood ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 121
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) paoppi blood ‣ Dayley 1989: 191
58
E-04 E-04
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pɯ̄ ppin <pyy"-pin> blood ‣ Crapo 1976: 75
Western Shoshone pɯ̄ ppin <peeppin> blood ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone pɯ̄ ppin <pee"-pin> blood ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pɯ̄ hpi ̥ <pʉʉhpi ̱> blood ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 91
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pɯ̄ ppɯ <pɨɨ-pɨ> blood ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 256
Chemehuevi paɯppi | paɯwa <paə́pi ̥ | paə́wḁ> blood ‣ K. Hill 1969: 23
Southern Ute pāppɯ <páa-pu̧ > blood ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 151
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ ŋʷa <ungwa> blood ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯkwan <ïkwań> her blood ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.510
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ɯtᶳtˢ, ‑ɯtᶳ <ʔərʃts [sic]; ʔətʃ, ʔətʃr> blood ‣ Anderton 1988: 333
Serrano ɯʳtᶳtᶴ, ‑ɯʳtᶳ blood ‣ kch
Cupan *ə̱̄wi-la <*ʔə́:wi-la> blood ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (17)
Luiseño o̱wla <ʔów-la> blood ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Cupeño ə̱wəl <ʔə́wəl> blood ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 364
̃ blood ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 43
Cahuilla e̱wiʎ <ʔéw-il>
Tepiman *ɯʔɯ̱ rai <*?ɨ'?ɨrai> blood ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (342)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯ̄ ʔɯɖ <ʔeeʔeḑ> blood ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.415
Pima Bajo ɯ̱̄ ʔɯr <'?ɨɨ?ɨr> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (342)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ́ rai <� ́rai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (342)
Southern Tepehuan ɯʔɯ̱̄ r <?ɨ'?ɨɨr> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (342)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ela̱ <elá> blood ‣ Miller 1996: 335
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) la <lá> sangre «blood» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 103
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve era̱t <erát> sangre «blood» ‣ Pennington 1981: 180
Ópata era blood ‣ Shaul 1983: 108
Tubar
Tubar ara̱t <ará-t> sangre «blood» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
Nahua *əs- <*əs-> blood ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (16)
Classical Nahuatl estˡi <eztli> ſangre «blood» ‣ Molina 1571: 21v
Classical Nahuatl estˡi <ez-tli> blood ‣ Karttunen 1983: 79
Tetelcingo Mexicano jestˡi <yestli ̱> sangre «blood» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 249
Pochutla Mexicano est <ezt> sangre «blood» ‣ Boas 1917: 43
Pipil esti <es-ti> blood ‣ Campbell 1985: 211
59
E-05 E-06
E-05 now
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯmpɯ <ʔɨmbɨ> more, again ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño əpu̱t <epu̱t> already ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 154
Tepiman *ɯ̱ pɯ <*'?ɨpɨ> also ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (335)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯp <ʔep> again, also, too ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.422
Pima Bajo ɯ̄ p <'?ɨɨp> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (335)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ́ pɯ <� ́pɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (335)
Southern Tepehuan ɯp <'?ɨp> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (335)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ehpe̱ <ehpé> now ‣ Miller 1996: 334
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) hi ̱pe <jí-pe> ahora «now» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 93
E-06 steal (Miller 1967: 414a *ʔeye, 414b *ʔeci) *ɯtˢi <*ïci> to steal ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 257; *ɯ- <*ʔɨ-
> theft ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (120)
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ɯijani- <ʔɨiya-ni-> to steal ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 191
Chemehuevi ɯjɯŋi- <ɨ'jɨngi> steal ‣ Press 1979: 147
Chemehuevi ɯjɯŋkatɯ <ɨ'jɨnkat(ɨ)> thief ‣ Press 1979: 147
Southern Paiute ɯjɯŋka- <ïyïŋqa-> to steal ‣ Sapir 1931: 561
Southern Ute ijɯjī <?iyú̧ yi> steal ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 102
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱̄ ʔɯji <uu'uyi> steal ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ɯji ̱ŋʷɯ <uyingwu> thief ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ɯʔɯ̱ jiŋʷa <u'uyingwa> be stealing ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯ̄ jɯhaj <ï·ýïhaí> steal it! ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.22
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ɯjɯw <ʔəjəw, ʔəjəw̥ > rob someone or steal something ‣ Anderton 1988: 337
Kitanemuk ɯjɯt <əjət> thief ‣ Anderton 1988: 337
Serrano ɯjɯj steal ‣ kch
Serrano ɯjɯt thief ‣ kch
60
E-07 E-07
Cupan *əjə̱-t <*ʔəyə́-t> thief ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (129)

Luiseño ujo̱t <ʔuyó-t> thief ‣ Bright 1968: 11
Luiseño ujō̱tu- <ʔuyó·-tu-> to steal ‣ Bright 1968: 11
Luiseño ujō̱tu <ʔuyó·-tu-> to steal ‣ Bright 1968: 11
Cupeño ə̱jət <e̱ye-t> thief ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 154
Cahuilla e̱jet <ʔéyet> robber ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 44
Cahuilla ‑e̱jetu- | ‑ʔe̱jtu- <‑ʔéyetu- | ‑ʔéytu-> to steal, to kidnap ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 44
Tepiman *ɯ̄ si ̱dai <*?ɨɨ'sidai> to steal ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (347a); *ɯ̱̄ si <*'?ɨɨsi> he stole ‣ Bascom
1965: 184 (347b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯ̄ sid <ʔeesid> to steal obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.413
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯ̄ s <ʔees> he stole ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.413
Pima Bajo ɯ̄ ʃ- <'?ɨɨš-> to steal ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (347a)
Pima Bajo ɯ̄ ʂ <'?ɨɨš>
̣ he stole ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (347b)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄ ʃíɉai <ɨɨšídʸai> to steal ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (347a)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄́ ʃi <��́ ́ši> he stole ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (347b)
Southern Tepehuan ɯ̱̄ ʃiɉ <'?ɨɨšidʸ> to steal ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (347a)
Southern Tepehuan ɯ̄ ʃ <'?ɨɨš> he stole ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (347b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío itᶴiko̱ani <icikóa-ni> to steal ‣ Miller 1996: 336
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴigo̱ <chigó> robar «steal» ‣ Hilton 1959: 26
Tubar
Tubar itᶴikʷa̱ <icikʷá> robar «steal» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 55
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl itᶴteki <(i)chtequ(i)> to steal ‣ Karttunen 1983: 93
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitᶴteki <qui ̱chtequi ̱> lo roba «(he) steals it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 185
Pipil itᶴteki <(i)chteki> to steal, to rob ‣ Campbell 1985: 220
Classical Nahuatl itᶴtekki | itᶴtekini <ichtecqui | ichtequini> ladron «thief» ‣ Molina 1571: 32v
E-07 think of, think about

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ ʔna <u'na> recall, remember ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ɯn <ʔən; ʔɨn> know, know how to, understand (words) ‣ Anderton 1988: 335
Kitanemuk ɯnan <ʔɨnan> hacer saber [inform] ‣ Anderton 1988: 335
Serrano ɯnan know, recognize, learn ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño o̱ʔna- <ʔóʔna-> to know, recognize, be acquainted with ‣ Bright 1968: 9
61
E-08 E-09
Cahuilla ‑e̱ʔnan- <‑ʔéʔnan-> to know, recognize; to learn, to find out ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 44
Cupeño e̱ʔniʃ <ɛ̱ʔni-sh> smart, clever (Cahuilla loan) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
Tepiman *ɯri ̱dai | ɯri ̱di <*?ɨ'ridai/i> to believe ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (337)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯlid <ʔel(i)d> to think of obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.417
Northern Tepehuan ɯlíɉi <ɨlídʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (337)
Southern Tepehuan ɯʎ�̄ɉ̱ <?ɨ'lʸiidʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (337)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío eʔla̱ni <eʔlá-ni> to think about, [...] ‣ Miller 1996: 335
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve era̱n <erán> pensar «think» ‣ Pennington 1981: 180
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) érie- <´érie=> sentir, pensar, creer «feel, think, believe» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
143
E-08 door
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯɖpa <ʔeḑpa> willow shoot or grass door, a mat of grass formerly used
as a door ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.409
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ie̱ | ie̱la <ié | iéla> door (of the house, corral, or saddle of a hill) ‣ Miller 1996: 334
E-09 rain (v.) (Miller 1967: 338 *(w)ema)

Numic *ɯ(h)ma <*ə(h)ma> rain (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (23)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ɯma | ɯŋʷa <üma" | üngwa"> rain ‣ Dayley 1989: 370
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pāʔɯma <paa-'yma"> to rain ‣ Crapo 1976: 102
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ɯma <yma"> (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 102
Western Shoshone ɯma | paʔɯmah <ema" | pa'emah> rain ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 265
Shoshone ɯma | paɯma <emaH | paemaH> to rain ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu uwa- <ʔuwa-> to rain ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 195
Kawaiisu uwatɯ <ʔuwa-rɨ> rain (noun) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 195
Chemehuevi ɯwatɯ <’əwárə̥> rain (noun) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 4
Southern Paiute umaī <ųŋwa´-į‘> (it) rains ‣ Sapir 1931: 706
Southern Ute uwaī <?uwáy> rain (verb) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 107
Southern Ute uwatɯ <?uwá-ri ̧> rain (noun) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 107
62
E-10 E-12
E-10 long, tall

Numic *ɯtɯ <*ətə> long/tall ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (25)
Western Numic
Western Mono ɯtɯ̱ ttu <ɨdɨ ̱-tU> long, tall, lanky ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 42
E-11 hot (Miller 1967: 236 *ʔete)

Numic *ɯtɯ(h) <*ətə(h)> (be) hot ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (26)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ɯtɯtɯ <[ɨd� ́tɨ]̥ > hot ‣ Thornes 2003: 43
Western Mono ɯtɯʔɯ̱ ttu <ɨdɨ'ɨ ̱-tU> hot ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 42
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ɯtɯin <ütüin> be hot ‣ Dayley 1989: 372
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ɯtɯi <ytyi"> hot (of a thing) ‣ Crapo 1976: 102
Western Shoshone ɯtɯin <etein> be hot ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 265
Shoshone ɯtɯi <eteiH> hot (of a thing) ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi atɯ̄ <a'rɨɨ> it's hot ‣ Press 1979: 146
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯtɯ̱ hɯʔɯ <utuhu'u> hot, warm (weather) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi ɯtɯ̱̆ hɯʔɯ <ʔetẹ́heʔè> warm, hot ‣ Whorf 1946: 182
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯ̄ tɯ̄ ʔɯt <ï·´dï·´’ï´t> it (fire, water, weather) is hot ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 100
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk oʂiʔ | oʂit <oʃriʔ, óʃriʔ, ōʃrit> hot ‣ Anderton 1988: 444
Serrano ɯʳtᶳɯʳ hot (as of weather) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) orō̱ʔ <'oróo'> caliente (e.g. said when ya esta calentando el sol.) «hot (e.g.
said when the sun is making things hot)» ‣ Harrington notes 609
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve uru̱en <urúen> hacer calor «be hot» ‣ Pennington 1981: 235
E-12 hide (v.)

Tepiman *ɯ̱ ʔɯsito <*'?ɨ?ɨsito> to hide ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (344)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯ̄ sto <ʔeesto> to hide obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.414
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄́ ʃco <� ́� ́štʸo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (344)
63
E-13 E-16
Southern Tepehuan ‑ɯ̱ ʔɯʃco <‑'?ɨ?ɨštʸo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (344)
E-13 drunk
Nahua *VwVnti <*VwVnti> drunk ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (47)
Classical Nahuatl iwintik <iuintic> borracho «drunk» ‣ Molina 1571: 44r
Classical Nahuatl iwinti <ihuinti> to get drunk ‣ Karttunen 1983: 101
Tetelcingo Mexicano īwinti <ibi ̱nti ̱> se emborracha, se ataranta, se embriaga «[he] gets drunk» ‣
Brewer & Brewer 1962: 127
Pochutla Mexicano unti <untí> borracho «drunk» ‣ Boas 1917: 11
Pipil tawāntuk <tawa:ntuk> drunk, intoxicated ‣ Campbell 1985: 475 [cognate?]
E-14 roasting ear of corn

Nahua *ēlō- <*eeloo-> roasting ear ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (135)
Classical Nahuatl elotˡ <elotl> maçorca de mayz verde, que tiene ya quajados los granos «green ear
of corn with kernels already formed» ‣ Molina 1571: 28v
Classical Nahuatl ēlōtˡ <ēlō-tl> ear of fresh young maize with the kernels already formed, corn on
the cob ‣ Karttunen 1983: 77
Tetelcingo Mexicano jēlōtˡ <yelutl> elote «ear of fresh corn» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 249
Pochutla Mexicano elut <elút> elote «ear of fresh corn» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pipil ēlut <e:lu-t> ear of corn, roasting ear ‣ Campbell 1985: 209
E-15 inside *ɯla <*ela> innards ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 204

Tepiman *ɯra̱va(‑) <*?ɨ'rava(‑)> inside ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (336)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯɖa | ɯɖ <ʔeḑ(a)> in, inside ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.405
Pima Bajo ɯ̱ rav <'?ɨrav> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (336)
Northern Tepehuan ɯráva <ɨráva> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (336)
Southern Tepehuan ɯ̱ rvan <'?ɨrvan> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (336)
E-16 be afraid
Tepiman *ɯ̄ bɯ̱ ida | *ɯ̄ bɯ̱ idi <*?ɨɨ'bɨida/i> to be afraid ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (345)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯ̄ bid <ʔeebid> to be fearful ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.410
Pima Bajo ɯ̱̄ bidᶾi | ɯ̱̄ bdᶾi <'?ɨɨbiji | '?ɨɨbji> ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (345)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄ bɯ́ íɉi <ɨɨb� ́ídʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (345)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ɯ̱̄ biɉ <‑'?ɨɨbidʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (345)
64
E-17 E-19
E-17 lie
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ɯk <ʔək> lie (postural) ‣ Anderton 1988: 333
Serrano ɯḵ | ɯḵɯj be in a place, lie ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) okō̱ <'okóo> acuestate! «lie down!» ‣ Harrington notes 400
Cupan
Luiseño o̱ka/i- <ʔóka/i-> to be left, remain (intr.); to leave, let remain (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 9
E-18 cold
Numic *‑tˢɯ | *‑sɯ | *sɯh- <*‑cə | *‑sə | *səh-> cold ([two sets]) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (262) (cf. sE-07)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute naʔɯtˢɯssɯ <na-'ɨʐɨsɨ> REFL-cold ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 19
Western Mono ɯtˢɯʔɯ̱ ttu <ɨzɨ'ɨ ̱-tU> cold ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 44
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ɯitˢɯʔin <üitsü'in> be cold ‣ Dayley 1989: 368
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ɯutˢɯi <yicyi"> to be cold (of a thing) ‣ Crapo 1976: 102
Western Shoshone ɯitˢɯʔin <eitse'in> be cold ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 265
Shoshone ɯitˢɯi <eitsei> cold (of a thing) ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Comanche ɯtˢɯʔittɯ <ʉtsʉʔitʉ> cold ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯ̄ tˢɯ̄ ʔɯt <ï·´dzï·´'ï´t> is cold ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.29
Takic
Serran
Serrano ɯtᶴɯ cold ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) otᶳō̱ʔ <'otʃóo'> frio «cold» ‣ Harrington notes 609
E-19 new
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ɯ̄ pi- <ʔɨɨvi-> to be new ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 192
65
E-20 E-21
E-20 smell
Numic *ekʷi | *ɯkʷi <*ekʷi | *əkʷi> smell (trans.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (8)
Western Numic
Western Mono ekʷi- <egwi-> to smell ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 17
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ɯkʷikkan | ukʷikkan <ükwikkan | ukwikkan> smell ‣
Dayley 1989: 369
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ɯkʷi <ykwi"> to smell ‣ Crapo 1976: 102
Western Shoshone ɯkʷi <ekwi"> smell ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 265
Shoshone ɯkʷi <ekwiG> to smell (tr.) ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Comanche ɯkʷihkattɯ <ʉkwihkatʉ> sniff an odor, smell something ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
143
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ukʷi- | ukkʷi- <ʔugwi- | ʔukwi-> to smell (tr.) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990:
Chemehuevi ukʷi- <u'gwi> smell/sniff ‣ Press 1979: 157
Southern Paiute ukʷī <ʋ(·)χwɩ´‘> (it) smells (tr.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 709
Southern Ute ukʷī <?ugwí> smell ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 104
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡanekʷi <inecui.nitla> oler algo «smell something» ‣ Molina 1571: 38v
Classical Nahuatl iʔnekʷi <(i)hnecu(i)> to smell something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 99
Tetelcingo Mexicano kihnekʷi <qui ̱jnecui ̱> lo huele «(he) smells it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 187
Pipil ihnekʷi <ihnekwi> to smell ‣ Campbell 1985: 223
E-21 skirt, dress

Takic
Cupan <*ʔə́:la-t> skirt (Lu ʔólva-t / ʔólva-l 'capelike garment, skirt' contains the same root compounded
with another stem) ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (119)
Luiseño o̱lval | o̱lvat <ʔólva-l, ‑t> a capelike garment; a woman's skirt ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Cupeño ə̱laʔa <e̱la'a> to put on a skirt, wear a skirt ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 154
Cupeño ə̱lat | ə̱laʔat <e̱la-t | e̱la'a-t> skirt or eagle-feather dance skirt ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 154
Cahuilla ‑e̱la- <‑ʔéla-> to put on (dress), to wear ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 39
Cahuilla e̱lat, ‑ʔe̱lʔa <ʔéla-t, ‑ʔélʔa> dress ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 39
66
E-22 E-23
E-22 close, shut (separated from E-08)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ ɦta <ùuta> close (vt.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ tˢpi <utspi> door ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ ɦtˢiwta <ùutsiwta> be closed, shut up ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ ɦtˢil ̤ti <ùutsìlti> close, shut, become closed, close up ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi ɯ̱ htˢiwta <ʔé‘cìwta> is shut (not open) ‣ Whorf 1946: 174
Musangnuvi Hopi ɯ̱ htˢil ̥ti <ʔé‘cì ̣Lti> is shut, caused to shut ‣ Whorf 1946: 174
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) eta close ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 41
E-23 you [Miller 1988 grammatica pr-04]

Numic *ɯh | *ɯⁿ <*əh | *əN> you (sg.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (22)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ɯ <ɨ> you ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 12
Central Numic
Comanche ɯnɯ <ʉnʉ> to you (2nd pers sg dat pro) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 143
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɯm <um> you (sg.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ɯ̱ ma <uma> you (pl.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi ɯ̱ mi <’úmi> you [sg.] ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 104 (55)
Songoopavi Hopi ɯ̱ ma <‘úma> you [pl.] ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 86 (32)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ɯmɯʔ <ʔəməʔ, əməʔ, ə́məʔ> you ‣ Anderton 1988: 334
Kitanemuk ɯm <ə́m> you (pl.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 334
Serrano ɯmiʔ you sg. ‣ kch
Serrano ɯ̄ m you pl. ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ō̱maʔ <ṓma'> you [singular] ‣ Harrington notes 240
Cupan
Luiseño om <ʔóm> you (sing.) ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Luiseño omo̱m <ʔom-óm> you (pl.) ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Cupeño əʔ <e’> [you sg.] ‣ J. Hill 2005: 233
Cupeño əm [you pl.] ‣ J. Hill 2005: 233
67
ha-01 ha-02
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío muu̱ <muú> you (sg. or pl., subj.) ‣ Miller 1996: 361
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) muhe̱ <mujé> tú, usted «you» ‣ Hilton 1959: 46
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve eme̱t <emét> vosotros «you (pl.)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 180
Eudeve emido <emido> ye ‣ Shaul 1983: 119
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) empo you (sg.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 41
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) em you (pl.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 40
Mayo empo tu, usted «you (sg.)» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 138
Mayo eme̓ <eme'e> ustedes «you (pl.)» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 138
Tubar
Tubar eme̱ <emé> vosotros, vuestro «you, your (pl.)» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 55
ha-01 be standing (pl.)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ahawi ̱ <ahawí> be standing, pl. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 323
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ha̱wa <jahua> parar «stand» ‣ Hilton 1959: 39
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ha̱wi <jáwi> estar erguidos o vivir varios «be erect, standing or live, pl.» ‣
Lionnet 1972: 42
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ha̓bʷek <ha'abwek> standing up ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 43
Mayo ha̓bʷek <já'abuec> parados «standing (pl.)» ‣ Collard & Collard 1972: 149
Tubar
Tubar akʷitu- <akʷi-tu-> pararse «stand up» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
ha-02 river, arroyo, wash (Miller 1967: 348 *ʔaki) *aki <*ʔaki> arroyo ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (57)
Tepiman *a̱ki <*'ʔaki> arroyo ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (299)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) aki ̥ <ʔakï> wash, arroyo ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.379
Pima Bajo ak río «river» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 254
Northern Tepehuan áki ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (299)
Southern Tepehuan ak <'?ak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (299)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío aki ̱ <akí> arroyo, creek ‣ Miller 1996: 324
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) akitᶴi ̱ <aki-ch-í> cauce de arroyo «river bed» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 95
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve haki ̱t <haquít> arroyo ‣ Pennington 1981: 184
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hakia arroyo, wash ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 46
68
ha-03 ha-05
Mayo haki ̱a <jaquía> arroyo ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 149

Cora/Huichol
Cora atᶴi <achi> arroyo «wash» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 112
Wixarika (Huichol) ákí <´áquí> arroyo «wash» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 139
ha-03 yes (Miller 1967: 480 *ha)

Numic *((h)a)haʔa yes ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (28)
Western Numic
Western Mono hāha̱ʔ | hɯ̄ hɯ̱ ʔ <haaha̱' | hɨɨhɨ ̱'> yes ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 23 (cf. hE-05)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hāʔa <haa'a> yes, right, O.K. ‣ Dayley 1989: 15
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hā <haa> yes ‣ Crapo 1976: 33
Western Shoshone hā | hāʔa <haa('a)> yes, sure, right ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 265
Shoshone hā <haa> yes ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Comanche hā <haa> yes ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 17
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hā <hã·> yes (initial h- is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 178
Takic
Serran
Serrano hā yes ‣ kch
ha-04 open the mouth (merged into a-36)
ha-05 sneeze (Miller 1967: 396 *hatis)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono hakkʷɯsaʔi- <hakwɨsa'i-> to sneeze ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 24
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ukkʷisai <ukkwisai> sneeze ‣ Daley 1989: 364
Shoshone akkʷihsi <akkwihsiG> to sneeze ‣ Miller 1972: 106
Comanche ākʷɯ̥ sittɯ <aakwʉ̱sitʉ> sneeze ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 11
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu haʔwiʃi- <haʔwiši-> to sneeze (ʃ = s /_i ?) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 202
Chemehuevi hawʔisi- <ha'w?isi> sneese ‣ Press 1979: 147
Hopi [cognate?]
Orayvi Hopi a̱ɦsi <àasi> sneeze ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi a̱si <asi> sneeze ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 191
69
ha-06 ha-07
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hattiʃʃahat <hatišah-[at]> to sneeze (initial h- is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Takic
Serran
Serrano haʔtisḵ sneeze ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño hat�̄s(a)-
̱ <hatí·s(a)-> to sneeze ‣ Bright 1968: 14
Cupeño ati ̱s <ati ̱se;-0> to sneeze ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla ‑ha̱ʔtis- <‑háʔtis‑> to sneeze ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 50
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío aʔtu̱sani <aʔtúsa-ni> to sneeze ‣ Miller 1996: 326
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ati ̱si <atisi> estornudar «sneeze» ‣ Hilton 1959: 7
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hatᶴi ̱swan <hachísguan> estornudar «sneeze» ‣ Pennington 1981: 184
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ha̓tᶴihte <ha'achihte> sneeze ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 43
Mayo he̓tᶴihte <je'echijte> está estornudando «(he) is sneezing» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 150
Nahua [consonant metathesis]
Classical Nahuatl nikʷʃoa <icuxoa.n> eſtornudar «sneeze» ‣ Molina 1571: 34r
Classical Nahuatl ikʷʃoa <iucxoā> to sneeze ‣ Karttunen 1983: 109
Tetelcingo Mexicano ihkʷiʃoa estornuda «[he] sneezes» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 130
ha-06 friend
Numic *ha(C)intˢi(h) <*ha(C)inci(h)> friend ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (27)
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone haintˢɯh <haincyh> friend ‣ Crapo 1976: 33
Western Shoshone hentˢɯh <haintseh> boyfriend, girlfriend; friend ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone haintˢɯh <ha̅� ̅ntseh> friend ‣ Miller 1972: 108
Comanche haitˢi ̥ <haitsi ̱> same-sex friend, same-sex cousin (parallel or cross) ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 17
ha-07 cook, prepare

Numic *ha(h)ni do/make/prepare ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (29)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hannih do, make, fix, prepare, gather, hunt, fetch, catch ‣
Dayley 1989: 19
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hanni <hanni"> to do, to make, to fix, to prepare ‣ Crapo 1976: 33
70
ha-08 ha-09
Western Shoshone hannih do, make, fix, prepare; hunt, gather; put; take; hold ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 265
Shoshone hanni <hanniH> to do, to make, to fix, to prepare ‣ Miller 1972: 108
Comanche hani ̥ttɯ <hani ̱tʉ> do, fix, repair ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 18
Comanche hanippɯ̥ <hanipʉ̱> prepared food ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 18
ha-08 lie down (sg.)

Numic *hapi lie down (sg.) (pl. is *kʷapi) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (31)
Western Numic
Western Mono hapi- <habi-> to lie down ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hapi <hapi"> lie (down), sleep, be in a prone position; lean
‣ Dayley 1989: 19
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hapi <hapi"> to lie down (sg. sub.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 33
Western Shoshone hapi <hapi"> lie (down) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 265
Shoshone hapi <hapiG> to lie down; to be situated (of an object more or less in a prone
position) ‣ Miller 1972: 108
Comanche hapīttɯ <habiitʉ> sleep, lie down ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 17
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hapi- <havi-> to lie down ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 203
Chemehuevi hapi- <ha'vi> lie-sg ‣ Press 1979: 147
Southern Paiute nɯʔ apī <nï’ a(·)vi´‘> I lie down ‣ Sapir 1931: 550
Southern Ute apī <?aví> lie (down) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 99
ha-09 arrive *hapsi arrive ‣ Manaster Ramer & Blight 1993: 39; *asi arrive ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278
(302); *asɯ | *asi <*ʔasɨ | *ʔasi> to arrive ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (59)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal apʃɯʃ <apcïʹc> when he catches up ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 224.109
Tübatulabal apʃ- <apsV-> arrive ‣ Manaster Ramer & Blight 1993: 39
Tepiman *a̱i <*'?ai> he arrived ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (298b); *aihi ̱mi <*?ai'himi> to arrive ‣ Bascom
1965: 180 (298a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) aha- | ā- | ahi- | ai- <ʔa(h)a- | ʔa(h)i-> to reach obj, to get even with
obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.375
Tohono O'odham (Papago) aihim <ʔaihim> be catching up with obj (a form of ʔa(h)a-, ʔa(h)i-) ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.375
Pima Bajo a̱i- <'?ai-> he arrived ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (298b)
Pima Bajo aihim <'?aihim> to arrive ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (298a)
71
ha-10 ha-11
Northern Tepehuan aixími | āxími <aihími | aahími> to arrive ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (298a)
Northern Tepehuan ái he arrived ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (298b)
Southern Tepehuan ‑a̱i <‑'?ai> he arrived ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (298b)
Southern Tepehuan ‑āh
̱ im <‑'ʔaahim> to arrive ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (298a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío asina̱ <asi-ná> arrive ‣ Miller 1996: 325
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hase̱n <hasén> llegar «arrive» ‣ Pennington 1981: 185
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jepsa <yepsa> arrive (sg.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 178
Mayo jepsak <yépsac> (sujeto singular) vino, llegó «(he) came, arrived (sg. subj.)» ‣ Collard &
Collard 1962: 196
Tubar
Tubar asi- | as- <asi- | as-> venir, llegar «come, arrive» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) aʂe- <áxe=> llegar varias veces «arrive several times» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 140
Nahua *ahsi <*ahsi> arrive, find ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (3)
Classical Nahuatl nasi <aci.n> llegar con la mano, o alcançar conella a dõde algo eſta, o llegar al
lugar dõde voy «reach with the hand, reach with it where something is, reach where I am going» ‣
Molina 1571: 2r
Classical Nahuatl aʔsi <ahci> to reach, to arrive ‣ Karttunen 1983: 4
Tetelcingo Mexicano asi <asi ̱> llega, alcanza «[he] arrives, reaches» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 108
Pochutla Mexicano asi <ací> encontrar «meet» ‣ Boas 1917: 25
Pipil ahsi <ahsi> to arrive (here), to find, to encounter; to reach, to catch up with, to fit ‣ Campbell
1985: 154
ha-10 climb
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hamu̱n <hamún> subir «climb» ‣ Pennington 1981: 184
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ha̓mu <ha'amu> climb up ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 43
Mayo ha̓mu <já'amu> sube, está subiendo «climb, is climbing» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 149
ha-11 be ashamed
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hama̱na <hamana> be shy; shy person ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
72
ha-12 ha-14
Luiseño hamō̱ja- <hamó·-ya-> be ashamed, shy ‣ Bright 1968: 14

Cupeño hama̱n <hama̱ne;-0> to be ashamed ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla ‑ha̱man- <‑háman-> to get stage fright; to avoid sbdy (on account of being ashamed) ‣
Seiler & Hioki 1979: 46
ha-12 look for, seek

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño hāl- <há·l-> to look for, seek ‣ Bright 1968: 14
Cupeño ha̱lin <ha̱le;‑ine> to look for, search ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla ‑hal- <‑hál-> to look for, to search ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 46
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hariwa | haiwa look for ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 47
Mayo halohte <jálojte : at jálojte> lo toca, lo tienta, lo palpa «[he] touches [it], feels [it]» ‣ Collard
& Collard 1962: 148
ha-13 sweat oneself in a sweathouse

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ha̱ʂla <háṣla-> to sweat oneself in a sweathouse ‣ Bright 1968: 14
Luiseño ha̱ʂlaʃ <háṣla-š> sweathouse ‣ Bright 1968: 14
Cupeño ha̱ʃlaʔaʃ <ha̱shla'a-sh> sweathouse ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla ‑ha̱ʃla- <‑hášla‑> to go to a sweat house ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 47
Cahuilla ha̱ʃlaʔil <hášlaʔ-il> sweat house (should it be ha̱ʃlaʔiʎ ?) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 47
ha-14 be or get hungry

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hākʷatᶳuʔ <hakwatʃruʔ, hākwatʃruʔ> be hungry ‣ Anderton 1988: 299
Serrano hakʷān be hungry ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ha̱kʷla- <hákw-la-> to be hungry ‣ Bright 1968: 14
Cupeño ha̱kʷin <ha̱kwe;‑ine> to be hungry ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
73
ha-15 ha-18
ha-15 clothing, blanket

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk havɯt <havət> skin, blanket, clothes ‣ Anderton 1988: 303
Serrano havɯ̄ t clothing, blanket ‣ kch
Serrano nɯhavɯʔ my clothing, blanket ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) havo̱t <havóot> fresada «blanket» ‣ Harrington notes 531
Tongva (Gabrielino) nehāv̱ on <neháavon> mi fresada «my blanket» ‣ Harrington notes 531
ha-16 talk
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño ha̱win <ha̱we;‑ine> to sing ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla ‑ha̱wawaj- <‑háwaway-> to talk ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 48
ha-17 edge
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi haj- <hay-> near ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran [cognate? vowel is wrong, ‑v- is unexpected]
Kitanemuk ‑hɯ̄ vɯ <‑həvə, ‑hə̄və, həv̄ə> edge, rim, shore ‣ Anderton 1988: 313
Serrano ‑hɯ̄ via- side, edge, shore; by, beside ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ahā̱vkomen <'aháavkomen> la orilla «the edge» ‣ Harrington notes 578
Cupan
Luiseño ‑ha̱jlu | ‑ha̱jla <‑háy-lu | ‑háy-la> edge, end ‣ Bright 1968: 15
Cupeño ha̱jin <ha̱ye;‑ine> to finish, tire of ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla ‑ha̱j- <‑háy-> to end, to come to an end ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 49
ha-18 arrowweed (Pulchea sericea)

Takic
Cupan *hāŋ
̱ a-la <*há:ŋa-la> arrowweed ‣ Munro 1990: 237 (7)
Luiseño ha̱ŋla <háŋ-la> arrowweed, Pulchea sericea ‣ Bright 1968: 14
74
ha-19 ha-19
Cahuilla ha̱ŋal <háŋal> arrowweed ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 47
ha-19 who, someone *haka who ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (289); *ha | *haki <*ha(ki)> who ‣
Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (138) [Miller 1988 grammatica in-01]
Numic *hake who/which/what ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (30)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute haka <haga> who ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 24
Central Numic
Shoshone hakkai | hakke <hakkai> who?, someone ‣ Miller 1972: 108
Comanche hakatɯ <hakarʉ> who? which? ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 18
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hak who, someone ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ha̱kim <hakim> who, some people ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi hak who?, someone ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 194
Orayvi Hopi ha̱kim <hakim> PL ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 192
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hamitˢ, hamiʔ <hamits, hám̅ itṣ, hámíts, hamiʔ> who ‣ Anderton 1988: 301
Serrano hamiʔ who ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) hak�̱̄ <hakíi> quien? «who?» ‣ Harrington notes 559
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) hax <hax | hah> who ‣ Woodward 2007: 183
Luiseño hax <háx> who? ‣ Bright 1968: 14
Cupeño hax <ha̱x> who ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla ha̱xʔi <háxʔi> who? ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 49
Tubar
Tubar haki ̱ <ja-kí> quién «who» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 55
Cora/Huichol
Cora ha̓tane̱ <ja'atané> ¿quién? «who?» (cognate with loss of 2nd syllable? - p. 139 has <ja'atáné>) ‣
Nahua *āk <*aak> who ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (191)
Classical Nahuatl ak <ac?> quien? o qual? Preguntando. «who? or which? Asking.» ‣ Molina 1571:
1r
Classical Nahuatl akin <aquin?> quien, o a quien? Preguntando. «who, whom? Asking.» ‣ Molina
1571: 7v
Classical Nahuatl ākin <āquin> who; who? ‣ Karttunen 1983: 12
75
ha-20 hE-01
Tetelcingo Mexicano āki <öqui ̱> alguien, quien, alguno «someone, who» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
171
Pochutla Mexicano ak <ac> quien «who» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
ha-20 where, somewhere

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ha̱qam <haqam> at some place, somewhere, anywhere, where ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tubar
Tubar haka̱m | ha̱kom <ja-ká-m | já-ko-m> dónde «where» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 55
hE-01 shade (Miller 1967: 367 *heka)

Numic *hɯpa | *hɯka | *hapa <*həpa | *həka | *hapa> shade/cool ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (44)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hɯppa <hüppa> shade, shade house ‣ Dayley 1989: 32
[cognate?]
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hɯpa <hypa> shade ‣ Crapo 1976: 35 [cognate?]
Western Shoshone hɯki <heki> shade, shadow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hɯpa <hepa> shade ‣ Miller 1972: 108 [cognate?]
Comanche hɯ̄ ki ̥ <hʉʉki ̱> shade ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 22
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hɯ̱ kʲa <hukya> cool down (vi.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *ɯ̄ ka̱gɯ <*?ɨɨ'kagɨ> shade, shady ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (346)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɯ̄ kɯg <ʔeekeg> there is shade somewhere; to be in the shade ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.412
Pima Bajo ɯ̄ kɯg <éekeg> sombra «shade» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 257
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄ kágɯ <ɨɨkágɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (346)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ɯ̱̄ kaʔ <‑'?ɨɨka?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 184 (346)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ehkani ̱ <ehka-ní> to be shade ‣ Miller 1996: 334
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ka̱ra <ká-ʀa> sombra «shade» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 103
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve heka̱t <hekát> sombra «shade» ‣ Lionnet 1986: 83
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hekka shade; ramada; shadow ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 49
Mayo hekka <jecca> sombra «shade» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 149
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ekawjotˡ <ecauhyotl> ſombra «shade» ‣ Molina 1571: 28r
76
hE-02 hE-02
Classical Nahuatl eʔkawjōtˡ <ehcauhyō-tl> shadow, shade ‣ Karttunen 1983: 75

Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˡejekawilōtᶴtia <qui ̱tleyecabi ̱luchti ̱a> lo sombrea «[he] shades it» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 211
Pipil ‑jēkahju <‑ye:kah-yu> shadow (of a person), shade (of a tree) (Cuisnahuat dialect) ‣ Campbell
1985: 589
Pipil ‑jekawju <‑yekaw-yu> shadow (Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 590
hE-02 wind (Miller 1967: 462 *heka)

Numic *hɯhkʷa <*həhkʷa> blow (of wind) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (41)
Western Numic
Western Mono hɯkkʷa̱ppe <hɨkwa̱pE> wind ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 31
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hɯ̱ kva <hukva> for wind to blow ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi hɯ̱̄ kʲaŋʷ <huukyangw> wind ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯhkowaʔat <ïxkówa'ŏ́t> the wind is blowing ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 57
Tübatulabal ɯhkowāl <ḯxkowá·l> the wind ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 170
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío eka̱ <eká> wind ‣ Miller 1996: 334
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ika̱ <icá> hacer aire, soplar el viento «be breezy, for the wind to blow» ‣
Hilton 1959: 37
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vahe̱ka <vahéca> aire «breeze» ‣ Pennington 1981: 237
Ópata heka <geca> wind ‣ Shaul 1983: 119
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hēka <heeka> air, wind; dawn wind; blow ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 48
Mayo hēka <jeeca> viento, aire «wind, breeze» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 149
Cora/Huichol
Cora ēḵ a <eeca> aire, viento «breeze, wind» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 129
Wixarika (Huichol) ēkā ́ <éecáa> aire, viento «breeze, wind» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 142
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl eeka <eeca> hazer viento, o ayre «be windy, breezy» ‣ Molina 1571: 28r
Classical Nahuatl eekatˡ <eecatl> viento, o ayre «wind, breeze» ‣ Molina 1571: 28r
Classical Nahuatl eʔēka <ehēca> to blow lightly, for there to be a breeze, to be windy ‣ Karttunen
1983: 75
Classical Nahuatl eʔēkatˡ <ehēca-tl> breeze, wind, bad spirit, ghost ‣ Karttunen 1983: 76
Tetelcingo Mexicano jehjēka <yejyeca> hace aire, viento «for there to be a breeze, be windy» ‣
77
hE-03 hE-05
Tetelcingo Mexicano jehjēkatˡ <yejyecatl> aire, viento; espíritu malo, malos aires «breeze, wind;
bad spirit, bad air» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 249
Pipil ehekat <eheka-t> wind ‣ Campbell 1985: 205
hE-03 liver (merged into nE-02)
hE-04 hiccup
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono hɯkkɯʔi- <hɨkɨ'i-> to hiccup ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 30
Central Numic
Shoshone hɯkkɯi <hekkeiH> to hiccough ‣ Miller 1972: 108
Comanche hɯʔnīttɯ | hɯ̄ ʔnittɯ <hʉʔniitʉ | hʉʉʔnitʉ> hiccough (v) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
23
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño həʎə̱p <helye̱pe;‑0> to have hiccups ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío eʔnani ̱ <eʔna-ní> to have hiccoughs, to hiccough ‣ Miller 1996: 336
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hiwa̱kan <higuácan> tener hipo «have hiccups» ‣ Pennington 1981: 189
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) heʔokte <he'okte> have the hiccups ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 48
Mayo heʔokte <jé'octe> tiene hipo «have hiccups» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 150
hE-05 yes (Miller 1967: 479 *he)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono hɯ̄ hɯ̱ ʔ | hāha̱ʔ <hɨɨhɨ ̱' | haaha̱'> yes ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 31 (cf. ha-03)
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hɯʔɯ | hɯʔɯhɯ̄ <hɨʔɨ | hɨʔɨhɨɨ> yes ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 205
Chemehuevi hɯʔɯ̄ <hɨ'ʔɨ> yes ‣ Press 1979: 147
Southern Ute ɯɯ̄ <?u̧ ú̧> yes ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 291
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño uhō̱ <ʔuhó·> yes ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Luiseño ho̱hi- <hóhi-> to agree to ‣ Bright 1968: 16
78
hE-06 hE-06
Cupeño hə̄ | hə̱̄hə̱̄ <he̱e | he̱ehe̱e> yes ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla hē <hée> yes ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 50
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío eʔe̱ | e̱eʔe | ee̱ʔe | ee̱ | e <eʔé | éeʔe | eéʔe | eé | é> yes; thus; think so ‣ Miller 1996: 335
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hee̱ <heé> sí, que dicen las mujeres. Los hombres dicen héve. «yes, as said by women.
Men say héve.» ‣ Pennington 1981: 185
Eudeve he̱ve <héve> [yes, as said by men] ‣ Pennington 1981: 185
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hēwi <heewi> yes ‣ Molina et al 1999: 48
Mayo heewi | hēwi <jéehui | jeehui> sí «yes» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 149
Cora/Huichol
Cora ē | ēw
̱ i ̱ <eé | eéhuí> sí «yes» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 93
Wixarika (Huichol) hū́ | hɯ̄́ <húu | hǘü> sí «yes» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 257 [cognate? vowels are wrong]
hE-06 trap (Miller 1967: 444 *hewi)

Numic *hɯja <*həya> trap ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (46)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute hoawaʔi <hoawa'i> hunt DUR ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 51
Western Mono tɯhɯja- <tɨhɨya-> to trap (animals) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 218
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hɯwa | hɯwakkan | hɯwah | hɯwahan <hüwa" | hüwakkan
| hüwah | hüwahan> trap ‣ Dayley 1989: 33
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hɯa | hɯʔa <hya" | hy'a"> to trap or catch something (trans.) ‣
Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone hɯa <hea"> trap, set a trap, catch ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hɯa <heaG> to trap ‣ Miller 1972: 108
Comanche hɯatɯ <hʉarʉ> to trap, to fish ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 22
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hɯa- <hɨa-> to trap, set a trap ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 205
Southern Ute ɯaī <?u̧ áy> trap ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 108
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hɯ̱̄ wa <huuwa> trap (vt.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hɯ̄ in <həjn> hunt, go hunting for ‣ Anderton 1988: 314
Serrano hɯīɲ hunt (for game) ‣ kch
Cupan
79
hE-07 hE-09
Cahuilla ‑hew- <‑héw-> to weave (of spider), to trap ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 54
hE-07 spit, spittle, saliva

Numic *hɯhtˢi | *kɯhtˢi <*həhci | *kəhci> tongue ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (42)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) huttˢippɯh <huttsippüh> spit, saliva (vowel is wrong) ‣
Dayley 1989: 30
Western Shoshone hɯttˢippɯh <hettsippeh> spit, saliva ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hɯttˢippɯh <hettsi-ppeh> saliva ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Comanche hɯ̄ tˢi ̥ppɯ̥ | hɯhtˢi ̥ppɯ̥ <hʉʉtsi ̱pʉ̱ | hʉhtsi ̱pʉ̱> saliva ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 23
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute kɯhtˢipi <qï‘tsɩ´-ɸI> spit ‣ Sapir 1931: 638 [cognate? initial consonant is
unexpected]
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hero̱ka <heróca> saliva ‣ Pennington 1981: 186
hE-08 woman
Numic *hɯpi <*həpi> woman ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (45)
Western Numic
Western Mono hɯ̄ ppi ̱ʔ <hɨɨpi ̱'> woman ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 31
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hɯpittˢi(ttˢi) | hipittˢi(ttˢi) <hüpittsi(ttsi) | hipittsi(ttsi)> old
woman, old female animal ‣ Dayley 1989: 32
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hɯpi <hypi> woman ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hɯpitˢō <hypi-coo> old woman ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone hɯpitˢō(ttˢi) <hepitsoo(ttsi)> old lady ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hɯpi <hepi> woman ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Comanche hɯpi | hɯ̄ pi <hʉbi | hʉʉbi> middle-aged woman ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 22
hE-09 rock, shake

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hɯ̄ jɯk <hə̄ʔjək; həjəkmat (fut.); həjk̅i (imp.)> swing ‣ Anderton 1988: 314
Serrano hɯ̄ jɯʔ shake, vt. ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) hojō̱ʔa <hoyóo'a> shake it (imperative) ‣ Harrington notes 679
80
hE-10 hE-12
Cupan
Luiseño hō̱ja/i- <hó·ya/i-> to rock, as a rocking chair ‣ Bright 1968: 16
hE-10 bush sp.

Takic
Cupan *hə̱̄ni-la <*hə́:ni-la> plant sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (98)
Luiseño ho̱nla <hónla> tree species (used for ramadas) ‣ Elliott 1999: 342
Cahuilla he̱niʎ <henily> Adenostoma sparcifolium Torr., Ribbonwood, Red Shank, Ribbon Bush ‣
Bean & Saubel 1972: 30
hE-11 crumble
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hɯmi ̱ta <humita> be shelling corn ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi hɯ̱ ɦmi <hùumi> shell corn ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑he̱mi- <‑hémi-> to collapse crumbling (as of grass house, bush, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 51
hE-12 bloom, flower

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono hɯpika̱ʔ <hɨbiga̱'> flower ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 30
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hɯpi‑ | hipi‑ <hüpi- | hipi-> flower ‣ Dayley 1989: 31
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hɯpinkɯh <hypinkyh> to bloom, blossom ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hɯpinkɯppɯh <hypinky-ppyh> flower ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone hɯpinkɯppɯh <hepinkeppeh> flower ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hɯpinkɯ <hepinkeH> to bloom ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Shoshone hɯpinkɯppɯh <hepinkeppeh> flower ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hɯpipi <hɨvi-vi> flower ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 206
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ipīl <ibi·l> Coreopsis bigelovii (Gray) Hall (also generic term for flower) ‣ E. W.
Voegelin 1938: 15
81
hi-01 hi-01
hi-01 drink (Miller 1967: 141 *hi, *hiʔe) *his- to drink ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (77)
Numic *hipi drink (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (40)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute hipiu drink! ‣ Thornes 2003: 25
Western Mono hipi- <hibi-> to drink ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 28
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hipi <hipi"> drink ‣ Dayley 1989: 25
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hipi <hipi"> to drink ‣ Crapo 1976: 34
Western Shoshone hipi <hipi"> drink ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hipi <hipiG> drink ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Comanche hipittɯ <hibitʉ> drink ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 18
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hipi- <hivi-> to drink ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 204
Chemehuevi hipippɯ <hiv̑ípə̥> a drink ‣ K. Hill 1969: 5
Southern Paiute nɯʔ ipī <nï ̨’ ivi´‘> I drink ‣ Sapir 1931: 556
Southern Ute ipī <?iví> drink ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 101
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi h�̄ko
̱ <hiiko> drink ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi h�̄ko
̱ <híiko> drank ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 194 (70)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal īʔɯt <í·'ḯt> is drinking ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 149
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño hi ̱pi- <hípi-> to sip; to suck, said of a shaman in curing ‣ Bright 1968: 15
Tepiman *i ̱ʔɯi <*'?i?ɨi> to drink ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (313a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) iʔi- <ʔiʔi-> to drink obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.
Pima Bajo iʔi <í'i> beber «drink» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 223
Northern Tepehuan ‑jɯ́ i <‑y� ́i> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (313a)
Southern Tepehuan i ̱oʔ <'?io?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (313a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihi ̱na <ihí-na> to drink ‣ Miller 1996: 337
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bahi ̱ <bají> tomar, beber «drink» ‣ Hilton 1959: 9 (with pa-07)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hia̱n <hián> beber «drink» ‣ Pennington 1981: 186
Ópata vais <bais> drink ‣ Shaul 1983: 110 (with pa-07)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) he̓ <he'e> drink ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 48
82
hi-02 hi-03
Mayo he̓je <jé'eye> está tomando, está bebiendo «[he] is drinking» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 150
Tubar
Tubar he- <je-> beber «drink» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
Cora/Huichol
Cora ne̱heje <néjeye> bebo «I drink» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 155
Cora raje̱̓ <raye'e> la traga (agua), la bebe «[he] drinks it (water), [he] drinks it» ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 169
Wixarika (Huichol) hari <harí=> beber agua «drink water» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 53
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡai <y.nitla> beuer maçamora, cacao, pinol, o coſa ſemejãte «drink porridge,
chocolate, pinole, or something similar» ‣ Molina 1571: 30r
Classical Nahuatl ī to drink something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 92
Tetelcingo Mexicano konī <coni> lo bebe, lo toma «[he] drinks it» (k- 'it' + on- POLITENESS PREFIX -ī
'drink') ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 116
Pipil uni <uni> to drink ‣ Campbell 1985: 554
hi-02 sleeping mat (with pE-08)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihpeta̱ <ihpetá> petate; saddle pad or blanket ‣ Miller 1996: 338 (with pE-08)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hipe̱t <hipét> petate, estera «sleeping mat» ‣ Pennington 1981: 190 (with pE-08)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hipetam bed ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 54
Mayo hipetam <jípetam> petates «sleeping mats» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 153
hi-03 breathe (Miller 1967: 60a *hi, 60b *hik, 60c *hikʷ) *hikʷɯ | *hikʷɯsɯ <*hikʷɨ(sɨ)> to breathe ‣
Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (55)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hi ̱kʷsi <hikwsi> breath ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi hi ̱kʷsɯ <hikwsu> take a breath ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi hi ̱kʷsi <hikwsi> breath ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 192
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ihkɯt <ʔihk-(ɨt)> to breathe ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hīkaw <hikaw, hīkaw> breath, breathe, n. and v. ‣ Anderton 1988: 308
Serrano hīk breathe; be alive, come to life; be well, get well ‣ kch
83
hi-04 hi-04
Tongva (Gabrielino) neh�̄ken
̱ <nẹhiikẹn> mi resuello «my breath» ‣ Harrington notes 451
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ahi ̱ka <ahíka> alive ‣ Woodward 2007: 176
Luiseño hakʷi ̱s- <hakwís-> to breathe, be alive; to take a rest (vowel is wrong) ‣ Bright 1968: 14
Cupeño qusa̱ʔ <qusa̱'e;‑0> to breathe ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cupeño hiqsa̱ʔ <hiqsa̱'e;‑0> to rest, sigh ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
Cahuilla ‑hi ̱kus- <‑híkus-> to breathe; to take a rest ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 55
Tepiman *ībɯ̱ daga <*?ii'bɨdaga> soul, heart ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (308)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ībhu <ʔiibhu> to breathe, take a breath ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.436
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ībdag <ʔiibdag> heart ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.435
Pima Bajo ibdɯr <íbder> corazón «heart» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 229
Northern Tepehuan ibɯ́ kɯi <ib� ́kɨi> he breathes ‣ Bascom 1982: 305
Northern Tepehuan ībɯ́ daga <iib� ́daga> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (308)
Southern Tepehuan �̄bdaʔ
̱ <'?iibda?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (308)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío iwi ̱na <iwí-na> to breathe ‣ Miller 1996: 341
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) iwi ̱ <ihuí> respirar «breathe» ‣ Hilton 1959: 38
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hi ̱bes <híbes> corazón «heart» ‣ Pennington 1981: 187
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hiapsa <hiapsa> be alive, survive ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 50
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hiapsi <hiapsi> heart, soul, spirit. (n.); live (vi.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 50
Mayo hiabite <jíabite> respira, está reviviendo «breathe, is reviving» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 150
Mayo hiapsa <jíapsa> vive, está viviendo «[he] lives, is living» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 150
Mayo hiapsi <jíapsi> vida, alma, espíritu «life, soul, spirit» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 150
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ihiotˡ <ihiotl> aliento huelgo, o ſoplo «breath» ‣ Molina 1571: 36v
hi-04 medicine
Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi hittoʔo <hitó’o̥> mushroom, toadstool. The edible kind. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 5 [cognate?]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío iʔo̱i <iʔói> medicine ‣ Miller 1996: 342 [cognate?]
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hittoa medicine ‣ Molina et al. 1990: 55
Mayo hittoa <jittoa> medicina, remedio «medicine, remedy» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 153
84
hi-05 hi-07
Tubar
Tubar hitoa̱t <jito̧á-t> medicina «medicine» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
hi-05 fly (Miller 1967: 183 *hini)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hīʔnɯk <hiʔnək, hīʔnək> float ‣ Anderton 1988: 309
Serrano hīɲiʔk | hīɲʔk- fly ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño hi ̱ŋiʃ <hi ̱ngi-sh> young bird ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
Cahuilla ‑hiŋ‑ <‑híŋ-> to fly, to jump; to kick; to bark ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 55
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío niʔina̱ <niʔi-ná> to fly, jump ‣ Miller 1996: 364
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) iʔni ̱ <i'ní> volar «fly» ‣ Hilton 1959: 38
hi-06 thread
Tepiman *iku̱si <*?i'kusi> cloth ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (310)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ikus <ʔikus> cloth, canvas ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.442
Pima Bajo īkiʃ <íikís> tela, trapo «cloth, rag» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 258
Northern Tepehuan ikúʃi <ikúši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (310)
Southern Tepehuan i ̱kiʃ | ikʃ <'?ikiš | '?ikš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (310)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihkuri ̱ <ihkurí> thread ‣ Miller 1996: 338
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kuri ̱ <ku-ʀí> hilo «thread» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 98
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hi ̱kran <hícran> hilar «spin» ‣ Pennington 1981: 188
Cahita
Mayo hikua <jicua> está hilando «[he] is spinning» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 151
Nahua *ihkVti weave ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (187)
Classical Nahuatl nikiti <iquiti.n> texer tela «weave cloth» ‣ Molina 1571: 42r
Classical Nahuatl iʔkiti <(i)hquiti> to weave cloth ‣ Karttunen 1983: 99
Pochutla Mexicano igti <ig'tí> tejer «weave» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pipil ihkiti to weave ‣ Campbell 1985: 222
hi-07 beard
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hi ̱nsi <hínsi> barbas «beard, whiskers» ‣ Pennington 1981: 190
85
hi-08 hi-09
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) himsim mustache ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 52
Mayo hīmsim <jiímsim> bigote, barba «mustache, beard» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 151
Tubar
Tubar himusi ̱r <ji-musí-r> barbas, etc. «whiskers, etc.» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
hi-08 what, something *hita what ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (287) [Miller 1988 grammatica in-02]
Numic *h�̄ ̆ <*hi(i)> what/who ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (39)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute hī <hii> thing ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 47
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hī <hii> what; something, anything ‣ Dayley 1989: 21
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hīn <hiin> what? something ‣ Crapo 1976: 34
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hinna what? something (acc.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 34
Comanche hini | hīni <hini | hiini> what? ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 19
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hi ̱mɯ <himu> what, something, anything (nom.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi hi ̱ɦta <hìita> what, something, anything (acc.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi hi ̱mɯ <himu> what? (subject) ‣ Kalectaca 1978: 109
Songoopavi Hopi h�̄ta
̱ <hiita> what? (object) ‣ Kalectaca 1978: 109
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hīt what, what kind, some? ‣ Anderton 1988: 310
Serrano hīt what, something, anything ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) hetā̱ menēʔ̱ <hitáa menée'> que es este? «what is this?» ‣ Harrington notes
593
Cupan *h�̄-tᶴa
̱ <*hí:-ča> what/something ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (136)
Luiseño h�̄tᶴa
̱ <hí·-ča> what? (nom.) ‣ Bright 1968: 15
Luiseño hiʃ <hí-š> what? (acc.) ‣ Bright 1968: 15
Cupeño hiʃ <hi ̱-sh> what ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla hi ̱tᶴeʔa | hi ̱tᶴʔa | hi ̱tᶴaxa <híčeʔa | híčʔa | híčaxa> what ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 54
hi-09 see
Takic
Kitanemuk ‑hiu look at, see ‣ Anderton 1988:311
Serrano hiihij, hij, hiɯ see ‣ kch
86
ho-01 ho-02
Cupeño hi ̱w <hi ̱we> learn ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156

Nahua
Classical Nahuatl itta <Itta.niqu> mirar a otro «look at someone» ‣ Molina 1571
ho-01 dig
Numic *hota dig ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (34)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hota <hota"> dig (for), shovel ‣ Dayley 1989: 26
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hota <hota"> to dig ‣ Crapo 1976: 34
Western Shoshone hotah dig ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hota <hotaH> to dig into the ground ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Comanche hotatɯ <horarʉ> dig a hole ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 19
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hoto- <horo-> to dig (Zigmond's r the same as d ?) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 206
Chemehuevi hotappɯ | hotappi <horápə̥ | horápi ̥> mine, place where they dig anything ‣ K. Hill
1969: 6
Southern Paiute otaī <ɔra´-i‘> digs ‣ Sapir 1931: 596
Southern Ute otaī <?o̧rá ̧y> dig ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 103
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ho <jo> hacer hoyo «make a hole» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ho̱tami <jótami> hecho hoyo «make into a hole» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ho̱ra <jora> escarbar (un hoyo) «dig (a hole)» ‣ Hilton 1962: 40
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ho̱tᶴi <jochi> hoyo «hole» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40
Tubar
Tubar hotoro̱k <jo̧to̧-ró̧-k> cueva, horadacion «cave, perforation» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57 [cognate?]
ho-02 pole, post (Miller 1967: 327 *hot) *hotan | *otan <*(h)otan> stick ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203
Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi hotā <horá‘> post ‣ K. Hill 1969: 6
Southern Paiute otāpɯ <ɔra·á-ɸÏ> pole, post ‣ Sapir 1931: 596
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal olont <ʔolon-t> the staff pole ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oʔtona̱ <oʔtoná> tree with fork; the six posts that are used in making a house ‣ Miller
1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) otowa̱ <otohuá> rama grande «big branch» ‣ Hilton 1959: 57
87
ho-03 ho-04
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl otˡatˡ <otlatl> caña maciça y rezia «massive and strong cane» ‣ Molina 1571: 78r
Classical Nahuatl otˡatˡ <otla-tl> bamboo ‣ Karttunen 1983: 180
Tetelcingo Mexicano otˡatˡ <otlatl> otate «bamboo» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 169
ho-03 dove (Miller 1967: 138 *howi)

̆ �̄(ʔi)
Numic *hēw ̆ <*he(e)wi(i)(ʔi)> dove ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (32)
Western Numic
Western Mono hēwi ̱ʔ <heewi ̱'> (mourning) dove ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 27
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hēwi(ttˢi) <heewi(ttsi)> dove ‣ Dayley 1989: 20
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hāiwi <haaiwi> dove ‣ Crapo 1976: 33
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hēwi <heewi> (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 33
Western Shoshone hewi | hēwi <haiwi | haaiwi> dove ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hāiwi <haaiwi> dove ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hojopi <hoyo-vi> mourning dove ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 206
Chemehuevi hiopi <hiʲóvi ̥> dove ‣ K. Hill 1969: 5
Southern Paiute ijopi <iyɔ´ɸI> mourning dove ‣ Sapir 1931: 558
Southern Ute ajopi <?ayó̧-vi> dove, wild pigeon ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 100
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hɶ̱ wi <höwi> dove ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal owīt <ʔowi·-t> the dove ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
ho-04 bat
Numic *ho(ʔ)nopi bat ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (33)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) honnopi(ttˢi) <honnopi(ttsi)> bat ‣ Dayley 1989: 26
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone honoppittˢih <hono-ppiccih> bat (animal) ‣ Crapo 1976: 34
Western Shoshone hɯnapittˢɯh <henapittseh> bat ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone honopittˢɯh <hono-pittseh> bat (the animal) ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi hoaniʔitˢɯ <hoʷáni’itsə̥> spy ‣ K. Hill 1969: 6
88
ho-05 ho-09
ho-05 lose courage *hota aflojarse «lose courage» Lionnet 1985: 63

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ho̱tadān <hótadaan> aflojarse «lose courage» ‣ Pennington 1981: 195
ho-06 settle
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ohe̱ena <ohée-na> to live ‣ Miller 1996: 366
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hōje <hooye> sit down ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 58
Mayo hōje : amanem hōje; hoje̓m! <jooye : ámanem jooye; ¡joyé'em!> siéntense allí; ¡siéntense! «sit,
pl. subj.» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 155
ho-07 rain *horo llover «rain» Lionnet 1985: 62

Tubar
Tubar horo- <jo̧ro̧-> llover «rain» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 76
ho-08 back (Miller 1967: 16 *ho- & *wo-) (cf. hu-20)

Numic *woʔā ̆ <*woʔa(a)> back (body part) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (273) (cf. wo-13)
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu howāpi <howaa-vi> back (the body part) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 206
Chemehuevi hoā | hoa <hoʷá‛ | hóḁ> back ‣ K. Hill 1969: 6
Southern Paiute oāpi <ɔa·´-ɸI> back ‣ Sapir 1931: 593
Southern Ute oāpi <?o̧á ̧a ̧-vi> back ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1976: 103
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōtk | ōtko <ʔootk | ʔootko> flesh on each side of the back bone of a
cow ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.469
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hōʔo <hoo'o> back (body part) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 57
ho-09 woman (Miller 1967: 473 *ʔok) (moved from o-08)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kōjm <kô·ím> the woman ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 156 [probably a loanword; seems
unlikely to be cognate]
Tepiman *oki ̱si <*?o'kisi> woman, little girl ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (319)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oks <ʔoks> old woman; wife ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.462
Pima Bajo okʃ <'?okš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (319)
89
hu-01 hu-01
Northern Tepehuan okíʃi <okíši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (319)

Northern Tepehuan ṓki <óóki> woman ‣ Bascom 1982: 303
Southern Tepehuan o̱ʔokiʃ <'?o?okiš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (319)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ho̱kis <hóquis> muchacha «girl» ‣ Pennington 1981: 195
Eudeve hu̱hwa <húhgua> mujer «woman» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197 [cognate?]
Ópata hoki | oki <joqui | oqui> woman ‣ Shaul 1983: 119
Cora/Huichol
Cora ū̱ka <uuca> mujeres «women» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 192
Wixarika (Huichol) ū.karāt́ ˢi <úu.caráasi> mujer vieja, mujer in general «old woman, woman in
general» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 150
hu-01 smell, stink (Miller 1967: 391b *hupa)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ho̱va <hova> transvestite, person who assumes the gender role and mannerisms of
the opposite sex ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi hova̱laŋʷ <hovalangw> smell, scent, odor ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi hovaqtɯ <hova̱qtu> smell, have an odor ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with ka-03)
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño hu̱vaʔ <hu̱va'e;‑0> to smell (vt.) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
Cahuilla -huv- <‑húv-> to smell ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 61
Tepiman *ū̱vai <*'?uuvai> to smell ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (331)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ūv <ʔuuv> to have a certain smell ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.489
Pima Bajo ūv <'?uuv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (331)
Pima Bajo hū̱bɉɯ <húubdye> oler «smell» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 248 [cognate?]
Northern Tepehuan ū́vai <úúvai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (331)
Southern Tepehuan ūv <'?uuv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (331)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío upa̱ni <upáni> smell; incense smoke ‣ Miller 1996: 400
Guarijío ubare̱na <ubaré-na> to smell, have a smell ‣ Miller 1996: 400
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) huba̱ <jubá> oler «smell» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hu̱hban <húhban> oler «smell» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197
Ópata hupia <jupia> smell ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hūva <huuva> smell, stink (intr.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 63
90
hu-02 hu-02
Mayo hūva : tu̓lisi hūva <juuba : tú'ulisi juuba> da buen olor «it has a good odor» ‣ Collard & Collard
1979: 157
hu-02 fart (Miller 1967: 391a *hu) *huʔa break wind ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271 (210)
Numic *uʔu | *ū <*u(ʔ)u> fart ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (17)
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hū- <huu-> to fart ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 207
Southern Paiute ūtˢʔama <ó·-ts̓ a-ŋWA> he (inv.) has broken wind ‣ Sapir 1931: 704
Southern Paiute ūppuni <o·´-p·u-nI> my discharge of wind ‣ Sapir 1931: 704
Southern Ute uuʔī <?uú?i> fart ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1976: 106
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hoho̱jaw <hohoyaw> stinkbug ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hūʔ <hū, hūʔ> fart ‣ Anderton 1988:
Serrano hūʔ fart ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) hohō̱ro <hohóoro> break wind (future) (in: hyā-ne hohō̱ro <hyaane hohóoro>
I shall break wind — ō is unexpected) ‣ Harrington notes 375
Cupan
Cahuilla hu̱ʔil <húʔ-il : tékʷel húʔ-i> anything that smells : sac of a skunk (probably should be
̃
<húʔ-il>) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 61
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) uiv <ʔuiv> to fart ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.483
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío uha̱ni <uhá-ni> to fart ‣ Miller 1996: 400
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) uha̱ <ujá> peerse «to fart» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 101
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve <húhan> heder, emporcar el aire «stink, foul the air» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) huha <huha> fart; sting ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 60
Mayo hūha <juuja> hiede «fart» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 157
Nahua *ihjāk <*ihyaak> stinking ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (161)
Classical Nahuatl iʔjak <iyac> coſa hedionda «something with a stench» ‣ Molina 1571: 36v
Classical Nahuatl iʔjāk <ihyāc> something foul, stinking ‣ Karttunen 1983: 102
Tetelcingo Mexicano ihjok <ijyoc> apestoso, hiede «foul-smelling, it stinks» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
131
Pochutla Mexicano ijek <iyéc> huele «it smells» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
91
hu-03 hu-03
Pipil ihjak <ihya-k> stinking ‣ Campbell 1985: 226
hu-03 tree, stick, wood, stalk; arrow, arrowhead (Miller 1967: 9 *hu, 474 *hu) *hu dart (later 'arrow') ‣
Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *hu arrow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (78) (cf. hu-22; cf. hu-26) [The sense arrow is
not reconstructable for the protolanguage since bows and arrows were introduced at a later time.]
Numic *hūh <*huuh> wood/stick/tree ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (7)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hū- <huu"-> wood, stick, limb, tree, bush, brush ‣ Dayley
1989: 30
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hūppakampotˢa <huuppakampotsa> arrow ‣ Dayley 1989: 30
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hūppin <huu"-pin> tree, wood, stick, club ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone hua bow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Western Shoshone hūʔeti <huu'aiti> bow and arrow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hū <huu"> wood ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Shoshone hūppin <huuppin> stick, wood, log ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Shoshone hūppaka <huuppaka> arrow ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Comanche hūppi ̥ | hūhpi ̥ <huupi ̱ | huuhpi ̱> tree, wood ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 20
Comanche hūjātɯ <huuyaarʉ> possess, carry a stick ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 22
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu huwatˢi <huwa-zi> arrow; bullet ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 209
Chemehuevi hū <hu‛> arrow, cartridge, bullet, ammunition; sting (Span. lanceta) of insect ‣ K.
Hill 1969: 7
Chemehuevi hū <'huu> arrow/bullet ‣ Press 1979: 148
Southern Paiute ū <o·‘> arrow ‣ Sapir 1931: 704
Southern Ute ū <?úu> arrow ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 216
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hō̱hɯ <hoohu> arrow, bullet ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ūʔut <u·'ut> cottonwood, tree (generic) ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 30
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hūtᶳ <hūtʃr> short, flint-tipped war arrow ‣ Anderton 1988: 318
Serrano hūtᶳ arrow ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) hūr <húurr> arrow ‣ Harrington notes 303
Cupan *hū-̱ la <*hú:-la> arrow ‣ Munro 1990: 237 (6)
Luiseño hū̱la <hú·-la> arrow; eyetooth; a type of rock resembling steatite ‣ Bright 1968: 16
Cupeño hul <hu̱-l> arrowhead ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
92
hu-04 hu-04
Tepiman *uʔu̱i <*?u'?ui> arrow ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (334)

Tohono O'odham (Papago) uʔu <ʔuʔu> arrow point(s), bullet(s), cartridge(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.499
Pima Bajo uʔugatɯr <ú'u-gater> flecha «arrow» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 235
Northern Tepehuan úji | úi <úyi | úi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (334)
Southern Tepehuan uʔū̱ <?u'?uu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (334)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío uya̱wi <uyáwi> twig, branch ‣ Miller 1996: 400
Guarijío ua̱ <uá> bullet, arrow ‣ Miller 1996: 399
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) owa̱ <ohuá> flecha «arrow» ‣ Hilton 1959: 55
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hutu̱sgo <hutúsgo> palo blanco, árbol «hackberry, tree» ‣ Pennington 1981: 198
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) huiwa arrow; ammunition ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 60
Mayo huʔiwa <jú'igua> flecha, cartucho «arrow, cartridge» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 158
Tubar
Tubar uta̱ <o-tá, u-tá> árbol, palo, viga, madera, leña «tree, stalk, beam, wood, firewood» ‣ Lionnet
1978: 67
hu-04 woman (Miller 1967: 471 *hupi) *huspi wife, woman ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (79)
Tepiman *uvi ̱ <*?u'vi> girl ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (332)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) uvi ̥ <ʔuvï> woman, female, term used from her first menstruation to
her menopause ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.493
Northern Tepehuan úvi ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (332)
Southern Tepehuan uv�̱̄ <?u'vii> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (332)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío upi ̱ <upí> wife ‣ Miller 1996: 400
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) upi ̱ <upí> esposa «wife» ‣ Hilton 1959: 76
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) hubi ̱ <jubí> esposas «wives» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40, 76
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hu̱hwa <húhgua> mujer «woman» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197
Ópata huviwa <hubi-gua> wife ‣ Shaul 1983: 119
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hūvi <huuvi> wife (masc.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 63
Mayo hūvi <juubi> esposa «wife» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 157
Cora/Huichol
Cora ɯi ̱ta̓ <ʌíta'a> mujer, señora «woman, lady» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 193
Wixarika (Huichol) ɯimári <´üimári> muchacha no casada «unmarried young woman» ‣ Grimes et
al. 1981: 153
93
hu-05 hu-08
hu-05 bud
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío uja̱ni <uyá-ni> to bud, twig, fork ‣ Miller 1996: 400
Cahita
Mayo hujja <juyya> árbol, monte «tree, woods» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 158
hu-06 leg (Miller 1967: 257a *huka)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono hu̱kka <hu̱qA> leg ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 35
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) huŋkʷappɯh <hungkwappüh> leg ‣ Dayley 1989: 28
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ho̱kʲa <hokya> leg ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ūkappɯ̄ l <ʔu·gapɨ·-l> the leg (thing which breaks) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Cora/Huichol
Cora ɯ̄ ka <ʌʌca> pierna ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 77
Wixarika (Huichol) ɯ̄ kā ́ <´üücáa> pierna, pie, pata «leg, foot, paw» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 153
hu-07 bitter (Miller 1967: 44 *hu | *huhu)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono huhukama- <huhug̸ama-> to be bitter tasting ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 34
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ūʔ <ʔu·ʔ> bitter ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
hu-08 penis (Miller 1967: 316 *hu)

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) huʔi <hu'i> penis ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 58
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) hɯ̄ .nárí <hüü.nárí> miembro masculino, pene «male member, penis» ‣ Grimes
et al. 1981: 63
94
hu-09 hu-10
hu-09 grass (Miller 1967: 203 *hukʷi)

Numic *hukʷi grass (corrected from "*kukʷi") ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (37)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hukuppi <hukuppi> grass sp (growing in the mountains) ‣
Dayley 1989: 27
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hukʷippɯh <hukwippüh> wild hay, wheat grass ‣ Dayley
1989: 27
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hukʷipɯ <hugwi-vɨ> speargrass, Stipa speciosa ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 207
Chemehuevi hukusīpɯ <hugúsīvə̥> galleta grass ‣ K. Hill 1969: 6
Southern Paiute ukʷipɯ <uγwi´-ɸÏ, oγwi´-ɸÏ, o(·)χwi´-ɸÏ, ʋ(·)χwi´-ɸÏ> grass ‣ Sapir 1931: 709
Southern Ute ukʷipɯ <?ugwí-vu̧ > grass ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 242
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ūkipɯ̄ l <ú·gibḯ·l> the bunch grass ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1936: 76
hu-10 badger (Miller 1967: 18 *huna) *hula badger ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 204
Numic *hɯnaⁿ | *hunaⁿ <*hənaN | *hunaN> badger ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (43)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hunan | hunattˢi <hunan | hunattsi> badger ‣ Dayley 1989:
28
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hunan badger ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone hunan badger ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hunan badger ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hunattˢi <huna-ci> badger ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 208
Chemehuevi huna <húnḁ> badger ‣ K. Hill 1969: 7
Southern Paiute ɯnampɯtˢi <ï ̨na´-mpïts·> badger ‣ Sapir 1931: 559
Southern Ute unappɯtᶴi <?uná-pu̧ -ci> badger ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1976: 217
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hō̱naw <hoonaw> bear ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi hona̱ni <honani> badger ‣ Hopi Dictionary [Numic loanword?]
Songoopavi Hopi hō̱naw <hoonaw> bear ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 193
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ūnal <u·nal> grizzly bears ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 12
95
hu-11 hu-11
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hūnat <hunat> bear ‣ Anderton 1988: 322
Kitanemuk hūnaɯt <hunaət> bear ‣ Anderton 1988: 322 (with wE-01)
Kitanemuk hūnawɯt <hunawʌt> grizzly bear ‣ Anderton 1988: 322 (with wE-01)
Kitanemuk hūnavit <hūnavit> badger ‣ Anderton 1988: 323
Serrano hūnat bear ‣ kch
Serrano hūnaɯt <hū́naət> bear ‣ J. P. Harrington field notes (with wE-01)
Serrano hūnavt badger ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) honāṟ <huná:rr> tejon «badger» ‣ Harrington notes 051
Tongva (Gabrielino) hū̱nar <húunarr> bear ‣ Harrington notes 051
Tongva (Gabrielino) pāhonar <páahunarr> great-bear ‣ Harrington notes 671 (with pa-63)
Cupan *hūn
̱ a-l <*hú:na-l> badger ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (9)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) hū̱nut <hunut· | junut | hūnot> bear ‣ Woodward 2007: 183
Acjachemem (Juaneño) hu̱nwut <hunwut> black bear | bear species ‣ Woodward 2007: 184 (with
wE-01)
Luiseño hū̱nal <hú·na-l> badger ‣ Bright 1968: 16
Luiseño hu̱nwut <hún-wu-t> bear ‣ Bright 1968: 16 (with wE-01)
Cupeño hu̱nal <hu̱na-l> badger ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
Cupeño hu̱nwət <hu̱nwe-t> bear ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1956: 156 (with wE-01)
Cahuilla hu̱nal <húnal> badger ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 60
Cahuilla hu̱nwet <húnwe-t> bear ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 60 (with wE-01)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío uʔla̱ <uʔlá> skunk ‣ Miller 1996: 401
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hu̱rve <húrve> lobo «wolf» ‣ Pennington 1981: 198
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hūri <huuri> badger ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 63
Mayo hūri <juuri> tejón «badger» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 157
Cora/Huichol
Cora hɯ̱ ripuh <jʌ́ripuj> tigre chico «little jaguar [possibly the margay or ocelot]» ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 143
́ e <´ǘráave> lobo «wolf» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 154
Wixarika (Huichol) ɯ́ rāw
hu-11 dust
Numic *huhkumpɯ(h) <*huhkumpə(h)> dust ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (36)
96
hu-12 hu-13
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hukkumpin | hukkumpɯ | hukkun <hukkumpin | hukkumpü
| hukkun> dust, dusty ‣ Dayley 1989: 27
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hukkun dusty ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone hukkumpɯh <hukkumpeh> dust ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hukkun dusty ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Shoshone hukkumpɯh <hukkum-peh> dust ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Comanche huhkuppɯ̥ <huhkupʉ̱> dust ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 20
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hukkubɯ | hukkumpɯ | hukkʷabɯ <huku-bɨ | huku-mbɨ | hukwa-bɨ> dust; fallen dry
pine needles ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 208
Chemehuevi hukkumpa <hukúmpḁ> dust ‣ K. Hill 1969: 6
Southern Paiute ukkumpu | ukkumpa <Uxqu´mpU | Uxqu´mpA> dust ‣ Sapir 1931: 708
Southern Ute kukkuppɯ <kukú-pu̧ > dust (unexpected *h > k) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 123
hu-12 song
Numic *hupi(j)a <*hupi(y)a> sing/song ‣ Ianucci 1973: 103 (38)
Western Numic
Western Mono hupi ̱jā <hubi ̱ya> song, music ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 33
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hupia song, singing, music ‣ Dayley 1989: 28
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hupia song ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone hupia song ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
Shoshone hupia song ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Comanche hupijaʔ <hubiyaʔ> song, hymn ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 20
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu hupijapi <huviya-vi> song ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 208
Chemehuevi hupiapɯ <huvíʲavə̥> song ‣ K. Hill 1969: 7
Southern Paiute upiapi <uvʷɩ´(y)a-ɸI> song ‣ Sapir 1931: 708
Southern Ute upijapɯ <?uvwíya-vu̧ > song ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 275
hu-13 send
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hō̱na <hoona> send ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) hura̱ <jurá> enviar, mandar (mensajero) «send» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40
Guarijío uhu̱lani <uhúla-ni> to send someone ‣ Miller 1996: 400
97
hu-14 hu-17
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hura̱n <hurán> enviar «send» ‣ Pennington 1981: 198
hu-14 buckwheat
Takic
Cupan [probably a loanword]
Luiseño wula̱qla <wuláq-la> wild buckwheat, Eriogonum fasciculatum ‣ Bright 1968: 51
Cupeño wila̱kal <wila̱kal> buckwheat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1972: 183
Cahuilla hu̱laqal <hulaqal> Eriogonum Michx., Buckwheat ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 72
hu-15 pull out

Takic
Cupan (a likely Yuman loanword, cf. ‑hoq in Mojave uulhoq=m 'pull, draw out', chuulhoq 'pull, draw out
many') ‣ Munro et al. 1992: 192
Luiseño huja̱qi- <huyáqi-> to pull out several objects ‣ Bright 1968: 16
Cupeño xu̱win <xu̱we;‑ine> to pull ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 179
Cahuilla ‑hu̱qin- <‑húqin-> to pull out (sth. bigger than thorn: plants, tooth) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979:
61
hu-16 yucca
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño hunū̱vat <hunú·va-t> Mohave yucca, Yucca schidigera ‣ Bright 1968: 16
Cupeño hənu̱vat <henu̱va-t> Yucca sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155
Cahuilla hu̱nuvat <hunuvat> Yucca schidigera Roezl. ex Ortgies ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 150
hu-17 paternal grandmother

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono huttˢi ̱ʔ <hutsi ̱'> (paternal) grandmother, grandchild (through the mother's son) ‣
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) huttˢi <huttsi> grandmother (FaMo); grandchild (SoCh) ‣
Dayley 1989: 29
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone huttˢi <hucci> father's mother, woman's son's child ‣ Crapo 1976: 34
98
hu-18 hu-20
Western Shoshone huttˢi <huttsi> paternal grandmother, grandchild of a woman ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 266
Shoshone huttˢi <huttsi> grandmother (father's mother); grandchild (woman's son's child) ‣
Miller 1972: 110
Comanche hūtˢi ̥ | huhtˢi ̥ <huutsi ̱ | huhtsi ̱> paternal grandmother, woman's agnatic grandchild ‣
Robinson & Armagost 1990: 21
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu huttˢi- <huci=, huči=> father's mother; spouse's father's mother ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990:
208
Chemehuevi hutˢippa <hutsípḁ> ocean ‣ K. Hill 1969: 7 (with pa-17) ["grandmother water"]
Southern Ute utᶴītᶴi <wẖcíi-ci> paternal grandmother ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 204
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal uttˢūn <µtsu·n> maternal grandmother ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 14.1
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) usu̱ <usú> abuela materna; nieta de la abuela «maternal grandmother;
granddaughter of the grandmother» ‣ Hilton 1959: 76
hu-18 bloom, flower (merged into hE-12)
hu-19 come up over

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hūrk. hūrɯk <jūrk, qurək, hūʔrək> look forth or peep out ‣ Anderton 1988: 325
Serrano hūrḵ come up over ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño hu̱la- <húla-> to sprout through the ground, poke through the surface ‣ Bright 1968: 16
Cahuilla ‑hu̱laqan- <‑húlaqan-> peek at sbdy (lifting/sticking one's head) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 61
hu-20 back (Miller 1967: 16 *ho- & *wo-) (cf. ho-08)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ho̱ɦtaʔat <hòota('at)> back ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla hu̱lul | hu̱lulu <húlul | húlulu> back (of the body) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 59
99
hu-21 hu-23
hu-21 sagebrush
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) horū̱var <họrúuvarr> romerillo «sage» ‣ Harrington notes 128
Cupan
Luiseño hu̱lvul <húlvu-l> California sagebrush, Artemisia californica ‣ Bright 1968: 16
Cahuilla hu̱lvel <hulvel> Artemisia californica Less., California Sagebrush ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972:
42
Cahuilla hū̱lvel <húulvel> California sagebrush (possibly reduplicated form of hulvel, as in Bean &
Saubel 1972) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 59
hu-22 tree, stick, wood, stalk; arrow *hu-tˢi <*hu-ci> tree (dim.) ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 256 (cf. hu-26)
Tepiman *ūsi <*'?uusi> tree ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (330)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ūs <ʔuus> stick, post, pole, bush, twig; tree ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.488
Pima Bajo ūs <uus> palo «tree, stick, stalk» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 249
Northern Tepehuan ūʃ́ i <úúši> tree, wood ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (330), 1982: 304
Southern Tepehuan ūʃ <'?uuš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (330)
Southeastern Tepehuan ūʃ <[ʔuuš]> tree ‣ Willett 1991: 22
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío utᶴatᶴágo <ucacágo> brazilwood tree ‣ Miller 1996: 399
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hu̱tˢarako <hútsaraco> brasil, árbol «brazilwood tree» ‣ Pennington 1981: 198
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hutᶴahko <huchahko> Brazil wood, a spiny shrub used for the notched
raspers and rasping stick ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 60
Mayo hutᶴahko <júchajco> brasil «brazilwood tree» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 156
Cora/Huichol
Cora ɯtˢa̱ <ʌtzá> brasil (árbol) «brazilwood tree» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 193
hu-23 bird
Numic *(hu(i)(h))tˢi <*(hu(i)(h))ci> bird ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (257)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) huittˢu <huittsu> sage grouse ‣ Dayley 1989: 27
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone huittˢū <huiccuu> small bird (generic) ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
Western Shoshone huittˢū <huittsuu> sparrow; small bird ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 266
100
hu-24 hu-27
Shoshone huittˢū <huittsuu> small bird (generic) ‣ Miller 1972: 109

Shoshone huittˢā <huittsaa> sage hen ‣ Miller 1972: 109
Comanche hūtˢū̱ | huhtˢu̱aʔ <huuutsúu | huhtsúaʔ> bird (general term) ‣ Robinson & Armagost
1990: 21
hu-24 soup
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) hupapin soup, gruel ‣ Dayley 1989: 28
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hupa soup ‣ Crapo 1976: 35
hu-25 awesome [set suggested by Jane Hill]

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hō̱ma <hooma> ceremonial cornmeal ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl niteimakasi <imacaci.nite> temer a alguno «fear someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 37v
Classical Nahuatl īmakasi <īmacaci> to hold someone in awe, someone of authority and dignity ‣
Karttunen 1983: 105
hu-26 tree, stick, wood, stalk; arrow (separated from hu-03; cf. hu-22)
Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute ‑uippi <‑ui-p·i-> stalk ‣ Sapir 1931: 705
Southern Paiute nantaʔuippi <nanta´-’u(w)ɩp·I> yant-stalk ‣ Sapir 1931: 705
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño hu̱jkiʃ <húyki-š> a type of reed, Phragmites communis ‣ Bright 1968: 16
Cupeño hu̱jal <hu̱ya-l> arrow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
Cahuilla hu̱jal <húya-l> arrow; bow and arrow ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 62
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) huja <huya> plant, tree, bush; branch; wilderness ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 63
Mayo hujja <juyya> árbol, monte «tree, wilderness» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 158
hu-27 back (separated from hu-20)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) huba̱ <jubá> atrás «back, backwards» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40
101
hu-28 hu-29
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hu̱buni <húbuni> espinazo «backbone, spine» ‣ Pennington 1981: 196
hu-28 smell (Miller 1967: 391a *hu) (separated from hu-01; cf. E-20)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hukum <hukum> smell something ‣ Anderton 1988: 320
Serrano huḵum smell (vt.) ‣ kch
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) huka <juca> oler «smell (vi.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 40
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hu̱hu̓bʷa <huhu'ubwa> smelling it, sniffing it ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 60
Mayo hu̱hu̓bʷa <júju'ubua : a'a júju'ubua> huélelo «smell it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 156
hu-29 skunk (Miller 1967: 391c *hupa (and *hupi ?)) (separated from hu-02)
Tepiman *ū̱pai <*'?uupai> skunk ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (329a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ūpio <ʔuupio> skunk ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.488
Pima Bajo ūp <uup> zorrillo «skunk» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 263
Northern Tepehuan ūṕ ai <úúpai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (329a)
Southern Tepehuan ūp <'?uup> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (329a)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hupa <hupa> skunk ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 62
Mayo huppa <juppa> zorrillo ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 157
Tubar
Tubar upa̱t <opá-t> zor[r]illo «skunk» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 67
Cora/Huichol
Cora ɯ̱̄ pih <ʌʌpij> zorrillo «skunk» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 108
Wixarika (Huichol) ɯ̄ .pā ́ <´üü.páa> zorrillo «skunk» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 153
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl epatˡ <epatl> cierto animalejo que hiede mucho «wretched animal that stinks
greatly» ‣ Molina 1571: 29r
Classical Nahuatl epatˡ <epa-tl> skunk ‣ Karttunen 1983: 78
Tetelcingo Mexicano jepatˡ <yepatl> zorrillo «skunk» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 249
102
hu-30 i-01
hu-30 back, behind

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ho̱ŋʷa <hongwa> loop of metal at the back of a button, by which it is fastened to
material ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla hu̱ŋajka <húŋa-yka> to the back, way back; afterwards ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 60
Cahuilla hu̱ŋanax <húŋan-ax> behind, in the back ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 60
Cahuilla nehu̱ŋanax <ne-húŋan-ax> behind me ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 61
hu-31 blow
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi hō̱ja <hooya> blow away in the winnowing process ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) hɯtˢie- <hüsie=> soplar (en algo) «blow (into something)» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
63
i-01 tell a lie

Numic *isa lie (n., vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (19)
Western Numic
Western Mono isa̱ppɯ <isa̱pƗ> liar ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 39
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) isan lie, trick, deception ‣ Dayley 1989: 37
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone isan a lie ‣ Crapo 1976: 36
Western Shoshone isanne <isannai> lie, tell a lie ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone isan | isampɯn <isan | isam-peh> a lie ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Shoshone isanai | isane <isa-naiG> to tell a lie ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Comanche isaʔaittɯ <isaʔaitʉ> lie (tell an untruth) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 24
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi i ̱smaqasi <ismaqasi> suspicion, mistrust ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk iʔihamaʔ <ʔi-ʔihama, ʔiʔihamaʔ, na-ʔihama-t (n.)> tease, joke ‣ Anderton 1988: 329
Serrano iʔīhmaʔ tease, make fun of ‣ kch
103
i-02 i-02
Cupan
Cupeño i ̱ʔisʎu to tell a lie ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla ‑i ̱ʔismatu- <‑ʔíʔismatu-> to tease, to joke with (one who is in joke relationship, e.g.,
aunt, niece, sister-in-law) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 68
Tepiman *iahata̱gi(‑) <*?iaha'tagi(‑)> to lie ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (305a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) iattogid <ʔiattogid> to lie to obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.431
Tohono O'odham (Papago) iatogid <iatogid> to lie, falsify ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 20
Pima Bajo ja̱hta <yáhta> mentira «a lie» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 245
Pima Bajo ja̱htɯg <yáhteg> mentiroso «deceitful» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 245
Northern Tepehuan jātági <yaatági> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (305a)
Southern Tepehuan i ̱atgi- <'?iatgi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (305a)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve i ̱stun <ístun> mentir «tell a lie» ‣ Pennington 1981: 199
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nistˡakati <iztlacati.n> mentir «lie» ‣ Molina 1571: 49v
Classical Nahuatl istˡakati <(i)ztlacat(i)> to lie ‣ Karttunen 1983: 125
Tetelcingo Mexicano īstˡakati <istlacati ̱> miente «[he] lies» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 133
i-02 coyote (Miller 1967: 109 *ʔis)

Numic *isa | *itˢa <*isa | *ica> coyote ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (20)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute issa <isa> wolf ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 17
Western Mono isa̱ʔ <isa̱'> coyote ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 39
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) itˢappɯ | isa(ppɯ) <itsappü | isa(ppü)> dog, coyote (the
form with tˢ is from Nevada) ‣ Dayley 1989: 39
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone isa dog, coyote ‣ Crapo 1976: 36
Western Shoshone isa | pia isa wolf (cf. itsappe 'coyote') ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone isapeppɯh <isapai-ppeh> Coyote (as a mythological character) ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Shoshone itˢappɯ <itsappe> coyote ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Shoshone pia isan wolf ‣ Miller 1972: 110
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi isakawɯ <’iságawə̥> name of a constellation ‣ K. Hill 1969: 8 [cognate?]
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi �̄saw
̱ <iisaw> coyote ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi �̄saw
̱ <iisaw> coyote ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 194
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal iʃt <ɩćt> coyote ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 56
104
i-03 i-05
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pāʔīhatᶳ <paʔihatʃr> mapache «raccoon» (with pa-07 water) ‣ Harrington 3.99.0363
Tongva (Gabrielino) �̄ʂawt
̱ ̄́
| eʂāwt <ʔ�ʃawt | ʔeʃáawt> lobo «wolf» ‣ Harrington 3.103.0020 |
3.103.0295
Cupan *�̄si-l
̱ <*ʔí:si-l> coyote ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (31)
Luiseño i ̱swut <ʔís-wu-t> wolf ‣ Bright 1968: 9 (with wE-01)
Cupeño i ̱siʎ coyote ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cupeño i ̱swət wolf ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157 (with wE-01)
̃ coyote ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 66
Cahuilla i ̱siʎ <ʔísi-l>
Cahuilla i ̱swet <ʔíswet> wolf ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 66 (with wE-01)
i-03 carrying net

Takic
Cupan *�̄ka-t
̱ <*ʔí:ka‑t> net, carrying ‣ Munro 1990: 244
Luiseño �̄kat
̱ <ʔí·ka-t> carrying net ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cupeño i ̱kat csrrying net ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
Cahuilla i ̱kat <ʔíka‑t> carrying net ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 64
i-04 poison oak

Numic
Southern Numic
́ i ̥> wild grape fruit ‣ K. Hill 1969: 8
Chemehuevi iāpi <’iʲāv
Chemehuevi iāpimpɯ <’iʲāv ́ impə̥> wild grape vine or plant ‣ K. Hill 1969: 8
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) ejāṟ <'iyá·r> = R. 'iya·la «= Luiseño ijāla [poison oak]» ‣ Harrington notes
097
Cupan *ijā-̱ la <*ʔiyá:la> poison oak ‣ Hill & Hill 1968: 241; <*ʔəya:-l / *ʔya:-la> poison oak ‣
Munro 1990: 245 (101)
Luiseño ijāḻ (a) <ʔiyá·-l(a)> poison oak, Rhus diversiloba ‣ Bright 1968: 9
Cupeño əja̱l <eya̱-l> poison oak, Rhus diversifolia ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 154
Cahuilla i ̱jal <ʔíyal> poison oak ‣ Hill & Hill 1968: 241
i-05 prickly pear fruit

Tepiman *ība̱hi <*?ii'bahi> prickly pear, fruit ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (307)
105
i-06 i-10
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ībhai <ʔiibhai> fruit(s) of the prickly pear cactus ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.436
Pima Bajo i ̱bdɯg <íbdeg> fruta «fruit» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 236
Northern Tepehuan ībí- <iibí-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (307)
Southern Tepehuan �̄bai
̱ <'?iibai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (307)
Southeastern Tepehuan ibai <íbay> nopal ‣ Willett 1991: 51
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ikʷáʂi <ícuáxi> fruta «fruit» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 146
i-06 greens
Tepiman *īva̱gi <*?ii'vagi> greens ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (309)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) īvagi ̥ <ʔiivagï> two varieties of wild spinach ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.441
Pima Bajo �̄wag
̱ <'?iivag> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (309)
Northern Tepehuan ivági ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (309)
Southern Tepehuan ‑�̄v̱ aʔ <‑'?iiva?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (309)
i-07 cloth (merged into hi-06)
i-08 squash
Tepiman *ima̱i <*?i'mai> squash ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (311)
Pima Bajo im <im> calabaza «squash» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 225
Northern Tepehuan ímai ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (311)
Southern Tepehuan ima̱i <?i'mai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (311)
i-09 skirt, dress

Tepiman *ipu̱rai <*?i'purai> skirt ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (312)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ipùɖ <ʔipuḑ> skirt, dress ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.444
Pima Bajo ipɯr <íper> falda «skirt» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 235
Northern Tepehuan ipúrai <ipúrai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (312)
Southern Tepehuan ipū̱r <?i'puur> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (312)
i-10 taste
Tepiman *iʔo̱vi <*?i'?ovi> tasty ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (315)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sʔiʔovi ̥ <s-ʔiʔovï> to taste sweet, good in a way that makes one's mouth
water; sweet-tasting ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.453
Northern Tepehuan jóvi <yóvi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (315)
Southern Tepehuan ‑iʔō̱v <‑?i'?oov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (315)
106
i-11 i-13
i-11 dip, ladle

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk itˢ <ʔitṣ, ʔitṣ̅ > ladle ‣ Anderton 1988: 328
Serrano itᶴaj dip, dip up ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño itᶴa̱ki- <ʔičáki-> to dip up (a liquid) ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) īsid <ʔiisid> to get a containerful of obj to somebody ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.439
Cora/Huichol [cognate?]
Cora t�̓tˢahna
̱ <tí'itzajna> está pizcando (maíz) «[he] is harvesting (corn)» ‣ McMahon & McMahon
1959: 78
Wixarika (Huichol) ítˢana- <´ísana=> piscar, cosechar maíz «harvest corn» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 147
i-12 cold *itˢu <*icu> cold ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 256

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ijo̱hoʔo <iyoho'o> be cold ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ītˢtik ātˡ <itztic atl> agua fria «cold water» ‣ Molina 1571: 43r
Classical Nahuatl ītˢtik <ītztic> something cold ‣ Karttunen 1983: 108
Classical Nahuatl ītˢtija | ītˢti | ītˢtia <ītztiya | ītzti | ītztiā> get cold ‣ Karttunen 1983: 108-109
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītˢtik <itzti ̱c> frío «cold» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 135
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītˢtia <itzti ̱a> se enfría «it gets cold» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 135
i-13 meadowlark
Takic
Cupan *isā-̱ l <*ʔisá:‑l> meadowlark ‣ Munro 1990: 243
Luiseño isāḻ <ʔisá·-l> meadowlark ‣ Bright 1968: 9
Cupeño isa̱l <isa̱‑l> meadowlark ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla i ̱sal <ʔísal> meadow lark ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 66
107
i-14 i-15
i-14 wooden paddle

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño �̄val
̱ <ʔí·va-l> wooden paddle used to shape pots or stir food ‣ Bright 1968: 9
Cupeño i ̱vəl stirring paddle (= i ̱va-l) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
i-15 this *i <*ʔi> this ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (116) [Miller 1988 grammatica dm-01]
Numic *i(sɯ(ⁿ)) <*i(sə(N))> this ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (21)
Central Numic
Comanche isɯ | ittɯ <isʉ | itʉ> this ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 24
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute i- <i- | ’i-> this ‣ Sapir 1931: 555
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi iʔ <i'> this ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi i ̱ma <ima> these ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi iʔ <ʔiʔ> this ‣ Whorf 1946: 167
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ih <ʔih> here ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Tübatulabal ij <i·> this (acc.) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 12.2
Takic
Serran
Serrano iviʔ this ‣ kch
Serrano īm these ‣ kch
Serrano īp here ‣ kch
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ivi ̱ʔ <evi’ | ibi | evíh> this ‣ Woodward 2007: 181
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ivi ̱ʔm <evi’m> these ‣ Woodward 2007: 181
Luiseño ivi ̱ʔ <ʔiv-íʔ> this ‣ Bright 1968: 9
Luiseño ivi ̱m <ʔiv-í-m> these ‣ Bright 1968: 9
Cupeño i ̱ʔi this ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cupeño ivi ̱m <ivi-m> these ‣ J. Hill 2005: 226
Cahuilla iʔ <ʔíʔ> this ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 68
Cahuilla i ̱vim <ʔívi-m> these ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 68
Tepiman *ida̱ | *idi ̱ʔi <*?i'da | *?i'di?i> this (one) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (306)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) īdaʔa | īda | īdʔa | id <ʔiida(ʔa) | ʔiidʔa | ʔid> this ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.438
Pima Bajo idi ̱ <idí> este, nom. «this, nom.» (acc. is ik) ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 235
108
i-16 i-16
Northern Tepehuan íɉi <ídʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (306)

Southern Tepehuan ɉīʔ | ɉi ̱ʔi‑ <'dʸii? | 'dʸi?i-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (306)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihi ̱ <ihí> this, these ‣ Miller 1996: 337
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ihe̱ <i-jé> esto «this» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 44
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) i this ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 64
Mayo iʔi <i'i> este «this» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 147
Cora/Huichol
Cora �̄ʔi
̱ <ii'i> ésta, éste, éstas (cosas) «this, these (things)» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 136
́ <íicü> este, esta ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 146
Wixarika (Huichol) �̄kɯ
i-16 we (cf. i-17) [Miller 1988 grammatica pr-05]

Numic *ta(h)-mV | *ta(h)-nV we (incl.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (204)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttammi <tammi> we ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 11
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tammɯ <tammü> we (1st inc plural) ‣ Dayley 1989a: 130
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tammɯn <tammyn> we (plural, inclusive) ‣ Crapo 1976: 81
Shoshone tammɯn <tammen> we (Pl 1 incl) ‣ Miller 1972: 20
Comanche tanɯ <tanʉ> we (1iNp) (1iNp: first person inclusive nominative plural) ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 302
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tama- <taŋwa-> we (pl. incl.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 667
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi i ̱tam <itam> we ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi i ̱tam <ʔitam> we ‣ Whorf 1946: 166
Songoopavi Hopi i ̱tam <ítam> we ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 102 (11)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ājāmūtˢ <a·ýa·´mu·´ts> our ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.188 [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
̓ s̅ atṣr̥> we ‣ Anderton 1988: 328
Kitanemuk itˢam | itˢatᶳ <ʔitsam, it
Serrano itᶴam | atᶴam we ‣ kch
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tᶴāʔam <cháa’am | chaam | tscham> we/us ‣ Woodward 2007: 178
Luiseño tᶴā̱ʔum | tᶴā̱ʔam | tᶴa̱ʔam | tᶴamʔ <čá·ʔum | čá·ʔam | čáʔam | čámʔ> we ‣ Bright 1968: 11
109
i-17 ja-01
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tami ̱de <tamíde> nosotros «we» ‣ Pennington 1981: 226
Ópata tamido we ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Mayo itapo <ítapo> nosotros (sujeto) «we» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 147
Cora/Huichol
́ e <táame> nosotros «we» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 97
Wixarika (Huichol) tām
i-17 we (cf. i-16) [Miller 1988 grammatica set pr-05]

Takic
Serran
Serrano tᶴ | tᶴɯmɯʔ | tᶴɯmɯ we | we-(past) | we-(pl.obj) (pronominal clitics) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ejō̱momaʔ <'eyóomoma'> nosotros «we» ‣ Harrington notes 610
Cupan
Cupeño tᶴəm <chem> [we] ‣ J. Hill 2005: 233
Cahuilla tᶴe̱mem | tᶴem <čémem | čém | čem> [we] ‣ Seiler 1977: 105
Tepiman *ātɯ̱ ʔi | *āti ̱ʔi <*?aa'tɨ?i | *'?aati?i> we ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (297)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ātᶴim <ʔaacim> we, us ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.360
Pima Bajo āṯ i <'?aati> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (297)
Northern Tepehuan ātɯ́ - <aat� ́-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (297)
Southern Tepehuan āc̱ iʔ <'?aatʸi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (297)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) itepo <itepo> we ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 66
Tubar
Tubar ite̱ | iti ̱ || ete̱ <i-té | i-tí || e-té> nosotros, nuestro «we, our» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 77 || 55
Cora/Huichol
Cora i ̱tēn <íteen> nosotros «we» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 136
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tehwāntin <tehuantin> noſotros «we» ‣ Molina 1571: 94r
Classical Nahuatl teʔwān <tehhuān> we, us ‣ Karttunen 1983:
Tetelcingo Mexicano tehwa | tehwante <tejua | tejuante> nosotros «we» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 224
Pipil tehemet <tehemet> we ‣ Campbell 1985: 481
ja-01 sit (Miller 1967: 380 *ya | *yas) *jansi <*yansi> to sit ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *jansa <*yansa>
to sit ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (76)
110
ja-02 ja-02
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jēs̱ e <yeese> sit (pl.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jantˢɯt <yandzït> sits down ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 21.3
Tepiman *da̱ha <*'daha> to be seated ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (17); *da̱ikaroi <*'daikaroi> chair ‣
Bascom 1965: 156 (18)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) da̱ha | dā <'daha | 'daa> to be seated ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (17)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) daikuɖ <daikuḑ> chair ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.254
Pima Bajo da̱ha | dā <'daha | 'daa> to be seated ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (17)
Northern Tepehuan dáxa <dáha> to be seated ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (17)
Northern Tepehuan dáíkaroi <dáíkaroi> chair ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (18)
Southern Tepehuan dā <'daa> to be seated ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (17)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jasipa̱ni <yasipá-ni> to sit down, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 413
Guarijío jaasa̱ni <yaasá-ni> to be seated, sitting, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 413
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) asi ̱ra <asira> estar sentado «be seated» ‣ Hilton 1959: 7
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve dase̱n <dasén> sentarse «sit down» ‣ Pennington 1981: 177
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jēsa <yeesa> sit down (sg.; used in imp. only) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 178
Mayo jēsa : i ̱meʔe jēsa; jesaʔe <yeesa : íme'e yeesa; ¡yesa'e!> (sujeto singular) : siéntese aquí;
¡siéntate! ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 195
Tubar
Tubar ɲetˢe̱- <ñeȼé-> estar ‣ Lionnet 1978: 70
Cora/Huichol
Cora auhujei ̱hsɯ̓ <aujuyeíjsʌ'ʌ> se sienta «[he] sits» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 116
Wixarika (Huichol) jāʂ́ e- <yáaxe=> empezar a estar sentado (mult.) «begin to be seated [pl.]» ‣
Grimes et al. 1981: 127
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl je <ye> to be ‣ Karttunen 1983: 335
Tetelcingo Mexicano nijes <ni ̱yes> seré, estaré «I will be» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 138
ja-02 place in sitting position (sg. obj.) *jatˢa <*yaca> to set it down ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (40)
Tepiman *dās̱ ai <*'daasai> he sets down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14a); *dās̱ a <*'daasa(‑)> to set down ‣
Bascom 1965: 156 (14b); *da̱i <*'dai> he set down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14c)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dāʂ <daax> to put obj in a sitting position (somewhere) ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.240
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dai to put obj in a sitting position (def) ‣ Mathiot 1073: 1.240, 253
Pima Bajo dāʂ̱ a- <'daašạ -> to set down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14b)
111
ja-03 ja-03
Pima Bajo da̱i <'dai> he set down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14c)
Northern Tepehuan dāš ai <daásai> he sets down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14a)
Northern Tepehuan dāš a <daása> to set down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14b)
Northern Tepehuan daí he set down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14c)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ɉās̱ a‑ <‑'dʸaasa-> to set down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14b)
Southern Tepehuan da̱i <'dai> he set down ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (14c)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jahtᶴa̱ni <yahcá-ni> to place sitting, pl. obj. ‣ Miller 1996: 412
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) atᶴa̱ <achá> poner (una sola cosa o persona) «put, sg. obj.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 4
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jetᶴa <yecha> put, set, place it; take off (clothing); awaken, get someone up
‣ Molina et al. 1999: 177
Mayo amanwaʔa jettᶴa <ámanwa'a yetcha> poner : ponlo allí «put : put it there» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 84
Cora/Huichol
Cora raʔuhujei ̱tˢa <ra'ujuyeíjtza> lo sienta «[he] places it» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 169
Wixarika (Huichol) jāt́ ˢa- <yáasa=> poner, hacer parar «put, make stop» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 126
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl mojetˢtika <moyetztica> eſta ſu merced encaſa «his lordship is at home» ‣ Molina
1571: 58r
ja-03 nose (Miller 1967: 308 *yaka) <*yakaR> ‣ AMR; *jaka <*yaka> nose ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978:
275 (260); *jaska <*yaska> nose, end ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (110)
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono joka̱pī <yog̸ab
̱ i> nasal mucus, snot ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 302
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute jakāmakka <yaγa·´-ma-q·A> at the end of it ‣ Sapir 1931: 723
Southern Ute jakāpɯ <yaĝáa-vu̧ > side ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 209
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jaqa̱ʔat <yaqa('at)> nose ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jahāwit <yaha·wi-t> the point of a hill ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Tepiman *dāk
̱ a <*'daaka> nose ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (11)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dāk <daak> nose, nostril(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.237
Pima Bajo dāk <daak> nariz «nose» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 247
Northern Tepehuan dāǩ a <daáka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (11)
Southern Tepehuan dāk <'daak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (11)
112
ja-04 ja-04
Southeastern Tepehuan dākad <[´daa.kaʔn]> his nose ‣ Willett 1991: 16

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jahka̱ <yahká> nose ‣ Miller 1996: 412
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) aka̱ <acá> cara, nariz «face, nose» ‣ Hilton 1959: 3
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve daka̱t <dacát> nariz «nose» ‣ Pennington 1981: 176
Ópata daka <daca> nose ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jeka <yeka> nose; hood (of car) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 178
Mayo jekka <yecca> nariz «nose» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 195
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) jḗ.karáu <yée.caráu> pico de ave «bird's beak» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 128
Nahua *jaka- <*yaka-> nose ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (117)
Classical Nahuatl jakatˡ <yacatl> nariz, o punta de algo «nose, point of something» ‣ Molina 1571:
30v
Classical Nahuatl jakatˡ <yac(a)-tl> nose, point, ridge ‣ Karttunen 1983: 333
Tetelcingo Mexicano ījekatˢol <iyecatzol> su nariz «his nose» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 138
Pochutla Mexicano nojek <noyéc> mi nariz «my nose» (unpossessed jeket <yequét> given in
parentheses) ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil -jak <-yak> nose ‣ Campbell 1985: 585
ja-04 carry (Miller 1967: 79 *ya)

Numic *jā <*yaa> carry/take/fetch ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (289)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jā <yaa"> carry in the hands, get ‣ Dayley 1989: 403
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jā <jaa"> to get, to carry, to take, to take hold, to catch hold, to
pick up (sg. obj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 36
Western Shoshone jā <yaa"> carry, take ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jā <yaaG> to get; to carry; to pick up (sg. obj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 149
Comanche jātɯ <yaarʉ> take one or several things ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 157
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jā- <yaa-> to carry SG OBJ ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 295
Chemehuevi jawi- <ja'wi> carry-sg-obj ‣ Press 1979: 148
Southern Paiute jā- <ya·-> to carry one object ‣ Sapir 1931: 720
Southern Ute jāʔwaī <yáa?wa ̧y> carry, take by hand ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 209
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ja̱wta <yaw|ta> hold, carry in the hand ‣ Hopi Dictionary
113
ja-05 ja-06
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jaw <jaw, � ̅aw, � ̅aw̅ > grasp, grab, catch ‣ Anderton 1988: 585
Kitanemuk jāʔ <jaʔ, jāʔ, jā> carry, bring ‣ Anderton 1988: 582
Serrano jej seize, catch ‣ kch
Serrano jāʔ take, carry ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jāw- : xaj ne hetā̱ jāwk <xay ne hetáa yaawk> no tengo nada «have, hold: I
don't have anything» ‣ Harrington notes 562
Cupan
Luiseño jāw- <yá·w-> to have, hold ‣ Bright 1968: 53
Cupeño jaw- <ya̱we> to bring, carry ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 179
Cahuilla ‑jaw- <‑yáw-> to catch, get hold of (sing. object in motion); to touch; to have, hold,
take care of ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 248
ja-05 come (Miller 1967: 98 *ya) *jahi | *jahispa <*yahis(pa)> to come, pl. ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (82)
Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone jaʔi <ya'i> enter, go in ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jai <ya̅� ̅H | ya̅� ̅G> to go in, to enter (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 150
Shoshone jɯwi | jɯi <yewiG | yeiG> to enter ‣ Miller 1972: 151 [cognate?]
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ja̱jn
̤ a <yàyna> start, begin ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi jāhinta <yaahinta> be starting ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) daiv to arrive somewhere on foot or on horseback at a walking pace ‣
Mathiot 1973: 1.254
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jaha <yaha> arrive (pl.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 176
Mayo jahha : neham jahhak <yajja : béjam yájjac> (sujeto plural) : ya llegaron «they arrived, pl.
subj.» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 194
ja-06 die (Miller 1967: 132 *ya) (moved to tE-20)
114
ja-07 ja-08
ja-07 say (Miller 1967: 363 *ya) <*yaka> ‣ AMR

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ja- | jax- <yá- | yáx-> to say, tell ‣ Bright 1968: 53
Cupeño jax <yaxe;‑0> to say ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ‑jax- <‑yáx-, ‑yax-> to be so, to say ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 250
ja-08 run (Miller 1967: 358 *ya)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jawɯ(sɯ) <yawü(sü)> quickly, fast, in a hurry; hurry up! ‣
Dayley 1989: 406
Western Shoshone jawisɯn <yawisen> in a hurry, hurry up! ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jawisen | jamasua <yawi-sen | yama-sua> fast; soon; hurry up ‣ Miller 1972: 150
Takic
Serran
Serrano jaʔi run ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño jaʔ- <yáʔ-> to run, be fast; to flow ‣ Bright 1968: 53
Cupeño ja̱ʔjax <ya̱'e;‑yaxe> to run (sg. subj.) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ja̱ʔik <yáʔik> runner, good runner ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 251
Cahuilla ja̱ʔi <yáʔi> wind ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 251
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío japi ̱ <yapí> quickly ‣ Miller 1996: 412
Cora/Huichol
Cora nānu̱jeʔive <naanúye'ibe> yo puedo andar «I can walk» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 149
Wixarika (Huichol) jéi- <yéi=> moverse, andar, caminar «move along, walk» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
128
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nijaw <yauh.ni> yr a alguna parte «go somewhere» ‣ Molina 1571: 31v
Classical Nahuatl jā | jaw <yā | yauh> to go ‣ Karttunen 1983: 333
Tetelcingo Mexicano nija <ni ̱ya> voy «I go, I am going» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 138
Tetelcingo Mexicano nijās <ni ̱yös> iré «I will go» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 138
115
ja-09 ja-12
ja-09 grow (Miller 1967: 208 *ya (*yam ?))

Takic
Serran
Serrano jāŋḵ grow, grow up ‣ kch
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jaʔwina̱ <yaʔwi-ná> to sprout ‣ Miller 1996: 413
ja-10 mockingbird (Miller 1967: 285 *yapa (*yaNVpa ?))

Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute jampa <ya´mpA> mocking bird ‣ Sapir 1931: 722
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ja̱ɦpa <yàapa> mockingbird ‣ Hopi Dictionary
ja-11 cry
Numic *jake <*yake> cry (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (290)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute jaka <yaga> cry ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 63
Western Mono jaka- <yag̸a-> to cry ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 299
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jakai | jake <yakai" | yake"> cry, make noise (of animals) ‣
Dayley 1989: 405
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jakai <jakai"> to cry, to mourn (sg. subj.); to bark ‣ Crapo 1976: 37
Western Shoshone jake <yakai"> cry ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jakai | jake <yakaiG> to cry (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 150
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jaki- <yagi-> to cry; to sing (of a bird), to crow (of a rooster), etc. ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990:
295
Chemehuevi jakappɯ <jagápə̥> annual cry (such as Mohs. and Chems. have) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 8
Southern Ute jakaī <yaĝáy> cry ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 209
ja-12 laugh
Numic *ja... <*ya...> laugh (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (288)
116
ja-13 ja-16
Western Numic
Western Mono jawi- <yawi-> to laugh ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 300
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jahi | jahe <yahi" | yahe"> laugh ‣ Dayley 1989: 404
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jahnai <jahnai"> to laugh ‣ Crapo 1976: 36
Western Shoshone jahne <yahnai"> laugh ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jahnai | jahne <yahnaiG> to laugh (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 149
Comanche jahnēttɯ <yahneetʉ> laugh ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 157
ja-13 yesterday
Nahua *jālwa <*yaalwa> yesterday ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (197)
Classical Nahuatl jālwa <yalhua> ayer «yesterday» ‣ Molina 1571: 30v
Classical Nahuatl jālwa <yālhua> yesterday ‣ Karttunen 1983: 334
Tetelcingo Mexicano ījālwa | ījāla <iyöljua | iyöla> ayer «yesterday» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 12
Pochutla Mexicano alwa <alguá> ayer «yesterday» ‣ Boas 1917: 25
Pipil jāluwa <ya:luwa> yesterday ‣ Campbell 1985: 586
ja-14 over, above

Tepiman *dām
̱ a <*'daama> over, above ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (12)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dām <daam> on, on top of, above, over obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.237
Pima Bajo dām <daam> arriba, alto «up, high» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 222
̌ a <daáma> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (12)
Northern Tepehuan dām
Southern Tepehuan dām <'daam> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (12)
ja-15 smooth
Tepiman *dāpa̱ka <*daa'paka> smooth ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (13)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sdāpk <s-daapk> to be smooth, slippery, nude, bare ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.239
Pima Bajo dāp̱ ak <'daapak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (13)
Pima Bajo dapɯk <dápek> liso «smooth» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 242
Northern Tepehuan dāpáka <daapáka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (13)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ɉāp̱ ak <‑'dʸaapak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (13)
ja-16 leave alone

Tepiman *dagi ̱to <*da'gito> to leave alone ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (15)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dagito <'dagito> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (15)
Pima Bajo da̱ktᶴi <dákchi> dejar, abandonar «leave, abandon» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 231
Northern Tepehuan dagíco <dagítʸo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (15)
Southern Tepehuan do̱gco <'dogtʸo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (15)
117
ja-17 ja-20
ja-17 knead
Tepiman *daga̱vinai <*da'gavinai> he kneads ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (16a); *daga̱vini <*da'gavini> to
knead ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (16b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dagivin to knead, crumble a soft substance; to pick waste materials out of
obj (such as grain or beans) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.248
Pima Bajo da̱gɯwɲ <dágewny> amasar «knead» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 220
Northern Tepehuan dagíviɲai <dagíviñai> he kneads ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (16a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑da̱ʔaviɲ <‑'da?aviñ> to knead ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (16b)
ja-18 fly (Miller 1967: 182 *ya)

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi jāsɯ- <'jaasɨ> fly off-pl ‣ Press 1979: 148
Southern Paiute jāʃa- <ya·c·a-> several fly off ‣ Sapir 1931: 723
Southern Ute jāsī <yáasi> flock, fly in a flock ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 209
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) daʔa to fly (a bird, an airplane) (sgs) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.256
Pima Bajo daʔitᶴi <dá'ichi> volar «fly» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 262
ja-19 wild carrot

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono jāppana̱ʔ <yaapana̱'> a species of mushrooms ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 298 [cognate?]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jampa <yampa> wild carrot ‣ Dayley 1989: 405
Western Shoshone jampa <yampa> wild carrot with white flowers ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jampa <yampa> wild carrot ‣ Miller 1972: 150
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jabatabɯ | jampatabɯ <yabara-bɨ | yambara-bɨ> yampah, carrot, Perideridia pringlei ‣
Zigmond et al. 1990: 295
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jampal <yamba-l> wild carrots ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
ja-20 mother
Tepiman *dād
̱ a <*'daada> mother ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (10)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dād <daad> mother's elder sister; godmother ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.236
118
ja-21 ja-23
Pima Bajo dād | ɉād <daad | dyaad> madre «mother» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 243
Northern Tepehuan dāď a <daáda> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (10)
Southern Tepehuan dād <'daad> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (10)
ja-21 yearn after, cherish *jaʔa <*yaʔa> to yearn after, cherish ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (129)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jāʔat <ya·ʔ[-at]> to yearn for his master ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) daʔa to hold onto, keep obj to oneself, to be reluctant to part with, share
obj, to be attached to obj; to side up with, back up obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.257
ja-22 alive
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jajnat live (of a person or mineral medicine nɨviɨt [nɯviɯt] in its raw state) ‣ Anderton
1988: 586
Serrano jēint living one ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jāj̱ t <yáayt> vivo «alive» ‣ Harrington notes 586
ja-23 germinate
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ja̱ma <yama> emerge, come into view, go or come out ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jamavaʔ <jamavaʔ, jam̅ avaʔ> the month of March or April, when theere are flowers
‣ Anderton 1988: 584
Kitanemuk jāmɯatᶳ <jáməatʃr> March ('flower month') ‣ Anderton 1988: 584
Serrano jāmaj <yá·may> brotar «germinate» ‣ Harrington notes 104
Serrano jāmavaʔ springtime ‣ kch
Serrano jāmamɯātᶳ <yá·mamʷa·tṣ> Marzo. Means it is tiempo de brotar, from S. yá·may, brotar.
«March. Means it is the time of germinating, from the Serrano yá·may, germinate.» ‣ Harrington
notes 104
Cupan *jam�̄-tᶴa
̱ <*yamí:-ča> forest ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (47)
Luiseño jam�̄tᶴa
̱ <yamí·-ča> forest, thick brush ‣ Bright 1968: 53
Cupeño jami ̱ʃ <yemi ̱-sh> forest; dense (= yami ̱-sh) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
119
ja-24 ja-27
̃ leaves ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 247

Cahuilla ja̱miʎ <yámil>
ja-24 enclosure
Takic
Serran
Serrano jāŋitᶴ enclosure with walls but no roof ‣ kch
̱ ʔar <jā́ŋ'ʌr> Los Angeles ("no etym. Does not mean poison oak. Forgot name
Tongva (Gabrielino) jāŋ
for poison oak." [poison oak is ejāṟ ]) ‣ Harrington notes 187 (cf. i-04)
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑ja̱ŋi- <‑yáŋi-> to build an encircling fance or a roofless shed for gathering of people or
keeping animals ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 248
ja-25 lizard sp.

Takic
Serran
Serrano jāŋvaʔ lizard sp. ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ja̱ŋvaʔ <yáŋvaʔ> black lizard (living under the bark of a tree) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 248
ja-26 thin, skinny

Takic
Serran
Serrano jeipḵ be or become thin, lean, skinny (of a person) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jarō̱reʔ <yaróore'> flaco «thin» ‣ Harrington notes 433
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑ja̱wi- <‑yáwi-> to get skinny, thin ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 249
ja-27 believe
Takic
Serran
Serrano jawamin believe ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jawāj̱ no <yawáayno> creelo! «believe it!» ‣ Harrington notes 662
120
ja-28 jE-01
ja-28 creosote bush

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jātᶳ <jatʃr̥, jātʃr̥> hediondilla «creosote bush» ‣ Anderton 1988: 583
Serrano jāʳtᶳ creosote bush, "greasewood" ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jar <yar> una clase de rama «a kind of branch» (Harrington notes of the
vowel: "not very long") ‣ Harrington notes 533
ja-29 far
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jāp <yaa|p> far apart, far away, at a distance, farther ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic (see pE-16)
jE-01 mother (Miller 1967: 486a *ye) *jɯk <*yɨk> ‣ AMR; *jɯʔɯ <*yɨʔɨ> mother ‣ Campbell & Langacker
1987: 275 (254); *jɯʔɯ <*yɨʔɨ> mother ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (106)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jɯ̱ ʔat <yu('at)> (his/her) mother ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi i ̱ŋɯ <ingu> my mother ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi i ̱ŋɯʔɯ <íngu'u> my mother (pausal form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi jɯ̱̆ ʔam <yẹʔam> their mother ‣ Whorf 1946: 171
Musangnuvi Hopi i ̱ŋɯ | i ̱ŋɯʔɯ <ʔíŋe(ʔè)> my mother ‣ Whorf 1946: 171, note 19
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑jɯʔ <‑� ̅əʔə, ‑jəʔə, ‑� ̅əʔ> mother ‣ Anderton 1988: 587
Serrano ‑jɯʔ, ‑jɯḵ- mother ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ‑ōk, ‑ok, ‑wk : neō̱k | neo̱k; mōk | mok; ok | awk <nẹóok | nyóok | nyok;
móok | mok; ók | 'áawk> my mother; tu madre (your mother); his mother ‣ Harrington notes 588,
315
Cupan *jə-t <*yə́-t> female ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (41)
Luiseño ‑joʔ <‑yóʔ> mother ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Luiseño jō̱tu <yóotu> become a mother ‣ Elliott 1999: 1139
Cupeño ‑jə <‑ye> mother ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ‑je <‑ye> mother ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 251
121
jE-02 jE-03
Cahuilla jet <yét> female (for animals) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 252
Tepiman *dɯʔɯ̱ dɯ <*dɨ'?ɨdɨ> his mother ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (33)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯʔɯ <jeʔe> mother; mother's elder sister (also called daad) ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.419
Pima Bajo dɯ̱ ʔɯ‑ <'dɨ?ɨ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (33)
Northern Tepehuan dɯ̄́ dɯ <d� ́� ́dɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (33)
Southern Tepehuan dɯʔɯ̱̄ d <dɨ'?ɨɨd> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (33)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jeʔje̱ | jeje̱ | jeʔe̱ <yeʔyé | yeyé | yeʔé> mother; MoYoBrWi, FaYoBrWi, HuOlBrCh,
HuOlSiCh; Godmother; God's wife ‣ Miller 1996: 414
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ije̱ <iyé> madre, mamá «mother» ‣ Hilton 1959: 39
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve de̱wa <dégua> madre «mother» ‣ Pennington 1981: 177
Ópata dee̱ <deé> mother ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ae | aje <ae | aye> mother ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 19
Mayo ajje <aiye> madre «mother» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 64
Tubar
Tubar inja̱ | inja̱r <inyá | inyá-r> madre «mother» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 55
Cora/Huichol
Cora nijēḵ ʷari <niyeécuari> mi abuela, mi nieta, (nieto) «my grandmother, my grandchild» ‣
McMahon & McMahon 1959: 157 (with kwa-09)
Nahua
Pochutla Mexicano noje <noyé> mi madre «my mother» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
jE-02 open
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jeʔepu̱na | jeepu̱na <yeʔepú-na | yeepú-na> to open ‣ Miller 1996: 414
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) je̱atᶴi <yéachi> abierto (puerta, ventana); abertura «open (door, window);
opening» ‣ Hilton 1959: 76
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) jēp�̄-́ <yeepíi=> abrir «open» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 129
jE-03 smoke tobacco (Miller 1967: 394 *yena)

Tepiman *dɯ̱̄ nɯi, *dɯ̱̄ ni- <*'dɨɨnɨi/i-> to smoke ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (34)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯ̄ ɲ <jeeñ> to smoke obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.410
Pima Bajo dɯ̄ ɲ- <'dɨɨñ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (34)
Pima Bajo dɯn <den> fumar, chupar «smoke, suck» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 236
Northern Tepehuan dɯ̄̌ nɯi <dɨ�ń ɨi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (34)
122
jE-04 jE-06
Southern Tepehuan ‑dɯ̄ n <‑'dɨɨn> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (34)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jeʔnina̱̱ <yeʔni-ná> to suck; to smoke ‣ Miller 1996: 414
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jena <yena> smoke ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 178
Mayo jenna <yenna> fuma, está fumando «smoke, is smoking (tobacco)» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962:
196
Cora/Huichol
Cora jāhana <yaájana> está fumando «[he] is smoking» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 44
Wixarika (Huichol) jená- <yená=> fumar ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 128
jE-04 make tracks

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯ̄ ktᶴ <jeekc> to find the tracks left by obj once ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.409
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯkiam <jekiam> to look for and recognize the tracks left by obj ‣
Mathiot 1973: 1.416
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jehkina̱ <yehki-ná> to make tracks ‣ Miller 1996: 414
jE-05 hole *jɯwa <*yɨwa> space, opening ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (108)
Tepiman *dɯ̱ ga <*'dɨga> hole ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (28); *dɯga̱ra(‑) <*dɨ'gara(‑)> to make a hole ‣
Bascom 1965: 158 (29)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯg <jeg> hole, opening, clearing, open country; to have a hole, an
opening ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.413
Pima Bajo dɯg <'dɨg> hole ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (28)
Pima Bajo dɯ̱ gɯr- <'dɨgɨr-> to make a hole ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (29)
Northern Tepehuan dɯ́ ga <d� ́ga> hole ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (28)
Northern Tepehuan dɯgára- <dɨgára-> to make a hole ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (29)
Southern Tepehuan ‑dɯʔ <‑'dɨ?> hole ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (28)
Southern Tepehuan dɯgāṟ <dɨ'gaar> to make a hole ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (29)
Southeastern Tepehuan d ̄ <[dïïʔ]> hole ‣ Willett 1991: 22
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jewa̱ <yewá> hole ‣ Miller 1996: 414
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hide̱wa <hidégua> agujero «hole» ‣ Pennington 1981: 188
jE-06 close, shut (Miller 1967: 91a *ye)

Numic *‑jɯ- <*‑yə-> doorway ‣ Ianucci 1973: 123 (294)
123
jE-07 jE-08
Central Numic
Comanche muhjɯ <muhyʉ> doorway ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 47
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute jɯɯ̄ <yïï´‘> doorway ‣ Sapir 1931: 724
Southern Ute jɯɯppɯ <yu̧ ú̧-pu̧ > doorway, opening, gap in wall ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 211
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jɯhpal <yɨhpa-l> the door ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Tübatulabal jɯhpat <yɨhpa[t]> to shut it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jɯ̄ vatᶳ <jə́vatr̥, jəvatʃr, jə̄vatʃ; jə̄vatʃr> door or doorway ‣ Anderton 1988: 589
Kitanemuk jɯ̄ van <jəvan, jə̄van> outside ‣ Anderton 1988: 590
Serrano jɯ̄ vanuʔ from outside ‣ kch
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jeʔete̱na <yeʔeté-na> to close ‣ Miller 1996: 414
jE-07 come (Miller 1967: 97 *ye)

Numic
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jɯnkah <jynkah> to live, to wander, to travel (pl. subj.) ‣ Crapo
1976: 38
Western Shoshone jɯnka <yenka> travel, wander ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jɯnka <yenkaH> to move around, to wander; to survive, to make a living in the
aboriginal fashion of hunting and gathering (pl. subj.) (cf. sg. subj. nemi <nemiH>) ‣ Miller 1972:
150 (cf. nE-09)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jegina̱ <yegi-ná> to accept an invitation to a festival ‣ Miller 1996: 414
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl eʔkō <ehcō> to arrive ‣ Karttunen 1983: 75
Pipil ehku to arrive ‣ Campbell 1985: 205
jE-08 sit (pl.)

Numic *jɯkʷi | *jɯhkʷi <*yəkʷi | *yəhkʷi (dur.)> sit ‣ Ianucci 1973: 123 (297)
Western Numic
Western Mono jɯkkʷittɯkɯ- <yɨkwitɨgɨ-> to sit down, be in a sitting position and idle ‣ Bethel et
al. 1993: 302
124
jE-09 jE-10
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jɯkʷi <yükwi> sit, camp, stay; be positioned, located,
situated, dl ‣ Dayley 1989: 413
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jɯkʷi <jykwi"> to sit (dl. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 38
Western Shoshone jɯkʷi <yekwi"> sit (down), stay (pl.) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jɯkʷi <yekwiG> to sit (pl. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 150
Comanche jɯkʷimiʔatɯ <yʉkwimiʔarʉ> sit down, stay (pl) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 159
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jukʷi- <yugwi-> to live; to sit, stay PL ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 298
Southern Paiute jukʷi- <yuγwi-ˢ> to sit (plur.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 729
Southern Ute jukʷiī <yugwí> be sitting, sit (pl. subj.) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 210
jE-09 swallow (Miller 1967: 425 *ye) *jɯᵤʔɯ <*yɨᵤʔɨ> to swallow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (168)
Numic *jɯ(h)wi <*yə(h)wi> swallow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 123 (290)
Western Numic
Western Mono jɯkkʷɯ- <yɨkwɨ-> to swallow ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 302
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) juŋuh | juŋʷɯh <yunguh | yungwüh> suck, suckle, swallow
‣ Dayley 1989: 411
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jɯmɯ <jymu"> to swallow ‣ Crapo 1976: 38
Western Shoshone jɯwɯ <yewe"> swallow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jɯmɯ <yemeG> to swallow ‣ Miller 1972: 150
Comanche jɯwittɯ <yʉwitʉ> swallow something ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 160
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jɯʔɯki- <yɨʔɨgi-> to swallow ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 296
Chemehuevi jɯʔɯkki- <jɨ'?ɨki> swallow ‣ Press 1979: 149
Southern Paiute jɯʔɯkki <yï’ï´-k·I> to swallow ‣ Sapir 1931: 724
Southern Ute jɯʔɯki <yu̧ ʔú̧ -kh> swallow (once) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 211
Southern Ute jɯjɯ̱ kī <yu̧ yú̧ -gi> swallow (slow process) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 211
jE-10 porcupine
Numic *jɯhnɯⁿ <*yəhnəN> porcupine ‣ Ianucci 1973: 123 (296)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jɯhmɯ <yühmü> porcupine ‣ Dayley 1989: 413
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jɯhnɯn <jyhnyn> porcupine ‣ Crapo 1976: 38
Western Shoshone jɯhnɯn | jɯhnɯttˢi <yehnen | yehnettsi> porcupine ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jɯhnɯn <yehnen> porcupine ‣ Miller 1972: 150
125
jE-11 jE-12
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi jɯŋɯ <jə́ŋə̥> porcupine ‣ K. Hill 1969: 8
Southern Paiute jɯŋɯmpɯtˢi <yɩŋï´-mpïts·, yï ̨ŋï´-mputs·> porcupine ‣ Sapir 1931: 725
Southern Ute jɯ̄ ppɯtᶴi <yú̧ u̧-pu̧ -ci> porcupine ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 211
jE-11 autumn
Numic *jɯpa <*yəpa> autumn ‣ Ianucci 1973: 123 (298)
Western Numic
Western Mono jɯpa̱nō <yɨba̱no> fall, autumn, in the fall ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 301
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jɯpani <yüpani> autumn, fall ‣ Dayley 1989: 414
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jɯpani <jypani> fall, autumn ‣ Crapo 1976: 39
Western Shoshone jɯpani <yepani> fall, autumn, in the fall time ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jɯpani <yepani> fall, autumn ‣ Miller 1972: 150
Comanche jɯpa <yʉba> fall season ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 159
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jɯpana <yɨvana> autumn ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 297
Chemehuevi jɯpana <jɨ'van> spring or autumn ‣ Press 1979: 149
Southern Paiute jɯpana <yïvʷańA, yï(u)vʷαńA> autumn, fall ‣ Sapir 1931: 725
Southern Ute jupana <yuvwá-na> fall (season) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 211
jE-12 fly
Numic *jo(h)tˢi | *jo(h)ti | *jɯ(h)tɯ |ɐ *jɯ(h)tˢɯ <*yo(h)ci | *yo(h)ti | *yə(h)tə | *yə(h)cə> fly
(vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (292)
Western Numic
Western Mono jottˢi- <yotsi-> to fly, get up, stand up ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 303
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) jɯtˢɯ <yütsü"> fly ‣ Dayley 1989: 415
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jɯtˢɯ <jycy"> to get up, arise; to fly ‣ Crapo 1976: 38
Western Shoshone jɯtˢɯ <yetse"> fly; get up ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jɯtˢɯ <yetseG> to get up, to fly (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 151
Comanche jɯtˢɯtɯ <yʉtsʉrʉ> rise up, go up, fly up ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 160
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jotˢi- <yozi-> to jump; to fly ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 297
Southern Ute jɯtᶴī <yu̧ cí> fly, alight, fly off ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 211
126
jE-13 jE-15
jE-13 rot
Tepiman *dɯva̱riga <*dɨ'variga> rotten ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (31)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯvalig <jevalig> rot, rotten piece(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.417
Pima Bajo dɯ̱ wɯʎ <déwely> podrido «rotten» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 252
Northern Tepehuan diváliga <diváliga> (sic, with i not ɨ) ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (31)
Southern Tepehuan ɉɯvāʎ̱ iʔ <dʸɨ'vaalʸi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (31)
jE-14 earth, dirt

Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute jippɯ <yippɨ> broad valley ‣ Thornes 2003: 22
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi jɯwāpi <jɨ'waav(i)> plain ‣ Press 1979: 149
Southern Paiute juā- <yua·-ˢ> level, plain ‣ Sapir 1931: 727
Southern Paiute juāpi <yua·´-ɸI> desert ‣ Sapir 1931: 727
Southern Ute ju̱āpi <yúaa-vi> plains, open country, wild country, ground, floor, flat-lands,
country (unexpected initial/antepenultimate stress) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 210
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jɯt <yɨ-t> the valley ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Takic
Serran
Serrano juāḵaiam Chemehuevi(s), Paiute(s) ‣ kch [Numic loanword]
Cupan
Cupeño jəpa̱ʃ <yepa̱-sh> valley ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Tepiman *dɯvɯ̱ rai <*dɨ'vɨrai> earth, dirt ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (32)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯvuɖ <jevuḑ> land, ground, country, earth, world ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.418
Pima Bajo dɯ̱ wɯr <déwer> tierra «earth» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 259
Northern Tepehuan dɯvɯ́ rai <dɨv� ́rai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (32)
Southern Tepehuan dɯvɯ̱̄ r <dɨ'vɨɨr> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (32)
jE-15 jaguar
Tepiman *dɯdɯ̱ vari <*dɨ'dɨvari> tiger ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (27)
Northern Tepehuan dɯdɯ́ vɯli <dɨd� ́vɨli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (27)
Southern Tepehuan dɯ̱ dvaʎ <'dɨdvalʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (27)
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jooko <yóoko> spotted, jaguar ‣ Molina et al. 1990: 182
127
jE-16 jE-18
Mayo jooko <yóoco> tigre «jaguar» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 196
jE-16 taste *jɯkɯ <*yɨkɨ> to taste ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (107)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jɯ̱ kɯ <yuku> make, fix, explain, finish, taste ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯ̄ k- <jeek-> to taste something ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.409
jE-17 aunt (Miller 1967: 486b *ye)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑jɯr, ‑jɯha- <‑jər, ‑� ̅ər, ‑jəham> aunt of a certain type, or mother-in-law ‣ Anderton
1988: 588
Serrano ‑jɯ̄ r, ‑jɯ̄ h- younger parallel aunt: MoYoSi, MoYoF//Co, stepmother, FaYoBrWi,
FaYo//CoWi ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) neō̱ʔoʂ <nyóo'oʃ> mi tia «my aunt» ‣ Harrington notes 408
Cupan
Luiseño ‑jo̱smaj <‑yós-may> aunt, i.e., mother's younger sister ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Cupeño ‑jə̱ʂma <‑ye̱s̷hma> aunt: mo younger si, mo female cross-cous, stepmother, fa yo bro wi
‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ‑jes <‑yes> mother's younger sister; stepmother ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 252
Tepiman ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19); *disi ̱ka <*di'sika> aunt ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19a); *didi ̱sika
<*di'disika> aunts ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾisk <jisk> mother's younger sister or female relative ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.421
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾi ̱dᶾsī <'jijsii> aunts ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19b)
Pima Bajo dᶾiʃk <'jišk> aunt ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19a)
Northern Tepehuan ɉiʃíka <dʸišíka> aunt ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19a)
Northern Tepehuan ɉiɉíʃika <dʸidʸíšika> aunts ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19b)
Southern Tepehuan ɉiʃ�̄ḵ <dʸi'šiik> aunt ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (19a)
jE-18 for time to pass

Takic
Serran
Serrano jɯ̄ ŋɯʔḵ be a long time, be later ‣ kch
128
jE-19 jE-21
Cupan
Cupeño jə̱ŋjax <ye̱nge;‑yaxe> to last a long time, endure ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ‑jeŋ- <‑yéŋ-> to pass just a while (of time); to stay a while ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 251
jE-19 pretty
Takic
Serran
Serrano jɯʔājɯʔaʔn | jɯʔāijɯʔaiʔn be pretty ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño jawa̱jwa- <yawá-ywa-> to be pretty, good-looking ‣ Bright 1968: 53 [cognate? vowels don't
match up]
jE-20 come (Miller 1967: 97 *ye) (separated from jE-07)

Tepiman *di ̱via <*'divia> he comes ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (20a); *dɯ̱ vi a̱gai <*'dɨvi 'agai> he is going
to come ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (20b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾiva <jiva> to get, arrive, somewhere at a walk (either on foot or on
horesback) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.421
Pima Bajo dɯ̱ wig <'dɨvig> he is going to come ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (20b)
Pima Bajo dɯ̄ | dɯw <dee | dew> venir «come» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 262
Northern Tepehuan ɉívia <dʸívia> he comes ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (20a)
Southern Tepehuan dɯvi ̱aʔ <dɨ'via?> he is going to come ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (20b)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jepsa <yepsa> arrive ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 178
Mayo jepsak <yépsac> (sujeto singular) vino, llegó «(singular subject) came, arrived» ‣ Collard &
Collard 1962: 196
jE-21 big, large, much, many

Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) ajō̱ʔen kotā̱ <’ayóo’en kotáa> muncha leña «lots of firewood» ‣ Harrington
notes 546 (with ku-04)
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ajo̱ʔ <ayó'> thumb; big toe ‣ Woodward 2007: 178
Luiseño jot <yó-t> big, large ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Luiseño ajo̱ʔ <ʔa-yóʔ> thumb, big toe ‣ Bright 1968: 54
129
jo-01 jo-03
jo-01 raw
Tepiman *doʔi ̱ga <*do'?iga> raw ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (22)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) doʔig to be raw, unripe, unbaked ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.266
Pima Bajo do̱ʔi <'do?i> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (22)
Northern Tepehuan dóí ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (22)
Southern Tepehuan doʔ�̄ʔ̱ <do'?ii?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (22)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío joʔi ̱ <yoʔí> green (of fruit), raw (of meat) ‣ Miller 1996: 415
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve dohi ̱ <dohí> crudo «raw» ‣ Pennington 1981: 178
jo-02 non-indigenous person

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jori ̱ <yorí> Whiteman, nonindian ‣ Miller 1996: 415
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ori ̱ <orí> español, meztizo «Spanish speaker, Mexican national» ‣ Hilton
1959: 57
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve dor <dor> hombre «man» ‣ Pennington 1981: 178
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jori <Yori> Mexican; humanoid Chapayeka mask ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 182
Mayo jōri <yoori> raza blanca «white person» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 196
jo-03 copulate (Miller 1967: 99 *yo) *joma <*yoma> to copulate ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (142)
Numic *jo(h)ko <*yo(h)ko> copulate ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (291) [cognate?]
Western Numic
Western Mono jokko- <yoqo-> to copulate ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 303
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) joko <yoko"> have sexual intercourse, copulate, screw,
fuck ‣ Dayley 1989: 407
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone joko <joko"> to copulate; to be tough or ornery ‣ Crapo 1976: 37
Shoshone joko <yokoG> to copulate ‣ Miller 1972: 151
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu joko- <yogo-> to have sexual intercourse with, copulate with ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 297
Southern Ute jokoī <yoĝóy> fuck, make love to ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 210
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ōjomat <ô·ýôma´t> he is copulating ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 84
Tübatulabal jōm <yô·m> he copulated with her ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 103
130
jo-04 jo-06
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dōm <doom> to copulate with obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.264
jo-04 live (Miller 1967: 264 *yo)

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jōre <yoore> heal (any part of body) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 182
Mayo jōre <yoore> está naciendo, sanando «is being born, getting well» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962:
196
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) jūri- <yuuri=> estar vivo, crecer «be alive, grow» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 132
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nijoli <yoli.ni | yuli.ni> biuir, reſuſcitar, abiuar, o empollarſe el huevo | biuir, o
reſuſcitar «live, resuscitate, revive, hatch» ‣ Molina 1571: 39v | 44r
Classical Nahuatl jolloʔtˡi <yullotli> coraçon «heart» ‣ Molina 1571: 44r
Classical Nahuatl jōli <yōl(i)> to live; to come to life, to hatch ‣ Karttunen 1983: 341
Classical Nahuatl jōllōtˡ <yōllō-tl> heart, life, spirits ‣ Karttunen 1983: 342
Tetelcingo Mexicano yōlohtˡi <yulojtli ̱> corazón «heart» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 250
Pipil nujulu <nu-yulu> my heart ‣ Campbell 1985: 593
jo-05 many (Miller 1967: 275 *yo)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jōwi <yo·wi> many ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío joma̱ | joma̱ga <yomá | yomága> everything ‣ Miller 1996: 415
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ju̓ni <yu'uni> much; plenty, abundance ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 183
Mayo ju̓ni <yú'uni> mucho «much» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 197
jo-06 cure (Miller 1967: 116 *yo | *yowa | *yoya)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) doadᶾ <doaj> to get well, to recover ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.261
Guariío/Rarámuri [cognate?]
Guarijío iʔo̱ani <iʔóa-ni> to take medicine, to cure oneself ‣ Miller 1996: 341
Guarijío iʔo̱ena <iʔóe-na> to cure someone ‣ Miller 1996: 342
Guarijío iʔo̱i <iʔói> medicine ‣ Miller 1996: 342
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) juri- : pāj́ ū́.r�̄ ́ <yuri= : páayúu.ríi> se alivió «(he) recovered, got well» ‣ Grimes
et al. 1981: 132
131
jo-07 jo-09
jo-07 slow, gentle, quiet

Tepiman *dodo̱rimi <*do'dorimi> quiet ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (21)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sdodolimk <s-dodolimk> to be under control, disciplined ‣ Saxton &
Saxton 1969: 9
Pima Bajo du̱huʎ <dúhuly> despacio «slow» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 232 [cognate? vowel is wrong;
extra syllable in ‑hu- is unexpected]
Northern Tepehuan dodóli ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (21)
Southern Tepehuan dō̱ʎim <'doolʸim> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (21)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve dubatˢete̱ri <dubatzetéri> callado «quiet» ‣ Pennington 1981: 180 [cognate?]
Nahua *jōlīk <*yooliik> slow ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (152)
Classical Nahuatl jōlik <yōlic> tranquilly, gently, measuredly ‣ Karttunen 1983: 341
Tetelcingo Mexicano jōlīk <yulic> despacio, ligero «slowly, lightly» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 250
Pochutla Mexicano julikjulik <yulicyulíc> despacio «slowly» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil jūlik <yu:li-k> slow, soft ‣ Campbell 1985: 592
jo-08 night
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jovoʔk <jovoʔk> dark, dirty, black ‣ Anderton 1988: 591 [cognate?]
Nahua *jowa(l)- <*yowa(l)-> night ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (116)
Classical Nahuatl jowa <yuua> anochecer «become night» ‣ Molina 1571: 44r
Classical Nahuatl jowak <yuuac> de noche «at night» ‣ Molina 1571: 44r
Classical Nahuatl jowalli <yuualli> noche «night» ‣ Molina 1571: 44v
Classical Nahuatl jowa <yohua> to get dark, for night to fall ‣ Karttunen 1983: 340
Classical Nahuatl jowak <yohuac> at night ‣ Karttunen 1983: 340
Classical Nahuatl jowalli <yohual-li> night ‣ Karttunen 1983: 340
Tetelcingo Mexicano jowak <yohuac> medianoche «in the middle of the night» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 250
Tetelcingo Mexicano jowali <yohuali ̱> noche «night» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 250
Pochutla Mexicano owel <ogüél> noche «night» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil juwaki <yuwaki> overcast, dark ‣ Campbell 1985: 593
Pipil tajuwa <tayuwa> at night, night ‣ Campbell 1985: 480
jo-09 quiet (merged into jo-07)
132
jo-10 ju-02
jo-10 vomit (Miller 1967: 451 [no reconstruction])

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nāj̱ ɶʔa <naayö'|a> vomit (with reflexive nā- <naa->) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) joʔē <yo-é> vomiting ‣ McCawley 1996: 242
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío joʔani ̱ <yoʔa-ní> to vomit ‣ Miller 1996: 415
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) oʔjo̱ <o'yó> vomitar «vomit» ‣ Hilton 1959: 57
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve do̱dan <dódan> vomitar «vomit» ‣ Pennington 1981: 178
jo-11 plow
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jōlinat <yo·lin[-at]> to plow ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jōrin plow a field ‣ Anderton 1988: 591
Serrano jōʳr plow ‣ kch
ju-01 bounce
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ju̱hi- <yúhi-> to trot ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Cahuilla ‑ju̱ʔi- <‑yúʔi-> to trot ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 257
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾudwua <judwua> bounce; land on one's feet ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 28
ju-02 rain, precipitation, snow (Miller 1967: 399 *yu)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jō̱jaŋʷ <yooyangw> rain, rain storm, rain cloud ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk juj <� ̅uj> snow (v.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 591
133
ju-03 ju-03
Kitanemuk juat <joat, jóat‘̅ , júat> snow (n.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 591
Serrano juj snow (v.) ‣ kch
Serrano juat snow (n.) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ju̱jok <yúyyọk> está nevando «it is snowing» ‣ Harrington notes 593
Tongva (Gabrielino) joāṯ <yọáat> nieve «snow» ‣ Harrington notes 382
Cupan *jū̱ja-t <*yú:ya-t> snow ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (120)
Luiseño ju̱j- | ju̱ju- <yúy(u)-> to snow ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Luiseño jū̱jit <yú·yi-t> snow ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Cupeño juj <yu̱ye> to snow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 181
Cupeño juj <yu̱y> cold ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 181
Cupeño aju̱jʔa <ayu̱y'a> snow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 181
Cupeño ju̱jiŋaʔaw <yu̱yinga'aw> in the snow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 181
Cahuilla ‑juj- <‑yúy-> to snow ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 256
Cahuilla ju̱jat <yúy-at> snow ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 256
Tepiman *dū̱du <*'duudu> it rained ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (24)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾū <'juu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (24)
Pima Bajo dūd- <'duud-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (24)
̌ u <duúdu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (24)
Northern Tepehuan dūd
Southern Tepehuan ‑dūd <‑'duud> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (24)
Southeastern Tepehuan dūduʔ <[´duu.duʔ]> it will rain ‣ Willett 1991: 17
Southeastern Tepehuan dūd <[duuʔn]> it (has) rained ‣ Willett 1991: 17
ju-03 rain (Miller 1967: 337 *yuk) *juku <*yuku> to rain ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (109)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jo̱kva <yokva> rain (v.) (pfv.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi jō̱joki <yooyoki> rain (ipfv.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *dū̱ki <*'duuki> rain ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (26)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾūki ̥ <juukï> rain (n.) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.437
Pima Bajo dūk <duuk> llover; lluvia «rain (v.; n.)» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 242
̌ i <duúki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (26)
Northern Tepehuan dūk
Southern Tepehuan dūk <'duuk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (26)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío juʔkuna̱ <yuʔku-ná> to rain ‣ Miller 1996: 416
Guarijío juʔki ̱ <yuʔkí> rain ‣ Miller 1996: 416
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) uku̱ <ucú> llover «rain, vi.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 75
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ukui ̱ <ucuí> lluvia «rain, n.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 75
134
ju-04 ju-07
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve du̱ki <dúqui> lluvia «rain» ‣ Pennington 1981: 180
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) juke <yuke> rain ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 183
Mayo jukke <yucque> está lloviendo «is raining» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 197
Nahua
Pochutla Mexicano jekt <yect> lluvia «rain» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pochutla Mexicano jeki <yequí> llueve «it rains» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
ju-04 be able
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jume̱bani <yuméba-ni> to be able ‣ Miller 1996: 416
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ome̱ro <omero> poder «be able» ‣ Hilton 1959: 56
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve <dumán> poder «be able» ‣ Pennington 1981: 180
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) jūma <yuuma> capable (of carrying, holding up); overcome, overpower ‣
Molina et al. 1999: 184
Mayo jūma : au jūma; ama jūma <yuuma : au yuuma; ama yuuma> lo alcanza; puede «manage (?);
be able» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 195
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) jɯ̄́ - <yǘü=> poder «be able» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 133
ju-05 snow (merged into ju-02)
ju-06 fall (Miller 1967: 164 *yu)

Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone jummah <yummah> fall (from tree) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Comanche tɯjumatɯ <tʉyumarʉ> fall into something ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 140
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío juʔrina̱ <yuʔri-ná> to fall, by itself ‣ Miller 1996: 416
ju-07 crush (Miller 1967: 112 *yu)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal jūtat <yu·da[-t]> it is crushing ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
135
ju-08 ju-11
ju-08 make, do (Miller 1967: 271 *yu)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾuɲ <juñ> to behave in a certain (specified) way toward obj once or
for the first time ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.428
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) jɯ́ a- <yǘa=> hacer «make, do» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 133
ju-09 warm (Miller 1967: 453 *yu)

Numic *juʔa | *juʔi <*yuʔa | *yuʔi> warm ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (293)
Western Numic
Western Mono juwi- | jɯwi‑ <yuwi- | yɨwi-> to be warm ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 304
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) juwain <yuwain> be warm ‣ Dayley 1989: 412
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone juaih warm ‣ Crapo 1976: 37
Western Shoshone juʔeh <yu'aih> be warm ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone juai | jue <yuaiH> warm ‣ Miller 1972: 151
Comanche juʔa | juʔattɯ <yuʔa | yuʔatʉ> warm ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 159
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi juʔata- <ju'?ara> warm ‣ Press 1979: 149
Southern Paiute juʔmikatɯ pā <yuʼmɩ´-ɣa
̯ -ʀɪ ̈ pa·ʽ> warm water ‣ Sapir 1931: 728
Southern Paiute jūttuitᶴɯ <yu·´t·ui-tcÏ> warm (water) ‣ Sapir 1931: 730
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi jo̱ŋi <yongi> to be warm ‣ Hopi Dictionary
ju-10 prickly pear fruit (Miller 1967: 71 *yun)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾui <jui> fruit of one variety of prickly pear cactus ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.422
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) jɯ̄́ .tˢíki <yǘü.síqui> tuna «prickly pear fruit» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 135
ju-11 fat, grease

Numic *juhu <*yuhu> grease ‣ Ianucci 1973: 123 (284)
Western Numic
Western Mono juhu̱pī <yuhu̱bi> fat, grease; fat person ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 304
136
ju-12 ju-14
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) juhupin <yuhupin> fat, grease, oil ‣ Dayley 1989: 409
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone juhupin <juhu-pin> fat, grease ‣ Crapo 1976: 37
Western Shoshone juhu <yuhu> grease, fat ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone juhu <yuhu> fat, grease, oil ‣ Miller 1972: 151
Comanche wihi ̥ <wihi ̱> melted grease ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 148
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jɯhūpɯ | juhupɯ <yɨhuu-vɨ | yuhu-vɨ> grease, fat, lard ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 296
Chemehuevi juhupi <juhúvi ̥> fat ‣ K. Hill 1969: 9
Southern Paiute juupi <yoo´-ɸ(W)I, yuu(·)´-ɸ(W)I> fat, grease ‣ Sapir 1931: 726
Southern Ute jɯuppɯ <yu̧ ú-pu̧ > fat, solid, off the meat ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 211
ju-12 buzzard, vulture

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño juŋāv̱ iʃ <yuŋá·vi-š> turkey buzzard, vulture; a star, probably Arcturus ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Cupeño juŋa̱viʃ <yunga̱vi-sh> buzzard ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ju̱ŋaviʃ <yúŋaviš> turkey buzzard ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 256
ju-13 hat
Takic
Cupan *jumu- <*yumu-> put on hat ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 367
Luiseño jumu̱ʔi- <yumú-ʔi-> to put on a hat ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Luiseño ju̱mʔpiʃ <yúm-ʔpi-š> basketry cap ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Luiseño ju̱mpiʃ <yúmpi-sh> hat ‣ Elliott 1999: 1148
Cupeño ju̱ma <yu̱ma> to wear on head, put on hat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cupeño ju̱maʔat <yu̱ma'a-t> hat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ‑ju̱muʔ- <‑yúmuʔ-> to put on the head (hat, scarf, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 255
Cahuilla ju̱muʔvel <yúmuʔ-vel> hat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 255
ju-14 put on
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ju̱la/i- <yúla/i-> to wear a shirt or coat (intr.); to pen up, imprison, to lasso; to put on
clothes, to thread a needle (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 54
137
ju-15 ju-18
Cupeño jul <yu̱le;‑0> to gather up on stick or string, to thread needle, put on stockings ‣ Hill &
Nolasquez 1973: 180
ju-15 lizard sp.

Takic
Cupan *ju...l <*yu...l> lizard sp. ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 367
Luiseño julu̱ʔ <yulúʔ> a species of lizard ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Cupeño ju̱ʔəl <yu̱'e-l> a large lizard ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 181
Cahuilla pa̱jul <páyul> lizard ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 145 (perhaps with pa-07)
ju-16 conifer sp.

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu jɯpibɯ | jɯpimpɯ <yɨvi-bɨ | yɨvi-mbɨ> yellow pine, Pinus ponderosa ‣ Zigmond et al.
1990: 297
Chemehuevi jupimpɯ <juvímpə̥> pine sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 9
Southern Paiute jɯpɯmpɯ | jɯpimpɯ | jupɯmpɯ <yïvʷɩ´-mpÏ | yïvʷi´-mpÏ | yuvɩ´-mpÏ> long-
leafed pine ‣ Sapir 1931: 725
Southern Ute jɯpɯppɯ <yu̧ vú̧ -pu̧ > pine tree ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 212
Takic
Serran
Serrano juhātᶳ pine ‣ kch
Cupan *jū̱ji-la <*yú:yi-la> conifer sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (29)
Luiseño ju̱jla <yúy-la> spruce tree, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Cupeño ju̱jiʎ <yu̱yi-ly> Fir ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 181
Cahuilla ju̱jiʎ <yuyily> Juniperus californica Carr., California Juniper ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 81
ju-17 low
Tepiman *dɯma̱rika <*dɨ'marika> low ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (30)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾumaɖ | dᶾumal <jumaḑ | jumal> low (adv.) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.425
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾumalk <jumalk> low; to be low ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.425
Northern Tepehuan dɯmálika <dɨmálika> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (30)
Southern Tepehuan dumāʎ̱ <du'maalʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (30)
ju-18 loose
Tepiman *dusa̱rakai <*du'sarakai> loose ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (23)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾuʂaɖk <juxaḑk> to be loose ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.437
138
ju-19 ju-22
Northern Tepehuan dusárakai ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (23)

Southern Tepehuan ‑ɉusāṟ ak <‑dʸu'saarak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (23)
ju-19 official
Tepiman *dūka̱mi <*duu'kami> official ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (25)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾūkam <juukam> Mexican ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.435
Pima Bajo dū̱kum <'duukum> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (25)
Northern Tepehuan dūkámi <duukámi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (25)
Southern Tepehuan dū̱kam <'duukam> ‣ Bascom 1965: 157 (25)
ju-20 ant [perhaps *jo instead]

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jokatᶳ <joḳ̅atʃr> ant sp.: black, medium size ‣ Anderton 1988: 591
Serrano juḵaʳtᶳ little ant ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) joxāṟ <yoxáarr> hormiga chiquita amarilla «small yellow ant» ‣ Harrington
notes 400
ju-21 cry
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jūʔ <juʔ, jūʔ> cry, sound, buzz, sing ‣ Anderton 1988: 592
Serrano jūʔ cry, weep; strike (of a clock) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jū̱ke | jojū̱nmok <yū́ki | yuyúunmuk> está llorando «(he) is crying» ‣
ju-22 wet
Takic
Serran
Serrano juʔātᶳ water turtle ‣ kch (with a-14)
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) aju̱ʔav <ayú’av> wet ‣ Woodward 2007: 178
Luiseño ju̱ʔa- <yúʔa-> to get wet ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Cupeño ju̱ʔiʃ <yu̱'i-sh> wet ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 181
139
ju-23 ju-26
̃ small turtle ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 257 (with a-14)

Cahuilla ju̱ʔajiʎ <yúʔayl>
ju-23 flat (merged into jE-14)
ju-24 head (cf. co-06)

Takic
Cupan *jū̱-la <*yú:-la> hair of the head ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (59)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) aju̱ʔ | poju̱ʔ <ayú’ | po you> head/hair (someone's) ‣ Woodward 2007:
178
Luiseño jū̱la <yú·-la> head; hair of the head ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Cupeño jul <yu-l> head, hair ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ju̱lukal <yúluka-l> hair, hair on the head ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 254
ju-25 twitch, quiver

Takic
Serran
Serrano jūjk be or get dizzy ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño <yurúm-> to twitch, to quiver ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Cahuilla ‑ju̱ji- <‑yúyi-> to quiver (legs, e.g., when climbing down a steep road) ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 257
ju-26 for fire to go out, extinguish

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk jupk <� ̅upk> extinguish a fire or lamp ‣ Anderton 1988: 593
Serrano jupḵ go out, re a fire ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jop�̄nok
̱ <yopíinok> se ahoga «[the fire] goes out» ‣ Harrington notes 403
Cupan
Luiseño jū̱pa- <yú·pa-> to go out (of a fire), to not burn ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Luiseño jupa̱qa/i- <yupá-qa/i-> to go out, of a fire (intr.); to extinguish, put out a fire (tr.) ‣
Bright 1968: 55
140
ju-27 ka-01
ju-27 be dark colored

Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) jop�̄xaʔ
̱ <yopíixa'> prieto «blackish, very dark» ‣ Harrington notes 584
Cupan
Luiseño jū̱va- <yú·va-> to be dark ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Luiseño juva̱ta/i- <yuvá-ta/i-> to become black (intr.); to blacken (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 55
Cupeño ju̱vaxiʃ <yu̱vaxi-sh> blackbird ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ‑ju̱pi- <‑yúpi-> to be overcast (of the sky), to become cloudy ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 256
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) jɯ̄́ wi- <yǘüvi=> negro «black» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 135
ju-28 hair
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño jū̱la. ‑juʔ <yú·-la, ‑yúʔ> head; hair of the head ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Cupeño ‑ju <‑yu> head, hair ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cupeño jul <yu-l> hair, horsehair ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 180
Cahuilla ju̱lukal <yúluka-l> hair; head ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 254
ka-01 no, not (Miller 1967: 306 *ka | *kai) *ka no, not ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (136)
Numic *ke no/not/nothing ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (57)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kai <gai> not ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 9
Western Mono ka̱tuʔ <qa̱du'> no; not ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 160
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kē | ke <kee | ke> (general negative) ‣ Dayley 1989: 50
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ke no, not ‣ Crapo 1976: 41
Western Shoshone ke <kai> no, not, don't, doesn't, didn't ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone ke <kai> no ‣ Miller 1972: 111
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qa̱ʔe | qaʔe̱ <qa'e | qa'é> no ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi qa not ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ha̱jji <haý·i> no ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 184
141
ka-02 ka-02
Tübatulabal hāji <ha·áyi´> no, without any ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.212

Tübatulabal hāʔiʃ <ha·´’ɩć> no, not (careful speech) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 174
Tübatulabal haʃ <hać> no, not (fast speech) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 174
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kaj neg. used in imp. ‣ Anderton 1988: 348
Serrano qaj no, not ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) xaj <xay> no ‣ Harrington notes 108
Cupan
Luiseño qaj | qa̱jʔi | qa̱jta <qáy | qáy-ʔi | qáy-ta> no, not ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qaj <qa̱y> no, not ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
̃ no ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 82 [cognate?]
Cahuilla ki ̱ʔi | ki ̱ʔiʎ <kíʔi | kíʔil>
̃
Cahuilla ki ̱ʎe <kíle> not ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 79 [cognate?]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kaʔi ̱ <kaʔí> no, not ‣ Miller 1996: 345
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ke <que> no «no, not» ‣ Hilton 1959: 112
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ka <ca> no ‣ Pennington 1981: 168
Ópata kai <cay> no, not ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ka <ka> not ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 66
Mayo kā <caa> no «not» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 126
Tubar
Tubar ka- <ka-> no «no, not» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57
Cora/Huichol
Cora kapu̱ <capú> no «not» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 122
Wixarika (Huichol) ka- <ca=> no «not» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 14
Nahua [metathesis: *ka > *ak (> aʔ > a)]
Classical Nahuatl amo no. aduerbio para negar «no, not. Adverb for negating.» ‣ Molina 1571: 5r
Classical Nahuatl aʔmō <ahmō> no, not ‣ Karttunen 1983: 6
Tetelcingo Mexicano amo <amo> negativo, no «negative, not» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 108
ka-02 sweet | salty (Miller 1967: 427 *kaka)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kāk <kaak> to have a strange (specified) taste ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.440
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kahka̱ni <kahká-ni> to be sweet; to be salty ‣ Miller 1996: 342
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) aka̱ami <acáami> salado; dulce «salty; sweet» ‣ Hilton 1959: 3 [cognate?]
142
ka-03 ka-03
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kewa̱en <queguáen> dulce, estar dulce «sweet, be sweet» ‣ Pennington 1981: 168
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kaka <kaka> sweet, candy ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 70
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kakkai <kakkai> get sweet ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 70
Mayo kakka <cacca> dulce «sweet, candy» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 127
Cora/Huichol
Cora ān
̱ kaka <aáncaca> está dulce «(it) is sweet» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 111
Wixarika (Huichol) kákā-́ <cácáa=> dulce «sweet» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 17
ka-03 sit (sg.) (Miller 1967: 381a *kate) *katɯC <*katïC> to sit ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *kastɯ
<*kastɨ> to sit ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (42)
Numic *katɯ <*katə> sit (down) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (55)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkattɯ <katɨ> sit DUR ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 24
Northern Paiute kkatɯnu <kadɨ-nu> chair (sit-NR) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 17
Western Mono kattɯ- <qatɨ-> to sit, stay, live ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 164-165
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) katɯ <katü"> sit, camp, stay; be located, situated; do
awhile ‣ Dayley 1989: 48
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone katɯ <katy"> to sit (gs. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 41
Western Shoshone katɯ <kate"> sit (down), stay, remain ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone katɯ <kateG> to sit (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 112
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu katɯ- <karɨ-> to sit, stay; live, be alive ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 212
Chemehuevi katɯ- <ka'rɨ> sit-sg ‣ Press 1979: 149
Southern Paiute katɯ- <qarï-ˢ> to sit (sing.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 634
Southern Ute katiī <karí> sit, be sitting ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 119
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qa̱tɯ <qatu> sit, stay, reside (sg.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi qăṯ ɯ <qạte> sing. subj. sits, dwells ‣ Whorf 1946: 181
Songoopavi Hopi qa̱tɯ <qatu> sit [sg.] ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 204
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal halɯt <halï´t> he is sitting ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 73
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk qatᶳ <katʃr, ḳ̅atʃr, k̅atʃr, ḳatʃr, кatʃr, к̅atʃr, kaʃr> be, live, face ‣ Anderton 1988: 338
Serrano qatᶳ sit, stay, reside, live ‣ kch
143
ka-04 ka-04
Tongva (Gabrielino) xarō̱ro <xaróoro> a estar «be [in a location] (future)» (in: wehēʔ̱ am moj xarō̱ro
<wehée’am-moy xaróoro> dos van a estar (two are going to be [there])) ‣ Harrington notes 350
Cupan
Luiseño qal- <qál-> to live, be (especially on top of something); to mount a horse ‣ Bright 1968:
35
Cupeño qal <qal> be there ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
Cahuilla ‑qal- <‑qál-> to be (of objects); to be lying down (of animate beings - refers to the mere
existence of an animate being) (sg. subj.) (perhaps merged with ka-48) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 164 (cf.
ka-48)
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kātᶴ <kaac> to be dwelling, living (sgs) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.438
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kahti ̱ <kahtí> to be seated, sitting, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 343
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ka̱atᶴi <cáachi> ser «be» ‣ Hilton 1959: 16
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve katˢi ̱ <catzí> sentado «seated» ‣ Pennington 1981: 170
Ópata katte <catte> sit (sg. subject) ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) katek <katek> be sitting, be situated ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 72
Mayo kattek <cáttec> está sentado «is seated» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 127
Tubar
Tubar kate̱ <katé> estar, estar sentado, vivir, estar en «be, be seated, live, be in» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57
Cora/Huichol
Cora auhka̱ <aujcá> está sentado «[he] is seated» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 116 [cognate?]
Wixarika (Huichol) kātéi- <caatéi=> estar sentado, vivir «be sitting, live» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 23
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nika <ca.ni> eſtar, or ſer «be» ‣ Molina 1571: 10r
Classical Nahuatl ka <ca> to be ‣ Karttunen 1983: 18
Tetelcingo Mexicano nikaka | nika <ni ̱caca | ni ̱ca> estoy «I am» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 128
ka-04 sandal, shoe (Miller 1967: 372 *kaka)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kaka̱ <kaká> sandal ‣ Miller 1996: 343
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) aka̱ <acá> huarache «sandal» ‣ Hilton 1959: 3
Tubar
Tubar kakaji ̱t <kaka-yí-t> huaraches «sandals» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57
Cora/Huichol
Cora ka̓kai ̱ <ca'acaí> guarache «sandal» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 121
144
ka-05 ka-06
Wixarika (Huichol) kā.kái <caa.cái> huaraches «sandals» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 17

Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kaktˡi <cactli> cacles, o çapatos, ſandalias, &c. «leather sandals, shoes, sandals,
etc.» ‣ Molina 1571: 11r
Classical Nahuatl kaktˡi <cac-tli> shoe ‣ Karttunen 1983: 20
Tetelcingo Mexicano kaktˡi <cactli ̱> huarache «sandal, shoe» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 112
Pipil kakti <kak-ti> sandal ‣ Campbell 1985: 263
ka-05 flat
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kavatˢ <kavats> ear, leaf ‣ Anderton 1988: 345
Serrano qaʳvātᶴ ear, leaf ‣ kch
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kavaɖk <kavaḑk> war shield ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.458
ka-06 house (Miller 1967: 239 *kali) *kaliR house ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203; *kali house ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 143 (141)
Numic *kahni house ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (52)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kahni house, home, building ‣ Dayley 1989: 40
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kahni house ‣ Crapo 1976: 39
Western Shoshone kahni house, building ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone kahni house, wickiup, tipi ‣ Miller 1972: 111
Comanche kahni house, teepee, room, home ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 24
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kahni house ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 211
Chemehuevi kani <káni ̥> house ‣ K. Hill 1969: 10
Southern Paiute kani <qańI> house ‣ Sapir 1931: 629
Southern Ute kani <káni> house, dwelling ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 116
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qe̱ni <qeni> space, room; time ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi qa̱ntɯpha <qantupha> flat stone floor, paved floor ‣ Hopi Dictionary [qan- perhaps a
Numic loan element? ‑tɯpha <‑tupha> refers to an extended surface]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hannīl <hani·´l> the house ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 130
145
ka-07 ka-07
Tübatulabal hanniʔiŋ <hańi’ɩ´ŋ> your house ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 74 [The fact that the stressed a
does not lengthen indicates that the following <n> is geminate: ‑nn-.]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kari ̱ <karí> house ‣ Miller 1996: 344
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kari ̱ <carí> casa «house» ‣ Hilton 1959: 19
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kari <kari> house, building ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 72
Mayo kaari <cáari> casa, edificio «house, building» ‣ Collard & Collard 1919: 126
Tubar
Tubar kali ̱- | ‑kal <kaƚí- | ‑kál> casa, caja «house, box» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57
Cora/Huichol
Cora kari ̱ <carí> hueso «bone» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 123 [cognate?]
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kalli <calli> caſa, o tenazuelas de palo o de caña para comer mayz toſtado enel
reſcoldo «house, wooden or bamboo tweezers for eating corn roasted in embers» ‣ Molina 1571: 11v
Classical Nahuatl kalli <cal‑li> house, building ‣ Karttunen 1983: 22
Tetelcingo Mexicano kali <cali ̱> casa, habitación «house, dwelling» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 113
Pipil kal <kal> casa «house» ‣ Campbell 1985: 263
ka-07 leg, thigh (Miller 1967: 435 *kasi) *kapsi thigh ‣ Manaster Ramer & Blight 1993: 39; *kasi leg, thigh ‣
Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (250); *kasi leg, thigh ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (41)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qa̱ɦsi <qàasi> thigh ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hapʃil <hapši-l> the thigh, the upper leg ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño qa̱ʂ̄ il <qá·ṣi-l> thigh ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Tepiman *ka̱hi <*'kahi> thigh ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (92a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kahio leg ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.442
Pima Bajo kahi ̥ <káhy> pierna, muslo «leg, thigh» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 251
Northern Tepehuan káxi <káhi> thigh ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (92a)
Southern Tepehuan ka̱i <'kai> thigh ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (92a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kasi ̱ <kasí> thigh ‣ Miller 1996: 344
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) gasi ̱ | kasi ̱ <gasí, kasí> muslo, pierna «thigh, leg» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 60
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kasi ̱ <casí> pierna, muslo «leg, thigh» ‣ Hilton 1959: 19
146
ka-08 ka-08
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ‑kēs <‑quēz> thigh, leg ‣ Karttunen 1983: 210
Tetelcingo Mexicano īkēskʷahjo <iquiescuajyo> su muslo, su pierna «his thigh, his leg» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 133
ka-08 mountain, hill (Miller 1967: 289a *kawi, 289b *kai)

Numic *kaipa mountain ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (49)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkaipamakku | kaipamattu <kaiba-maku | gaiba-ma-tu> on the mountain ‣
Snapp et al. 1982: 10 | 15
Northern Paiute kakkʷittuhuʔu <kakʷi-tuhu'u> mountain lion (?-wildcat) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 27
(with tu-05) [cognate?]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kai <kai(")> mountain ‣ Dayley 1989: 411
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kēpi <kee-vi> mountain ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 214
Chemehuevi kaipa <káiv̑ḁ> mountain ‣ K. Hill 1969: 9
Southern Paiute kaipa <qaíɸA> mountain ‣ Sapir 1931: 627
Southern Ute kāpi <káa-vi> mountain(s), peak(s), high-country ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1976: 116
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kawīʃūʔit <kawi·ću·´’ɩ´t> the showshoe rabbit ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 92 [likely a
loanword: initial ka is unexpected]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk qajtˢ <kajts, ḳajits, кajts, кajtṣ> mountain ‣ Anderton 1988: 349
Serrano qaītᶴ mountain ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) xaj <xáay> sierra «mountains» (object form is xa̱jja <xá((a))yya>) ‣ Harrington
notes 580
Cupan *qawī-tᶴa <*qawí·‑ča> mountain/rock ‣ Munro 1990 #74
Luiseño qaw�̄tᶴa
̱ <qawí·-ča> mountain, hill ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño kawi ̱ʃ <kawi‑sh> rock ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cupeño qawi ̱ʃ <qawi ̱sh> rock ‣ Jane H. Hill, pers. comm. (offered as a correction of Cupeño kawi ̱ʃ,
above)
Cahuilla qa̱wiʃ <qáwiš> rock, mountain ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 168
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kawi ̱ <kawí> hill, mountain ‣ Miller 1996: 344
147
ka-09 ka-09
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kawi ̱ <cahuí> monte, terreno, tierra, campo, mundo «wilderness, land,
world» ‣ Hilton 1959: 17
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kavi ̱t <cavít> cerro «mountain» ‣ Pennington 1981: 171
Eudeve kawi ̱t <kawít> cerro «mountain» ‣ Lionnet 1986: 88
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kawi <kawi> mountain ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 73
Mayo kawwi <cauhui> sierra, montaña, cerro «mountain, hill» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 128
ka-09 paternal grandparent (Miller 1967: 496 *ka) *kak ‣ AMR; *kasku father's mother, grandmother ‣
Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (170)
Numic *kaku | *kakuʔu <*kaku(ʔu)> grandmother ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (53)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kaku(ttˢi) <kaku(ttsi)> grandmother (MoMo); grandchild
(DaCh ws) ‣ Dayley 1989: 42
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kaku grandmother (mother's mother), grandchild (woman's
daughter's child) ‣ Crapo 1976: 40
Western Shoshone kaku maternal grandmother, grandchild of a woman ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone kaku grandmother (mother's mother); grandchild (woman's daughter's child) ‣ Miller
1972: 111
Comanche kakuʔ maternal grandmother, maternal great aunt, woman's uterine grandchild ‣
Robinson & Armagost 1990: 26
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kaku- <kagu=> mother's mother; spouse's mother's mother ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 211
Southern Paiute kakuni <qa(·)ɣu´‑nI> my grandmother (paternal, maternal) ‣ Sapir 1931: 633
Southern Ute kakutᶴi <kagú-ci> grandmother, mother's mother ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 117
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʲa̱ʔat <kya('at)> paternal aunt ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal akkān <aka> paternal grandfather ‣ Gifford 1917: 222
Takic
Serran
Serrano ‑ḵaʔ, ‑ḵaḵ- paternal grandrelative ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nekāḵ aʔ <nekáaka'> my mother's father | my father's father ‣ Harrington
notes 406 | 560
Cupan
Luiseño ‑kaʔ <‑káʔ> paternal grandparent ‣ Bright 1968: 17
148
ka-10 ka-10
Cupeño ‑qa <‑qa> father's parent ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
Cahuilla ‑qaʔ, ‑qam <‑qaʔ, ‑qam> paternal grandparent, pl. ‣ Seiler & Hioko 1979: 169
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kāk <kaak> paternal grandmother, father's mother, father's mother's
elder sister ‣ Marthiot 1973: 439
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kaʔka̱ <kaʔká> grandmother (FaMo); grandchild (woman's son's child); cross cousin ‣
Miller 1996: 345
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) aka̱tᶴura <acáchura> abuela paterna «paternal grandmother» ‣ Hilton 1959:
3
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ka̱wa <cágua> abuela «grandmother» ‣ Pennington 1981: 168
ka-10 hard seed-bearing element, ear of corn, pine cone; egg (Miller 1967: 156 *kawa)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kapippɯh <kapippüh> pine cone ‣ Dayley 1989: 46
Western Shoshone kappɯh <kappeh> pine cone; seed pod ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kapupɯ <kavu-vɨ> pine cone ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 213
Southern Paiute kaʔopi <qa’ɔ´-ɸI> pine-cone ‣ Sapir 1931: 631
Southern Ute kammuppɯ <kamú-pu̯> pine-cone ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 118 [cognate?]
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qāʔ̱ ɶ <qaa'ö> dry ear of corn ‣ Hopi Dictionary (perhaps with o-19)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑kaʔ <‑ḳ̅aʔa, ‑k̅aʔa> cone of pine or piñon ‣ Anderton 1988: 338
Tongva (Gabrielino) axāx
̱ en <'axáaxen> its egg ‣ Harrington notes 584
Tongva (Gabrielino) akāḵ an <'akáakan> his testicles ‣ Harrington notes 584 [loanword? k is
unexpected]
Cupan
Cahuilla qa̱xʔa <qáxʔa> seed ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 169
Tepiman *ka̱idɯ <*'kaidɨ> its seed ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (93); *ka̱itukai <*'kaitukai> seed ‣ Bascom
1965: 163 (95)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kaidᶾ <kaij> seeds of a specified plant (lit: its seeds) ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.447
Pima Bajo kajɯr <kayer> semilla «seed» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 256
149
ka-11 ka-11
Northern Tepehuan káíɉɯ <káídʸɨ> its seed ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (93)
Northern Tepehuan káícukai <káítʸukai> seed ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (95)
Southern Tepehuan ka̱iɉ <'kaidʸ> its seed ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (93)
Southern Tepehuan ka̱icuk <'kaitʸuk> seed ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (95)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kaʔwa̱ <kaʔwá> egg ‣ Miller 1996: 345
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kaʔwa̱ <ca'huá> poner huevos «lay eggs» ‣ Hilton 1959: 17
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve a̱kavora <ácavora> huevo «egg» ‣ Pennington 1981: 161
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kavam <kavam> egg(s); testicles ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 73
Mayo kavva <cabba> huevo «egg» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 126
ka-11 hear (Miller 1967: 221 *ka) *kahi hear ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (243); *kahi | *kaha to hear ‣
Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (126)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hāʔɯt <ha·’ït> she hears it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 7.35
Tübatulabal haʔɯt <ha’ï´t> understand ‣ C. F. Vowgelin 1935: 27.63
Tepiman *ka̱ɯ <*'kaɨ> to hear ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (98a); *ka̱i <*'kai> he heard ‣ Bascom 1965: 163
(98b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kā <kaa> to hear obj, to be listening to obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.437
Pima Bajo kai <kay> oír «hear» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 248
Northern Tepehuan kaɯ́ <ka� ́> to hear ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (98a)
Northern Tepehuan kaí he heard ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (98b)
Southern Tepehuan ka̱i <'kai> he heard ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (98b)
Southeastern Tepehuan kā <[kʌʌ]> to hear ‣ Willett 1991: 28
Southeastern Tepehuan kai <[kʌi]> heard ‣ Willett 1991: 28
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kepu̱na <kepú-na> to hear ‣ Miller 1996: 346
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kevu̱ven <quevúven> escuchar «hear» ‣ Pennington 1981: 217
Ópata kaisa <cai-sa> hear ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hikka | hikkaha <hikka | hikkaha> hear, listen, understand; obey ‣ Molina
et al. 1999: 52
Mayo hikkaha <jíccaja> escucha, oye, está escuchando «listen, hear, is listening» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 150
Nahua *kaki <*kaki> hear ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (83)
150
ka-12 ka-13
Classical Nahuatl nitˡakaki <caqui.nitla> oyr, entender, o eſcuchar «hear, understand, listen» ‣
Molina 1571: 12v
Classical Nahuatl kaki <caqu(i)> to hear something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 25
Tetelcingo Mexicano kikaki <qui ̱caqui ̱> lo oye, lo escucha «he hears it, he listens to it» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 179
Pochutla Mexicano keki <quequí> oir «hear» ‣ Boas 1917: 37
Pipil kāki | kaki <ka:ki (C) | kaki (SD)> to hear, to listen (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo
ka-12 willow (Miller 1967: 461 *ka | *kan)

Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone kanan <kanan> bitterroot ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267 [cognate?]
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kahnapɯ <kahna-vɨ> sandbar willow, Salix hindsiana ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 211
Chemehuevi kanapɯ <kanávə̥> willow sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 10
Southern Paiute kanapɯ <qana´-ɸÏ> willow ‣ Sapir 1931: 629
Southern Ute kanapɯ <kaná-vu̧ > willow, any river-bank bush ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 118
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qaha̱vi <qahavi> willow ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hāl <ha·-l> willow ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla qa̱ankiʃ <qaankish> Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet, Desert Willow ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972:
53
ka-13 rat (Miller 1967: 340 *ka | *kawa)

Numic *ka(wa) rat ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (47)
Western Numic
Western Mono ka̱wā | xa̱wā <qa̱wa | xa̱wa> woodrat ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 166
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kawan <kawan> rat ‣ Dayley 1989: 49
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kān <kaan> rat ‣ Crapo 1976: 39
Western Shoshone kān <kaan> rat ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone kān <kaan> rat ‣ Miller 1972: 111
Southern Numic
151
ka-14 ka-15
Kawaiisu kātˢi <kaa-zi> woodrat ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 213

Chemehuevi kātˢi <kāt́ si ̥> rat sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 11
Southern Paiute kātˢi <qa·´-ts·> rat, wood-rat ‣ Sapir 1931: 627
Southern Ute kātᶴʔatᶴi <káac?a ̧-ci> pack-rat, gopher ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 116
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qāḻ a <qaala> pack rat ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hāwal <ha·wa-l> the wood rats ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1959: 222
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk qātᶳ <ḳatʃr; ka·č> rat ‣ Anderton 1988: 339
Serrano qāʳtᶳ woodrat ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) xār <xáarr> rata «rat» ‣ Harrington notes 502
Cupan *qāw
̱ a-la <*qá:wa-la> rat (Munro 1990: 246 (107))
Luiseño qa̱wla <qáw-la> wood rat ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño ka̱wal <ka̱we-l> woodrat (= ka̱wa-l) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla qa̱wal <qáwal> rat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 167
ka-14 head (Miller 1967: 220 *kat)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu katakka- <ka-raka=> the back of the head [taka= 'flat area'] ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 212
Chemehuevi katakka <karákḁ> back of head ‣ K. Hill 1969: 10
Southern Paiute katakka̓ | katakkapi
̓ <qara´q̓·A | qara´q̓·a-ɸI> occiput, back of head (glottalized
consonant?) ‣ Sapir 1931: 633
ka-15 quail, grouse (Miller 1967: 332 *takaka | *kakata | *kaka - imitative in origin)
Numic *kāh̆ kā ̆ <*ka(a)hka(a)> quail ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (48)
Western Numic
Western Mono ka̱hɯ̄ <qa̱hɨ> grouse ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 161
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kahu grouse ‣ Daylet 1989: 41
Western Shoshone kahan blue grouse ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone kahan grouse ‣ Miller 1972: 111
Takic
Serran
152
ka-16 ka-17
Serrano ḵaḵātaʔ quail ‣ kch

Tongva (Gabrielino) kakāṟ <кaкáar> el godornizo «quail» ‣ Harrington notes 032
Cupan *qaxā-̱ l <*qaxá:-l> quail (Munro 1990: 245 (104))
Luiseño qaxāḻ <qaxá·-l> valley quail ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño kaxa̱l <kaxa̱-l> valley quail ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla qa̱xal <qáxal> quail ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 169
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kakaitᶴu <kakaicu> mountain quail ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.451
ka-16 jackrabbit
Numic *kahmɯ <*kahmə> jackrabbit ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (51)
Western Numic
Western Mono ka̱mmo <qa̱mO> jackrabbit ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 162
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kammu(ttˢi) <kammu(ttsi)> jackrabbit ‣ Dayley 1989: 44
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kammu jackrabbit ‣ Crapo 1976: 40
Shoshone kammu jack rabbit ‣ Miller 1972: 111
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kammɯ <kamɨ> jackrabbit ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 212
Chemehuevi kammɯ <kámə̥> jackrabbit ‣ K. Hill 1969: 9
Southern Paiute kammɯ <qa(·)´mÏ> jackrabbit ‣ Sapir 1931: 628
Southern Ute kammutᶴi | kammu <kamú-ci | kámu> jack-rabbit, hare ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
118
ka-17 wing, feather

Numic *kasa wing/feather ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (54)
Western Numic
Western Mono ka̱sa <qa̱sA> feather; leaf ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 164
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kasa(ttˢi) <kasa(ttsi)> wing; fin; fletching ‣ Dayley 1989: 47
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kasa wing, feather ‣ Crapo 1976: 40
Western Shoshone kasa wing ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone kasa wing ‣ Miller 1972: 112
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kasoʔoppi <kasoʔo-pi> wing ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 213
Chemehuevi kasa <kásḁ> wing ‣ K. Hill 1969: 10
153
ka-18 ka-21
Southern Paiute qasapi <qA‘sa´ɸI> striking wing (of chicken-hawk) ‣ Sapir 1931: 633
ka-18 wing (merged into wa-29)
ka-19 crow, raven

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kala̱tᶴi <kaláci> crow ‣ Miller 1996: 343
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kora̱tᶴi <corachi> cuervo «crow, raven» ‣ Hilton 1959: 22
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ka̱ratˢ <cáratz> cuervo «crow, raven» ‣ Pennington 1981: 170
Tubar
Tubar kara̱ <kará> cuervo «crow, raven» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kakalli <cacalli> cueruo «crow, raven» ‣ Molina 1571: 10v
Classical Nahuatl kakalotˡ <cacalotl> cueruo, o tenanzuela de palo para deſpauilar candelas, o para
comer granos de mayz toſtado enel reſcoldo «crow, raven; little wooden tong for snuffing candles or
for eating kernels of corn toasted in embers» ‣ Molina 1571: 10v
Classical Nahuatl kākālōtˡ <cācālō-tl> crow ‣ Karttunen 1983: 19
Tetelcingo Mexicano kākālōtˡ <cöcölutl> cuervo «crow, raven» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 117
Pipil kākālūtan <ka:ka:lu:tan> San Julian (a town name) ‣ Campbell 1985: 261
ka-20 top, end

Numic *katˢuⁿ <*kacuN> top/end ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (56)
Western Numic
Western Mono takkatˢunna <taqazu̱nA> tip, top, point (of a long object) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 202
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kotˢottˢi <kotsottsi> edge, end ‣ Dayley 1989: 64
Western Shoshone katˢun <katsun> end ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone katˢun <katsun> end (of a story, stick, etc.) ‣ Miller 1972: 112
ka-21 pot
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño kavā̱ʔal <kavá·ʔa-l> clay pot ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Luiseño kavā̱ʔmal <kavá·ʔ-ma-l> clay pot; larkspur, Delphinium parryi ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Cupeño kava̱ʔmal <kava̱'ma-l> olla ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla ka̱vaʔmal <kávaʔmal> olla, water jar, pot; cup ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 72
154
ka-22 ka-23
ka-22 fox [probably a Wanderwort]

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kawtᶳatᶳ <kawtr̥atr̥, ḳawtʃratʃr> fox ‣ Anderton 1988: 347
Serrano qōʳtᶳatᶳ fox ‣ kch
́ 'ʌvɪt‘> Cahuenga (a placename) ‣ Harrington notes 188
Tongva (Gabrielino) kawēŋ̱ ʔavit <kʌwɛ̄ŋ
Cupan
Luiseño qēw
̱ i- | qe̱wla- <qé·wi- | qéw-la-> to shout; to bark, of foxes ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Luiseño qiwēw
̱ iʃ <qiwé·-wi-š> fox ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño kawi ̱siʃ <kawi ̱si-sh> fox ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cupeño qawi ̱siʃ ‣ Jane H. Hill, pers. comm. (offered as a correction of Cupeño kawi ̱siʃ, above)
Cahuilla qa̱wisiʃ <qáwisiš> fox ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 168
Tepiman *kasi ̱ho- <*ka'siho-> fox ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (96a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gasho | gaso <gas(h)o> name of a small fox ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.274
Pima Bajo kas <kas> zorra «fox» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 263
Northern Tepehuan kaʃíó- <kašíó-> fox ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (96a)
Southern Tepehuan kaʃi ̱o <ka'šio> fox ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (96a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío keo̱tᶴi <keóci> fox ‣ Miller 1996: 346
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kijo̱tᶴi <quiyochi> zorra «fox» ‣ Hilton 1959: 130
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ka̱os <cáos> zorra «fox» ‣ Pennington 1981: 170
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kawis <kawis> fox ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 73
Tubar
Tubar kahulo̱wi <kaju-ló̧wi> zorra «fox» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) kauʂai <cauxai> zorra «fox» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 24
ka-23 sage plant, sagebrush

Takic
Serran [cognate?]
Kitanemuk kakatᶳ <kakatʃr> plant sp.: an ash-colored shrub 3' fall, used medicinally ‣ Anderton
1988: 341
Serrano qāʳqʳtᶳ sagebrush ‣ kch
155
ka-24 ka-26
Cupan *qāʂ̱ i-l | *qas�̄-ḻ <*qá:ṣi-l | *qasí:-l (?)> sagebrush ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (114)
Luiseño qāʂ̱ il <qá·ṣi-l> white sage, Salvia apiana ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Cupeño qaʂi ̱ʎ <qəṣílʸ> sagebrush ‣ Hill & Hill 1968: 241
Cahuilla qa̱sʔiʎ <qas'ily> Salvia apiana Jeps., white sage; S. mellifera, black sage; Atriplex
lentiformis, saltbush ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 136
Cahuilla qa̱ʃiʎ <qashil[y]> Astralagus L., Locoweeed, Milkvetch, Rattleweed ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972:
44
̃ locoweed, Astralagus ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 167
Cahuilla qa̱ʃiʎ <qášil>
ka-24 wash
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño qa̱ja/i- <qáya/i-> to heal (of a sore), to get well (intr.); to heal a sore, to wash one's
hands (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Luiseño qajāw
̱ i- <qayá·-wi-> to wash one's hands ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qa̱jin <qa̱ye;‑ine> to wash self, to wash dishes ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑qa̱ji- <‑qáyi-> to get clean, clear (of the ground, body, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 169
ka-25 get well, loosen, soften

Nahua *kaʃāni <*kašaani> get well, loosen, soften ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (69)
Classical Nahuatl kaʃani <caxani> afloxarſe lo atado «for something tied to come loose» ‣ Molina
1571: 13r
Classical Nahuatl kaʃāni <caxān(i)> to loosen, slacken; to lose courage ‣ Karttunen 1983: 26
Tetelcingo Mexicano kaʃāni <caxöni ̱> se ablanda, se suaviza, se afloja «it softens, becomes smooth,
loosens» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 115
Pochutla Mexicano kaʃani <caxaní> sanar «get well» ‣ Boas 1917: 37
Pipil kāʃani <ka:xani> to loosen, to get loose (Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 272
Pipil kaʃānia <kaxa:nia> to loosen ‣ Campbell 1985: 273
ka-26 cheek *kaᵤma mouth, cheek; to taste ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (87)
Numic *kahma (have a) taste ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (50) (moved from ka-02)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkamma | kkama <kamma | kama> taste ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 9 | 32
Western Mono kama- <qama-> to taste ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 162
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kamman taste ‣ Dayley 1989: 43
156
ka-27 ka-29
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kammah to taste (must have prefix) (pihnaah-kammah 'to taste sweet') ‣
Crapo 1976: 40
Western Shoshone kamman taste ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 267
Shoshone kamma <kammaG> to taste (must occur with an adverb such as good, bad, sweet,
etc.) ‣ Miller 1972: 111
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kama- to taste (intr.) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 211
Chemehuevi kamma- <ka'ma> taste ‣ Press 1979: 149
Southern Ute kammaī <kamáy> taste, have taste, have good taste ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 118
Tepiman *kā̱ma <*'kaama> cheek ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (91a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kām <kaam> cheek ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.441
Pima Bajo kām <'kaam> cheek ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (91a)
Pima Bajo kam <kam> mejilla «cheek» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 245
̌ a <kaáma> cheek ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (91a)
Northern Tepehuan kām
Southern Tepehuan kām <'kaam> cheek ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (91a)
Southeastern Tepehuan hiɲkām <[hiñ´kaam]> my cheek ‣ Willett 1991: 26
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kamatˡ <camatl> boca «mouth» ‣ Molina 1571: 12r
Classical Nahuatl kamaktˡi | kamatˡ <camac-tli | cam(a)-tl> mouth ‣ Karttunen 1983: 23, 24
Tetelcingo Mexicano īkamak <icamac> su boca «his mouth» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 128
Pipil ‑kamak <‑kamak> cheek ‣ Campbell 1985: 267
ka-27 seed (merged into ka-10)
ka-28 say
Tepiman *ka̱iti <*'kaiti> to say ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (94)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kaidᶾ <kaij> to make a certain (specified) sound, to say something, to
speak in a certain way ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.446
Pima Bajo ka̱itᶴ- <'kaič-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (94)
Pima Bajo ka̱id <káyd> decir «say» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 231
Northern Tepehuan káíci <káítʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (94)
Southern Tepehuan ka̱ʔic <'ka?itʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (94)
ka-29 short, low

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kaponʔno <kavón’no̥> a kind of basket ‣ K. Hill 1969: 10 [cognate?]
157
ka-30 ka-31
Takic
Serran
Serrano qapoʳtᶴkin shorten, vt. ‣ kch
Serrano qapoʳtᶴɯʳʔḵ be short, shortened ‣ kch
Serrano qapoʳtᶴḵaʔ short one ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) kamū̱hoʔ <kamúuhu'> chapito, cortito «short» (‑m- is unexpected) ‣
Cupan
Luiseño kapa̱kpamal <kapá-kpa-ma-l> short, low ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Tepiman *kavu̱rika <*ka'vurika> short ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (97)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kavuɖ <kavuḑ> closely, short ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.460
Pima Bajo ka̱plik <'kaplik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (97)
Northern Tepehuan kavúlika ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (97)
Southern Tepehuan kavū̱ʎik <ka'vuulʸik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (97)
ka-30 uncle (merged into ku-30)
ka-31 forehead (Miller 1967: 190 *kowa) *kawaR forehead ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203 (cf. ko-44)
Numic
Central Numic [cognate?]
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kaʔimpata <ka'i-m-pata"> forehead ‣ Crapo 1976: 39
Shoshone kaʔi <ka'i> forehead ‣ Miller 1972: 111
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qalaʔat <qala̱('at)> forehead ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño qawi ̱ʃ <qawí-š> forehead ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño ‑qəw <‑qew> forehead ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Nahua *kʷā(j)(V)- <*kʷaa(y)(V)-> head ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (82)
Classical Nahuatl kʷaitˡ <quaitl> eſtremidad de algo, o la cabeça. ſ. lo alto della como es la
ſuperficie del caxco, vertex «extremity of something, head—if its high place is like the surface of the
cranium, vertex» ‣ Molina 1571: 84r
Classical Nahuatl kʷāitˡ <cuā(i)-tl> head, top, summit, peak ‣ Karttunen 1983: 58
Tetelcingo Mexicano īkʷāʃikal <icuöxical> su cráneo «his skull» (with ʃikal <xical> 'jug') ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 129
Pochutla Mexicano nokʷai | nokʷaj <noquaí | noquay> mi cabeza «my head» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kʷa- | kʷah- | kʷā- <kwa(h)- | kwa:-> head (in compounds) ‣ Campbell 1985: 312
158
ka-32 ka-35
ka-32 cut
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kapi- <kavi-> to cut; to cut down, fell ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 213
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kawtk break, cut (of string) ‣ Anderton 1988: 347
Serrano ḵatuʔ cut up, cut (into several pieces) ‣ kch
Serrano ḵoutḵ bcome cut, break, as of a string ‣ kch
Serrano ḵoutkin cut with a single cut, breat with a single break, vt. ‣ kch
ka-33 sweet potato (Miller 1967: 428 [no reconstruction])

Cora/Huichol
Cora ka̱mʷah <cánuaj> camote «sweet potato» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 122
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kamoʔtˡi <camotli> batata «sweet potato» ‣ Molina 1571: 12r
Classical Nahuatl kamoʔtˡi <camoh-tli> sweet potato ‣ Karttunen 1983: 24
Tetelcingo Mexicano kamohtˡi <camojtli ̱> camote «sweet potato» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 113
Pipil kamuh <kamuh> sweet manioc ‣ Campbell 1985: 268
ka-34 croak <*kakawa> ‣ AMR

Takic
Serran
Serrano qāqḵ croak ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño qa̱qi- <qáqi-> to cackle (of a hen); to croak (of a raven) ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kākag <kaakag> to croak ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.440
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kākātia <kaakaatia> caw ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 68
ka-35 splash against

Takic
Serran
Serrano qatᶴkin dowse, throw (water) on ‣ kch
159
ka-36 ka-38
Cupan
Luiseño qa̱tᶴi- <qáči-> to throw away ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Cahuilla ‑qa̱tᶴaw- <‑qáčaw-> to hit splashing against (water, waves) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 164
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) katᶴi ̱ | katᶴi ̱pa <cachí | cachipa> escupir «spit» ‣ Hilton 1959: 99
ka-36 opponent, enemy

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kajʂūtˢ <kajʃrūts> opponent in a game ("sayo"), or personal enemy ‣ Anderton 1988:
350
Serrano ‑qaiʃ opponent, enemy ‣ kch [loanword? ʃ is unexpected]
Cupan
Luiseño ka̱jtuʃ <káytu-š> enemy, opponent in a game ‣ Bright 1968: 17 [loanword? k‑ (instead of q‑)
is unexpected]
Cupeño ‑qa̱jtu <‑qa̱ytu> enemy ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑ka̱jtu <‑káytu> rival, competitor (in a game); enemy ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 75
ka-37 break
Takic
Serran
Serrano qapiʔ break (by bending) ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑qa̱pi- <‑qápi-> to break (of house, car, bone, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 166
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kapo̱ <capó> quebrarse (una cosa larga) «break (of a long object)» ‣ Hilton
1959: 18
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kaʔri ̱ <ca'rí> quebrarse (un palo) «break (of a stick-like object)» ‣ Hilton
1959: 19
ka-38 pocket
Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kawaʔa <kawá’ḁ> a kind of big packbasket made with string ‣ K. Hill 1969: 10
160
ka-39 ka-41
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kawakawatᶳ <ḳawaḳawatʃr> a type of coccoon, or rattle made from two or three of
them ‣ Anderton 1988: 346
Serrano qawātɯŋatᶳ pocket ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño qa̱wkuniʎ <qa̱wkuni-ly> bag, sack ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
̃ pocket; bag, purse ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 73
Cahuilla ka̱wkuniʎ <káwkun-il>
ka-39 crooked
Takic
Serran [loanwords? medial ‑w- is unexpected]
Serrano qawaʳʔḵaʔ crooked one ‣ kch
Serrano ḵawalawaʔn crooked ‣ kch [loanword]
Cupan
Luiseño kawala̱wa- <kawa-láwa-> to be gap-toothed ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Cupeño kawləka̱wlaʔaʃ <kawleka̱wla'a-sh> crooked ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla ‑ka̱wlā- <‑káwlaa-> to be bent, inclined (of body parts as back, legs; of the new moon,
tree) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 74
ka-40 swing
Takic
Serran
Serrano qajawḵ swing ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño qa̱ja/i- <qáya/i-> to fall, as a tree (intr.); to blow down (a tree) (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cahuilla ‑ka̱jaw- <‑káyaw-> to swing (on a swing, hanging on a rope) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 74
ka-41 belch
Takic
Serran
Serrano qāʳʔḵ belch ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑qe̱wi- <‑qéwi-> to burp, to belch ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 171
161
ka-42 ka-44
ka-42 become intoxicated, drunk, crazy

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk qaʔmɯk <kaʔmək, кaʔməк> be crazy, dizzy, drunk ‣ Anderton 1988: 342
Serrano qaʳmaʳʔḵ become intoxicated, drunk, crazy ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) xamāp̱ eʔ <xamáape'> borracho. Es como decir está loco. «drunk. It's like
saying he's crazy.» ‣ Harrington notes 597
ka-43 leave alone

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño qami ̱ʔi- <qamíʔi-> to leave something be, leave it alone ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Cahuilla ‑qa̱mi‑ | ‑qa̱mɲ- <‑qámi- | ‑qámñ-> 1. to leave sbdy (behind), to quit (job, habit), to
stop (working, fighting, etc.) 2. to let sbdy do sth. ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 165
ka-44 beard, whiskers

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono ka̱nā | xa̱nā <qa̱na | xa̱na> beard, moustache ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 162
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kanakkoʔo | kanakkoʔoppɯ <kanáko’o̥ | kanáko’opə̥> chin, point of chin ‣ K. Hill
1969: 10
Southern Paiute kanakkoʔo <qana´q·ɔ’Ɔ> chin ‣ Sapir 1931: 629
Southern Ute kanakkoppɯ <kaná-qo-pu̧ > chin ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 118
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kaŋāl <kaŋa·-l> the facial hair (k- is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kaŋatˢ <kaŋats> beard ‣ Anderton 1988: 343
Serrano ‑qaʳŋ beard, facial hair ‣ kch
162
ka-45 ka-48
ka-45 yesterday, tomorrow

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qāv̱ o <qaavo> tomorrow ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman (with ta-03)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tako yesterday ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.182
Pima Bajo takɯv <tákew> ayer «yesterday» ‣ Escalante & Estrada Fernández 1993: 222
Northern Tepehuan takávo yesterday ‣ Bascom 1982: 273
ka-46 sharp <*kawaC> ‣ AMR [possibly a spurious set: sharp edges and sharp points are usually very different
in Uto-Aztecan]
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qa̱la sharp (re edge) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl awatˡ <auatl> enzina, roble, guſano lanudo, o eſpina «oak; woolly caterpillar;
spine» (3 distinct words merged in Molina's spelling) ‣ Molina 1571: 9r (also at pa-56)
Classical Nahuatl aʔwatˡ <ahhua-tl> long, slender thorn ‣ Karttunen 1983: 5
Tetelcingo Mexicano ahwatˡ <ajuatl> aguate «spine, thorn» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 107
ka-47 above <*kahVku> ‣ AMR

Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) gaha̱ | kaha̱ | gaja̱- <gajá/kajá/gayá-> alzarse, elevarse «get higher, elevate
oneself» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 59
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ako <aco> arriba, o en lo alto «above, on high» ‣ Molina 1571: 2v
Classical Nahuatl aʔko <ahco> above ‣ Karttunen 1983: 5
Tetelcingo Mexicano ahkopatˡatᶴia <ajcopatlachi ̱a> ve hacia arriba «[he] looks upward» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 107
Pipil ahku <ahku> up, above, over, on high ‣ Campbell 1985: 152
ka-48 lie (Miller 1967: 381b *ka)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qāṯ ˢi <qaatsi> lie ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑qal- <‑qál-> to be lying down, sg. subj. (?) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 169 (cf. ka-03)
163
kE-01 kE-02
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kātᶴ <kaac> to be somewhere in a lying or spreading position
(inanimate) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.438
kE-01 snow (Miller 1967: 400 *kepa)

Tepiman *kɯ̱ vai <*'kɨvai> ice, snow ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (135)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gɯvi ̥ | gɯv <gev(ï)> snow, ice (g is unexpected) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.283
Pima Bajo kɯv <'kɨv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (135)
Northern Tepehuan kɯ́ vai <k� ́vai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (135)
Southern Tepehuan kɯv <'kɨv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (135)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kepa̱ <kepá> snow ‣ Miller 1996: 346
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kipari ̱ <quiparí> nieve «snow» ‣ Hilton 1959: 60
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata keva̱ <quebá> snow ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
Tubar
Tubar kewa- <kewa-> nevar «snow (v.)» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Tubar kewa̱t <kewá-t> nieve «snow (n.)» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
kE-02 bite (Miller 1967: 42 *ke | *key) *kɯ | *kɯᵤʔi | *kɯᵤʔɯ <*kɨᵤ(ʔi) | *kɨᵤ(ʔɨ)> to bite ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 139 (43)
Numic *kɯh- <*kəh- (instr. pref.)> with teeth/by biting ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (72)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkɯi <kɨi> bite ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 64
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kɯttˢiʔah <küttsi'ah> bite ‣ Dayley 1989: 80
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kɯttˢiʔah <ky-cci'ah> to bite (something hard) ‣ Crapo 1976: 45
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kɯkkaʔah <ky-kka'ah> to bite (something flexible) ‣ Crapo 1976: 45
Western Shoshone kɯkkaʔah <kekka'ah> bite in two; break with teeth ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone kɯ- <ke"-> with the teeth or mouth ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kɯ̱̄ ki <kuuki> bite ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kɯ̄ ʔɯt <kɨ·ʔ-(ɨt)> to bite ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kɯʔ <kəʔ, k̅əʔ> bite ‣ Anderton 1988: 354
Serrano kɯ̄ ʳʔ bite ‣ kch
164
kE-03 kE-03
Cupan
Luiseño ko̱ʔi- <kóʔi-> to bite ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño qəʔ <qe̱'e;-0> to bite ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑ke- <‑ké-> to bite ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 77
Tepiman *kɯ̱ i <*'kɨi> he bit ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (130)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯʔɯ- <keʔe-> to bite, sting obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.474
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯi <kei> [he bit] ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.474
Pima Bajo kɯ̱ i <'kɨi> [he bit] ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (130)
Pima Bajo kɯk <kek> morder «bite» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 246
Northern Tepehuan kɯí <kɨí> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (130)
Southern Tepehuan kɯ̱ i <'kɨi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (130)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kiʔtᶴuna̱ <kiʔcu-ná> to bite ‣ Miller 1996: 347
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) iki ̱ <iquí> picar, morder «prick, bite» ‣ Hilton 1959: 38
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ke̱en <quéen> morder «bite» ‣ Pennington 1981: 217
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ke̓ <ke'e> bite it ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 73
Mayo ke̓je <qué'eye : a'a qué'eye; yore quecque> lo muerde; muerde «bite it; bite» ‣ Collard &
Collard 1962: 175
Tubar
Tubar ke- <ke-> morder «bite» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Cora/Huichol
Cora ratᶴe̱̓ <rache'e> lo muerde «(he) bites it» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 166
Wixarika (Huichol) kḗ- <quée=> morder, picar «bite, sting» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 86
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitekeketˢoma | niteketˢuma <quequetzuma.nite | quetzuma.nite> adentellar,
morder a otro, o dar bocados | lo miſmo es que quequetzuma «leave toothmarks, bite someone, give
mouthfuls | same as quequetzuma» ‣ Molina 1571: 89r | 89v
Classical Nahuatl keʔtˢoma <quehtzom(a)> to bite something, someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 208
Tetelcingo Mexicano kiketˢoma <qui ̱quetzoma> lo muerde «he bites it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 200
kE-03 stand (Miller 1967: 412 *ke) *kɯ- <*kɨ-> ‣ AMR

Tepiman *kɯ̱̄ ka <*'kɨɨka> to be standing ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (137); *kɯki ̱va | *kɯki ̱vi- <*kɨ'kiva/i->
to stand up ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (132)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯ̄ k <keek> to stand, to be standing somewhere ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.462
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯkiwa <kekiva> to stand up; to stop ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.471
Pima Bajo kɯ̄ k <'kɨɨk> to be standing ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (137)
Pima Bajo kia̱k | kɯ̄ k <kiák | keek> parar «stand» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 250
165
kE-04 kE-04
Pima Bajo kɯ̱ kwi- <'kɨkvi-> to stand up ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (132)
Northern Tepehuan kɯ̄̌ ka <kɨ�ḱ a> to be standing ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (137)
Northern Tepehuan kɯkíva <kɨkíva> to stand up ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (132)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kɯ̄ k <‑'kɨɨk> to be standing ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (137)
Southern Tepehuan kɯ̱ kvo- <'kɨkvo-> to stand up ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (132)
Southeastern Tepehuan kɯk <quɨc> stand ‣ Willett 1991: 52
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kikte <kikte> stand up; stop (machine) (sg.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 75
Mayo kiktek <quíctec> se paró «stood up» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 175
kE-04 foot (Miller 1967: 189 *ke | *keke (redp.?)) *kɯnkɯ <*kïnkï> foot, track ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205
Numic *kɯhkɯ <*kəhkə> foot ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (73)
Western Numic
Western Mono kɯ̱ kkɯ <kɨḵ Ɨ> foot ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 48
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kɯkɯ̱ ʔat <kuku('at)> foot ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) kō̱renax <kóorenax> está pisando la tierra «he's stepping on the ground» ‣
Tepiman *kɯ̱ isa <*'kɨisa> he stepped on ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (131)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯiʂ <keix> to put one's foot on obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.468
Pima Bajo kɯ̱ iʂ <'kɨiš>
̣ ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (131)
Northern Tepehuan kɯ̄́ ʃa <k� ́�š́ a> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (131)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kɯ̱ is <‑'kɨis> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (131)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ke̱san <quésan> pisar «step on» ‣ Pennington 1981: 218
Ópata kē <quë> pisar «step on» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cora/Huichol
Cora netᶴepʷa̱ <nechepuá> mi pie «my foot» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 77
Wixarika (Huichol) kētā ́ <queetáa> pie, pata «foot, paw» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 88
Nahua *ɯkʃi- | *ɯkʃo- <*ɨkši- (or perhaps *ɨkšo‑)> foot ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (67)
Classical Nahuatl ikʃitˡ <icxitl> pie «foot» ‣ Molina 1571: 34r
Classical Nahuatl ikʃitˡ <(i)cxi-tl> foot ‣ Karttunen 1983: 95
Tetelcingo Mexicano īkʃi <icxi ̱> su pie, su pierna «his foot, his leg» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 129
Pochutla Mexicano noʃoj <noxói> mi pié «my foot» (cognate with loss of *-k-?) ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil nukʃi <nu-kxi> my foot ‣ Campbell 1985: 229
166
kE-05 kE-06
kE-05 sharp edge

Numic *kɯmā | *kɯma(ʔa) <*kəmaa | *kəma(ʔa)> (sharp) edge ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (74)
Western Numic
Western Mono kɯwāpɯ̄ <kɨwaabɨ> sharp (one); any object with a sharp edge (such as a knife,
etc.) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 51
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kɯmappɯh | kɯmattˢi <kümappüh | kümattsi> sharp edge,
sharp ‣ Dayley 1989: 76
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kɯma <kyma> sharp (of an edge) ‣ Crapo 1976: 45
Western Shoshone kɯmah <kemah> edge, sharp edge ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone kɯma | kɯmā <kema | kemaaH> sharp (of an edge) ‣ Miller 1972: 112
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kuwa- <kuwa=> edge ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 219
Southern Paiute kɯmā <qïŋwa´‘> edge ‣ Sapir 1931: 637
Southern Ute ku̱wā <kúwaa> edge, margin, sharp edge (unexpected initial stress) ‣ Southern Ute
Tribe 1979: 124
Southern Ute kuwappɯ <kuwá-pu̧ > sharpness, a (sharp) point ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 124
kE-06 paternal grandfather

Numic *kɯnu(ʔu) <*kənu(ʔu)> (paternal) grandfather ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (75)
Western Numic
Western Mono kɯ̱ nuʔ <kɨṉ u'> (paternal) grandfather; grandchild (through the father's son) ‣
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kɯnu(ttˢi) <künu(ttsi)> grandfather (FaFa); grandchild
(SoCh ms) ‣ Dayley 1989: 77
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kɯnu <kynu> father's father, man's son's child ‣ Crapo 1976: 46
Western Shoshone kɯnu <kenu> paternal grandfather, grandchild of a man ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 268
Shoshone kɯnu <kenu> grandfather (father's father); grandchild (man's son's child) ‣ Miller
1972: 112
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kunu- <kunu=> father's father; spouse's father's father ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 218
Southern Paiute kunnuni <qun·u- : qunu´-nI | qųnu´-nI> great-grandfather : my (male's or
female's) great-grandfather, great-grandfather's brother ‣ Sapir 1931: 642
167
kE-07 kE-10
Southern Ute kɯnūtᶴi <ku̧ núu-ci> grandfather, father's father; reciprocal: grandson, grand-
daughter ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 126
Tepiman *kɯ̱̄ rī <*'kɨɨrii> male, old man ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (138a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯli <keli> mature man, elder, old man, husband ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.472
Pima Bajo kɯ̱ li <'kɨli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (138a)
Pima Bajo kɯ̱ ʎmdɯr <kélymder> viejo «old man» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 262
Northern Tepehuan kɯ̄̌ li <kɨ� ́li> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (138a)
Southern Tepehuan kiʎ�̱̄ <ki'lʸii> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (138a)
kE-07 onion
Numic *kɯ(ŋ)ka <*kəŋka | *kəka> onion ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (76)
Central Numic
Western Shoshone kɯnka <kenka> wild onion ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone kɯnka <kenka> wild onion (Annium bisceptrum) ‣ Miller 1972: 112
Comanche kɯ̄ kḁ | kɯka <kʉʉka̱ | kʉka> wild onion ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 36
kE-08 blanket
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kema̱ <kemá> blanket ‣ Miller 1996: 345
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kima̱ <quimá> cobija «blanket» ‣ Hilton 1959: 59
kE-09 hawk
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʲēḻ e <kyeele> sparrow hawk; neophyte ‣ Hopi Dictionary [loanword?]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío keletᶴi ̱ | keretᶴi ̱ (?) <kelecí (¿kerecí?)> kind of a hawk ‣ Miller 1996: 345
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sikiri ̱tᶴi <siquiríchi> gavilán (amarillo, pequeño) «small yellow hawk» ‣
Hilton 1959: 70
kE-10 good
Tepiman *kɯ̱̄ ga | *kɯ̄ ga̱dɯ <*'kɨɨga/kɨɨ'gadɨ> good ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (136)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯgadᶾ <kegaj> to be pretty, nice, good ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.465
Pima Bajo kɯ̄ g | kɯ̱ gɯd <keeg | kéged> bueno «good» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 224
Northern Tepehuan kɯ̄̌ ga | kɯ̄ gádɯ <kɨ� ́ga | kɨɨgádɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (136)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kɯ̄ ʔ <‑'kɨɨʔ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (136)
Tubar
Tubar kiwa̱r <kiwá-r> bueno «good» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
168
kE-11 kE-14
kE-11 manzanita
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kɯtᶳatᶳ <kə́tʃratʃr> manzanita ‣ Anderton 1988: 355
Serrano ḵɯtᶳtᶳaʔ <kootc͇ẖ chah> Manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) ‣ Merriam 1850-1974: 115
Cupan *kə̱̄lə-l <*kə́:lə-l> manzanita ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (68)
Luiseño kō̱lul <kó·lu-l> a type of manzanita, Arctostaphylos glauca ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño kə̱ləl <ke̱le-l> manzanita, Arctostaphylos sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla ke̱lel <kelel> Arctostaylos Adans., Manzanita ‣ Bean & Saubel 1979: 40
kE-12 huipil, quechquemitl

Nahua *kətᶴkēmitˡ <*kəčkeemitl> huipil, quechquemitl ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (88)
Classical Nahuatl ketᶴkemitˡ <quechquemitl> papahigo «winter cap» (Molina's definition doesn't seem
to make sense; see Karttunen, below.) ‣ Molina 1571: 88v
Classical Nahuatl ketᶴkēmitˡ <quechquēm(i)-tl> an indigenous Mesoamerican garment consisting of
a cloth with a neck hole cut in the center; it is pulled on over the head and usually falls to a point in
front and back. This literally means 'neck garment.' ‣ Karttunen 1983: 207
Tetelcingo Mexicano ketᶴkēmitˡ <quechquiemi ̱tl> rebozo «shawl» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 177
Pochutla Mexicano nokeʃkem <noquexquém> mi huipil «my huipil» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
kE-13 itch
Nahua *kəʃkia <*kəškia> itch ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (93)
Classical Nahuatl kekeʃkia <quequexquia> tener comezon «itch» ‣ Molina 1571: 89r
Classical Nahuatl kekeʃkija <quequexquiya> to have an itch, mange ‣ Karttunen 1983: 209
Tetelcingo Mexicano kekeʃkia <quequexqui ̱a> le da comezón, se escalda (de comezón) «itch» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano koʃki <coxquí> comezón «itch» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kekeʃke <kekexke> plant sp., with a wide leaf, its juice stings ‣ Campbell 1985: 276
kE-14 shell corn

Tepiman *kɯri ̱vi <*kɨ'rivi> shell corn ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (133)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯliv, kɯlv- <kel(i)v> to shuck obj such as corn; to pick small berries
off the bush ‣ Mathiot 1973: 473
Pima Bajo kɯ̱ ʎɯp <kélyep> desgranar «shell corn» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 232
Northern Tepehuan kɯlívi <kɨlívi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (133)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kɯʎ�̄v̱ <‑kɨ'lʸiiv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (133)
169
kE-15 kE-18
kE-15 hate
Takic
Serran
Serrano kʳijijk hate ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ko̱ʔka- <kóʔka-> to hate, to envy ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) skɯ̄ ʔid | skɯ̄ ʔɯlid <s-keeʔ(el)id> to scold, get after, get mad at obj ‣
Mathiot 1973: 1.464
kE-16 bad
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kɯʂaʔ <kəʃraʔ> no good, bad ‣ Anderton 1988: 357
Serrano kɯʳʂaʔ bad ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño kə̱ʂin <ke̱s̷he;‑ine> to injure, hurt ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
kE-17 gather firewood (also at ku-04)

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño kulā̱w- <kulá·w-> to gather firewood ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Luiseño kulā̱wut <kulá·wu-t> tree, wood, stick; bone; racer snake ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño kəla̱w <kela̱we;‑0> to gather wood, grass ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cupeño kəla̱wat <kela̱wa-t> stick, firewood ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla ‑ke̱law- <‑kélaw-> to gather wood ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 74
Cahuilla ke̱lawat <kélawat> wood; woods; tree ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 75
kE-18 fish (Miller 1967: 173 *k+front vowel | *k+back vowel | *kuyu) *kɯtˢuC <*kïcuC> fish ‣ Manaster
Ramer 1992: 257
Numic *peŋkʷi | *paŋkʷi <*peŋkʷi | *paŋkʷi> fish ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (146) (with pa-07)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute pakkʷi <bakʷi> fish ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 8
Western Mono pa̱kkʷi- <pa̱kwi[-]> fish (general term) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 126
170
kE-18 kE-18
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) paŋʷi | peŋʷi <pangwi | pengwi> fish ‣ Dayley 1989: 188
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone penkʷi <penkwi"> a fish ‣ Crapo 1976: 68
Western Shoshone penkʷi <painkwi> fish ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone penkʷi <painkwi> fish ‣ Miller 1972: 126
Comanche pekʷittɯ | pēkʷi ̥ <pekwitʉ | peekwi ̱> fish ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 79
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pakɯ̄ tˢi <pa-gɨɨ-zi> fish ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 247
Chemehuevi pakɯ̄ tˢi <pagə̄t́ si ̥> fish ‣ K. Hill 1969: 24
Southern Ute pakɯ̱̄ <pagú̧ > fish ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 153
Southern Ute pa̱kɯ̄ <págu̧ > trout ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 153
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāk
̱ iw <paakiw> fish ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with pa-07)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kujūl <kuyu·-l> fish ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kihūtᶳ <kihutr̥, kihutʃr, kihūtʃr> fish (gen.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 351
Serrano kihūtᶳ fish ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) keū̱r <kẹúurr> fish ‣ Harrington notes 606
Cupan *kijū̱-l | *kəjū̱-l <*kiyú:-l | *kəyú:-l> fish ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (45)
Luiseño kujū̱l | kijū̱l <kuyú·-l | kiyú·-l> fish; a legendary aquatic animal said to live in Pauma
Creek ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Luiseño kijū̱l <kiyúu-l> mysterious water beast ‣ Eññiott 1999: 395
Cupeño kijūl <kiyu̱l> fish ‣ Jacobs 1975: 185
Cupeño qəju̱l <qeyu̱-l> fish ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ki ̱jul <kíyul> fish ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 82
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kutᶴu̱t <cuchút> pez, pescado ‣ Pennington 1981: 173
Ópata kutᶴu̱ <cŭchû> fish ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kutᶴu <kuchu> fish ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 82
Mayo kuttᶴu <cutchu> pescado «fish» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 132
Tubar
Tubar kitᶴu̱t <kicú-t> pescado «fish» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) kētˢɯ̄́ <queesǘü> pescado, pez «fish» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 87
171
kE-19 ki-01
kE-19 scratch
Tepiman *kɯ̱ sa <*'kɨsa> to scratch ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (134a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kɯʂkuɖ <keshkud> a back scratcher (the implement) ‣ Saxton et al.
1983: 32
Pima Bajo kɯ̱ ʂm(im) <'kɨšm
̣ (im)> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (134a)
́
Northern Tepehuan kɯ̄ sa <k� ́�ś a> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (134a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kɯs <‑'kɨs> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (134a)
ki-01 house (Miller 1967: 240a *ki) *ki house ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (44)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi k�̄hɯ
̱ <kiihu> house ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi k�̄hɯ
̱ <ki·he> house ‣ Whorf 1946: 170
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kītˢ <kitṣ, kītṣ, kits, kīts> house ‣ Anderton 1988: 350
Serrano kītᶴ house ‣ kch
Cupan *k�̄-tᶴa
̱ <*kí:-ča> house ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (64)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) akiʔ <aki’> hole or den of an animal ‣ Woodward 2007: 176
Luiseño k�̄tᶴa
̱ <kí·-ča> house ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño kiʃ <ki-sh> house, home ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla kiʃ <kí-š> house ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 80
Tongva (Gabrielino) kīj <k�ç̄́ | kíiy> casa «house» ‣ Harrington notes 312
Tepiman *kī <*'kii> house, home ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (100)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kī <kii> house, wall ‣ Mathiot 1973: 475
Pima Bajo kī <kii> casa «house» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 226
Northern Tepehuan ‑k�̄ ́ <‑kíí> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (100)
Southern Tepehuan kī- <'kii-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (100)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kit <quit> casa «house» ‣ Pennington 1981: 218
Ópata ki <qui> house ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Tubar
Tubar ki‑ | kita̱ | kita̱t <ki‑ | ki-tá | ki-tá-t> casa «house» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Cora/Huichol
Cora tᶴ�̓ <chi'i> casa, jaula «house, cage» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 127
Wixarika (Huichol) k�̄ ́ <quíi> casa, edificio «house, building» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 88
172
ki-02 ki-04
ki-02 bring (Miller 1967: 61a *ki)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ki ̱ma, kiwi ̱sa <ki-ma (ki-wisa, pl.)> take away (pl. obj.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kinnat <kin-(at)> he brings it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Tübatulabal kinnanat <kɩńana´t> bring to ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.17
ki-03 come (Miller 1967: 96 *kim) *kiᵤma to come ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (159)
Numic *kihma come ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (71)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkimma <kimma> come (SG) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 61
Western Mono kima- to come ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 46
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kimma come ‣ Dayley 1989: 55
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kimma <kimma"> to come ‣ Crapo 1976: 41
Western Shoshone kimma <kimma"> come ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone kimma to come ‣ Miller 1972: 112
Comanche kimatɯ <kimarʉ> come (sg.) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 28
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kimat <kimat> am coming ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 16.2
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kim <kim, ḳim> come ‣ Anderton 1988: 352
Serrano kim | kimaj come ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) kī <kii> come ‣ Harrington notes 598
ki-04 son (Miller 1967: 488 *ki)

Takic
Cupan <*kihá:-t> child ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (25)
Luiseño kihāṯ <kihá·-t | kihú·-t> small; child ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño k�̄m
̱ al <ki ̱ima-l> boy (unexpected long vowel) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla ki ̱at <kíat> child ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 365
Cahuilla ‑ki ̱hma <‑kíhma> son (father's) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 78
173
ki-05 ki-07
ki-05 elbow
Numic *kī(h)pɯ <*kii(h)pə> elbow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (70)
Western Numic
Western Mono makki ̱pɯ̄ <maki ̱bɨ> elbow ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 66
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) makkīppɯh(ttˢi) <makkiippüh(ttsi)> elbow ‣ Dayley 1989:
92
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kī- <kii(")-> with the elbow ‣ Dayley 1989: 54
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kīppɯh <kii-ppyh> elbow ‣ Crapo 1976: 41
Western Shoshone kīppɯh <kiippeh> elbow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Shoshone kīppɯh <kii-ppeh> elbow ‣ Miller 1972: 112
Shoshone kī- <kii-> with the elbow ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kīppupɯ <kiipu-vɨ> elbow ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 214
Chemehuevi kīppɯ <k�p̄́ ə̥> elbow ‣ K. Hill 1969: 11
Southern Ute kīppɯ <kíi-pu̧ > elbow ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 121
ki-06 south
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) ketām
̱ e <kitáamẹ, kẹtáamẹ> south ‣ Harrington notes 470
Cupan
Luiseño k�̄tᶴamik
̱ | k�̄tᶴanuk
̱ <kí·ča-m-ik | kí·ča-nuk> southward ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño kitᶴa̱mka <kicha̱mka> to the south ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla ki ̱tᶴamka <kíčam-ka> south (toward south) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 78
ki-07 rainbow
Tepiman *kiho̱nari <*ki'honari> rainbow ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (99a); *kiʔo̱horai <*ki'?ohorai>
rainbow ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (99b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kiohoɖ | kikihoɖ <kiohoD | kikihoD> rainbow ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 25
Pima Bajo kia̱hur <kiáhur> arcoiris «rainbow» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 221
Northern Tepehuan kixónali <kihónali> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (99a)
Southern Tepehuan kiʔō̱r <ki'?oor> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (99b)
174
ki-08 ki-09
ki-08 leave
Nahua *kīsa <*kiisa> leave ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (98)
Classical Nahuatl kisa <quiça> concluirſe o acabarſe alguna obra, o correr el arroyo, o eſcampar, o
ſazonarſe lo que ſe ſembro, a acabarſe la fruta, por auer ya paſſado el tiempo della «for something to
conclude or end; for a wash to run; clear up after a rain; for fruit to ripen for having passed the time
for it» ‣ Molina 1571: 89v
Classical Nahuatl nikisa <quiça.ni> ſalir fuera de caſa «go or come out of the house» ‣ Molina 1571:
89v
Classical Nahuatl kīsa <quīz(a)> to come out, to emerge, to conclude or finish ‣ Karttunen 1983: 213
Tetelcingo Mexicano kīsa <quisa> sale, nace (planta, zacate, etc.) «[he] goes or comes out,
emerges, [it] sprouts [plant, grass, etc.]» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 200
Pochutla Mexicano kisa <quiçá> salir «go or come out» ‣ Boas 1917: 37
Pipil kīsa <ki:sa> to leave, to come out, to go out, to appear ‣ Campbell 1985: 280
ki-09 hawk
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kɯsapi <kɨsa-vi> chicken hawk; bullet hawk (?) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 215
Chemehuevi kɯsapi <kəsávi ̥> hawk sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 11
Southern Paiute kɯʃapi | kɯʃapɯ <qÏ‘ca´ɸI | qÏ‘ca´ɸÏ> Sennett white-tailed hawk (?), white-
breasted sp. that hits smaller birds with his wings ‣ Sapir 1930: 637
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ki ̱ɦsa <kìisa> chicken hawk ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran (with pa-63)
Kitanemuk pākihatᶳ | pākeatᶳ <pakihatʃr, pākihatʃr, páḳeatʃr̥> hawk sp. ‣ Anderton 1988: 456
Serrano pākihatᶳ chicken hawk ‣ kch
Gabrielino/Fernandeño (with pa-63)
Tongva (Gabrielino) pak�̄ʂar
̱ <pakíiʃarr> gavilán pollero «chicken hawk» ‣ Harrington notes 147
Cupan <*kí:ṣi-la> hawk (2), chicken ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (62)
Luiseño pāḵ iʃla <pá·kiš-la> chicken hawk ‣ Bright 1968: 30 (with pa-63)
Cupeño ki ̱siʎ <ki ̱sily> hawk ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 186
Cahuilla ki ̱siʎ <kísil>̃ chicken hawk ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 80
175
ki-10 ko-01
ki-10 say (cf. kwi-12)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ki ̱ta, kito̱ta <ki-ta (pl. ki-tota)> say ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kɯt <kï´t> says ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 121
Takic
Serran
Serrano ḵɯj say ‣ kch
ki-11 deerweed
Takic
Cupan *k�̄w
̱ a-t <*kí:wa-t> deerweed ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (33)
Luiseño k�̄wat
̱ <kí·wa-t> deerweed, Lotus scoparius ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Luiseño k�̄wut
̱ <kíiwu-t> deerwood, deergrass ‣ Elliott 1999: 392
Cupeño ki ̱wətpa <ki ̱wetpa> Los Tules, a place name ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cahuilla ki ̱wat <kiwat> Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley, Deerweed ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 87
ki-12 shade
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño ki ̱siʃ <ki ̱si-sh> shade ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:158 [2005:244]
Cahuilla ki ̱siʃ <kís-iš> shade ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979:80
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kihsi <kìisi> shade ‣ Hopi Dictionary 1998:139
ko-01 make fire

Numic *kohtō | *kuhtū <*kohtoo | *kuhtuu> make/set a fire ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (61)
Western Numic
Western Mono ko̱so <qo̱sO> fire, matches ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 170
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kottō <kottoo> make a fire, start a fire, set on fire, cremate
‣ Dayley 1989: 63
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kottōh <kottooh> to make a fire, to burn something ‣ Crapo 1976:
43
176
ko-02 ko-02
Western Shoshone kottōh <kottooh> light a fire, make a fire ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kottō <kottooH> to make a fire ‣ Miller 1972: 113
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱̄ ha <qööha> make a fire ‣ Hopi Dictionary
ko-02 sleep (Miller 1967: 129b *koci) *kotˢiC | *kotˢi <*kociC | *koci> to sleep ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992:
258; *kotˢi <*koȼi> sleep ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (274); *kostˢi | *kostˢo <*kosci | *kosco> to
sleep ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (34)
Numic
Central Numic
Shoshone ɯkkoi <ekkoiH> to sleep (dl., pl. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute koʔi- <qɔ’i-> several go to sleep ‣ Sapir 1931: 639
Southern Ute kuaī <kwáy> sleep (plural of pɯiī <pu̧ í>) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 166
Tepiman *kō̱so <*'kooso> he sleeps ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (110a); *koʔosi ̱mu <*ko?o'simu> to be
sleepy ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (119)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kōʂ <koox> to fall asleep, to sleep (sgs) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.495
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kōsim <koosim> to wish to sleep ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.494
Pima Bajo kōʂ <'kooš>
̣ he sleeps ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (110a)
Pima Bajo kō̱ʃim <'koošim> to be sleepy ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (119)
Pima Bajo kō̱kɯʃ | ko̱ʃɯg <kóokes | kóseg> dormir ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 232
Northern Tepehuan kōš o <koóso> he sleeps ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (110a)
Northern Tepehuan kṓso <kóóso> he sleeps ‣ Bascom 1982: 305
Northern Tepehuan kōʃímu <koošímu> to be sleepy ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (119)
Southern Tepehuan kōs <'koos> he sleeps ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (110a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ko̱ʔoʃim <‑'ko?ošim> to be sleepy ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (119)
Southeastern Tepehuan kōs <[koos]> he is sleeping ‣ Willett 1991: 14
Southeastern Tepehuan kōsɯ <[koosï]> to sleep ‣ Willett 1991: 28
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kotᶴina̱ <koci-ná> to sleep ‣ Miller 1996: 347
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kotᶴi ̱ <cochí> dormir «sleep» ‣ Hilton 1959: 20
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kotˢo̱n <cotzón> dormir «sleep» ‣ Pennington 1981: 173
Ópata kotᶴia <cochi-a> sleep ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kotᶴe <koche> asleep, sleeping ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 77
Mayo kottᶴe <cotche> se duerme, está durmiendo «(he) sleeps, is asleep» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962:
127
177
ko-03 ko-04
Tubar
Tubar kos- <ko̧s-> dormir «sleep» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Cora/Huichol
Cora kutˢu̱ <cutzú> está dormido «[he] is asleep» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 35
Wixarika (Huichol) kū́.tˢú- <cúu.sú=> dormir «sleep» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 38
Wixarika (Huichol) kūtˢ�̄ ́ <cuusíi> sueño «dream» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 38
Nahua *kotᶴɯ | *kotᶴi <*kočɨ | *koči> sleep ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (151)
Classical Nahuatl nikotᶴi <cochi.ni> dormir ‣ Molina 1571: 23r
Classical Nahuatl kotᶴi <coch(i)> to sleep ‣ Karttunen 1983: 36
Tetelcingo Mexicano kotᶴi <cochi ̱> duerme «he sleeps» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 116
Pochutla Mexicano nen kotᶴos <nen cochóz> voy a dirmir «I'm going to sleep» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kutᶴi <kuchi> to sleep ‣ Campbell 1985: 285
ko-03 hug, carry in the arms

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kopah hug, put arms around ‣ Dayley 1989: 61
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kopa <kopa"> to carry (in arms), to embrace, to hold in arms ‣
Crapo 1976: 43
Western Shoshone kopa <kopa"> carry in arms, hug ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kōmk | kōm <koomk | koom> to put one's arms around obj, to take obj
in one's arms ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.493
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío komi ̱na <komí-na> to hug; to carry a person or animal ‣ Miller 1996: 348
ko-04 eat (Miller 1967: 84 *ko) *koʔa to eat ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (131) (cf. kwa-05)
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño qe̱ʔni- <qéʔni-> to feed an animal ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Tepiman *ko̱ʔai | *ko̱ʔi <*'ko?ai/i> to eat ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (115)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koʔa <ko'a> to eat ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 25
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuʔa to eat obj as a regular diet ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.20
Pima Bajo koʔɯ <kó'e> comer ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 228
Northern Tepehuan ‑koái ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (115)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ku̱aʔ <‑'kua?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (115)
178
ko-05 ko-06
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koʔani ̱ <koʔa-ní> to eat ‣ Miller 1996: 348, 436
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) koʔwa̱ <co'huá> comer «eat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 20
Tubar
Tubar ko- <ko̧-> comer «eat» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
ko-05 below
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koʔmi ̱na <koʔmína> downhill, the hillside below ‣ Miller 1996: 349
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kom <com> para abajo «downward» ‣ Pennington 1981: 170
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ko̓mi | ko̓m | kom <ko'om(i) | kom> down, below, under, downward ‣
Mayo kom <com> para abajo «downward» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 128
Mayo ko̓mi <có'omi> abajo «below» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 130
ko-06 bark of tree, shell (Miller 1967: 21 *ko) (cf. ko-10)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑kotˢo <‑ḳ̅otso, ‑k̅ots̅ o, ‑ḳotso, ‑kotso', -ḳots̅ o> shell (of turtle), peel, skin ‣ Anderton
1988: 359
Serrano ‑qoʳtᶴ skin, hide, bark (of a tree) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) axō̱xotᶳ <'axóoxotʃ> su cáscara «its bark» ‣ Harrington notes 602
Cupan *qēṯ ᶴi-la <*qé:či-la> shell ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (118)
Luiseño qe̱ʃla <qéš-la> seashell ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qi ̱tᶴiʎ <qi ̱chi-ly> money ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla qi ̱tᶴiʎ <qíč-il>̃ money ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 172
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koʂ <kox> nest ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.500 [cognate?]
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ‑koʂɖag <-koxḑag> case (in compounds) (cf. gāt‑koʂɖag <gaat-koxḑag>
gun case, novi ̥‑koʂɖag <novï-koxḑag> glove) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.500
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kohtᶴi ̱ <kohcí> shrimp, crawfish ‣ Miller 1996: 347
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vā kōtᶴim <vaa koochim> shrimp ("water shells") ‣ Molina at al. 1999: 79
Mayo vā kōtᶴim <baacoóchim> camarón «shrimp» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 116
179
ko-07 ko-07
Tubar
Tubar kotᶴika̱l <ko̧ci-kál> camarón «shrimp» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Cora/Huichol
Cora ku̱tˢape̓ <cútzape'e> cáscara, escamas, jícara, uña «bark, shell, fish scales, chocolate cup, nail»
‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 124
ko-07 hurt, be (pepper) hot (Miller 1967: 129c *ko | *koko (redp.))
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño qiʎi ̱qat <qilyi ̱qa-t> hot, spicy, strong ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
̃
Cahuilla ‑qe̱ʎa- <‑qéla-> to feel sore ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 170
̃
Cahuilla qe̱ʎak <qélak> peppery, pungent, creating a burning sensation ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 170
Tepiman *koʔo̱ko <*ko'?oko> to be sick ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (117); *ko̱ʔokori <*'ko?okori> chile ‣
Bascom 1965: 164 (118)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koko to get sick (redupl of *koʔo) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.483
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koʔokol chile pepper (both plant and fruit) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.503
Pima Bajo ko̱ʔok <'ko?ok> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (117)
Pima Bajo ko̱ʔkil <'ko?kil> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (118)
Northern Tepehuan kṓko <kóóko> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (117)
Northern Tepehuan kṓkoli <kóókoli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (118)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kaʔō̱k <-ka'?ook> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (117)
Southern Tepehuan ko̱ʔokoʎ <'ko?okolʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (118)
Southeastern Tepehuan koʔkoʎ <[´koʔ.koɡ̷lʸ]> chili pepper ‣ Willett 1991: 22
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koʔko̱ni <koʔkó-ni> to be hot, of taste (like pepper) ‣ Miller 1996: 349
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kori ̱ <corí> chile ‣ Hilton 1959: 22
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ko <co> picar «sting» ‣ Hilton 1959: 20
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ko̱koen <cócoen> doler «hurt» ‣ Pennington 1981: 171
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ko̓ko <ko'oko> hot, spicy; painful ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 76
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ko̓koʔi <ko'oko'i> chile, pepper ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 76
Mayo ko̓ko <có'oco> duele, enchiloso «hurt, hot (spicy)» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 130
Mayo ko̓koa <có'ocoa> enfermedad «illness» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 130
Mayo ko̓kore <có'ocore> está enfermo «[he] is ill» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 130
Tubar
Tubar koko̱ <ko̧-kó̧> dolor «pain» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Tubar koko̱l <ko̧kó̧-l> chile ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
180
ko-08 ko-08
Cora/Huichol
Cora anku̱̓ku̓ | anku̱̓ku <ancú'ucu'u | ancú'ucu> picante | está enchiloso «spicy hot | it is spicy hot»
‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 76 | 114
Cora ku̓ku̱ri <cu'ucuri> chile ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 125
Wixarika (Huichol) kū.kúri <cuu.cúri> chile ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 29
Nahua *koko | *kokowa <*koko(wa)> sick ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (145)
Classical Nahuatl ninokokoa | nitekokoa <cocoa.nino | cocoa.nite> eſtar enfermo | laſtimar a otro
«be ill | hurt someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 23v
Classical Nahuatl kokoa <cocoā> to be sick, to hurt; to hurt someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 38
Tetelcingo Mexicano kokōk <cocuc> picante, pica (de chile), picoso «spicy, hot [of chile]» ‣ Brewer
& Brewer 1962: 115
Pipil kūkua <ku:kua> to hurt, to pain, to ache (Cuisnahuat dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 288
Pochutla Mexicano kokoa <cocoá> enfermo «ill» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kukuknah <kukuk-nah> hot, spicy, somewhat hot (Cuisnahuat dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 289
Pipil kukuk painful (Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 289
ko-08 die (pl.), kill (pl. obj.) (Miller 1967: 129a *koi) *koʔji <*koʔyi> to kill (pl. obj.) ‣ Manaster Ramer
1992: 258; *koja <*koya> to kill, pl. ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (45); *koᵤʔi | koᵤʔo to kill, die, pl. ‣
Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (45b)
Numic *koʔi kill/die/sleep ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (59)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkoi <koi> kill PL ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 23
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) koʔi <ko'i"> die [pl.] ‣ Dayley 1989: 58
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone koi <koi"> to die (pl. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 42
Western Shoshone koi <koi"> die [pl.] ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone koi <koiG> to die (pl. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 113
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu koʔi- to kill PL OBJ ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 215
Southern Paiute koʔi- <qɔ’i-> to kill several ‣ Sapir 1931: 638
Southern Ute koʔaī <qo̱?á ̧y> slaughter, kill en masse, suppletive plural of paqx̂áy ‣ Southern Ute
Tribe 1979: 169
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ ja <qöya> kill (pl. obj.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk -kon- <áḳónəvəʔ> kill many or all of something (he killed them) ‣ Anderton 1988: 360
Serrano qoʳʔaj die, pl. ‣ kch
181
ko-08 ko-08
Serrano qōʳn kill, pl. obj. ‣ kch

Cupan
Luiseño qiʔē-̱ <qiʔé·-> to kill (two or more) ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Tepiman *ko̱i(‑) <*'koi(‑)> they died ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (101); *koko̱dai | koko̱da <*ko'kodai/a> he
fights ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (102); *kōda̱- <*koo'da-> to kill pl obj. ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (106a); *ko̱i-
<*'koi-> he killed pl obj. ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (106b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koʔo to die (pl. subj.) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.502
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koi they died ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.502
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kokda to kill obj (pl. obj.) (reduplication of *koʔoda or *koʔida) ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.481
Pima Bajo ko̱i <'koi> they died ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (101)
Pima Bajo ko̱kda <'kokda> he fights ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (102)
Pima Bajo kō- <'koo-> he killed pl obj. ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (106b)
Northern Tepehuan kóí they died ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (101)
Northern Tepehuan kokódai he fights ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (102)
Northern Tepehuan kōdá- <koodá-> to kill pl obj. ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (106a)
Northern Tepehuan kóí he killed pl obj. ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (106b)
Southern Tepehuan ko̱i <'koi-> they died ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (101)
Southern Tepehuan kō̱kda- <'kookda-> he fights ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (102)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kō̱da- <‑'kooda-> to kill pl obj. ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (106a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ko̱i <‑'koi> he killed pl obj. ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (106b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koʔja̱ni <koʔyá-ni> to kill pl. obj. ‣ Miller 1996: 350
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) koʔja̱ <co'yá> matar (animales) «kill (animals)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 22
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ko̱dan <códan> matar a muchos «kill many» ‣ Pennington 1981: 171
Eudeve ko̱me <cóme> morir muchos «die (pl.)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 172
Ópata ko <co> die (pl.) ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) koko <koko> dying (pl.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 77
Mayo kokko : beham kokko <cocco : béjam cocco> (sujeto plural) : ya están muriendo «die, pl.subj.
: now they are dying» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 128
Cora/Huichol
Cora tihkʷ�̓neka̓
̱ <tijcuí'ineca'a> se enfermó «[he] became ill» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 37
Cora kʷ�̓n�̓
̱ ra <cuí'ini'ira> enfermedad «illness» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 37
Cora t�̓kʷ�̓
̱ <tí'icui'i> enfermo «ill» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 37
Wixarika (Huichol) kūj́ e- <cúuye=> enfermo, enfermarse «ill, become ill» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 40
Wixarika (Huichol) kūjā-́ <cuuyáa=> matar (múltiple) «kill (pl. obj.)» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 39
Nahua
182
ko-09 ko-11
Classical Nahuatl nikokoja <cocoya.ni> eſtar enfermo «be ill» ‣ Molina 1571: 23v
Classical Nahuatl kokoja <cocoy(a)> to be sick ‣ Karttunen 1983: 40
Tetelcingo Mexicano kokoʃki <cocoxqui ̱> herido, enfermo «hurt, ill» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 115
Pipil kukuja <kukuya> to get sick, to be ill, to hurt ‣ Campbell 1985: 290
ko-09 beads, necklace (Miller 1967: 28 *koka)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono kakki ̱pī <qaki ̱bi> beads ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 161
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kaki <kagi> necklace, collar, tie ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 211
Chemehuevi kaki <kágḁi ̥> necklace ‣ K. Hill 1969: 9
Southern Paiute kaki <qa(·)´x·I> necklace, collar ‣ Sapir 1931: 633
Southern Ute kāka <káaĝa> necklace ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kōkam <kookam> necklace ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 79
Mayo kōkam <coócam> collar «necklace» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 129
ko-10 shell (Miller 1967: 446 *ko) [changed from turtle, tortoise]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kōjōt <ko·yo·-t> the turtle ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kodo̱ <codó> concha «shell» ‣ Pennington 1981: 171
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kōjo <kooyo> oyster ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 79
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kojōlim <koyoolim> jingle bells; a belt of such bells ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 81
Mayo kojōle <coyóole> cinto con campanitas, usado por los pascolas «belt with little bells, used by
the pascola dancers» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 130
ko-11 foam (Miller 1967: 185 *ko)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱̄ tɶ <qöötö> foam ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano qoʳhaʳʔ foam ‣ kch
183
ko-12 ko-12
ko-12 snake (Miller 1967: 395 *ko | *kowa) *kowa snake ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (275)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kokoppɯh <kokoppüh> bull or gopher snake ‣ Dayley 1989:
59
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kokon bullsnake ‣ Crapo 1976: 42
Western Shoshone kokkon | pasikkokkon bull snake ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu koko <kogo> gopher snake ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 216
Chemehuevi koko <kógo̥> snake sp. Resembles rattlesnake but has no rattles. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 11
Southern Ute koko <qóx̂o̱> bull-snake ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 170
Tepiman *ko̱ʔoi <*'ko?oi> snake ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (116)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koʔovi ̥ | koʔol <koʔovï (dial v koʔol)> a variety of rattlesnake (it does
not crawl but jumps) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.504
Pima Bajo ko̱ʔo <kó'o> culebra «snake» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 230
Northern Tepehuan kói | kóji <kói | kóyi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (116)
Southern Tepehuan koʔ <'ko?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (116)
Southeastern Tepehuan kōʔ <[kooʔ]> snake ‣ Willett 1991: 26
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve koro̱s <corós> culebra grande que mata a las liebres «big snake which kills rabbits» ‣
Pennington 1981: 172
Ópata kō <cö> víbora «rattlesnake» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Tubar
Tubar koo̱t <ko̧ó̧-t> sérpiente «snake» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Cora/Huichol
Cora ku̱̓ku̓ <cú'ucu'u> culebra, serpiente, víbora «snake, serpent, viper» ‣ McMahon & McMahon
1959: 125
Wixarika (Huichol) kū́ <cúu> víbora, serpiente, culebra «viper, serpent, snake» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
25
Nahua *kōwa- <*koowa-> snake ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (153)
Classical Nahuatl koatˡ <coatl> culebra, mellizo, o lombriz del eſtomago «snake, twin, worm in the
stomach» ‣ Molina 1571: 23r
Classical Nahuatl kōātˡ <cōā-tl> snake, serpent, worm; twin (or kōwātˡ <cōhuātl>?) ‣ Karttunen 1983:
36
Tetelcingo Mexicano kowatˡ <cohuatl> culebra, serpiente, víbora «snake» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
116
Pochutla Mexicano kuet <cuét> culebra «snake» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
184
ko-13 ko-13
Pipil kūwat <ku:wa-t> snake ‣ Campbell 1985: 306
ko-13 older sister (Miller 1967: 492a *ko, 492b *koci | *kuci) *koʔ-tˢi <*koʔ-ci> older sister ‣ Manaster
Ramer 1992: 254
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱̄ qaʔat <qööqa('at)> older sister ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kuttᶴīn <kutci> older sister, half sister, female cousin (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Gifford
1917: 222
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kōhātᶳ, ‑kōr <ḳoharʃr, kōhātʃr, ‑ḳōr, ‑ḳor, ‑k̅ōr> older daughter (with -mayr), older
sister (when directly possessed) ‣ Anderton 1988: 359
Serrano ‑qoʳr, ‑qōʳh- older sister ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) neō̱xoʔ <nyóoxo'> my o. (older) sister (unexpected stem-initial ‑o-; cf.
<'áawxo'> his o. sister, <móoxo'> tu hermana (your sister)) ‣ Harrington notes 530
Cupan
Luiseño ‑qēʔ̱ is <‑qé·ʔis> elder sister ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño ‑qi ̱sma <‑qi ̱sma> older sister ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑qis <‑qis> elder sister ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 172
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koʔtᶴi ̱ <koʔcí> older sister ‣ Miller 1996: 349
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kotᶴi ̱ <cochí> hermana mayor «older sister» ‣ Hilton 1959: 20
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ko̱tˢwa <cótzgua> hermana mayor «older sister» ‣ Pennington 1981: 172
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ako <ako> sister (older; fem.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 19
Mayo akoro <ácoro> hermana mayor ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 114
Tubar
Tubar kotᶴi ̱ <ko̧cí> hermana mayor «older sister» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Cora/Huichol
Cora nekū̱tˢ�̓ <necuutzi'i> hermana mayor (mía) «my older sister» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 49
Wixarika (Huichol) kūrí <cuurí> hermana mayor «older sister» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 37
185
ko-14 ko-15
ko-14 bend (cf. ko-43)

̆ ih <*ko(o)nih> bend/bent ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (58)
Numic *kōn
Central Numic
Shoshone kōnih <koonih> curved, bent ‣ Miller 1972: 113
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nokkomi- <nokomi-> to bend, be bent ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 244
Chemehuevi nokkomʔa <no'kom?a> bend ‣ Press 1979: 153
Southern Paiute nokkommi- | nokkomʔmi- <nɔq·ɔm·i- | nɔq·ɔm’mi-> to bend (intr.), to be bent ‣
Sapir 1931: 589
Southern Ute kommoʔnitᶴi <qomó̧ʔni-ci> bend ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 219
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ ni <qöni> go all the way around once, make a circuit around, surround, revolve
around ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) konila <konila> around (motion) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 78
Mayo konila <cónila> alrededor «around» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 129
ko-15 break, cut (Miller 1967: 120 [no reconstruction])

Numic *ko(h)pi | *ko(h)pa | *kā(̆ h)pi | (*kɯ(h)pa ?) <*ko(h)pi | *ko(h)pa | *ka(a)(h)pi | (*kə(h)pa
?)> break/cut ‣ Ianucci 1973: 104 (60)
Western Numic
Western Mono kɯkkoppiʔi- <kɨqopi'i-> to cut, cut off (with the teeth, a saw, etc.) ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 49
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kopiah break (flexible object) into pieces ‣ Dayley 1989: 61
Western Shoshone kopah break (rigid obj) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ hi <qöhi> break (vi.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ hikna <qö́hikna> break (vt.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi qɶ̱ hi <qöhi> breaks ‣ Whorf 1946: 174
Musangnuvi Hopi qɶ̱ hikna <qóhì ̣kna> breaks it ‣ Whorf 1946: 174 [sic, with <ó> for <ö́>]
Takic
Serran
Serrano qoʳpoʳʔ break (hard surface, like glass, pottery, eggshell) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño qapu̱ti- <qapúti-> to chop, cut off ‣ Bright 1968: 35
186
ko-16 ko-18
ko-16 face
Numic *kope face ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (62)
Western Numic
Western Mono ko̱pē <qo̱be> face ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 167
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kope face ‣ Dayley 1989: 61
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kopai a face ‣ Crapo 1976: 43
Western Shoshone kope <kopai> face ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kopai | kope <kopai> face ‣ Miller 1972: 113
Comanche kōpe̥ <koobe̱> face ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 194
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kopi- <kovi=> face ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 217
Chemehuevi kopa <kóvḁ> face ‣ K. Hill 1969: 12
Southern Paiute kopa | kopapi <qɔ´ɸA | qɔva´-ɸI> face ‣ Sapir 1931: 640
Southern Ute kopapi <qová-vi ̱> face, front ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 170
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kova <kova> head; roof (of car); person in charge ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 80
Mayo kovva <cobba> cabeza «head» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 128
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kopaktˡi <copactli> el paladar «palate» ‣ Molina 1571: 24v
Classical Nahuatl kopāktˡi <copāc-tli> palate, throat ‣ Karttunen 1983: 41
Pipil ‑kupak <‑kupak> throat, voice, echo ‣ Campbell 1985: 296
ko-17 camarón (shrimp) (merged into ko-06)
ko-18 crane [probably a loanword from outside Uto-Aztecan]

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) koto <koto> crane ‣ Dayley 1989: 63
Western Shoshone koanta <koanta> sandhill crane ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Takic
Cupan *qarə̱̄-t <*qarə̱:-t> bird sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (15) [vowel is unexpected]
Luiseño qarū̱t <qarú·-t> a bird, the sandhill crane ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Cupeño kərə̱t <kere̱-t> wild goose (or karə́t) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Guariío/Rarámuri
187
ko-19 ko-21
Guarijío koro̱tᶴi (kolo̱tᶴi?) <koróci (¿kolóci?)> kind of red bird that is like a chicken ‣ Miller 1996:
348
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) koro̱ <coró> zopilote pinto, rayado «spotted, striped vulture» ‣ Hilton 1959:
22
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve koro̱ <coró> grulla «crane» ‣ Pennington 1981: 172
Cahita
Mayo koorou <cóorou> grulla «crane» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 129
Tubar
Tubar kolo̱ <ko̧ƚó̧> pájaro «bird» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
ko-19 lose/win a game

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kove̱n <covén> perder en el juego «lose a game» ‣ Pennington 1981: 172
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kōva <koova> beat, win, defeat; gain it, earn it ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 79
Mayo kōva <cooba : a'a cooba> le gana «win» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 129
Mayo kōvek <coóbec> perdió «lost» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 129
Tubar
Tubar kowa- <ko̧wa-> ganar «win» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
ko-20 pig [from Spanish cochi?]

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kōdᶾi <kooji> wild pig, peccary, jabali, jabaling ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.489
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koi ̱ <koí> pig ‣ Miller 1996: 347
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kowi ̱ <cohuí> marrano «pig» ‣ Hilton 1959: 21
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kōwi <koowi> pig, hog ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 79
Mayo kōwi <coohui> puerco, cerdo, cochino «pig» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 129
Tubar
Tubar kovi ̱ | kowi ̱ <ko̧ví | ko̧wí> marrano, jabalí «pig, peccary» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kojametˡ <coyametl> puerco «pig» ‣ Molina 1571: 24r
Classical Nahuatl kojametˡ <coyame-tl> pig; peccary ‣ Karttunen 1983: 42
Pochutla Mexicano kutᶴi <cuchí> puerco «pig» (from Spanish cochi) ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kujamet <kuyame-t> pig ‣ Campbell 1985: 309
ko-21 concha (merged into ko-10)
188
ko-22 ko-24
ko-22 squirrel
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk koŋit <ḳoŋit> squirrel sp., probably Nelson's Antelope Squirrel ‣ Anderton 1988: 361
Serrano qōʳŋt California ground squirrel ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) xoŋ�̄ṯ <xoŋíit> ardilla «squirrel» ‣ Harrington notes 280
Cupan *qēŋ̱ i-ʃ <*qé:ŋi-š> squirrel, ground ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (122)
Luiseño qēŋ̱ iʃ <qé·ŋi-š> ground squirrel ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qi ̱ŋiʃ <qi ̱ngi-sh> squirrel ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla qi ̱ŋiʃ <qíŋiš> ground squirrel ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 172
ko-23 buy
Nahua *kowa buy ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (22)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡakowa <coua.nitla> comprar algo ‣ Molina 1571: 24v
Classical Nahuatl kōwa <cōhu(a)> to buy something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 40
Tetelcingo Mexicano kikoa <qui ̱coa> lo compra «[he] buys it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 179
Pochutla Mexicano kua <cuá> comprar «buy» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kuwa <kuwa> to buy ‣ Campbell 1985: 306
ko-24 child, baby

Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone kohnon cradle (basket) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 268
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kohno cradle board, baby basket ‣ Crapo 1976: 42
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kohnon | kohnottˢi <kohnon | kohnottsi> cradle board ‣
Dayley 1989: 58
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kohnottˢi <kohno-ci> cradle, cradleboard ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 216
Chemehuevi kono <kóno̥> cradle ‣ K. Hill 1969: 11
Southern Paiute kono <qɔ(·)ńƆ> cradle ‣ Sapir 1931: 639
Southern Ute kono <qóno̧> cradle, cradle-board ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 169
Nahua *konē- <*konee-> child, baby ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (26)
Classical Nahuatl konetˡ <conetl> niño o niña «child» ‣ Molina 1571: 24v
Classical Nahuatl konētˡ <conē-tl> child, offspring of a female ‣ Karttunen 1983: 41
189
ko-25 ko-27
Tetelcingo Mexicano pīpilankonetˢī <pipi ̱lanconetzi> niñito, chamaco «little boy» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 174 (with pi-24)
Pochutla Mexicano konet <conét> niño «boy» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kunēt <kune:-t> baby, child, infant ‣ Campbell 1985: 294
ko-25 griddle
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ ma <qöma> make qömi ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ mi <qömi> oblong cake of baked sweet corn flour ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) komal flat and thin object, such as tortilla griddle ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.487
Tohono O'odham (Papago) komaɖ <komaḑ> flatly ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.487
Nahua *komāl- <*komaal-> griddle ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (74)
Classical Nahuatl komalli <comalli> comal adonde cuezen tortillas de maiz &c. o el baço «griddle
on which they cook corn tortillas; spleen» ‣ Molina 1571: 24r
Classical Nahuatl komālli <comāl-li> griddle ‣ Karttunen 1983: 41
Tetelcingo Mexicano komāli <comöli ̱> comal «griddle» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 116
Pochutla Mexicano komal <comál> comal «griddle» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kumāl <kuma:l> tortilla griddle ‣ Campbell 1985:
ko-26 coyote *kʷa coyote (For PA [Proto-Aztec] we posit **kʷa > *ko-.) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271
(217) (cf. kwa-07)
Nahua *kojō- <*koyoo-> coyote ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (39)
Classical Nahuatl kojotˡ <coyotl> adiue «jackal» ‣ Molina 1571: 24r
Classical Nahuatl kojōtˡ <coyō-tl> coyote ‣ Karttunen 1983: 43
Tetelcingo Mexicano kojōtˡ <coyutl> coyote ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 117
Pochutla Mexicano kojud <coyúd> coyote ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kujūt <kuyu:-t> coyote ‣ Campbell 1985: 311
ko-27 pitcher, jug, pot

Nahua *kōmV- <*koomV-> pitcher, pot, jug ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (127)
Classical Nahuatl komitˡ <comitl> olla, o barril de barro «pot, pottery barrel» ‣ Molina 1571: 24r
Classical Nahuatl kōmitˡ <cōm(i)-tl> pot ‣ Karttunen 1983: 41
Tetelcingo Mexicano kōmitˡ <cumi ̱tl> botijón, cántaro «large earthenware jar, jug» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 122
Pochutla Mexicano kumt <cumt> cántaro «jug» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kūmit <ku:mi-t> (clay) pot ‣ Campbell 1985: 292
190
ko-28 ko-32
ko-28 scorpion
Nahua *kōlō- <*kooloo-> scorpion ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (139)
Classical Nahuatl kolotˡ <colotl> alacran «scorpion» ‣ Molina 1571: 24r
Classical Nahuatl kōlōtˡ <cōlō-tl> scorpion ‣ Karttunen 1983: 41
Tetelcingo Mexicano kōlōtˡ <culutl> alacrán «scorpion» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 122
Pochutla Mexicano kulut <culút> alacrán «scorpion» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kūlut <ku:lu-t> scorpion ‣ Campbell 1985: 291
ko-29 shoulder
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño qila̱t, ‑qle <qelá-t, ‑qle> neck ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño ‑qiʎʔa <‑qily'a> nape of neck ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Tepiman *kota̱va | *kota̱vo <*ko'tava/o> shoulder ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (112)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kotova | kotva <kot(o)va> shoulder ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.498
Pima Bajo ko̱tov <'kotov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (112)
Northern Tepehuan kotáva ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (112)
Southern Tepehuan ko̱tvo <'kotvo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (112)
ko-30 fight (merged into ko-08)
ko-31 crow, raven

Tepiman *koko̱no/koko̱ni <*ko'kono/i> crow ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (103)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kōkoɖ <kookoḑ> crane ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.490
Pima Bajo ko̱kiɲ <'kokiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (103)
Pima Bajo ko̱kɯin <kókeyn> cuervo «crow» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 230
Northern Tepehuan kokóɲi <kokóñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (103)
Southern Tepehuan kakō̱n <ka'koon> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (103)
ko-32 thin
Tepiman *koma̱rika <*ko'marika> thin ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (104)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) komalk to be thin ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.487
Pima Bajo ko̱milk <'komilk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (104)
Northern Tepehuan komálika ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (104)
Southern Tepehuan ‑komāʎ̱ ik <‑ko'maalʸik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 163 (104)
191
ko-33 ko-36
ko-33 gray
Tepiman *kōma̱gi <*koo'magi> gray ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (108)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) skōmagi ̥ <s-koomagï> gray, pale ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.492
Pima Bajo kō̱mɯ- <'koomɨ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (108)
Northern Tepehuan kōmági <koomági> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (108)
Northern Tepehuan komági gray ‣ Bascom 1982: 304
Southern Tepehuan kō̱maʔ <'kooma?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (108)
ko-34 dig
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶlɶ̱ ta <qölöta> dig a hole ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate? ‑l- is unexpected; should be *‑v‑]
Tepiman *ko̱vai | *ko̱vi <*'kovai/i> he digs ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (114)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kov to dig obj out of the ground ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.498
Pima Bajo kov- <'kov-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (114)
Northern Tepehuan kóvai ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (114)
Southern Tepehuan ‑kov <‑'kov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (114)
ko-35 stripe
Takic
Serran
Serrano ḵīpkin make a stripe ‣ kch [Cupan loanword? ḵi is unexpected]
Cupan
Luiseño qe̱pa/i- <qépa/i-> to splinter off (intr.); to split wood into small strips, to peel twigs for
basketry ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qi ̱pjax <qi ̱pe;‑yaxe> to be striped ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑qi ̱pi- <‑qípi-> to be marked (of a line); to float (e.g. fish, bird) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 172
ko-36 tear
Takic
Serran
Serrano ḵiwivḵ tear ‣ kch [Cupan loanword? ḵi is unexpected]
Cupan
Cupeño qi ̱win <qi ̱we;‑ine> to tear ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑qi ̱wiw- <‑qíwiw-> to tear (clothes, paper) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 173
192
ko-37 ko-40
ko-37 stir
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶri ̱ta <qörita> stir (ipfv.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ qri <qöqri> stir (pfv.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño q�̄ni-
̱ <qí·ni-> to plow ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Cahuilla ‑qi ̱jne- <‑qíyne-> to plow ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 174
ko-38 pull out

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño qēx̱ i- <qé·xi-> to feed, graze (intr., of animals) ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qi ̱xin <qi ̱xe;‑ine> to graze, pull out (as hair) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑qu̱jen- <‑qúyen-> to pull out (tree) (vowel is wrong) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 174
ko-39 plant sp.

Takic
Cupan *qet <*qét> plant sp. (4) (Chenopodium sp.?) ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (95)
Luiseño qet <qé-t> pigweed, Chenopodium album ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qit <qi ̱-t> wild spinach ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla kit <ki-t> Chenopodium fremontii ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973 [sic]: 170
Cahuilla ki ̱ʔawet <ki'awet> Chenopodium L., Goosefoot, Pigweed ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 52
ko-40 back, shell, bark of tree

Tepiman *ko̱mi <*'komi> back, bark of tree ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (105a); *komi ̱dɯ <*ko'midɨ> ‣
Bascom 1965: 164 (105b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) komi ̥ <komï> small of the back; shell of a nut or a turtle ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.488
Pima Bajo kom espalda «back» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 234
Pima Bajo ko̱kmɯr <kókmer> corteza, cáscara «bark, shell» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 229
Northern Tepehuan <kómi> back, bark of tree ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (105a)
Northern Tepehuan komíɉɯ <komídʸɨ> his back, its bark ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (105b)
Southern Tepehuan kom <'kom> back, bark of tree ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (105a)
Southern Tepehuan kom�̄ɉ̱ <ko'miidʸ> his back, its bark ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (105b)
193
ko-41 ko-43
Southeastern Tepehuan komi ̱ʔɲ <[ko´mi-ʔñ]> his back (phonemic komi ̱dᶾ) ‣ Willett 1991: 23
ko-41 nest
Tepiman *ko̱sa <*'kosa> nest ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (111a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koʂ <kox> nest ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.500
Pima Bajo koʂ <'koš>
̣ ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (111a)
Northern Tepehuan kósa <kósa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (111a)
Southern Tepehuan kos <'kos> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (111a)
Southeastern Tepehuan kos <[kos]> nest ‣ Willett 1991: 14
ko-42 basket type

Takic
Serran
Serrano qoʳpoʳt a round kind of basket ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño qēp̱ iʃ <qé·pi-š> baby basket ‣ Bright 1968: 36
ko-43 ring
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kōnakat <kōnakat> necklace, belt ‣ Anderton 1988: 361
Serrano qōʳnqat necklace ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) xū̱nxoʔar <xúunxọ'arr> beads worn as necklace (vowel is unexpected) ‣
Cupan
Luiseño qe̱nxat <qénxa-t> necklace, beads; collarbone ‣ Bright 1968: 36
Cupeño qi ̱nəxa <qi ̱nexa;‑0> to put on a necklace ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cupeño qi ̱nxat <qi ̱nxa-t> strings of shell beads used in ceremonial exchange, necklace ‣ Hill &
Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑qe̱nxa- <‑qénxa-> to have around the neck (as beads) (e is unexpected) ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 170
Cahuilla qe̱nxat <qénxa-t> beads (anything that one hangs around the neck) (e is unexpected) ‣
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koloka̱ <koloká> necklace ‣ Miller 1996: 348
194
ko-44 ko-45
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) koroga̱ <corogá> collar, soguilla con crucifijo «necklace, lanyard with
crucifix» ‣ Hilton 1959: 22
Cahita
Mayo koorai <cóorai> cerco «hoop, ring» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 129
Tubar
Tubar koroka̱t <ko-ro-ká-t> collar «necklace» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡakoloa <coloa.nitla> encoruar, o entortar algo, o rodear yendo camino «curve
or bend something, detour around something going on the road» ‣ Molina 1571: 24r
Classical Nahuatl kōloa <cōloā> to twist, to change direction; to bend, fold something; to detour
around something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 40
Pipil kūlulua <ku:lulua> to roll, to roll up ‣ Campbell 1985: 291
ko-44 forehead *kowa forehead ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (308) (separated from ka-31)
Tepiman *ko̱va <*'kova> forehead ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (113)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) koa forehead ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 25
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kua forehead ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.1
Pima Bajo kow frente «forehead» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 236
Northern Tepehuan kóva ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (113)
Southern Tepehuan kov <'kov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 164 (113)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío koa̱ | koata̱ <koá | koatá> forehead ‣ Miller 1996: 347
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kowa̱ra | kora̱ <cohuara, corá> frente «forehead» ‣ Hilton 1959: 101
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kova head ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 80
Mayo kovva <cobba> cabeza «head» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 128
Tubar
Tubar kova̱r <ko̧vá-r> frente «forehead» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 58
ko-45 anklebone *kotˢi <*koci> ankle(bone) ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 258

Numic
Central Numic
Shoshone koi <koi> point, top (suggested as a possible cognate by Manaster Ramer 1992: 258, note 21)
‣ Miller 1972: 113
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi si ̱ɦqɶji <sìiqöyi> anklebone, bone protruding from the ankle joint (s�̄-̑ <sìi-> is
unidentified) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
195
ku-01 ku-01
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) batᶴago̱tᶴi <bachagochi> hueso del tobillo «anklebone» (batᶴa- <bacha-> is
unidentified) ‣ Hilton 1959: 8
ku-01 bellow, call (of animals) (Miller 1967: 179 *kus) *kusu to sound—of animal ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
142 (122)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ukkuʃut <ʔukuš-(ut)> to crow, yell (perfective kūʃ <ku·š>) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kūhanim <kúhan̅im> guests invited to wahač ‣ Anderton 1988: 365
Serrano ḵūhan call, invite ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) kū̱ʂax <kúuʃax> está quejandose. E.g. cuando tiene un dolor. «he is
complaining. E.g., when he has a pain.» ‣ Harrington notes 366
Cupan
Cupeño kuʂ <ku̱s̷he;‑0> to make characteristic noise ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
̃ throat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 86
Cahuilla ku̱spiʎ <kúspi‑l>
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuhi sound typical of certain birds and animals ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.4
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuhi- | kuhu to emit the sound typical of certain birds and animals (kuhu
< *kuha) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.4
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kusuna̱ <kusu-ná> to sing, of birds; to bellow, of cows, etc. ‣ Miller 1996: 352
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kusu̱ <cusú> gritar, relinchar o bramar (animal), cantar (gallo) «shout,
whinny or roar (animal), crow (rooster)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 24
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ku̱san <cúsan> sonar «sound» ‣ Pennington 1981: 174
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kūse <kuuse> play the flute, blow (wind instrument), honk (car) ‣ Molina et
al. 1999: 85
Mayo kūse <cuuse> suena, está sonando «sound, is sounding» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 132
Tubar
Tubar kusu̱- | kusi- | kusu- <kosú- | kusi- | kusu-> cantar, gritar, graznar, relinchar «sing, shout,
croak, cackle, whinny» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora kɯ̱̓ sɯ <cʌ́'ʌsʌ> brama, ruge, gruñe, ronca «[it] roars, bellows, growls, makes its rutting
sound» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 126
196
ku-02 ku-02
ku-02 husband (Miller 1967: 504a *kuna, 504b *kuma) *kuna husband ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 204; *kūma
<*kuuma> husband ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (246); *kuŋa husband ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141
(97)
Numic *ku(h)ma husband/male ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (66)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkumatu <kuma-du> marry (husband-make) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 24
Western Mono ku̱wā <ku̱wa> husband ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 57
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kuhma(ttˢi) <kuhma(ttsi)> husband, male ‣ Dayley 1989: 65
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kuhma | kuha husband, male ‣ Crapo 1976: 44
Western Shoshone kuha | kuhma male; gelding ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kuhma | kuha male animal; husband; kind of seed (Mentzelia albicaulis) ‣ Miller 1972:
114
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kuhma- <kuhma=> husband ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 218
Chemehuevi kumma- <ku'm(a)> husband ‣ Press 1979: 150
Southern Paiute kummani <qom·α´-nI> my husband ‣ Sapir 1931: 641
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kō̱ŋʲaʔat <koongya('at)> husband ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kūŋal <ku·úŋa´l> the husband ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 170
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ‑kūŋ <‑kú·ŋ> husband ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño ‑kuŋ <‑kung> husband ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla ‑ku̱ŋlu- <‑kúŋlu-> to propose to marry (of a woman), to have intercourse ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 84
Tepiman *ku̱na <*'kuna> husband ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (121)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kun husband ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.10
Pima Bajo kun <'kun> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (121)
Northern Tepehuan kúna ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (121)
Southern Tepehuan kun <'kun> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (121)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kuna̱ <kuná> husband ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kuna̱ <cuná> marido, esposo «husband» ‣ Hilton 1959: 23
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ku̱nwa <cúngua> marido «husband» ‣ Pennington 1981: 172
197
ku-03 ku-03
Ópata kunawa <cuna-gua> husband ‣ Shaul 1983: 113

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kūna <kuuna> husband (woman speaking of her own) ‣ Molina et al. 1999:
85
Mayo kūna <cuuna> esposo, marido «husband» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 132
Tubar
Tubar kunaka̱m | kunã̱r <kona-ká-m | konán-r> mujer casada «married woman» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora nekɯ̱̄ n <necʌʌ́n> esposo (mío) «my husband» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 41
Wixarika (Huichol) kɯ́ na <cǘna> esposo «husband» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 42
ku-03 hair, top (Miller 1967: 209 *kupa, 443 [no reconstruction]) *kūpa <*kuupa> hair ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1987: 274 (240); *kuᵤpa head hair ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (9)
Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkupa <kuba> over ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 39
Central Numic
Shoshone ku- <ku-> with the head ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ko̱ɦpaʔat <kòopa('at)> top of the head, crown; hair whorl, cowlick ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kupeatˢ <kup̅eats> top of head; summit of a mountain; top end ‣ Anderton 1988: 369
Serrano aḵupia top, up, above it ‣ kch
Tepiman *kū̱pa <*'kuupa> head, hair ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (127a)
Northern Tepehuan ‑kūp̌ a | kúpai <‑kuúpa | kúpa-i> hair (on head) ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (127a) |
1982: 307
Northern Tepehuan kupádɯ <kupá-dɨ> his hair ‣ Bascom 1982: 307
Southern Tepehuan kūp <'kuup> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (127a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kupa̱ <kupá> hair, wool ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kupa̱ <cupá> pelo, cabello «hair» ‣ Hilton 1959: 24
Cora/Huichol
Cora kɯpʷa̱ <cʌpuá> cabello «hair» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 126
Wixarika (Huichol) kɯ̄ pá <cüüpá> pelo, cabello(s) «hair» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
Nahua *ɯkpa- <*ɨkpa-> thread ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (168); *‑(ɯ)kpa‑k <*‑(ɨ)kpa-k> on
top of ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (120)
Classical Nahuatl ikpatˡ <icpatl> hilo «thread» ‣ Molina 1571: 33v
198
ku-04 ku-04
Classical Nahuatl ikpak <icpac> encima delo alto, o enlo alto de algũa coſa «up on top, on top of
something» ‣ Molina 1571: 33v
Classical Nahuatl ikpatˡ <icpa-tl> thread, hemp fiber ‣ Karttunen 1983: 95
Classical Nahuatl ‑ikpak <‑(i)cpac> on or at the head of, above ‣ Karttunen 1983: 94
Tetelcingo Mexicano īkpatˡ <icpatl> hilo, pita, cáñamo «thread, maguey string, hemp fiber» ‣
Tetelcingo Mexicano īkpak <icpac> encima de «on top of» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 128
Pochutla Mexicano opket <opquét> hilo «thread» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pochutla Mexicano ikpak <icpác> sobre «on, over» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pipil ikpat <ikpa(-)t> thread (archaic word) ‣ Campbell 1985: 228
Pipil ‑ihpak | ‑hpak <-(i)hpak> on, on top of, over ‣ Campbell 1985: 223
ku-04 tree, stick, wood, firewood (Miller 1967: 170a *ku (and *ko ?), 170d *kuta, 170e *kut) *kut firewood ‣
Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *kua | *kuʔa <*ku(ʔ)a> tree, wood ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (280); *ku
fire, firewood ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (137)
Numic *kuh- <*kuh- (instr. pref.)> fire/heat ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (64)
Central Numic
Shoshone ku- <ku"-> by means of heat ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kukkoppi | kukkʷappi <kuko-pi | kukwa-pi> piece of wood, stick ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990:
218
Chemehuevi kukkʷappi | kukkʷawa <kukʷápi ̥ | kukʷáwḁ> wood, palo, leña «wood, tree,
firewood» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 12
Southern Paiute ukkʷappi <Uˣqwa´-p·I> wood ‣ Sapir 1931: 642
Southern Ute kukkʷappɯ <ku̱kwá-pu̧ > fire-wood, wood ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 123
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ko̱ho <koho> stick of wood ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with hu-03)
Orayvi Hopi ko̱ʔat <ko('at)> firewood ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi kʷɯ̱ hɯ <kwuhu> wood ‣ Kalectaca 1978: 195
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kuttukat <kµ´tuga´t> firewood ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.98
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kut <ḳut, кut> fire ‣ Anderton 1988: 371
Kitanemuk kutᶳāt <kutr̥at, kutʃrat, kútʃrat, kutʃrāt> stick, pole, firewood ‣ Anderton 1988: 364
Serrano ḵut fire ‣ kch
Serrano ḵutᶳāj gather firewood ‣ kch
Serrano ḵutᶳāt | ḵutᶳāɯt wood, firewood ‣ kch
199
ku-04 ku-04
Tongva (Gabrielino) kotā <kotáa> leña «firewood» ‣ Harrington notes 546
Cupan *ku-t <*kú-t> ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (44)
Luiseño kut <kú-t> fire ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Luiseño kulā̱w- <kulá·w-> to gather firewood ‣ Bright 1968: 18 (also at kE-17)
Luiseño kulā̱wut <kulá·wu-t> tree, wood, stick; bone; racer snake ‣ Bright 1968: 18 (also at kE-17)
Cupeño kut <ku-t> fire ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:158
Cupeño kəla̱w <kela̱we> to gather wood, grass (vowel is wrong) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158
Cupeño kəla̱wat <kela̱wa-t> stick, firewood (vowel is wrong) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 158 (also at
kE-17)
Cahuilla kut <kú-t> fire ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 87
Cahuilla ‑ke̱law- <‑kélaw‑> to gather wood (vowel is wrong) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 75 (also at kE-
17)
Cahuilla ke̱lawat <kélawat> wood; woods; tree (vowel is wrong) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 75 (also at
kE-17)
Tepiman *kuaʔa̱gi <*ku[a]'?agi> firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (129); *ku̱aʔagɯ | *ku̱aʔagi-
<*'kua?agɨ/i-> to get firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (120)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuʔagi ̥ <kuʔagï> firewood ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.21
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuʔag to get firewood ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.21
Pima Bajo ku̱aʔag <'kua?ag> firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (129)
Pima Bajo kua̱ʔag <kwá'ag> leña «firewood» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 241
Pima Bajo ku̱aʔag- <'kua?ag-> to get firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (120)
Northern Tepehuan kúági firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (129)
Northern Tepehuan ‑kúágɯ- <‑kúágɨ-> to get firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (120)
Southern Tepehuan ku̱aʔag <'kua?ag> firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (129)
Southern Tepehuan ku̱aʔag- <'kua?ag-> to get firewood ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (120)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kuu̱ <kuú> stick, tree, firewood ‣ Miller 1996: 352
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ku <cu> leña, madera «firewood, wood» ‣ Hilton 1959: 22
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kut <cut> palo «tree» ‣ Pennington 1981: 174
Ópata kug <cug> stick, wood ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kuta <kuta> stick, pole ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 84
Mayo kutta <cutta> leña, madera «firewood, wood» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 132
Nahua *kʷawɯ- <*kʷawɨ-> tree, wood ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (177) [cognate?]
Classical Nahuatl kʷawitˡ <quauitl> arbol, madero o palo «tree, stick, pole» ‣ Molina 1571: 88r
Classical Nahuatl kʷawitˡ <cuahu(i)-tl> tree, wood, stick, staff, beam ‣ Karttunen 1983: 58
200
ku-05 ku-07
Tetelcingo Mexicano kʷawitˡ <cuabi ̱tl> leña, árbol, palo, madera «firewood, tree, stick, wood» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano kʷagut <quagút> palo, árbol, leña, banco, cárcel, fusil «stick, tree, firewood,
bench, jail, rifle» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kʷawit <kwawi-t> tree, wood, firewood ‣ Campbell 1985: 316
ku-05 firewood (Miller 1967: 170b *kuna)

Numic *kunah wood/fire/firewood ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (69)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kunna <gunna> wood ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 59
Western Mono ku̱nā <ku̱na> wood ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 53
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kunna <kunna"> firewood, fire, firedrill, matches,
something to burn ‣ Dayley 1989: 68
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kuna <kuna"> wood, firewood, burning wood ‣ Crapo 1976: 44
Western Shoshone kuna <kuna"> firewood ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kuna <kuna"> firewood, fire ‣ Miller 1972: 114
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kunā <kuna> fire ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 218
Chemehuevi kuna- <ku'n(a)> fire ‣ Press 1979: 150
Southern Paiute kuna <quńA> fire ‣ Sapir 1931: 642
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kuma̱ni <cumáni> leña «firewood» ‣ Pennington 1981: 173 [cognate? ‑m- is unexpected]
ku-06 tree (Miller 1967: 170f *kui (*kuy ?))

Cora/Huichol
Cora kɯje̱ <cʌyé> árbol, madera, palo «tree, wood, stick» ‣ 126
Wixarika (Huichol) kɯjḗ <cüyée> árbol, palo, leña «tree, stick, firewood» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 45
ku-07 wood (Miller 1967: 170c *kusi)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono kusiwoko̱pɯ̄ | kusiwako̱pɯ̄ <kusiwoqo̱bɨ | kusiwaqo̱bɨ> Jeffrey pine (tree) (Pinus
jeffreyii) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 55 (with wo-04)
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kui mesquite tree; tree ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.5
201
ku-08 ku-08
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kusi ̱ <kusí> brush, thicket; cusi, kind of oak; twig; violin bow ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kusi ̱ <ku-s-í> árbol «tree» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 93
ku-08 ashes
Numic *kuh...si(h) ashes ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (65)
Western Numic
Western Mono kuttusi ̱pɯ̄ <kutusi ̱bɨ> dust ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 56
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kuttuhupin ashes, coals, charcoal, embers ‣ Dayley 1989: 73
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kuttˢa(ppɯh) <kuttsa(ppüh)> dust, dirt, ashes ‣ Dayley
1989: 73
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kuttusippɯh <kuttusippüh> smut, soot ‣ Dayley 1989: 73
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kuttuttˢappɯh <kuttucca-ppyh> ashes (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo
1976: 43
Western Shoshone kuttˢippɯh <kuttsippeh> coals, hot embers ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Western Shoshone kusippɯh <kusippeh> ashes ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kusi gray ‣ Miller 1972: 114
Shoshone kusippɯh <kusippeh> ashes ‣ Miller 1972: 114
Shoshone kuttuhsippɯh <kuttuhsippeh> ashes ‣ Miller 1972: 114
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kuttˢappɯ <kuca-pɨ> ashes ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 218
Chemehuevi kutˢappɯ <kutsápə̥> ashes ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Chemehuevi kuttusipa | kuttusipɯ <kutúsiv̑ḁ | kutúsivə̥> soot ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Southern Paiute kuttᶴappɯ <qU‘tca´-p·Ï> ashes ‣ Sapir 1931: 644
Southern Ute kuttᶴappɯ <kucá-pu̧ > ashes ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1976: 122
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qɶ̱ tˢvi <qötsvi> ashes (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kukut <kúkut> ash ‣ Anderton 1988: 367
Serrano ḵuḵut ashes ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) koʂ�̄j̱ <koʃíiy> ceniza «ash» ‣ Harrington notes 577
Cora/Huichol
Cora kɯ̄ tˢi ̱ <cʌʌtzí> humo, polvo «smoke, dust» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 126 [cognate?]
202
ku-09 ku-09
ku-09 neck (Miller 1967: 303a *kuta, 303b *ku) *kuta neck ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 275 (258); *kusta
neck ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (154)
Numic *kuta | *kuhta <*ku(h)ta> neck ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (67)
Western Numic
Western Mono ku̱tta <ku̱tA> neck ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 55
Central Numic
Shoshone kuta neck ‣ Miller 1972: 115
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kutapi <kura-vi> neck ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 218
Chemehuevi kuta <kúrḁ> neck ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Southern Paiute kuta | kutapi <qu´RA | qura´-ɸI> neck ‣ Sapir 1931: 644
Southern Ute kutapi <kurá-vi> neck ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 123
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kulān <kula·-n> his neck ‣ C. F. Vowgelin 1958: 223
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) nekū̱tᶳan <nekúutʃan> mi nuca «the nape of my neck» ‣ Harrington notes 592
Tepiman *kusi ̱vu <*ku'sivu> neck ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (123)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kusvo neck ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.11
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuʂo <kuxo> nape of the neck, back of the head ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.19
Pima Bajo ku̱ʃiv <'kušiv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (123)
Northern Tepehuan kuʃívu <kušívu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (123)
Southern Tepehuan ku̱ʃvu <'kušvu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (123)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kuhta̱ <kuhtá> throat; fingerboard or neck of the violin ‣ Miller 1996: 350
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kuta̱ <cuta> cuello, garganta «neck, throat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 24
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kuta̱t <cutát> pescuezo «neck» ‣ Pennington 1981: 174
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kutana throat, neck (throat) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 84
Mayo kuta̓naakusi ̱a <cuta'anaacusía> garganta «throat» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 132
Mayo kuta̓na̱wa <cuta'anagua> pescuezo «neck, throat» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 132
Cora/Huichol
Cora kɯhpi ̱h <cʌjpíj> buche, cuello, pescuezo «throat, neck» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 125
Wixarika (Huichol) kɯipí <cüipí> garganta, buche; pescuezo, buche (parte de en frente) «throat;
neck» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 41
203
ku-10 ku-12
Nahua *kətᶴ- <*kəč-> neck ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (115)
Classical Nahuatl ketᶴtˡi <quechtli> cuello o peſcueço «neck» ‣ Molina 1571: 88v
Classical Nahuatl ketᶴtˡi <quech-tli> throat, neck ‣ Karttunen 1983: 207
Tetelcingo Mexicano īketᶴkotᶴtˡa | īketᶴkʷahjo <iquechcochtla | iquechcuajyo> su cuello, su pescuezo,
su nuca «his neck» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 133
Pochutla Mexicano keʃt | koʃt <quext | coxt> pescuezo «neck» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil ketᶴ- <kech-> neck (in compounds) ‣ Campbell 1985: 274
ku-10 hawk (Miller 1967: 146c *ku)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuhigam <kuhigam> a species of black bird (unidentified) ‣ Saxton et al.
1983: 35
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kusa̱ <kusá> kind of yellow hawk ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kusa̱ <kusá> aguililla, gavilán blanco «hawk, white hawk» ‣ Hilton 1959:
20
ku-11 bag, sack (Miller 1967: 19 *ku | *kʷi) (cf. ku-42)

Numic *ku... bag ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (63)
Western Numic
Western Mono ku̱sa <ku̱sA> bag ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 54
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kusa pants ‣ Dayley 1989: 70
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kusa pants ‣ Crapo 1976: 45
Western Shoshone kusa pants ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kusa pants ‣ Miller 1972: 114
Takic
Serran [cognate? kʷī- is unexpected]
Kitanemuk kʷīhat <kwīhat> net ‣ Anderton 1988: 381
Serrano kʷīht carrying net ‣ kch
ku-12 eat (Miller 1967: 152d *ku | *ko) *kuᵤmi | kuᵤma to eat—as corn, to nibble ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141
(88)
Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute kummī <qom·ɩ ̨´‘> corn (old Indian name for "corn," rarely used now; cf qɔi’ni-) ‣
Sapir 1931: 641
204
ku-13 ku-15
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kūm <kuum> to eat, chew on obj (something that comes in little
pieces, such as corn, popcorn, pieces of candy, etc) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.15
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kuʔmina̱ <kuʔmi-ná> to chew something hard and crunch like esquite or squash seeds ‣
Miller 1996: 352
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kumi ̱ <cumí> comer (cosas duras como fruta, galletas, dulces) «eat (hard
objects like fruit, cookies, sweets)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 23
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kūme <kuume> chew, gnaw ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 85
Mayo kūme <cuume> mastica «chew» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 132
Cora/Huichol
Cora ru̱̓kɯn <rú'ucʌn> lo masca (chicle) «[he] chews it (gum)» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 171
Wixarika (Huichol) kɯ̄ .mé- <cüü.mé=> mascar a mordiditas «chew in little bites» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 41
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kimitᶴin <quimichin> raton «mouse» ‣ Molina 1571: 90r
Classical Nahuatl kimitᶴin <quimich-in> mouse ‣ Karttunen 1983: 211
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimitᶴi <qui ̱mi ̱chi ̱> rata, ratón, ratoncito «rat, mouse, little mouse» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 190
Pipil kimitᶴin <kimichin> mouse, rat ‣ Campbell 1985: 279
ku-13 knife (Miller 1967: 247 *ku | *kuci)

Takic
Cupan *kū̱ma-l <*kú:ma-l> tool ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (131)
Luiseño kū̱mal <kú·ma-l> poker for the fire ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño kʷa̱mal <kwa̱ma-l> eating basket ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159 [cognate?]
Cahuilla ku̱mal <kúmal> spoon (wooden, flat, oblong round shaped) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 84
ku-14 sleep (merged into ku-15)
ku-15 close the eyes (Miller 1967: 386 *ku | *kup) *kuᵤp | *kuᵤpi <*kuᵤp(i)> to close—especially in
reference to the eyes, and hence, to sleep ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (153)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kūm <kum; kūmanik', kūmanik> sleep ‣ Anderton 1988: 367
Serrano ḵūman sleep, go to sleep ‣ kch
205
ku-16 ku-20
Cupan
Luiseño kup‑ <kúp-> to sleep ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño kup <ku̱pe;‑0> to sleep ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla ‑kup- <‑kúp‑> to sleep ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 85
Tepiman *kūpa̱- | *kū̱pa <*kuu'pa- | *'kuupa> to close ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (128a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kūp <kuup> to close obj, to lock obj in ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.16
Pima Bajo kūp <'kuup> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (128a)
Pima Bajo ku̱pɯ <kúpe> cerrar «close, shut» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 227
Northern Tepehuan kūpá- <kuupá-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (128a)
Southern Tepehuan kū̱pa- <'kuupa-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (128a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kuhpina̱ <kuhpi-ná> the eyes to be closed ‣ Miller 1996: 350
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kupi ̱ <cupi> cerrar los ojos «close the eyes» ‣ Hilton 1959: 24
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kupu̱n <cupún> cerrar los ojos «close the eyes» ‣ Pennington 1981: 174
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kupek be shut (eyes) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 83
Mayo kupeʔe <¡cúpe'e!> ¡cierra los ojos! «close your eyes» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 131
Mayo kupi ̱kte <cupicte> está cerrando los ojos «is closing one's eyes» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 131
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) kɯ́ pe- <cǘpe=> ser ciego, cerrar los ojos «be blind, close the eyes» ‣ Grimes et
al. 1981: 42
ku-16 close (merged into ku-15)
ku-17 smoke, dust (merged into kwi-10)
ku-18 take
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño kuʂa̱ni- <kuṣáni-> to take, grasp a single inanimate object ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño ku̱ʂa <ku̱s̷ha;‑0> to get, fetch, take ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159, 185
Cahuilla ‑kus <‑kús> to take, get hold of (an object which is not moving), sing. obj. ‣ Seiler &
Hioki 1979: 85
ku-19 flute (merged into ku-01)
ku-20 fish (merged into kE-18)
206
ku-21 ku-24
ku-21 nibling (Miller 1967: 503 *kuti (*kuli ?))

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ‑kū̱limaj <-kú·li-may> nephew, niece, i.e., woman's older sister's child ‣ Bright 1968: 18
ku-22 bison
Numic *kuhtˢuⁿ <*kuhcuN> buffalo/cow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (68)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kkuttˢu <kucu> cow ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 8
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kuittˢun | piakʷittˢun <kuittsun | piakwittsun> buffalo ‣
Dayley 1989: 67
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kuittˢun <kuiccun> buffalo (aboriginal meaning, now pia-kuiccun),
head of cattle, meat (rare usage) ‣ Crapo 1976: 44
Western Shoshone kuittˢun <kuittsun> cow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kuittˢun <kuittsun> head of cattle ‣ Miller 1972: 114
Shoshone pia kuittˢun <pia kuittsun> buffalo (pia 'big') ‣ Miller 1972: 114
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kutˢu <kútsu̥> buffalo; camel ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Southern Paiute kuttᶴu <qu´t·cU> buffalo, cow ‣ Sapir 1931: 645
Southern Ute kutᶴu <kúcu> buffalo ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 122
ku-23 help
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kuʔwi ̱ra <cu'huira> ayudar, salvar «help, save» ‣ Hilton 1959: 23
Guarijío kuʔi ̱na <kuʔí-na> to help someone ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kui ̱den <cuíden> ayudar «help» ‣ Pennington 1981: 173
ku-24 top, tuft

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kumi ̱sa <cumísa> plumero, plumaje, penacho «plumage, tuft of feathers, crest» ‣ Pennington
1981: 174
207
ku-25 ku-30
ku-25 mescal sp.

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kuru̱ <kurú> tipo de planta: Nolina sp. «a kind of plant: Nolina sp.» ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kuru̱ <curú> palmillo con que hacen canastas «little palm from which they
make baskets» ‣ Hilton 1959: 24
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve kuu̱t <cuút> cierto mezcal grande «mescal sp.» ‣ Pennington 1981: 175
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kūʔu <kuu'u> mezcal, agave, maguey ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 84
Mayo kūʔu <cuu'u> mezcal, maguey «agave» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 133
ku-26 gritar, cantar (shout, sing) (merged into ku-01)
ku-27 carry
Tepiman *kusu̱vai | *kusu̱vi- <*ku'suvai | *ku'suvi-> to carry on back ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (124)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kuʂoviʔot <kuxoviʔot> to put obj on the upper part of one's back in
order to carry it ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.19
Pima Bajo ku̱ʂu- <'kuṣu
̌ -> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (124)
Northern Tepehuan kusúvui ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (124)
Southern Tepehuan ku̱svi- <'kusvi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (124)
ku-28 on, on top of (merged into ku-03)
ku-29 point, tip

Tepiman *kūga̱(‑) <*kuu'ga(‑)> point, tip ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (126)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kūgi ̥ | kūg <kuug(ï)> upper end, top, tip ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.13
Pima Bajo kū̱gɯ- <'kuugɨ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (126)
Northern Tepehuan kūgá- <kuugá-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (126)
Southern Tepehuan kū̱ga- <'kuuga-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (126)
ku-30 older paternal uncle, father's older brother (Miller 1967: 499 *kamu)
Takic
Serran
Serrano ‑ḵūmuʔ older parallel uncle; man's parallel nibling ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nekū̱kma <nẹkúukma> mi tio. E.g. inf's father's older bro. ‣ Harrington notes
589
208
ku-31 ku-32
Cupan
Luiseño ‑kamu̱ <‑kamú> uncle, i.e., father's older brother (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Luiseño ‑kamu̱maj <‑kamú-may> nephew or niece, i.e., man's younger brother's child (vowel is
wrong) ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Cupeño ‑kum <‑kum> nephew; father's older bro ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cupeño ‑kumu̱ma <‑kumu̱ma> nephew: man's younger brother's child ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
159
Cahuilla ‑kum <‑kum> uncle, i.e. father's elder brother ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 84
Cahuilla ‑ku̱mu <‑kúmu> nephew or niece, i.e. man's younger brother's child ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 84
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kumu̱ <kumú> uncle: FoOlBr; niece, nephew: man's YoBrCh ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kumu̱tᶴi <kumú-chi> tío: hermano mayor del padre «uncle: father's older
brother» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 103
ku-31 cross sibling-in-law

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑kuhana <kuhan̅a, ḳ̅uhan̅a> sister-in-law (m's wife's sis, here) ‣ Anderton 1988: 365
Serrano ‑ḵūhan cross sibling-in-law: WiSi, WiF//Co, HuBr, HuM//Co, MaBrWi, Ma//CoWi,
WoSiHu, Wo//CoHu ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nekū̱ʂnaʔ <nekúuʃna'> mi cuñado «my brother-in-law» ‣ Harrington notes 426
ku-32 maggot
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kuʔatᶳ <ḳuʔatʃr, kuʔatʃr, kúʔatʃr> worm, bug (gen.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 362
Serrano ḵuʔātᶳ worm ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) koʔāṟ <kọ'áarr> guzano «worm, grub, caterpillar» ‣ Harrington notes 025
Cupan *kuʔa̱-l | *kuʔā-̱ l <*kuʔá-l | *kuʔá:-l> fly/maggot/louse ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (46) (cf. mu-07)
Luiseño kʷaʔāḻ | kuʔāḻ <kwaʔá·-l | kuʔá·-l> fly; maggot ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño ku̱ʔal <ku̱'a-l> fly, bedbug ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla ‑ku̱ʔa- <‑kúʔa-> to become wormy ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 88
Cahuilla ku̱ʔaʃ <kúʔa-š> mesquite bean that is wormy ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 88
Cahuilla ku̱ʔal <kúʔa-l> louse ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 88
209
ku-33 ku-35
ku-33 spider
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ko̱ɦkʲaŋʷ <kòokyangw> spider ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kukatᶳ <kuḳatʃr> spider ‣ Anderton 1988: 366
Serrano ḵuḵatᶳ spider ‣ kch
ku-34 elderberry
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kūhutᶳ <kūhutʃr> fruit of the elder tree ‣ Anderton 1988: 366
Serrano ḵūht elderberry ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) kuhūt <kuhúut> sauco «elder tree» ‣ Harrington notes 070
Cupan
Luiseño kū̱ta <kú·-ta> elderberry (acc. kūt) ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño ku̱ʔut <ku̱'ut> elderberry, Sambucus sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla ku̱ʔut <ku'ut> Typha latifolia L., Soft-Flag, Cat-Tail ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 142
Cahuilla ku̱ʔut <kúʔut> soft-flag, cat-tail ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 88
ku-35 burrowing owl

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kukkukutˢi <kukúgutsi ̥> ground-owl sp. (the smaller sp.) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 12
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ko̱ko <koko> burrowing owl ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kukukutᶳ <kúkukutʃr, ḳúḳ̅uḳutʃr> owl sp. ‣ Anderton 1988: 367
Serrano ḵuḵutᶳ <kúkkọtʃ> burrowing owl ‣ Harrington notes 712
Tongva (Gabrielino) koku̱jʔ <kọkúy'> burrowing owl ‣ Harrington notes 712
Cupan *kuku-l | *kukū-l <*kuku-l | *kuku:-l> owl ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (87)
Luiseño kukūḻ <kukú·-l> burrowing owl ‣ Bright 1968: 18
210
ku-36 ku-38
Cupeño ku̱kulim pə̱mki <ku̱kulim pe̱mki> burrowing owls' territory (found under mu̱mat 'screech
owl') ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Cahuilla ku̱kul <kúkul> ground owl ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 83
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kokoho burrowing owl (not cognate but imitative of the same bird call; vowel
is wrong) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.483
ku-36 bow
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) nokū̱tᶳap <nʊkū́tr̥ʌp> mi arco «my bow» (Harrrington writes a ligature arc
under tr̥) ‣ Harrington notes 189
Cupan
Luiseño ku̱tupiʃ <kútupi-š> ash tree; bow (for shooting) ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño ku̱tapiʃ <ku̱tapi-sh> bow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
ku-37 ceremonial painted pole

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kutumɯtˢ <ḳutúməts, kútuməts> gravepole; flagpole ‣ Anderton 1988: 372
Tongva (Gabrielino) kotū̱mot <kọtúumot> bandera pole. It was painted like a barber pole,
painted alternate banded white & red. ‣ Harrington notes 488
Cupan
Luiseño kutū̱mut <kutú·mu-t> ceremonial painted pole ‣ Bright 1968: 19
ku-38 point
Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute makukikkā <ma-γu´x·(W)I-k̯a‘> to point at ‣ Sapir 1931: 643
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal kūkat <ku·g-> to point ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 157
Tübatulabal kūkiʃn <ku·úgɩćn̥> his finger (i.e., the instrument for pointing) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935:
157
211
ku-39 ku-41
ku-39 dog
Takic
Serran (perhaps a Numic loanword with loss of initial syllable; cf. Chemehuevi puŋkutˢi) (cf. pu-13)
Kitanemuk kutˢiʔ <ḳuts̅ iʔ, kuts̅ iʔ, kutsiʔ, kúts̅ iʔ, кutsit> dog ‣ Anderton 1988: 363
Serrano ḵutᶴiʔ dog ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) woʂi ̱ʔ <wʊʃí'> perro «dog» ‣ Harrington notes 041 [both consonants lenited –
sound symbolism?]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kuʔtᶴi ̱ <kuʔcí> puppy ‣ Miller 1996: 352
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kotᶴi ̱ <cochí> perro «dog» ‣ Hilton 1959: 20
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kotᶴi ̱ <ko-chí> perro «dog» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 101
ku-40 turkey
Numic
Central Numic
Comanche kujuʔnī | kujun�̄ʔ̱ <kuyuʔnii | kuyuníiʔ> turkey ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 33
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kujuitta <kujúitḁ> domestic turkey ‣ K. Hill 1969: 12
̧ turkey ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 129
Southern Ute kʷijuttɯ <kwiyú-ti>
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kojo̱ŋo <koyongo> turkey ‣ Hopi Dictionary
ku-41 wild cherry

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kūppiʔatta <kū́pi’ʲatḁ> wild cherries ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kupiʔaht <kúpiaht, kúp̅iaht, kup̅iaht, ḳup̅iaht, кup̅iʔaht> islay (Prunus ilicifolia (Balls
1970)) ‣ Anderton 1988: 370
Serrano ḵupiʔaht holly-leaf cherry, wild cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) ‣ kch
212
ku-42 kwa-01
ku-42 bag, sack (Miller 1967: 19 *ku | *kʷi) (separated from ku-11)
Numic *ku... bag ‣ Ianucci 1973: 105 (63)
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kunabɯtˢi | kunapɯtˢi <kuna-bɨzi | kuna-vɨzi> sack, bag ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 218
Chemehuevi kunapɯ <kunávə̥> bag ‣ K. Hill 1969: 12
Southern Paiute kunapɯ <quna´-ɸÏ> sack ‣ Sapir 1931: 641
Southern Ute kunapɯ <kuná-vu̧ > bag, sack ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 123
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) akū̱n <'akúun> his sack ‣ Harrington notes 277
Cupan *kū̱ni-la <*kú:ni-la> bag/sack ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (10)
Luiseño ku̱nla <kún-la> sack, bag, pocket ‣ Bright 1968: 18
Cupeño ku̱niʎ <ku̱ni-ly> sack ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
̃ sack ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 84
Cahuilla ku̱niʎ <kún-il>
kwa-01 ripe, cooked (Miller 1967: 152c *kʷase | *kʷasa | *kʷasi) *kʷasiC <*kwasiC> to cook ‣ Manaster
Ramer 1991: 205; *kʷasi cooked, ripe ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271 (216); *kʷaᵤsɯ | *kʷaᵤsi <*kʷaᵤsɨ |
*kʷaᵤsi> cooked, ripe ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (50)
Numic *kʷasɯ <*kʷasə> cook(ed)/ripe ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (80)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kʷasɯ <kwasü"> ripen ‣ Dayley 1989: 83
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷasɯppɯ <kwasy-ppy> ripe; right, correct ‣ Crapo 1976: 48
Western Shoshone kʷasɯ <kwase"> ripen; roast, cook ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kʷasɯ <kwaseG> to cook; to get ripe ‣ Miller 1972: 115
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kosi- | kʷasi- <kosi- | kwasi-> to cook, roast over coals (intr.); to be cooked ‣ Zigmond
et al. 1990: 216
Chemehuevi kʷasɯ- <kwa'sɨ> cook/ripe ‣ Press 1979: 150
Southern Paiute kʷaʃɯī <qWA‘cï´-i‘> is ripe, done, cooked ‣ Sapir 1931: 647
Southern Ute kʷasiī <kwa̱sí> burn, roast, scorch, cook; be ripe, be cooked ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979: 127
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷa̱si <kwasi> cooked ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wɯʃɯt <wɨš-(ɨt)> it is ripening, cooking ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
213
kwa-01 kwa-01
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kʷar <ákwar, kwar> be cooked ‣ Anderton 1988: 376
Kitanemuk kʷahan <kwahan> cook, bake in oven ‣ Anderton 1988: 376
Serrano kʷahɯj ripen, become cooked ‣ kch
Serrano kʷahān cook ‣ kch
Cupan *kʷāʂ̱ i-ʃ | *kʷaʂi ̱-ʃ <*kʷá:ṣi-š | *kʷaṣí-š> cooked/ripe ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (30)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) akʷʃt <akwsht> cooked, ripe ‣ Woodward 2007: 176
Luiseño kʷaʂu̱ʔa- <kwaṣú-ʔa-> to become cooked, to ripen ‣ Bright 1968: 20
Luiseño kʷa̱ʂiʃ <kwáṣi-š> cooked, ripe ‣ Bright 1968: 20
Cupeño kʷa̱ʂiʃ <kwa̱s̷hi-sh> ripe ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla ‑kʷas- <‑kʷás-> to ripen (plants); to be done (of cooking) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 90
Cahuilla kʷa̱siʃ <kʷás-iš> that which is ripened, cooked ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 90
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sbahi | sbai <s-ba(h)i> to be ripe ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.142
Pima Bajo baiwa <báiwa> maduro «ripe» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 243
Southeastern Tepehuan baidᶾaʔ <[´bai.džaʔ]> he will cook it ‣ Willett 1991: 17
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wahse̱na <wahsé-na> to roast meat ‣ Miller 1996: 403
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve basa̱n <basán> cocer, madurarse «cook, ripen» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
Ópata vi wasave <bi guasabe> ripe ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷasi <bwasi> cooked, ripe ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 27
Mayo bʷassi <buassi> está maduro, está cocido «is ripe, is cooked» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 124
Tubar
Tubar kʷasira̱t <kʷasi-rá-t> maduro «ripe» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora kʷasi ̱ <cuasí> está cocido, maduro «it is cooked, ripe» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 124
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷáʂē- <cuáxee=> maduro «ripe» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 28
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ikʷsi <icuci> madurarſe la fruta «for fruit to ripen» ‣ Molina 1571: 34r
Classical Nahuatl ikʷsi <iucci> to ripen, to cook ‣ Karttunen 1983: 109
Tetelcingo Mexicano wiksi <bi ̱csi ̱> se cuece, se cocina, madura «[it] cooks, ripens» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 110
Pochutla Mexicano eksok <ecçóc> cocido, maduro «cooked, ripe» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pipil uksi <uksi> to ripen, to be cooked/done ‣ Campbell 1985: 550
214
kwa-02 kwa-02
kwa-02 tail (Miller 1967: 430 *kʷasi | *kʷaci) *kʷaᵤsi tail ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (51)
Numic *kʷesi | *kʷasi tail ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (81)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kʷasi <kʷa'si> tail ‣ Nichols 1974: 43
Western Mono kʷa̱tˢī <kwa̱zi> tail ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 59
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kʷasi(ttˢi) <kwasi(ttsi)> tail ‣ Dayley 1989: 82
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷaisi <kwaisi> tail ‣ Crapo 1976: 47
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷesi <kwesi> (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 47
Western Shoshone kʷasi <kwasi> tail ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kʷaisi | kʷesi <kwaisi> tail ‣ Miller 1972: 115
Comanche kʷasi ̥ <kwasi ̱> animal tail ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 37
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kʷasipi | kosipi <kwasi-vi | kosi-vi> tail ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 220
Chemehuevi kʷasi <kwási ̥> tail ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Southern Paiute kʷasipi <qwA‘si´-ɸI> tail ‣ Sapir 1931: 647
Southern Ute kʷasipi <kwa̱sí-vi ̱> tail ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 127
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷa̱si <kwasi> penis ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wiʃīn <wici·n> his tail ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 4.29 [first vowel is unexpected]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kʷatˢitatˢ <kwatsitats> tail ‣ Anderton 1988: 374
Serrano -wað tail ‣ kch [both consonants lenited – sound symbolism?]
Cupan
Luiseño ‑pi ̱kʷsiv <‑píqwsiv> tail ‣ Bright 1968: 33
Cupeño ‑kʷaʂ <‑qwash> tail (should have <s̸h> instead of <sh>) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑kʷas <‑kʷas> tail (of birds, animals) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 90
Tepiman *ba̱hi <*'bahi> tail ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (2)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bahi tail ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.141
Pima Bajo ba̱hi | ba̱i <'bahi | 'bai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (2)
Pima Bajo bahi ̥ <báhy> cola «tail» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 228
Northern Tepehuan báxi <báhi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (2)
Southern Tepehuan ba̱i <'bai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (2)
Southeastern Tepehuan bai <[bai]> tail ‣ Willett 1991: 20
215
kwa-03 kwa-03
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wahsi ̱ <wahsí> tail ‣ Miller 1996: 403
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wasi ̱ <huasí> cola «tail» ‣ Hilton 1959: 33
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve basi ̱t <basít> cola «tail» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
Ópata wag <guag> tail ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷasia <bwasia> tail; end, tail end (of a line) ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 124
Mayo bʷasia <buasia> cola «tail» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 124
Tubar
Tubar wakusi ̱r | vakusi ̱r <wakusír | bakusír> cola «tail» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Cora/Huichol
Cora kʷasi ̱ <cuasí> cola, cabo «tail, end» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 124
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷāʂ�̄ ́ <cuaaxíi> cola de animal «animal's tail» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 28
kwa-03 eagle, large bird of prey (Miller 1967: 146a *kʷa) *kʷa- eagle ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (49)
Numic (moved to kwa-17)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷāh
̱ ɯ <kwaahu> golden eagle ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wāʔal <wa·ʔa-l> hawk ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Serrano kʷāʔtᶳ red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) ‣ kch
Cupan *kʷāʔ̱ a-la <*kʷá:ʔa-la> hawk, chicken ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (61)
Luiseño kʷa̱ʔla <kwáʔ-la> a kind of hawk ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cahuilla kʷa̱ʔal <kʷáʔal> chicken hawk (smaller than ki ̱siʎ) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 91 (cf. ki-09)
Tepiman *baʔa̱gai <*ba'ʔagai> eagle ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (5)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) baʔag golden eagle ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.146
Pima Bajo ba̱ʔag <bá'ag> águila «eagle» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 219
Northern Tepehuan bāǵ ai <báágai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (5)
Southern Tepehuan baʔāʔ̱ <ba'ʔaaʔ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (5)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío waʔwe̱ <waʔwé> eagle ‣ Miller 1996: 407
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) aʔwe̱ <a'hué> águila «eagle» ‣ Hilton 1959: 4
Eudeve/Ópata [cognate? p- is unexpected]
Eudeve pa̱ve <páve> águila «eagle» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
Ópata pawa eagle ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
216
kwa-04 kwa-05
Tubar
Tubar kʷamowe̱t <koamowé-t> águila «eagle» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora kʷa̱ʔatˢa <cuá'atza> cuervo «crow, raven» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 124
Cora kʷa̱ʔɯra̓ve <cúá'ʌra'abe> águila «eagle» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 124 [cognate? Why the
accent mark on u? typo?]
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kʷawtˡi <quauhtli> aguila «eagle» ‣ Molina 1571: 87v
Classical Nahuatl kʷāwtˡi <cuāuh-tli> eagle ‣ Karttunen 1983: 65
kwa-04 bird sp.

Takic
Cupan [cognate?]
Cupeño kusān
̱ əm tᶴ�̄p̱ <kusa̱anem chi ̱ip> Junco ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla kʷasanemtᶴi ̱ip <kʷasanemčíip> baldheaded bird ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 90
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío kusa̱ <kusá> kind of yellow hawk ‣ Miller 1996: 351
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kusa̱ <cusá> aguililla, gavilán blanco «small hawk, white hawk» ‣ Hilton
1959: 24
Tubar
Tubar kʷasa̱ <kʷasá> clase de ave pescadora grande «a kind of large bird that catches fish» ‣
Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora kʷāsu̱ <cuaasú> garza «heron» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 45
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷāʂū́ <cuaaxúu> garza «heron» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 29
kwa-05 eat (Miller 1967: 152a *kʷa) *kʷaʔaC <*kwa'aC> to eat ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *kʷa | *kʷaʔa
<*kʷa(ʔa)> to eat, swallow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (48); *kʷaʔa eat ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 272
(223)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nāk
̱ ʷahi <naakwahi> food presented to acknowledge a special relationship ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi nāk
̱ ʷaji <naakwayi> offer food ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kʷaʔ <kwaʔ, ḳwaʔa, ḳwaʔ> eat ‣ Anderton 1988: 373
Serrano kʷaʔi eat (vt.) ‣ kch
217
kwa-06 kwa-06
Tongva (Gabrielino) kʷaʔāx
̱ <kwa'áax> el está cominedo «he is eating» ‣ Harrington notes 587
Cupan
Luiseño kʷaʔ- <kwáʔ-> to eat ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño kʷa <kwa;‑0> to eat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla ‑kʷa̱ʔ- <‑kʷáʔ-> to eat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 91
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) baʔa to swallow obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.145
Pima Bajo ba̱ʔɯ <bá'e> tragar «swallow» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 260
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hiba̱an <hibáan> comer «eat» ‣ Pennington 1981: 112
Ópata wairuna <guairuna> swallow ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hibʷane <hibwane> have something to eat ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 50
Mayo bʷa̓je : aʔa bʷa̓je <buá'aye : a'a buá'aye> la está comiendo «is eating it» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 124
Tubar
Tubar kua- <koa-> comer «eat» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora rakʷaʔa̱ <racua'á> lo come «[he] eats it» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 24
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷaʔā-́ <cua´áa=> comer «eat» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 29
Nahua *kʷa <*kʷa> eat ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (51)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡakʷa <qua.nitla> comer algo «eat something» ‣ Molina 1571: 84r
Classical Nahuatl kʷa <cuā> to eat something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 56
Tetelcingo Mexicano kikʷa <qui ̱cua> lo come «[he] eats it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 180
Pochutla Mexicano totakʷas <totaquáz> comeremos «we will eat» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kʷa <kwa> to eat ‣ Campbell 1985: 311
kwa-06 toad, frog (Miller 1967: 191 *kʷa)

Numic
Southern Numic (with pa-07)
Southern Paiute pakkʷanʔna <pAˣqwań’NA> frog, toad ‣ Sapir 1931: 604
Southern Ute pakkʷani <paqx̂wáni ̱> frog (perhaps should be <pa̱qx̂wáni ̱> [pḁqχʷa̱ni ̥]) ‣ Southern
Ute Tribe 1979: 239
Hopi (with pa-07)
Orayvi Hopi pāk
̱ ʷa <paakwa> toad ‣ Hopi Dictionary
218
kwa-07 kwa-09
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) kʷa̱ʔroʔ <kwá'ro'> sapo «toad» ‣ Harrington notes 116
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) babad frog ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.139
Eudeve/Ópata [cognate? ko- is unexpected]
Eudeve koha̱r <cohár> sapo «toad» ‣ Pennington 1981: 171
Ópata koa <coa> sapo «toad» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cora/Huichol
Cora tātᶴʷi ̱, tātᶴʷi ̱se <taachuí, taachuise> rana, ranas «frog, frogs» (tā- is unidentified) ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 176
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷāʂā <cuaaxaa> especie de rana «frog sp.» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 28
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kʷejatˡ | kʷijatˡ <cueyatl | cuiyatl> rana «frog» ‣ Molina 1571: 26r | 26v
Classical Nahuatl kʷejatˡ | kʷijatˡ <cueya-tl | cuiyatl> frog ‣ Karttunen 1983: 71
Tetelcingo Mexicano kʷejatˡ <cueyatl> rana «frog» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 121
kwa-07 coyote (Miller 1967: 110a *kʷa) *kʷa coyote ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271 (217) (cf. ka-22, ko-
26, kwa-11)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷe̱wɯ <kwewu> wolf ‣ Hopi Dictionary [loanword? vowel is unexpected] [Now that all
other "wolf" words have been assigned to other sets, anything anomalous about Hopi kʷewɯ is irrelevant.]
kwa-08 soft (Miller 1967: 401 *kʷa)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wasa̱ <wasá> plowed land ‣ Miller 1996: 405
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wasa̱ <huasá> tierra de cultivo «cultivated land» ‣ Hilton 1959: 33
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve bari ̱nan <barínan> ablandar «soften» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷalko <bwalko> soft, smooth ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 27
Mayo bʷalko <bualco> blando «soft» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 124
kwa-09 maternal grandfather (Miller 1967: 494 *kʷa) *kʷaʔa mother's father, daughter's son ‣ Voegelin et
al. 1962: 143 (127)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷa̱ʔat <kwa('at)> grandfather ‣ Hopi Dictionary
219
kwa-10 kwa-10
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑kʷāriʔ <‑kwariʔ, ‑kwāriʔ, ‑ḳwariʔ> grandrelative ‣ Anderton 1988: 377
Serrano ‑kʷāriʔ | ‑kʷār maternal grandfather: MoFa, MoFaBr, MoFaM//Co; reciprocal: man's
maternal grandchild: MaDaCh, MaBrDaCh, MaM//CoDaCh ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ‑kʷaʔ <‑kwaʔ> maternal grandfather ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Luiseño ‑kʷaʔmaj <‑kwaʔ-may> grandchild, i.e., man's daughter's child ‣ Bright 1968: 19
Cupeño ‑kʷa <‑kwa> mother's father ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla he̱kʷal, ‑kʷa <hé‑kʷa-l, ‑kʷa> grandfather, i.e., mother's father ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 88
Tepiman *bāḇ a <*'baaba> mother's father ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (1)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bāb <baab> mother's father; mother's father's elder brother ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.135
Pima Bajo bāb <baab> abuelo «grandfather» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 218
Northern Tepehuan bāb̌ a <baába> ‣ Bascom 1965: 56 (1)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío papa̱ <papá> grandfather: MoFa; grandchild: man's DaCh; great-grandfather, ‑grandchild?
‣ Miller 1996: 403 [cognate?]
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve pa̱wa <págua> abuelo por parte de madre «maternal grandfather» ‣ Pennington 1981: 215
[cognate?]
Cora/Huichol
Cora nijēḵ ʷari <niyeécuari> mi abuela, mi nieta (nieto) «my grandmother, my grandchild» ‣
McMahon & McMahon 1959: 157 (with jE-01)
Nahua [with kō- rather than expected kʷā-]
Classical Nahuatl kōlli <cōl-li> grandfather, ancestor ‣ Karttunen 1983: 40
Tetelcingo Mexicano īkōltˢī <icultzi> su abuelo «his/her grandfather» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 1 [‑tˢī
<‑tzi> is the honorific/diminutive suffix]
kwa-10 shoot
Numic *kʷahti | *kʷɯhti <*kʷahti | *kʷəhti> shoot ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (77)
Western Numic
Western Mono kʷatti- <kwati- | qwati-> to shoot (gun, arrow, spear) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 58
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kuttih <kuttih> shoot, hit, injure ‣ Dayley 1989: 72
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷɯttih <kwyttih> to shoot, to direct a force outward suddenly ‣
Crapo 1976: 49
Western Shoshone kʷɯttih | kuttih <kwettih | kuttih> shoot ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
220
kwa-11 kwa-12
Shoshone kʷɯtti <kwettiH> to shoot ‣ Miller 1972: 116

Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kukkʷi- <kukwi-> to shoot ‣ Zigmond at al. 1990: 218
Chemehuevi kukkʷi- <ku'kwi> shoot/sting ‣ Press 1979: 150
Southern Paiute kukkʷi <qo´q·WI> to shoot ‣ Sapir 1931: 642
Southern Ute kukkʷī <ku̱kwí> shoot ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 123
kwa-11 smell *kʷaᵤna smelly ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (135)

Numic *kʷana smell(y) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (78)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kʷana <kwana"> smell ‣ Dayley 1989: 82
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷana <kwana"> to smell (intr.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 47
Western Shoshone kʷana <kwana"> smell ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 269
Shoshone kʷana <kwanaG> to smell (must occur with adverb such as good, bad, sweet, etc.) ‣
Miller 1972: 115
Comanche kʷanatɯ <kwanarʉ> have odor, have bad odor, modern smell good ‣ 37
Tepiman *ba̱nai <*'banai> coyote ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (3) (moved from kwa-07)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ban coyote ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.144
Pima Bajo ban coyote ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 229
Northern Tepehuan bánai ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (3)
Southern Tepehuan ban <'ban> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (3)
Southeastern Tepehuan ban <[banN]> coyote ‣ Willett 1991: 18
kwa-12 skirt, dress, shirt

Numic *kʷasu | *kʷasɯ <*kʷasu | *kʷasə> dress/shirt ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (79)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kʷassɯ <[kwaʂʂ� ́]> shirt ‣ Thornes 2003: 34
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kʷasuʔun <kwasu'un> dress ‣ Dayley 1989: 82
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷasun <kwasun> dress, shirt, clothes ‣ Crapo 1976: 47
Western Shoshone kʷasuʔun <kwasu'un> dress ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Shoshone kʷasun <kwasun> dress; shirt ‣ Miller 1972: 115
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kʷasubɯtˢi | kʷasu <kwasu-bɨzi | kwasu> skirt, dress ‣ Zigmond at al. 1990: 220
Chemehuevi kʷasu <kwásu̥> woman's dress ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷa̱sa <kwasa> dress, shirt ‣ Hopi Dictionary
221
kwa-13 kwa-16
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío waʔkila̱ <waʔkilá> shirt, clothes ‣ Miller 1996: 406 [cognate?]
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷahim <bwahim> diaper, loin cloth, breechclout
Mayo bʷahhi <buajji> sapeta «kilt» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 124
kwa-13 cry (Miller 1967: 115 *kʷa)

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ba̱anan <báanan> llorar «cry» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
Ópata baonia <baon-ia> cry ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷāna <bwaana> cry, weep ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 26
Mayo bʷāna <buaana> llora, está llorando «cry, is crying» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 124
kwa-14 armpit
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) nekʷāṟ <nikwáarr> mi sobaco «my armpit» ‣ Harrington notes 277
Cupan
Luiseño ‑qʷa̱lma <‑qwálma> armpit ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Cupeño ‑kʷa̱lʔa <‑kwa̱l'a> side, armpit ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
Cahuilla ‑kʷa̱lma <‑kʷálma> to hold under the arm; to put one's arm around sbdy's neck ‣ Seiler
& Hioki 1979: 89
kwa-15 beans
Tepiman *ba̱vi <*'bavi> beans ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (4)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bavi ̥ <bavï> tepary beans ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.145
Pima Bajo baw frijol «beans» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 236
Northern Tepehuan bávi beans ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (4); 1982: 304
Southern Tepehuan bav <'bav> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (4)
kwa-16 red [Jane Hill says this is a Yuman loanword.]

Takic
Serran
̅
Kitanemuk kʷaʂɯpk <kwaʃəpk, ̅
kwaʃrəpk, ̅
kwáʃrəpk> red ‣ Anderton 1988: 378
222
kwa-17 kwE-02
Tongva (Gabrielino) kʷahō̱xaʔ | kʷaxō̱xaʔ <kwahóoxa' | kwaxóoxa'> colorado | red ‣ Harrington
notes 576 | 606
Cupan
Luiseño qʷa̱jaqʷjaʃ <qwáya-qwya-š> red ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Cupeño kʷatikʷa̱tiʔiʃ <kwatikwa̱ti'i-sh> red ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 159
kwa-17 bird of prey *kʷa- eagle ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (49) (separated from kwa-03)
Numic (cf. kwi-05)
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kʷanatˢi <kwana-zi> squirrel hawk ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 220
Chemehuevi kʷanantˢitˢi <kwanántsitsi ̥> bird sp. It is bigger than the gabilan [gavilán, hawk],
and smaller than the eagle. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 13
Southern Paiute kʷanantˢi <qwa(·a)na-ńts·> eagle ‣ Sapir 1931: 646
Southern Ute kʷanatᶴi <kwaná-ci ̱> eagle ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 127
kwE-01 big (Miller 1967: 39d *kʷe)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío weruma̱ <werumá> big, large ‣ Miller 1996: 408
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) waru̱ <huarú> grande, mucho, muy «big, much, very» ‣ Hilton 1959: 33
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷeʔu <bwe'u> big, large; pregnant ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 28
Mayo bʷeʔuru <bué'uru> grande «big, large» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷí <cuí> mucho «much» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 31 [cognate?]
kwE-02 carry (Miller 1967: 76 *kʷe) <*kwɨsɨC> ‣ AMR; *kʷɯ | *kʷɯssɯ <*kʷɨs(sɨ)> to take, get ‣
Numic *kʷɯha <*kʷəha> catch/take ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (88) [cognate?]
Western Numic
Western Mono kʷɯtta- <kwɨta-> to wrap, wind around (of a bandage) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 62
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kʷɯhɯ- <kwɨ'hɨ> catch-sg-obj/take/receive ‣ Press 1979: 150
Southern Paiute kʷɯɯ- <qwïï-> to take (sg. obj.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 351
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷɯ̱ sɯ <kwusu> receive, get, accept, take, pick up with the hand ‣ Hopi Dictionary
223
kwE-03 kwE-04
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wɯkkɯt <wɨk-(ɨt)> to grab it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228 [cognate?]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bɯhɯ <behe> to get obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.152
Pima Bajo bɯhɯn <béhen> agarrar «grab» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 218
Cora/Huichol
Cora ra̓ṯ ᶴʷeni <rá'achueni> lo lleva (niño chico) «(she) carries him (small child)» ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 164
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷē- <cuee=> llevar algo largo y sólido «carry something long and solid» ‣
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nikkʷi <cui.nic> tomar algo, o tener parte el hombre cõ la muger «take
something, for a man to have carnal relations with a woman» ‣ Molina 1571: 26v
Classical Nahuatl kʷi <cui> to take something or someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 71
Tetelcingo Mexicano kikʷi <qui ̱cui ̱> lo agarra, lo trae, lo coge, lo toma «[he] grabs it, brings it,
seizes it, takes it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 183
Pipil kʷi <kwi> to grab, to snatch, to take ‣ Campbell 1985: 320
kwE-03 rise, get up (Miller 1967: 347 *kʷet) <*kwɨtɨ> ‣ AMR

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kʷɯtɯkki- <kwɨ'rɨki> get up ‣ Press 1979: 150
Southern Paiute kʷɯtɯ- <qwïrï-> to get up ‣ Sapir 1931: 651
Southern Ute kɯtɯkkī <ku̧ rú̧ ki> get up (from a prone position) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 126
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kʷɯ̄ tᶳɯk <kwətʃrək, кwə̄tʃrəк, k̅wə̄tʃrəк> stand up ‣ Anderton 1988: 383
Serrano kʷɯ̄ tᶳḵ get up ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño kʷo̱ta/i- <kwóta/i-> to get up, to recover (intr.); to get someone up, to revive, to cure;
to lift something (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 20
Cahuilla ‑kʷe̱ʔeqe- <‑kʷéʔeqe-> to get up, to lift oneself up from the lying to the standing
position ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 93
kwE-04 iguana
Tubar
Tubar kʷatˢara̱ | kʷatᶴara̱ <kvaȼará | kvacará> cachorra, clase de largatija «an iguana-like lizard sp.»
‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
224
kwE-05 kwi-01
Nahua *kʷətˢ- <*kʷəȼ-> iguana ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (90)
Classical Nahuatl nikʷetˢpalti <cuetzpalti.ni> glotonear «gluttonize» (probably related to the lizard
name: make an iguana of oneself) ‣ Molina 1571: 26v
Classical Nahuatl kʷetˢpalin <cuetzpal-in> lizard, iguana ‣ Karttunen 1983: 71
Tetelcingo Mexicano kʷetˢpali <cuetzpali ̱> iguana ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 121
Pochutla Mexicano kʷiʃom <cuixóm> iguana ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kūketˢpal <ku:ketspal> iguana ‣ Campbell 1985: 288
kwE-05 skin, leather

Nahua *kʷətaʃ- <*kʷətaš-> skin, leather ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (149)
Classical Nahuatl kʷetˡaʃtˡi <cuetlaxtli> cuero adobado «dressed leather» ‣ Molina 1571: 26r
Classical Nahuatl kʷetˡaʃtˡi <cuetlax-tli> leather, cured hide, skin ‣ Karttunen 1983: 71
Tetelcingo Mexicano kʷitˡaʃtˡi <cui ̱tlaxtli ̱> piel, cuero «skin, leather» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 122
Pochutla Mexicano kʷeteʃt <cuetéxt> cuero, piel «leather, skin» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kʷetaʃti <kwetax-ti> leather ‣ Campbell 1985: 319
kwE-06 skirt
Nahua *kʷēj(V)- <*kʷeey(V)-> skirt ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (150)
Classical Nahuatl kʷeitˡ <cueitl> ſaya, faldellin, faldillas, o naguas «skirt, overskirt, skirts,
petticoat» ‣ Molina 1571: 26r
Classical Nahuatl kʷēitˡ <cuē(i)-tl> skirt, petticoat (or possibly cuēy(i)-tl [kʷējitˡ]) ‣ Karttunen 1983: 69
Tetelcingo Mexicano kʷējitˡ <cuieyi ̱tl> falda, chincuete, vestido «skirt, petticoat, dress» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 122
Pochutla Mexicano nokʷej <nocuéi> mi enagua «my petticoat» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil kʷējit <kwe:yi-t> skirt, native skirt ‣ Campbell 1985: 320
kwi-01 excrement, feces (Miller 1967: 126 *kʷita | *kʷit) *kʷitaC <*kwitaC> to shit ‣ Manaster Ramer
1991: 205; *kʷita excrement ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 272 (224); *kʷiᵤta excrement ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
139 (54)
Numic *kʷi(h)tah excrement/defecate ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (87)
Western Numic
Western Mono kʷita̱ppɯ <kwida̱pƗ> feces ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 59-60
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kʷita <kwita"> shit, defecate ‣ Dayley 1989: 84
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷita <kwita"> to defecate ‣ Crapo 1976: 49
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷitappɯh <kwita-ppyh> excrement ‣ Crapo 1976: 49
Western Shoshone kʷita <kwita"> defecate ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Shoshone kʷita <kwitaG> to defecate ‣ Miller 1972: 116
225
kwi-01 kwi-01
Shoshone kʷitappɯh <kwitappeh> excrement ‣ Miller 1972: 116

Comanche kʷittappɯ <kwitapʉ> feces, excrement ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 38
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kʷita- <kwida-> to defecate ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 221
Kawaiisu kʷitappɯ <kwida-pɨ> excrement ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 221
Chemehuevi kʷitˢappɯ <kwitsápə̥> manure ‣ K. Hill 1969: 14
Southern Paiute kʷitᶴappɯ <qwitca´-p·Ï> what is defecated, excrement ‣ Sapir 1931: 650
Southern Ute kʷitᶴappɯ <kwicá-pu̧ > feces, shit, ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 128
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño kʷila̱li- <kwiláli-> to soil, make dirty ‣ Bright 1968: 20
Cupeño wi ̱tʃiʎ, ‑wiʃ <wi ̱chi-ly, ‑wi ̱sh> manure, feces (with (euphemistic?) lenition: *kʷ > w) ‣ Hill &
Nolasquez 1973: 178
Tepiman *b�̄tai,
̱ ̱ <*'biitai/i-> to defecate ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (8); *b�̄tai
b�̄ti- ̱ <*'biitai> excrement ‣
Bascom 1965: 156 (9)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bīt- <'biit-> to defecate ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (8)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bīt <biit> excrement ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.168
Pima Bajo b�̄tᶴi-
̱ <'biiči-> to defecate ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (8)
Pima Bajo bītᶴ <'biič> excrement ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (9)
̌ <biítʸai> to defecate; excrement ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (8; 9)
Northern Tepehuan b�̄cai
Southern Tepehuan b�c̱̄ i- <'biitʸi-> to defecate ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (8)
Southern Tepehuan bīc <'biitʸ> excrement ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (9)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wihta̱ <wihtá> excrement ‣ Miller 1996: 409
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wita̱ <huitá> estiércol, excremento «manure, excrement» ‣ Hilton 1959: 36
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve bita̱t <bitát> cagar «defecate» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
Ópata bita defecate ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷita <bwita> excrement; defecate ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 29
Mayo bʷitta <buita> está cagando; excremento, caca «is defecating; excrement, feces» ‣ Collard &
Collard 1962: 125
Tubar
Tubar kʷita̱t <kvitá-t> estiercol «manure» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora tᶴʷita̱ <chuitá> excremento «excrement» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 128
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷitá <cuitá> excrementos «feces» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 36
Nahua *kʷitˡa- <*kʷitla-> excrement ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (53)
Classical Nahuatl kʷitˡatˡ <cuitlatl> mierda «feces» ‣ Molina 1571: 27v
226
kwi-02 kwi-02
Classical Nahuatl kʷitˡatˡ <cuitl(a)-tl> excrement, residue, excrescence ‣ Karttunen 1983: 73

Tetelcingo Mexicano kʷitˡatˡ <cui ̱tlatl> estiércol, excremento, suciedad «manure, excrement,
dirtiness» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 122
Pochutla Mexicano kutet <cutét> mierda «feces» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil kʷitat <kwita-t> excrement, dung, feces ‣ Campbell 1985: 322
kwi-02 land, earth, dirt (Miller 1967: 151 *kʷi (*kʷiya ?)) *kʷija <*kʷiya> dirt, earth ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
142 (112) (cf. wi-21)
Numic
Central Numic (with pa-16)
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pasakkʷinappɯh <pasakkwinappüh> mud ‣ Dayley 1989:
193
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pakkʷinappɯh | pasakkʷinappɯh <pakkwina-ppyh | pasakkwina-
ppyh> mud ‣ Crapo 1976: 67
Western Shoshone pasakʷinappɯh <pasakwinappeh> mud ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pākʷinit <pākwinit, pāʔkwinit, páḳwinit, pákwínit> clay; mud ‣ Anderton 1988: 457
(with pa-16)
Serrano pāʳkʷɯɲit mud (perhaps pāʳkʷiɲit) ‣ kch (with pa-16)
Serrano kʷinit <kwinít> lodo «mud» (probably kʷiɲit) ‣ Harrington notes 263
Tongva (Gabrielino) kʷināṟ <kwinár, kwináar> lodo «mud» ‣ Harrington notes 263
Tepiman *bi ̱dai <*'bidai> clay ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (6)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bid clay, mud; plaster ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.159
Pima Bajo bid | bidi ̥ <bid | bídy> barro «clay» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 223
Northern Tepehuan bíɉai <bídʸai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (6)
Southern Tepehuan biɉ <'bidʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (6)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío weʔe̱ <weʔé> land ‣ Miller 1996: 409
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wiʔje̱ <hui'yé> tierra, barro «land, earth, clay» ‣ Hilton 1959: 37
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷia <bwia> earth, land, soil; area, region, country ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 28
Mayo bʷijja <buiya> tierra, suelo «land, floor» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Tubar
Tubar kʷi- <kʷi-> tierra «land, earth» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Cora/Huichol
Cora tᶴʷeh <chuéj> mugre, tierra «filth, dirt, earth» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 127
227
kwi-03 kwi-04
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷi ̱e <cuíe> tierra, suelo, terreno «dirt, ground, land» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 32
kwi-03 sing (Miller 1967: 379 *kʷika (and *kʷiki ?)) *kʷīka <*kʷiika> sing ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978:
279 (315)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wika̱ <wiká> song ‣ Miller 1996: 409
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wikara̱ <huicará> cantar (bailador o con una sonaja) «sing (dancer or with
a timbrel)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 34
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve bi ̱ken <bíquen> cantar «sing» ‣ Pennington 1981: 167
Ópata gikia <guiquia> sing ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷīka <bwiika> be singing ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 29
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷika <bwika> song ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 29
Mayo bʷīka <buiica> canta, está cantando «sing, is singing» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Mayo bʷikki <buicqui> canción, canto «song, chant» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Cora/Huichol
Cora tᶴʷ�̄ḵ ari | tᶴʷ�̄karɯ̓
̱ <chuiícari | chuiícarʌ'ʌ> canción «song» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 128
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷika- : ‑kʷīkā,́ ‑kʷīka, ‑kʷ�̄.ká-,
́ ‑kʷīkā ́ <cuica= : -cuiicáa, ‑cuiica, -cuíi.cá-, -
cuiicáa> cantar «sing» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 32
Nahua *kʷīka <*kʷiika> sing ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (147)
Classical Nahuatl nikʷika <cuica.ni> cantar el cantor, o chirriar las aues «for a singer to sing, for
birds to chirp» ‣ Molina 1571: 26v
Classical Nahuatl kʷīka <cuīca> to sing ‣ Karttunen 1983: 71
Tetelcingo Mexicano kʷīka <cuica> canta «[he] sings» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 121
Pochutla Mexicano ntakʷiketuk <ntacuiquetúc> estoy cantando «I am singing» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil takʷīka <takwi:ka> to sing ‣ Campbell 1985: 448
kwi-04 braid (Miller 1967: 57 *kʷi)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono kʷi ̱si | kʷisi ̱pɯ̄ <kwi ̱sI | kwisi ̱bɨ> string, thread (traditionally made from
milkweed) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 60
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kʷisi | kuisi <kwisi" | kuisi"> weave; be tangled up,
entangled, ensnared ‣ Dayley 1989: 84
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷisi <kwisi"> to be tangled, to become entangled ‣ Crapo 1976: 49
Western Shoshone kʷisi <kwisi"> weave; be tangled, ensnared ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
228
kwi-05 kwi-07
Shoshone kʷisi <kwisiG> to braid; to be tangled, to become entangled; to weave a basket ‣ Miller
1972: 116
Cora/Huichol
Cora kɯsti ̱ <cʌstí> está tejido, trenza «[it] is woven, braid» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 125
Cora rakɯ̱ sta <racʌsta> lo trenza «[he] braids it» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 166
Cora tᶴʷista̱ri <chuistari> cuento «story» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 128
kwi-05 eagle (Miller 1967: 146b *kʷi) (cf. kwa-03, kwa-17)

Numic *kʷi(ʔ)nā(ʔa) <*kʷi(ʔ)naa(ʔa)> eagle/large bird ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (86)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kʷiʔnā <[kwiʔnáá]> golden eagle ‣ Thornes 2003: 53
Western Mono kʷiʔna̱ʔ <kwi'na̱'> golden eagle ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 61
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kʷinā <kwinaa> eagle, large bird ‣ Dayley 1989: 83
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷinā <kwinaa> bird (generic especially any large bird), eagle (old
usage) ‣ Crapo 1976: 48
Western Shoshone kʷiʔnā <kwi'naa> bird ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Comanche kʷihnai <kwihnai> eagle ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 38
Shoshone kʷinā <kwinaa> eagle; large bird (generic) ‣ Miller 1972: 116
kwi-06 food (Miller 1967: 152b *kʷi) *kʷi- food ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (53)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷ�̄v̱ iʔat <kwiivi('at)> boiled or stewed food ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi kʷ�̄v̱ a <kwiiva> cook by boiling; put on to boil ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bī <bii> food on a plate ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.166
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bia to dish out obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.156
Northern Tepehuan bíái <bíái> food ‣ Bascom 1982: 305
Northern Tepehuan b�̄ ̌ <bií> fed ‣ Bascom 1982: 305
Southeastern Tepehuan biaʔ <[biaʔ]> to remove ‣ Willett 1991: 28
kwi-07 north (Miller 1967: 307a *kʷin, 307b *kʷi)

Numic *kʷi- north/cold ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (85)
Western Numic
Western Mono kʷi ̱wī <kwi ̱wi> to the north ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 60
229
kwi-08 kwi-09
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kuinaweppɯh | kuinawaippɯh | kʷinaweppɯh <kuinaweppüh
| kuinawaippüh | kwinaweppüh> north ‣ Dayley 1989: 66
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kʷinahai | kʷinahainankʷa <kwinahaix | kwinahai-nankwa"> north
‣ Crapo 1976: 48
Western Shoshone kʷinahainankuhtɯn <kwinahainankuhten> north ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Shoshone kʷinahai <kwinaha̅� ̅> north ‣ Miller 1972: 116
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi kʷiamatɯ <kwiʲámarə̥> the north wind ‣ K. Hill 1969: 14
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷini ̱ŋʲa <kwiningya> in the northwest ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kʷīmika <kʷí·míka, kʷí·mìka> north ‣ Anderton 1988: 381
Serrano kʷīmḵ north ‣ kch
Serrano akʷīnamuʔ east wind ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) kom�̱̄ <kọm�ĩ́ > east ‣ Harrington notes 470
Cupan
Luiseño kʷ�̄m
̱ ik | kʷ�̄jaxik
̱ <kwí·-m-ik | kwí·-yax-ik> eastward ‣ Bright 1968: 20
kwi-08 vagina, vulva (Miller 1967: 448 *kʷi)

Numic *‑kʷi vagina ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (84)
Western Numic
Western Mono te̱kʷī <te̱gwi> vagina ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 209
Southern Numic
Southern Ute wɯkɯppɯ <wu̧ gú̧ -pu̧ > vagina, cunt, female genitals ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 208
[cognate?]
kwi-09 acorn, oak (Miller 1967: 1 *kʷi | *kʷini)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷi ̱ŋvi <kwingvi> oak ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wiŋŋijāl <wiŋiya·l> acorns from black oak, Q[uercus] californica (Torr.) Cooper ‣ E.
W. Voegelin 1938: 15
230
kwi-10 kwi-10
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk kʷɯjatᶳ <kwəjatʃr, kwə́jətʃr> acorn sp. ‣ Anderton 1988: 383
Serrano kʷījtᶳ oak sp. or its acorns ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) kʷār <kwáarr> bellota. The tree also is called kwáarr. «acorn» ‣ Harrington
notes 126 [cognate?]
Cupan *kʷ�̄ji-la
̱ <*kʷí:yi-la> oak sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (81)
Luiseño kʷ�̄la
̱ <kwí·-la> California black oak, Quercus kellogii, or its acorns (< *kʷi ̱jla) ‣ Bright
1968: 20
Cupeño kʷi ̱niʎ <kwi ̱ni-ly> black oak, Quercus kelloggii, or its acorns ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 160
Cahuilla kʷi ̱ɲiʎ <qwinyily> Quercus Kellogii Newb., California black oak ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 123
kwi-10 smoke (Miller 1967: 392a *kʷi (*kuhi ?), 392b *kʷici, 392c *kuci) *kʷistˢi <*kʷisci> smoke ‣ Voegelin
et al. 1962: 138 (35)
Numic *kʷīh | *kuhih <*kʷiih | *kuhih> smoke ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (83)
Western Numic
Western Mono kuhita- <kuhida-> to smoke out ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 52
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) kukkʷīppɯh | kukkʷīppi <kukkwiippüh | kukkwiippi>
smoke ‣ Dayley 1989: 68
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone kukkʷippɯh | kʷippɯh <ku-kkwi-ppyh | kwi-ppyh> smoke, ashes ‣
Crapo 1976: 44
Western Shoshone kʷīppɯh <kwiippeh> smoke ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Shoshone kʷīppɯh | kukkʷīppɯh <kwii-ppeh | kukkwii-ppeh> smoke ‣ Miller 1972: 116
Comanche kʷippɯ̥ | kʷīppɯ̥ <kwipʉ̱ | kwiipʉ̱> smoke ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 38
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kʷihi- <kwihi-> to smoke, be smoky ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 221
Chemehuevi kʷihippi <kwihípi ̥> smoke ‣ K. Hill 1969: 14
Southern Paiute kʷiikkaī <qwiɩ´-k̯·ai‘> (it) smokes ‣ Sapir 1931: 648
Southern Ute kʷi�̱̄ <kwií> be smoky, be getting smoky, become smoky ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
128
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kʷ�̄tˢiŋʷ
̱ <kwiitsingw> smoke ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi kʷ�̄tanta
̱ <kwiitanta> be purifying with juniper leaf smoke ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *kūbu̱si <*kuu'busi> smoke, dust ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (125) (moved from ku-17)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) kūbs <kuubs> dust, smoke ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.11
Pima Bajo kū̱biʃ <'kuubiš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (125)
231
kwi-11 kwi-14
Pima Bajo ku̱bɯʃ <kúbes> humo, polvo «smoke, dust» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 239
Pima Bajo kū̱bɯ <kúube> humear «smoke, emit smoke» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 239
Northern Tepehuan kūbúʃi <kuubúši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (125)
Southern Tepehuan kū̱bɯʃ <'kuubɨš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 165 (125)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷitᶴi ̱a <bwichía> smoke ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 29
Mayo bʷitᶴi ̱a <buichía> está humeando «is smoking» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Mayo bʷitᶴi ̱ria <buichiria> el humo «the smoke» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
kwi-11 worm, caterpillar (Miller 1967: 475 *kʷic)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihkutᶴi ̱wa <ihkucíwa> worm (Miller 1987, p. 90: ih- is a moribund noun prefix, but /ku/ i[s]
expected reflex) ‣ Miller 1996: 338
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kutᶴi ̱wari <cuchíhuari> gusano de la carne «meat worm» ‣ Hilton 1959: 22
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) bʷitᶴia <bwíchia> worm ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 29
Mayo bʷittᶴia <buitchia> gusano «worm, grub, caterpillar» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Cora/Huichol
Cora tᶴu̱ʔihinu <chú'ijinu> gusano «worm, grub, caterpillar» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 128
[cognate?]
́ <cuíisi> gusano «worm, grub, caterpillar» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 35
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷ�̄tˢi
kwi-12 say (cf. ki-10)

Numic *‑kʷ�̄ ̆ <*-kʷi(i)> say ‣ Ianucci 1973: 106 (82)
Western Numic
Western Mono tɯ̄ kkʷi- <tɨɨkwi-> to tell ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 219
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone jɯkʷi <jykwi"> to say something (sg. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 38
Western Shoshone jɯkʷi <yekwi"> say ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 295
Shoshone jɯkʷi <yekwiG> to say something (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 150
kwi-13 mud
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wisoga̱ <huisogá> lodo, zoquete «mud» ‣ Hilton 1959: 36
Tubar
Tubar kʷiso̱t <kvisó̧-t> lodo ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
kwi-14 clay (merged into kwi-02)
232
kwi-15 la-01
kwi-15 skin
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wiʔtᶴi ̱ <wiʔcí> skin ‣ Miller 1996: 410
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) witᶴi ̱ <huichí> cuero, piel «hide, skin» ‣ Hilton 1959: 34
Tubar
Tubar kutᶴi ̱t <kucí-t> piel «skin» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
Tubar kʷitᶴira̱n <kvici-rá-n> piel de «skin of» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 59
kwi-16 be hungry
Tepiman *bi ̱hugimu <*'bihugimu> to be hungry ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (7)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) bihugim to get hungry, starved ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.164
Pima Bajo bi ̱higim <'bihigim> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (7)
Northern Tepehuan bíúgimu ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (7)
Southern Tepehuan ‑bi ̱uʔ <‑'biu?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 156 (7)
kwi-17 bird of prey (separated from kwi-05)

Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) kʷíʂɯ <cuíxü> gavilán de cola roja «red-tailed hawk» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 36
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl kʷiʃin <cuixin> milano «kite, bird of prey» ‣ Molina 1571: 27v
Classical Nahuatl kʷīʃin <cuīx-in> large bird of prey, hawk ‣ Karttunen 1983: 74
Pipil kʷiʃti <kwix-ti> hawk ‣ Campbell 1985: 322
la-01 goose [from some non-Uto-Aztecan source]

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi jalākki <jalā́ki ̥> wild goose ‣ K. Hill 1969: 8
Takic
Cupan *lāʔ̱ a-la <*lá:ʔa-la> goose ‣ Munro 1990: 241
Luiseño la̱ʔla <láʔ-la> wild goose ‣ Bright 1968: 20
Cupeño lə̱ʔəl <le̱'e-l> a large water bird ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 160
Cahuilla la̱ʔlaʔ <láʔlaʔ> goose ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 96
233
ma-01 ma-02
ma-01 tick <*mata, *mati> ‣ AMR

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mūʔmātˢi <muuʔmaa-zi> tick (the insect) (mūʔ- is unidentified, but cf. the Kitanemuk form)
‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 231
Chemehuevi mattapi <matávi ̥> garrapata, tick ‣ K. Hill 1969: 15
Southern Ute mattatᶴi <matá-ci ̱> tick (insect) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1978: 134
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mūmatˢ <mū́m̅atṣ> tick (mū- is unidentified, but cf. the Kawaiisu form) ‣ Anderton 1988:
412
Serrano matᶳatᶳ wood tick ‣ kch
Cupan *matᶴ- <*mác-?> ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 370
Luiseño ama̱tᶴa <ʔamáča> tick (the animal) ‣ Bright 1968: 5
Cupeño ma̱tᶴiʎ <ma̱chi-ly> wood tick ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
̃
Cahuilla ma̱tᶴil <máčil> tick; flea (should it be ma̱tᶴiʎ <máčil>? ̃
Cf. pl. ma̱ʃʎam <mášl-am>.) ‣ Seiler
& Hioki 1979: 99
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) māmʂ <mahmsh> tick, castor bean ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 29
Pima Bajo māmaʃ <máamas> garrapata «tick» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 236
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío matᶴa̱ <macá> tick ‣ Miller 1996: 354
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) matᶴa̱ <machá> garrapata «tick» ‣ Hilton 1959: 41
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷate̱ <muaté> conchilla (garrapata chica) «small kind of tick» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959:
146
Wixarika (Huichol) máte <máte> garrapata «tick» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 67
ma-02 know *mati to know ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 259; *māti <*maati> know ‣ Campbell & Langacker
1987: 274 (249); *mati to know ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (25) (cf. ma-45; cf. ma-46)
Numic *majɯ(h) <*mayə(h)> find/become/be/do ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (93)
Western Numic
Western Mono pumātˢi- <pumaazi-> to recognize ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 156
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi māṯ ˢiwa <maatsiwa> to be named ‣ Hopi Dictionary
234
ma-03 ma-03
Orayvi Hopi māṯ ˢiwta <maatsiwta> be visible, stand out; be recognized, known for ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mātᶳ <m̅ ātʃr> hear (also know?) ‣ Anderton 1988: 386
Serrano mātᶳ hear, listen to ‣ kch
Tepiman *māṯ ɯ <*'maatɨ> he knows ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (142a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mātᶴ <maac> to learn something, to find out about somebody ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.28
Pima Bajo māt <maat> saber «know» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 255
Northern Tepehuan māt́ ɯ <máátɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (142a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑māt <‑'maat> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (142a)
Southeastern Tepehuan matᶴiaʔ <machia'> learn (come to know) something ‣ Willett 1991: 62
Tubar
Tubar maj- <may-> saber «know» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) māt́ e- <máate=> saber, conocer «know» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 67
Cora ramʷa̓rē̱ <ramua'areé> recuerda, lo sabe «(he) remembers, knows it» ‣ McMahon & McMahon
1959: 167
Nahua *mati <*mati> know ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (95)
Classical Nahuatl nikmati <mati.nic> ſaber algo «know something» ‣ Molina 1571: 52v
Classical Nahuatl mati <mat(i)> to know something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 138
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimati <qui ̱mati ̱> lo conoce, lo sabe, la prueva (comida) «(he) knows it, tries
it (food)» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 190
Pochutla Mexicano niʃmeʃtik <nixmextíc> me enseñó «[he] taught me» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil mati to know ‣ Campbell 1985: 338
ma-03 emerge, come out (Miller 1967: 261 *maci | *masi) *maʔtˢiʔ <*maʔciʔ> to emerge, come out ‣
Manaster Ramer 1992: 255; *mastˢi <*masci> to appear, come to light ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (36)
Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone mettɯnkah(tɯn) <maittenkah(ten)> outside, outdoors ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993:
271
Shoshone maittɯnkah | maittinkah | mettɯnkah | mettinkah <maittenkah | maittinkah> outside ‣
Miller 1972: 117
Comanche maihtɯkɯ̥ <maihtʉkʉ̱> openly, plainly ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 41
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute majaŋa- <mayaŋa-> several appear ‣ Sapir 1931: 568
235
ma-04 ma-04
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk majhaʔ <m̅ ajhaʔ> give birth ‣ Anderton 1988: 394
Kitanemuk ‑majr <‑majr, ‑m̅ a� ̅r, ‑m̅ ajr> son or daughter ‣ Anderton 1988: 395
Serrano majhaʔ bear a child ‣ kch
Serrano ‑majr, ‑majha- child ‣ kch
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ama̱j̄ am <amáayam> boys ‣ Woodward 2007: 176
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ama̱jamal <o my a mal, amáya'mal, amaiamel, amayomol> little boy
(also includes the diminutive suffix -ma, probably also from ma-02) ‣ Woodward 2007: 176
Luiseño ‑ma | ‑maj diminutive suffix (as in ‑ka̱ʔ-maj grandchild [cf. ‑ka̱ʔ grandfather]) ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Cupeño ‑ma diminutive suffix (as in muki ̱kmal bird (any kind) [H&N 163]) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 148
̃
Cahuilla ‑ma̱jʎu- <‑máylu-> to give birth, to lay eggs ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 104
Tepiman *mās̱ i <*'maasi> to appear ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (141)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mās <maas> to look a certain way ‣ 2.36
Pima Bajo māʃ- <'maaš-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (141)
Northern Tepehuan māʃ̌ i <maáši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (141)
Southern Tepehuan māʃ̱ i- <'maaši-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (141)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío maʔtᶴi ̱ <maʔcí> outside ‣ Miller 1996: 356
Guarijío maʔtᶴi ̱wa <maʔcí-wa> to be light; to be in view ‣ Miller 1996: 356
Guarijío maʔtᶴi ̱rebani <maʔcíreba-ni> to dawn ‣ Miller 1996: 356
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) matᶴi ̱ <machí> afuera «outside» ‣ Hilton 1959: 42
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) matᶴi ̱na <machina> salir «come out» ‣ Hilton 1959: 42
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) matᶴi ̱ra <machira> descubrir, mostrar «discover, show» ‣ Hilton 1959: 42
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mātᶴi <maachi> seem, appear; be light, daylight ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 89
Mayo mātᶴi <maachi> hay luz «there is light» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 159
Cora/Huichol
Cora matᶴi ̱ria <machiria> luz «light» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 160
Cora ma̱ttᶴuk <mátchuc> amaneció «woke up, began the day» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 162
Wixarika (Huichol) mā.́ tˢiɯkɯ- <máa.siücü=> claro, visible «clear, visible» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 67
ma-04 scorpion *matˢi <*maci> scorpion ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 259

Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla ma̱nisaʎ | ma̱nisa <mánisal ̃ | mánisa> scorpion ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 101 [cognate?]
Guariío/Rarámuri
236
ma-05 ma-06
Guarijío mahtᶴiri ̱ <mahcirí> scorpion ‣ Miller 1996: 354

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) matᶴi ̱ri <machiri> alacrán «scorpion» ‣ Hilton 1959: 42
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mātᶴil <maachil> scorpion ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 89
Mayo mātᶴil <maáchil> alacrán «scorpion» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 160
ma-05 deer (Miller 1967: 125 *mas) *māsat ‣ AMR; *maso deer ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (305) (see
also ma-44)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío maho̱i <mahói> deer ‣ Miller 1996: 354
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve maso̱t <masót> venado «deer» ‣ Pennington 1981: 202
Ópata māso <mäso> venado «deer» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) māso <maaso> whitetail deer ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 89
Mayo māso <maaso> venado «deer» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 160
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷasa̱ <muasá> venado «deer» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 146
Wixarika (Huichol) máʂá <máxá> venado «deer» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 68
Nahua *masā- <*masaa-> deer ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (42)
Classical Nahuatl masatˡ <maçatl> venado «deer» ‣ Molina 1571: 50r
Classical Nahuatl masātˡ <mazā-tl> deer ‣ Karttunen 1983: 142
Tetelcingo Mexicano masātˡ <masötl> venado ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 140
Pochutla Mexicano mesat <meçát> venado «deer» ‣ Boas 1917: 30
Pipil masāt <masa:-t> deer ‣ Campbell 1985: 337
ma-06 fear, be afraid (Miller 1967: 167 *ma)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono masito- <masido-> to have one's hair stand up (as in fright), bristle ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 69 [cognate?]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mahani ̱ <maha-ní> to be afraid ‣ Miller 1996: 354
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) maha̱ | mahawa̱ <majá | majahuá> tener miedo «be afraid» ‣ Hilton 1959:
42
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mahai <mahai> scared, afraid ‣ Molina et al. 1990: 90
Mayo mahwe <majhue> tiene miedo «be afraid» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 161
237
ma-07 ma-09
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) mā.káʂe- <maa.cáxe=> tener miedo, temer «be afraid, fear» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 66
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nimawi <maui.ni> temer «fear» ‣ Molina 1571: 54r
Classical Nahuatl mawi <mahu(i)> to be frightened ‣ Karttunen 1983: 132
Tetelcingo Mexicano mawilistˡi <mabi ̱li ̱stli ̱> temor «fear» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 139
ma-07 child (Miller 1967: 86 *mal | *ma) *mala ‣ AMR; *mala child—with female reference, i.e., child of
woman, man's daughter, girl ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (84)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mān
̱ a <maana> girl ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi mān
̱ a <ma·na> girl ‣ Whorf 1946: 170
Songoopavi Hopi mān
̱ a <maana> girl, daughter ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 197
Tepiman *ma̱ra <*'mara> offspring ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (145a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) maɖ <maḑ> offspring, child ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.40
Pima Bajo mar <mar> hijo «son, daughter» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 238
Northern Tepehuan mára ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (145a)
Southern Tepehuan mar <'mar> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (145a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mala̱la <malála> daughter [absolutive] ‣ Miller 1996: 355
Guarijío malawa̱ <malawá> daughter [possessed] ‣ Miller 1996: 355
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mara̱ <mará> hija (habla del padre) «man's daughter» ‣ Hilton 1959: 42
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ma̱rwa <márgua> hija «daughter» ‣ Pennington 1981: 201
Ópata mara daughter ‣ Shaul 1983: 109
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) māla <maala> female child (masc.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 89
Mayo māla <maala> hija (de hombre) «man's daughter» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 160
Tubar
Tubar suma̱r <su‑már> nieto «grandchild» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Tubar mali ̱t <maƚí-t> cría de venado «fawn» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
ma-08 fawn (merged into ma-07)
ma-09 be situated (as liquid or mass)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mani ̱ <maní> to be ("there is"), to exist ‣ Miller 1996: 355
238
ma-10 ma-12
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mani ̱ <maní> contener un líquido «contain a liquid» ‣ Hilton 1959: 42
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) manā- <manaa=> puesto, tendido «placed, laid out» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 66
ma-10 cover (Miller 1967: 108 *ma)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal maʃat <maša-[t]> to cover it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) maʔiʂp <maʔixp> to cover obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.57
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mahina̱ <mahi-ná> to bury; to cook something in the ground ‣ Miller 1996: 354
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) maʔa <ma'a> bury ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 88
Mayo māʔa : aʔa māʔa <maa'a : a'a maa'a> lo está enterrando, sepultando «[he] is burying him,
interring him» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 160
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡamana <mana.nitla> ofrecer ofrenda «make an offering» ‣ Molina 1571: 52r
Classical Nahuatl mani <man(i)> for something flat to cover a surface, as water in a shallow pan,
etc. ‣ Karttunen 1983: 136
Classical Nahuatl mana <man(a)> to spread something out flat and smooth, to pat out tortillas ‣
Karttunen 1983: 135
Tetelcingo Mexicano manki <manqui ̱> de nivel, plano «level, flat» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 140
ma-11 father
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mām <maam> father (term used by a child to address or refer to his
father or his father's older brother when the latter belong to the 'maamgim' sib of the Buzzard
moiety) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.34
Pima Bajo mām <maam> padre «father» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 249
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío maʔma̱ <maʔmá> father of a woman ‣ Miller 1996: 357
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mari ̱ <marí> padre (de la hija) «father (of a daughter)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 43
ma-12 give (food), feed (Miller 1967: 196a *maka) *makaC to give ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *maka give
‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 273 (234); *maska to give ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (83)
Numic *ma(h)ka feed/give ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (91)
239
ma-12 ma-12
Western Numic
Northern Paiute makka <maka> feed ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 21
Western Mono makka- <maqa-> to give (plural object) (to) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 68
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) makan | maka <makan | maka"> give (usually, but not
necessarily, food); feed ‣ Dayley 1989: 91
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone maka <maka"> to give (of food), to feed (trans.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 51
Western Shoshone maka feed, give ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Shoshone maka <makaG> to feed (tr.) ‣ Miller 1972: 117
Comanche makātɯ <makaarʉ> feed ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 41
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu maka- <maga-> to give, feed ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 223
Chemehuevi maka- <ma'ga> give ‣ Press 1979: 150
Southern Paiute makaī <ma(·)γa´-i‘> gives ‣ Sapir 1931: 566
Southern Ute makaī <maĝáy> feed ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 130
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ma̱qa <maqa> give sg.obj. to ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi ma̱qa <maqa> give ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 196
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mahat <maha-[t]> to give it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mak <mak, m̅ ak, maк> give ‣ Anderton 1988: 389
Serrano maqaj give ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) maxā̱ nej <maxáaney> damelo «give it to me» (in: manā̱ nej pā̱ramaʔ
<maxáaney páarama’> damelo aquel.) ‣ Harrington notes 609
Cupan
Luiseño na̱mxa- <námxa-> to give to several people, to distribute ‣ Bright 1968: 26
Cupeño max <maxa> to give ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla ‑e̱kamax- <‑ʔékamax-> to give sbdy (food, drinks; otherwise ‑máx-) ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 39
Cahuilla ‑max- <‑máx-> to give (money, clothes) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 103
Tepiman *māk
̱ ai <*'maakai> he gives ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (139a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) māk <maak> to give obj to somebody ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.32
Pima Bajo ma̱hkɯin <máhkein> dar «give» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 231
Northern Tepehuan māǩ ai <maákai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (139a)
Southern Tepehuan māk <'maak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (139a)
Southeastern Tepehuan maki <[maki]> to give ‣ Willett 1991: 28
240
ma-13 ma-13
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve maka̱n | nema̱kan <macán | nemácan> dar «give» ‣ Pennington 1981: 200 | 38
Ópata makia <maqui-a> give ‣ Shaul 1983: 112
Ópata mak <mac> dar «give» ‣ Pennington 1981: 38
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) makka <makka> give (with the understanding of eventual return) ‣ Molina
et al. 1999: 90
Mayo makka : aʔa makka <macca : a'a macca> lo da «give it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 160
Tubar
Tubar maka | mika- <maka | mika-> dar «give» (no stress indication) ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Nahua *maka <*maka> give ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (70)
Classical Nahuatl niktemaka <maca.nicte> dar algo a otro «give something to someone» ‣ Molina
1571: 50r
Classical Nahuatl maka <maca> to dose oneself, to take something like medicine; to give
something to somebody ‣ Karttunen 1983: 126
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimaka <qui ̱maca> le da «[he] gives [it] to him» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 188
Pochutla Mexicano meka <mecá> dar «give» ‣ Boas 1917: 30
Pipil maka <maka> to give ‣ Campbell 1985: 331
ma-13 hand, forearm (Miller 1967: 215 *ma (and *mo ?)) *ma hand ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (128); *mā
<*maa> hand ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (242)
Numic *ma(h)- hand (instr. pref.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (90) (cf. mo-01)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ma- hand (prefix) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 64
Western Mono ma̱jā <ma̱ya> hand ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 71
Central Numic
Shoshone ma- with the hand, not grasping nor with fist ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Comanche ma- with hand ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 310
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute ma- <ma-> hand (as vb. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 561
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi māʔ̱ at <maa('at)> arm, hand, back of the hand ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi ‑ma hand ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 196
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal māl <ma·-l> the hand ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mātˢ <māts> arm, hand ‣ Anderton 1988: 385
241
ma-14 ma-14
Serrano ‑ma, ‑mā- hand, finger, forearm, wing ‣ kch

Tongva (Gabrielino) amān
̱ <'amáan> his arm ‣ Harrington notes 269
Cupan <*ma-t> hand ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (60)
Luiseño mat, ‑mā <má-t (poss. ‑má·)> hand, arm, foreleg ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Cupeño ‑ma hand ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 160
Cahuilla he̱mal, ‑maʔ <hé-ma-l, ‑maʔ> arm; hand; finger ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 99
Tepiman *mata̱ka <*ma'taka> palm of hand ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (148)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) matk palm of the hand (not commonly used) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.52
Pima Bajo matk palma de la mano «palm of the hand» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 249
Northern Tepehuan matáka ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (148)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mata̱la <matála> palm of the hand ‣ Miller 1996: 356
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mama̱t <mamát> mano, dedo y hasta todo el brazo «hand, finger, arm» ‣ Pennington 1981:
201
Ópata mama hand ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mam hand ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 90
Mayo mam | mammam <mam | mámmam> mano, manos «hand, hands» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962:
161
Tubar
Tubar ma- mano «hand» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷa̱hka̓ <muájca'a> manga, mano, brazo «sleeve, hand, arm» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 146
Wixarika (Huichol) māmá <maamá> brazo, mano «arm, hand» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 66
Nahua *mā(j)(V)- <*maa(y)(V)-> hand ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (78)
Classical Nahuatl maitˡ <maytl> mano «hand» ‣ Molina 1571: 51v
Classical Nahuatl māitˡ <mā(i)-tl> hand or arm, branch, dependency ‣ Karttunen 1983: 133
Tetelcingo Mexicano īmā <imö> su mano, su brazo, su antebrazo «his hand, his arm, his forearm»
‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 131
Pochutla Mexicano momai tu mano «your hand» ‣ Boas 1917: 13
Pipil ‑mej <‑mey> hand (hand and forearm) ‣ Campbell 1985: 345
ma-14 palm of the hand <*map-> ‣ AMR

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono mappe̱tā | mappēṯ ā <mape̱da | mapeeda> palm of the hand ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 67
242
ma-15 ma-15
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mappana palm of the hand ‣ Dayley 1989: 96
Western Shoshone mappana palm ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 271
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mataga̱ <matagá> palma (de la mano) «palm (of the hand)» ‣ Hilton 1959:
43
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl matˡaktˡi <matlactli> diez «ten» ‣ Molina 1571: 53r
Classical Nahuatl maʔtˡaktˡi <mahtlac-tli> ten ‣ Karttunen 1983: 131
Tetelcingo Mexicano mahtˡaktˡi <majtlactli ̱> diez «ten» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 140
Pipil mahtakti <mahtak-ti> ten (archaic word) ‣ Campbell 1985: 330
ma-15 five
Numic *namɯki(h) <*naməki(h)> five ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (92)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute maniki <manigi> five ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 50
Western Mono maniki ̱ī | maniki ̱ttu | maneki ̱‑ <manigi ̱-i | manigi ̱-tU | manegi ̱-> five ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 67
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) maniki | manɯki <maniki | manüki> five, fifth, five times ‣
Dayley 1989: 93
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone manaikihtɯn <manaikih-tyn> five ‣ Crapo 1976: 51
Western Shoshone manekihtɯn <manaikihten> five ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Shoshone manaikihtɯn | manekihtɯn <manaikih-ten> five ‣ Miller 1972: 117
Comanche manekihtɯʔ <manekihtʉʔ> five ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 196
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu manɯkiju <ma-nɨgi-yu> five ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 225
Chemehuevi manɯk- <ma'nɨg> five ‣ Press 1979: 151
Southern Paiute manniki- <man·iγi-> five ‣ Sapir 1931: 565
Southern Ute manɯkiinī <manú̧ -gi-ini> five ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 133
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mahatᶳ <mahatʃr, máhatʃr, mahatr̥, máhatr̥, mahaʃr> five ‣ Anderton 1988: 387
Serrano mahaʳtᶳ five ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) mahāṟ <maháarr> 5 «five» ‣ Harrington notes
Cupan
Luiseño mahāṟ <mahá·r> five ‣ Bright 1968: 22 [Tongva loanword]
243
ma-16 ma-17
Cupeño nəmakʷa̱naŋax <nemakwa̱nangax> five ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 172: 165

Cahuilla namekʷa̱naŋ | nemakʷa̱naŋ <namekʷánaŋ | nemakʷánaŋ> five ‣ Seiler & Hioki 120
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mariki ̱ <marikí> five ‣ Miller 1996: 356
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mari ̱ <marí> cinco «five» ‣ Hilton 1959: 43
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ma̱rki <márqui> cinco «five» ‣ Pennington 1981: 202
Ópata marig ‣ Shaul 1983: 112
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mamni <mamni> five ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 91
Mayo mamni <mamni> cinco «five» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 161
Tubar
Tubar mamuni ̱r <ma-mu-ní-r> cinco «five» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Nahua *mākʷil- <*maakʷil-> five ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: (62)
Classical Nahuatl makʷilli <macuilli> cinco «five» ‣ Molina 1571: 51r
Classical Nahuatl mākʷīlli <mācuīl-li> five ‣ Karttunen 1983: 130
Tetelcingo Mexicano mākʷīli <möcuili ̱> cinco «five» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 164
Pochutla Mexicano makʷil <macuíl> cinco «five» ‣ Boas 1917: 30
Pipil mākʷil <ma:kwil> five ‣ Campbell 1985: 332
ma-16 ten
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mako̱j <macoy> diez «ten» ‣ Hilton 1959: 41
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ma̱koi <mácoi> diez «ten» ‣ Pennington 1981: 200
Cora/Huichol
Cora tamʷā̱mʷata̓ <tamuaámuata'a> diez «ten» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 178 [cognate?]
ma-17 thigh (Miller 1967: 436 *mac)

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) matᶴam <macham> thigh ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 89
Mayo mattᶴam <mátcham> muslos «thighs» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 162
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl metˢtˡi <metztli> luna, o pierna de hombre o de animal, o mes «moon, human or
animal leg, month» ‣ Molina 1571: 55v (cf. mE-01)
Classical Nahuatl metˢtˡi <metz-tli> thigh ‣ Karttunen 1983: 144
244
ma-18 ma-20
ma-18 hit (Miller 1967: 233)

Takic
Cupan *māx
̱ i-ʃ <*má:xi-š> acorn flour ‣ Munro 1990: 237
Luiseño māx
̱ i- <má·xi-> to grind acorns on a metate ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Luiseño māx
̱ iʃ <má·xi-š> acorn flour ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Cupeño max <ma̱xe;-0> to grind acorns ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cupeño ma̱xiʃ <ma̱xi-sh> ground acorn meal, before leaching ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Tubar
Tubar maka̱t <maká-t> mató «[he] killed» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 22
Nahua
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimaga <qui ̱maga> le pega, le concede, le golpea, lo hiere, lo ultraja «[he]
hits him, hurts him, abuses him» (‑maga contains the only known example of ‑g- in Mexicano.) ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 189
Pipil maka <maka> to punish ‣ Campbell 1985: 331
ma-19 four (Miller 1967: 512 *mako)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk makavejkɯ <mákavejk̅ə> nine ‣ Anderton 1988: 390
Serrano maʔḵuvik nine ‣ kch
Tepiman *māko̱vai <*maa'kovai> four ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (140)
Pima Bajo mākov <'maakov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (140)
Pima Bajo ma̱kow <mákow> cuatro «four» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 229
Northern Tepehuan mākóvai <maakóvai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (140)
Southern Tepehuan māḵ ov <'maakov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 166 (140)
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷāḵ ʷa <muaacua> cuatro «four» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 145
ma-20 ashes (Miller 1967: 11 *mat)

Tepiman *mata̱i <*ma'tai> ashes, lime ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (147)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) matai ashes ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.52
Pima Bajo mat <'mat> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (147)
Pima Bajo māt <maat> ceniza «ash» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 226
Northern Tepehuan mátai ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (147)
Southern Tepehuan mata̱i <ma'tai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (147)
245
ma-21 ma-21
ma-21 grinding stone, metate (Miller 1967: 283 *mata) *mataR metate ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203; *mata
grinding stone ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (239)
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu matattˢi <mara-ci> metate ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 226
Chemehuevi mata <márḁ> metate ‣ K. Hill 1969: 15
Southern Paiute mata | matatˢi <ma´RA | mara´-ts·, ma(·)ra´-ts·> metate for grinding seeds, hard,
flat-topped rock for grinding seeds ‣ Sapir 1931: 567
Southern Ute matatᶴi <mará-ci ̱> mortar, a rock bowl used for grinding corn ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979: 134
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ma̱ta <mata> grinding slab, grinding stone, metate; gizzard ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal manāl <mana·-l> the metate ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224 [cognate?]
Takic
Cupan *malā-̱ l <*malá:-l> metate ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (72)
Luiseño malāḻ <malá·-l> metate ‣ Bright 1968: 22
Cupeño mala̱l <mala̱-l> metate ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla ma̱lal <mála-l> flat stone to grind, metate ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 100
Tepiman *ma̱huturai <*'mahuturai> metate ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (143)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mattᶴuɖ <maccuḑ> grinding stone, metate; molar tooth ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.40
Pima Bajo ma̱htar <máhtar> metate «grinding stone» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 245
Northern Tepehuan móúturai <móúturai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (143)
Southern Tepehuan ma̱ttur <'mattur> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (143)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mahta̱ <mahtá> metate; gizzard ‣ Miller 1996: 354
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mata̱ <matá> metate ‣ Hilton 1959: 43
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve <metát> metate «grinding stone» ‣ Pennington 1981: 136
Ópata mata metate ‣ Shaul 1983: 114
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ma̱ta <mata> metate, grinding stone ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 93
Mayo matta metate «grinding stone» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 162
Tubar
Tubar mata̱t <matá-t> metate ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
246
ma-22 ma-23
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷāta̱ <muaatá> metate ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 64
Wixarika (Huichol) mātā ́ <maatáa> metate ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 67
Nahua *mətˡa- <*mətla-> grinding stone ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (76)
Classical Nahuatl metˡatˡ <metlatl> piedra donde muelen el mayz. &c «stone where they grind corn,
etc.» ‣ Molina 1571: 55v
Classical Nahuatl metˡatˡ <metl(a)-tl> stone slab for grinding cornmeal, metate ‣ Karttunen 1983: 143
Tetelcingo Mexicano metˡatˡ <metlatl> metate ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 141
Pochutla Mexicano mot metate ‣ Boas 1917
Pipil metat <meta-t> quern, metate ‣ Campbell 1985: 343
ma-22 feather, wing (Miller 1967: 466 *masa) <*masaR> ‣ AMR

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mahātˢ <mahāts> wing ‣ Anderton 1988: 387
Serrano mahātᶴ feather, wing ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) amāʂ̱ an <'amáaʃan> his alas «his wings» ‣ Harrington notes 584
Cupan *māʂ̱ i-la <*má:ṣi-la> fern sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (42)
Luiseño ma̱ʂla <máṣ-la> a type of fern ‣ Bright 1968: 22
Cupeño ma̱ʂiʎ <ma̱s̷hi-ly> Fern ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla ma̱siʎ <mási-lʸ> [fern sp.] ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (42, KS)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío maʔsa̱ <maʔsá> feather ‣ Miller 1996: 357
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) masa <masa> wing ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 92
Mayo massam <mássam> alas «wings» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 162
Tubar
Tubar masa̱r | masa̱t <masá-r | masá-t> pluma, aleta pectoral «feather, pectoral fin» ‣ Lionnet 1978:
60
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷa̓skɯva̱uri <mua'ascʌbauri> ala «wing» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 146
ma-23 centipede (Miller 1967: 82 *ma)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) maihogi ̥ <maihogï> centipede ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.42
Pima Bajo maihig <máyhig> ciempiés «centipede» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 227
247
ma-24 ma-26
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío maʔjaka̱ <maʔyaká> centipede ‣ Miller 1996: 357
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) maʔaga̱ <ma'agá> ciempiés «centipede» ‣ Hilton 1959: 41
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ma̱siwa <másigua> cientopiés «centipede» ‣ Pennington 1981: 202
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) masiwe <masiwe> centipede ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 92
Mayo masi ̱a <masía> ciempiés «centipede» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 162
Tubar
Tubar mahara̱ <majará> ciempiés «centipede» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷa̱hse̓kaʔi <muájse'eca'i> ciempiés «centipede» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 146
Wixarika (Huichol) mai.ʂḗka <mai.xéeca> ciempiés «centipede» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 66
ma-24 cook underground (merged into ma-10)
ma-25 maguey
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mahi ̱ <mahí> agave; mezcal ‣ Miller 1996: 354
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) me <me> mezcal «mescal» ‣ Hilton 1959: 43
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ʔme <'me> maguey (glottalization is unexpected) ‣ Hilton 1959: 43
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve meit <meit> mezcal ya tatemado «baked mescal» ‣ Pennington 1981: 203
Tubar
Tubar manji ̱t <manyí-t> maguey ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷai ̱h <muaíj> maguey ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 146
Wixarika (Huichol) mái <mái> mezcal «mescal» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 66
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl metˡ <metl> maguei «maguey» ‣ Molina 1571: 55v
Classical Nahuatl metˡ <me-tl> century plant, maguey, member of the Agave family of plants ‣
Karttunen 1983: 143
Tetelcingo Mexicano memetˡ <memetl> maguey cultivado «cultivated maguey» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 141
ma-26 mountain lion (Miller 1967: 291 *ma)

Tepiman *mavi ̱di | *mavi ̱da <*ma'vidi/a> puma ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (149)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mavid mountain lion, puma, cougar ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.53
Pima Bajo māwi ̱d <maawíd> león «mountain lion» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 241
248
ma-27 ma-28
Northern Tepehuan mavíɉi <mavídʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (149)

Southern Tepehuan mav�̄ɉ̱ <ma'viidʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (149)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mawia̱ <mawiá> lynx ‣ Miller 1996: 356
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mawija̱ <mahuiyá> león, puma «mountain lion» ‣ Hilton 1959: 42
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mavi ̱ri <mavíri> león «mountain lion» ‣ Pennington 1981: 202
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷa̱haje <muájaye> tigre «jaguar» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 146
ma-27 dove (Miller 1967: 139 [no reconstruction])

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi makkahiopi <makáhiʲovi ̥> domestic pigeon ‣ K. Hill 1969: 15
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mokkowiʃt <mokowišt> band‑tailed pigeon, Columba fasciata. (vowel is unexpected) ‣ E.
W. Voegelin 1938: 12
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk makahot <máḳ̅ahot> dove ‣ Anderton 1988: 389
Serrano maqahʷt, pl. maqahum band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) makāh
̱ oʔ <maкáaho'> torcacita «small dove» ‣ Harrington notes 033
Cupan *maxē-̱ l <*maxé:-l> dove ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (36)
Luiseño mixēḻ <mixé·-l> dove ‣ Bright 1968: 24
Cupeño məxi ̱ʎ <mexi ̱-ly> dove (= maxi ̱ʎ <maxi ̱-ly>) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
Cahuilla ma̱xiʎ <máxilʸ> dove ‣ Hill & Hill 1968: 240
̃ dove ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 103
Cahuilla ma̱xajiʎ <máxayil>
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío maʔkawe̱ <maʔkawé> blue dove, kind of bird that has a white throat and brown body ‣
Miller 1996: 356
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) maka̱wi <macahui> paloma «dove» ‣ Hilton 1959: 41
ma-28 palm tree

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi mamauʔutampɯ <mamau’utampə̥> palm sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 15
249
ma-29 ma-30
Takic
Serran
Serrano mamahutᶳ | mamahʷtᶳ palm tree ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) mamāh ́ ar> zacate «(probably a reference to Nolina sp., a yucca-
̱ ar <mamāh
like plant)» ‣ Harrington notes 164
Cupan *māx
̱ ʷa-l <*má:xʷa-l> palm, fan ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (89)
Luiseño māx ̱ ul <má·xwa-l | má·xu-l> California fan palm, Washingtonia filifera ‣ Bright
̱ ʷal | māx
1968: 23
Cupeño māw
̱ al <ma̱awa-l> Palm, Washingtonia filifera ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla ma̱ul <maul> Washintonia filifera (Lindl.) Wendl., Fan Palm, California Fan Palm ‣ Bean
& Saubel 1972: 145
Cahuilla ma̱wul <máwul> fan palm, date palm ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 103
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) māhagam | māhagam-ʔūs <maahagam | maahagam-ʔuus> fan palm tree
‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.32
Pima Bajo moh <moh> palma «palm tree» (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 249
ma-29 carry
Nahua *māma <*maama> carry ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (25)
Classical Nahuatl nitemama | nitˡamama <mama.nite | mama.nitla> lleuar acueſtas a otro, o regir y
gouernar o otros | lleuar cargo acueſtas «carry someone on one's shoulders or back, govern others |
carry a burden on one's shoulders or back» ‣ Molina 1571: 50v
Classical Nahuatl māmā to bear something, to carry something on one's shoulders, to govern
someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 134
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimāma <qui ̱möma> lo calumnia, lo carga «[he] slanders him, carries it» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano mamak <mamác> cargar «carry» ‣ Boas 1917: 30
ma-30 spindle
Nahua *malaka- spindle ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (158)
Classical Nahuatl malakatˡ <malacatl> huſo «spindle» ‣ Molina 1571: 50v
Classical Nahuatl malakatˡ <malaca-tl> spindle, bobbin, spiral ‣ Karttunen 1983: 134
Tetelcingo Mexicano malakatᶴtik <malacachti ̱c> circular, redondo, círculo «circular, round, circle»
Pochutla Mexicano malagew | melegu <malaguéu | melegú> huso, malacate «spindle» ‣ Boas 1917:
30
Pipil malakat <malaka-t> spindle ‣ Campbell 1985: 332
250
ma-31 ma-34
ma-31 throw
Tepiman *maʔi ̱hisai <*ma'?ihisai> to throw at ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (150a); *ma̱ʔihi <*'ma?ihi> he
threw at ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (150b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) maʔihiʂ <maʔihix> to hit obj reiteratedly by throwing something at it ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.56
Tohono O'odham (Papago) maʔihi <maʔihi> he hit obj by throwing something at it ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.56
Pima Bajo ma̱ʔi- <'ma?i-> he threw at ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (150b)
Northern Tepehuan máíʃai <máíšai> to throw at ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (150a)
Northern Tepehuan máxi | māx́ i <máhi | mááhi> he threw at ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (150b)
Southern Tepehuan maʔi ̱as <ma'?ias> to throw at ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (150a)
ma-32 grass mat

Tepiman *ma̱inai | *ma̱ini <*'mainai/i> grass mat ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (144)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) main sleeping mat ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.43
Pima Bajo maiɲ <maiñ> (sic, stress mark missing) ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (144)
Pima Bajo māi̱ n <máayn> petate «grass mat» (long vowel is unexpected) ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993:
251
Northern Tepehuan máíɲi <máíñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (144)
Southern Tepehuan ma̱iɲ <'maiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (144)
Southeastern Tepehuan maiɲ <[maiñ]> straw mat ‣ Willett 1991: 27
ma-33 twist
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡamalina <malina.nitla> torcer cordel encima del muſlo «roll string on the
thigh» ‣ Molina 1571: 50v
Classical Nahuatl malīna <malīn(a)> to wind, twist; to wind, twist, sprain something ‣ Karttunen
1983: 134
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimalīna <qui ̱malina> lo tuerce «[he] twists it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 189
Pipil malīna | mālina <mali:na (C) | ma:lina (SD)> to twist, to twist string (C = Cuisnahuat dialect |
SD = Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 333
ma-34 jimson weed

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi momompɯ <momómpə̥> toloache, jimsonweed ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16 [cognate?]
Takic
251
ma-35 ma-38
Serran
Kitanemuk mānitᶳ <mánitʃr, mānitʃr> Jimson weed, toloache ‣ Anderton 1988: 391
Serrano mānitᶴ jimson weed ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) mān
̱ et <máanẹt> toloache «jimson weed» ‣ Harrington notes 123
Cupan
Cupeño ma̱nit <ma̱ni-t> toloache, Datura meteloides ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
ma-35 wash hands, face

Takic
Serran
Serrano māvaʔḵ wash the face ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño muvāj̱ - <muvá·y-> to wash one's face (vowel is wrong) ‣ Bright 1968: 26
Cupeño ma̱vin <ma̱ve;‑ine> to wash face ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
ma-36 rub
Takic
Serran
Serrano mavaʔ rub ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ma̱vi- <mávi-> to scrape or gather up with the hands ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Cahuilla ‑ma̱vaj- <‑mávay-> to rub ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 102
ma-37 help
Takic
Serran
Serrano mamajɯvḵ help ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño mām
̱ aju- <má·mayu-> to help ‣ Bright 1968: 22
Cupeño ma̱maju <ma̱mayu;‑0> to help ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla ‑ma̱majaw- <‑mámayaw-> to lend a hand, to help (a person) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 100
ma-38 fall over

Takic
252
ma-39 ma-41
Serran
Kitanemuk manamk <manam̥ k> roll ‣ Anderton 1988: 390
Serrano manamʔḵ fall down ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño mān
̱ a/i- <má·na/i-> to stumble and fall, to roll down (intr.); to roll something heavy
downhill (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 22
Cupeño ma̱nin <ma̱ne;‑ine> to fall off ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla ‑ma̱ni- <‑máni-> to stumble over, to fall down (rolling), to roll ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 101
ma-39 turn, change

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk manuʔmk <manuʔmk, manuʔmɨk, man̅umuʔk> turn ‣ Anderton 1988: 391
Serrano manumḵ turn (on axis); turn over, around, into; change; change into ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑me̱ni- <‑méni-> to turn over, to roll, to turn around; to turn into (an animal or
different color) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 106 [cognate? vowel is wrong (expected vowel would be a̱)]
ma-40 younger paternal uncle, father's younger brother

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑makai <‑makay> uncle (found only in the English-Kitanemuk list; no Harrington spelling
provided; seems to be an object case form) ‣ Anderton 1988: 650
Serrano ‑maq younger parallel uncle: FaYoBr, FaYoM//Co, FaMoXCo, StFa, MoYoSiHu,
MoYo//CoHu ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nema̱ʂ <nẹmáaʃ> my father's younger brother ‣ Harrington notes 589
Cupan
Luiseño ‑maʂ <‑máṣ> uncle, i.e., father's younger brother ‣ Bright 1968: 22
Cupeño ‑məʃ <‑mesh> father's brother, fa yo bro, fa male cross-cousin (probably should be ‑maʂ) ‣
Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
Cahuilla ‑mas <‑mas> uncle, i.e., father's younger brother ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 102
ma-41 woman's parallel nibling

Takic
Serran
253
ma-42 ma-44
Kitanemuk ‑mahtˢit <‑m̅ ahtsit> nephew of a certain type (through sister?) ‣ Anderton 1988: 388
Serrano ‑maʃt woman's parallel nibling (other than YoSiCh, HuBrCh, which is ‑nɯm; see nE-07) ‣
kch
Cupan
Cupeño ‑ma̱tisma woman's nephew, woman's older si[ster's] chi[ld], woman's female cross-
cousin's chi[ld] ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla ‑ma̱ti- <‑máti> niece ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 102
ma-42 suck (as a shaman)

Takic
Serran
Serrano majɲ suck (as a shaman) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño maji ̱w- <mayíw-> to doctor someone ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Cahuilla ‑ma̱jew- <‑máyew-> to doctor (of a witch doctor treating with mouth) ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 104
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) máráʔā.kámé <márááa.cámé> cantador, shaman, curandero «chanter, shaman,
healer» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 66
ma-43 fern ()
ma-44 sacred bundle (separated from ma-05)

Hopi [cognate?]
Orayvi Hopi ma̱ɦsaw <Màasaw> a spirit being, the custodian of this, the Fourth World ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) māʂavot <máaʃavo̤t> (sacred bundle) (Kept the máaʃavo̤t always in caves, never
in houses. They brot out for fiesta, & returned to cave at close of fiesta. (not otherwise defined in the
Harrington notes)) ‣ Harrington notes (cf. mo-01)
Cupan
Luiseño māʂ̱ avut <má·ṣavu-t> ceremonial bundle ‣ Bright 1968: 22
Cupeño mās̱ ivət <ma̱asive-t> sacred treasure bundle of the lineage, plant used in making sacred
bundle ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
254
ma-45 ma-46
ma-45 know (Miller 1967: 249 *ma | *mai | *mati | *maci) *matˢi <*maci> to know ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992:
259 (separated from ma-02; cf. ma-46)
Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute majɯ <mayɨ> find ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 47
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute mai- <mai-> to find, to discover ‣ Sapir 1931: 563
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) maʂtᶴam <maxcam> to teach ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.55
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío matᶴina̱ <maci-ná> to know, know a place, have knowledge ‣ Miller 1996: 354
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) matᶴi ̱ <machí> saber, conocer «know» ‣ Hilton 1959: 41
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ma̱stiawan <mástiaguan> enseñar «teach» ‣ Pennington 1981: 202
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mahta teach ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 90
Mayo mahti ̱a <majtía> enseña «teach» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 161
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ninomatᶴtia | nitematᶴtia <machtia.nino | machtia.nite> aprender o eſtudiar |
enſeñar o predicar «learn or study | teach, preach» ‣ Molina 1571: 50v
Classical Nahuatl matᶴiā <machiā> to be known, to be apparent ‣ Karttunen 1983: 128
Classical Nahuatl matᶴtia <machtiā> to learn, to study; to teach someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 128
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimatᶴtia <qui ̱machti ̱a> le enseña, le amonesta, le educa, lo ensaya «[he]
teaches him, advises him, educates him, trains him» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 189
Pipil matᶴtia <machtia> to teach, to learn ‣ Campbell 1985: 328
ma-46 know *mata to know ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 259 (cf. ma-02; ma-45)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ma̱ɦta <màata> be displayed, be shown, be revealed ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ma̱ɦtakna <màatakna> display (vt.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mākat <ma·ága´t> he knows it (medial k <g> is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935:
27.10
255
ma-47 mE-01
ma-47 far
̆ āŋ̆ kʷa(h) | mān
Numic *mān ̆ āŋ̆ kʷɯ(h) <*ma(a)na(a)ŋkʷa(h) (‑ə(h))> far ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (89)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) manakʷa <manakwa> away from ‣ Dayley 1989: 93
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) manakʷappɯh <manakwappüh> far away, a long ways
away ‣ Dayley 1989: 93
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone manakkʷa <manakkwa> far ‣ Crapo 1976: 130
Shoshone mānankʷah <maanankwah> far ‣ Miller 1972: 117
Comanche manankʷɯ | manānakʷɯ <manakwʉ | manaanakwʉ> far away (long distance, on the
other side) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 42
mE-01 moon, month (Miller 1967: 286a *meya | *mea, 286b *meca) *mɯtˢa <*mïca> moon ‣ Manaster
Ramer 1992: 261; *mɯ̄ tˢa <*mɨɨȼa> moon ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 275 (253); *mɯja <*mɨya>
moon ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (158)
Numic *mɯʔa(h) | *mɯha(h) <*məʔa(h) | *məha(h)> moon/month ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (102)
Western Numic
Western Mono tatawɯ̱ ʔā | tatamɯ̱ ʔā <tadawɨ ̱'a | tadamɨ ̱'a> moon, month ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 195
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mɯa(ttˢi) <müa(ttsi)> moon, month ‣ Dayley 1989: 113
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone mɯa <mya> moon, month ‣ Crapo 1976: 54
Western Shoshone mɯa | mɯʔa <mea | me'a> moon ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 271
Shoshone mɯa <mea> moon, month ‣ Miller 1972: 118
Comanche mɯa <mʉa> moon, month ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 48
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mɯatˢi | mɯa <mɨa-zi | mɨa> moon ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 228
Chemehuevi mɯantˢi <məántsi ̥> month ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16
Chemehuevi miatokoppitˢi <miʲárogopitsi ̥> moon ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16
Southern Paiute mɯa- <mïa‑> moon, month ‣ Sapir 1931: 569
Southern Paiute mɯattokutˢi | mɯattokotˢi <mïa´-t·ɔγu-ts· | mʷïa´-t·ɔγɔ-ts·> month ‣ Sapir 1931:
569
Southern Ute mɯattakotᶴi <mu̧ á-taĝó-ci ̱> moon, month ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 139
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɯ̱̄ jaw <muuyaw> moon ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi mɯ̱̄ jaw <muuyaw> moon ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 198
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mɯ̄ jal <mɨ·ya-l> the month ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
256
mE-01 mE-01
Tübatulabal mɯ̄ japiʃt <mɨ·yabiš-t> the moon ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mɯātᶳ <məātr, məatr̥, məátʃr̥, məatʃr̥> moon; month ‣ Anderton 1988: 401
Serrano mɯātᶳ moon ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) moār <mwa:rr> moon ‣ Harrington notes 040
Cupan *mə̱̄ji-la <*mə́:yi-la> moon/month ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (73)
Luiseño mo̱jla <móy-la> moon, month ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño mə̱niʎ <me̱ni-ly> moon ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
̃ the moon; month ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 107
Cahuilla me̱niʎ <ménil>
Tepiman *masa̱dai <*ma'sadai> moon ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (146)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) maʂad <maxad> moon ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.54
Pima Bajo ma̱ʂad <'mašạ d> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (146)
Northern Tepehuan masádai ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (146)
Southern Tepehuan masād
̱ <ma'saad> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (146)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío metᶴa̱ <mecá> moon; month ‣ Miller 1996: 357
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mitᶴa̱ <michá> luna, mes «moon, month» ‣ Hilton 1959: 43
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve metˢa̱t <metzát> luna «moon» ‣ Pennington 1981: 203
Ópata metᶴa <mecha> moon ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mētᶴa <meecha> moon; month ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 93
Mayo mētᶴa <meecha> luna, mes «moon, month» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 162
Tubar
Tubar matˢa̱t <maȼá-t> luna «moon» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Cora/Huichol
Cora ma̱skɯraʔi <máscʌra'i> luna, mes ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 144 [cognate?]
Wixarika (Huichol) métˢa <mésa> luna ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 69
Nahua *mētˢ- <*meeȼ-> moon ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (109)
Classical Nahuatl metˢtˡi <metztli> luna, o pierna de hombre o de animal, o mes «moon, human or
animal leg, month» ‣ Molina 1571: 55v (cf. ma-17)
Classical Nahuatl mētˢtˡi <mētz-tli> moon, month ‣ Karttunen 1983: 177
Tetelcingo Mexicano mētˢtˡi <mietztli ̱> luna, astro; mes «moon, heavenly body; month» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 142
Pochutla Mexicano mest <mezt> luna «moon» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil mētˢti <me:ts-ti> moon ‣ Campbell 1985: 345
257
mE-02 mE-03
mE-02 far (Miller 1967: 165 *meka) *mɯhka | *mɯka <*mɨ(h)ka> ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (306)
Tepiman *mɯ̱̄ ka <*'mɨɨka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (161)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mɯ̄ k <meek> far, distant ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.59
Pima Bajo mɯ̄ k <'mɨɨk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (161)
Northern Tepehuan ‑mɯ̄́ ka <-m� ́� ́ka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (161)
Southern Tepehuan mɯ̄ k <'mɨɨk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (161)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mehka̱ <mehká> far ‣ Miller 1996: 357
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mika̱ <micá> lejos «far» ‣ Hilton 1959: 43
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve meku̱ <mecú> lejos «far» ‣ Pennington 1981: 203
Ópata mekaʔag <mecaag> far ‣ Shaul 1983: 111
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mekka far ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 94
Mayo mekka <mecca> lejos «far» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 162
Cora/Huichol
Cora ɯmɯ́ <ʌmʌ́> lejos «far» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 193
Nahua *wəhka <*wəhka> far ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (58) [cognate? *m > w is unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl weka <veca> lejos «far» ‣ Molina 1571: 155r
Classical Nahuatl weʔka <huehca> far away, distant ‣ Karttunen 1983: 82
Tetelcingo Mexicano wehka <bejca> lejano, lejos «far» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 109
Pochutla Mexicano weke <güequé> lejos «far» ‣ Boas 1917: 38
Pipil wehka far, distant ‣ Campbell 1985: 564
mE-03 kill (sg. obj.) (Miller 1967: 128d *mek | *me) *mɯʔʔak <*mïʔʔak> to kill ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991:
206; *mɯʔa <*mɨʔa> to kill, sg. ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (85)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɯ̱ ʔa <mu'a> shoot ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mɯ̓ kat <mï’ïgat> kill (sg.obj.) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 1.2
Takic
Serran
Serrano mɯmɯʔḵ die, be ill, sick, hurting, sg. ‣ kch
Serrano mɯmɯʔkin hurt, sg. obj. ‣ kch
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mɯʔa | muʔa <me'a | mu'a> kill; murder ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 41
258
mE-04 mE-05
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío meʔa̱ni <meʔá-ni> to kill sg. obj. ‣ Miller 1996: 357
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve me̱an <méan> matar a uno «kill someone» ‣ Pennington 1981: 202
Ópata miaria <mia-ria> kill (sg. object) ‣ Shaul 1983: 114
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) meʔa <me'a> kill (sg. obj.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 93
Mayo meʔa <me'a : a'a me'a> (objeto singular) : lo mata, lo está matando «kill, is killing, sg. obj.» ‣
Cora/Huichol
Cora rame̓ni ̱ <rame'ení> lo mata (para comer) «[he] kills it (for eating)» ‣ McMahon & McMahon
1959: 167
Wixarika (Huichol) mi- <mi=> matar a uno «kill (sg. obj.)» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 70
mE-04 die, kill (Miller 1967: 128d *mek | *me) *mɯkkaʔ <*mïkkaʔ> to kill ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 206
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mɯk <mək, m̅ ək> kill, hit ‣ Anderton 1988: 403
Serrano mɯʳḵaʳn kill, sg. obj. ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) mokāṟ o <mokáaro> va a matar «[he] is going to kill» ‣ Harrington notes 255
Cupan
Luiseño mo̱knu- <móknu-> to kill, to beat ‣ Bright 1968: 24
Cupeño məq <meqe;‑0> to kill ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
Cahuilla ‑me̱kan- <‑mék-an-> to kill ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 112
mE-05 burn
Tepiman *mɯihi ̱mɯ | mɯihi ̱mi <*mɨi'himɨ/i> it is burning ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (159a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mɯhɯ <mehe> to burn in a single fire ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.61
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mɯihim <meihim> it is burning ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.61
Pima Bajo mɯ̱ ihim <'mɨihim> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (159a)
Northern Tepehuan mɯixími <mɨihími> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (159a)
Southern Tepehuan mɯ̱̄ him <'mɨɨhim> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (159a)
259
mE-06 mE-08
mE-06 run, go, walk (Miller 1967: 177 *mel)

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño mon‑ | munā̱ <mon- | muná·> to travel, come, walk, go ‣ Bright 1968: 24
Tepiman *mɯ̱ rai <*'mɨrai> he runs ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (160a); *mɯ̱ ri- <*'mɨri-> to run ‣ Bascom
1965: 168 (160b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mɯɖ <meḑ> to run, drive, flow, blow ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.58
Pima Bajo mɯr <'mɨr> he runs ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (160a)
Pima Bajo mi ̱li- <'mili-> to run ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (160b)
Northern Tepehuan mɯ́ rai <m� ́rai> he runs ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (160a); 1982: 306
Northern Tepehuan mɯ́ li <m� ́li> to run ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (160b)
Southern Tepehuan mɯʎi ̱- <mɨ'lʸi-> to run ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (160b)
Southeastern Tepehuan mɯʎi <[mïɡ̷lʸi]> to run ‣ Willett 1991: 28
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mera̱n <merán> correr uno «run» ‣ Pennington 1981: 203
mE-07 porcupine (Miller 1967: 329 *me)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono mɯ̱ hɯ̄ <mɨ ̱hɨ> porcupine ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 76
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɯ̱̄ ŋʲaw <muungyaw> porcupine ‣ Hopi Dictionary
mE-08 gopher (Miller 1967: 202 *meye)

Numic *mɯjɯ(ⁿ) <*məyə(N)> gopher ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (103)
Western Numic
Western Mono mɯ̱ jɯ̄ <mɨy̱ ɨ> mole, gopher ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 76
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mɯjɯttˢi <mɨyɨ-ci> gopher ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 229
Chemehuevi mɯjɯ <mə̨j́ ə̥> gopher ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16
Southern Paiute mɯjɯmpɯtˢi | mujumpɯtˢi <mï ̨yï´-mpïts· | mųyų´-mpïts·> gopher ‣ Sapir 1931:
570
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɯ̱̄ ji <muuyi> gopher ‣ Hopi Dictionary
260
mE-09 mE-10
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mujampiʃt <muya̱mbisht> gopher ‣ Arvidson 1976: 24
Takic
Serran [cognate? vowel is unexpected]
Kitanemuk miŋaht <miŋaʰt> mammal sp. (mole, gopher) ‣ Anderton 1988: 400
Serrano mīŋaht gopher ‣ kch
Cupan *mə̱̄-ta < *mə̱̄hə-ta <*mə́:-ta < PC *mə́:hə-ta> gopher ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (51)
Luiseño mō̱ta <mó·-ta> gopher ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño mə̄t <me̱e-t> gopher ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 161
Cahuilla mēt <me:t> gopher ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (51)
mE-09 twist
Takic
Serran [cognate?]
Kitanemuk muraxɯk <muraqək> be loose, untied ‣ Anderton 1988: 413
Serrano mɯraqḵ become untied, loose (or muraqḵ ?) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño mo̱ra/i- <móra/i-> to be rolled up, curled up (intr.); to roll up, to wrap a package (tr.) ‣
Bright 1968: 24
Cupeño mə̱ləkʷin <me̱lekwe;‑ine> to twist ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
Cahuilla ‑me̱li- <‑méli-> to curve, to turn (of horn, wheel) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 105
mE-10 ocean [a Californian Wanderwort?]

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɯ̱̄ ma <muuma> roll (vt.) (perhaps cognate: ocean waves roll along) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mɯ̄ mɯt <məmət, mə́mət; mə·mɔt> lake, sea ‣ Anderton 1988: 403
Serrano mɯ̄ mt ocean, lake ‣ kch
́ ɔt> mar «ocean» ‣ Harrington notes 181
Tongva (Gabrielino) mōmot <mɔ̄m
Cupan *mə̱̄ma-t <*mə́:ma-t> ocean ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (84)
Luiseño mō̱mat <mó·ma-t> sea, ocean ‣ Bright 1968: 24
Cupeño mə̱mət <me̱me-t> ocean ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
Cahuilla mō̱mat <mó:ma-t> ocean ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (84) [loanword from Luiseño]
Cahuilla pal mū̱mat <pàl múumat> ocean ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 139
261
mE-11 mi-04
mE-11 shimmer, twist

Takic
Serran
Serrano mɯjɯʔkin cause to shimmer ‣ kch
Serrano mɯjɯ̄ mɯjɯʔn be shimmering ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño mə̱jax <me̱ye;‑yaxe> to wriggle, squirm ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
Cahuilla ‑me̱je- <‑méye-> to turn, curve, to get crooked (body-part, branch of tree etc.), to twist
‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 108
mE-12 gray hair

Takic
Cupan *məhā-̱ la <*məhá:-la> gray hair ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (55)
Luiseño muwāḻ a <muwá·‑la> gray hair ‣ Bright 1968: 26
Cahuilla <‑méa-> to become grayhaired ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 104
Cahuilla <‑méhʔa> gray/white hair ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 104
mi-01 give (Miller 1967: 196b *mika)

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mīka <miika> give (for keeps, without expectation of eventual return);
serve (food [or] beverage) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 94
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mīki <miiki> gift ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 94
Mayo aʔa mīka <a'a miica> lo da, lo regala «[he] gives it, gives it as a gift» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979:
162
Mayo mīki <miiqui> regalo «gift» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 162
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) mikʷa- <micua=> mantener, dar de comer «maintain, feed» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 70 [cognate?]
mi-02 smoke (merged into mo-08)
mi-03 cornfield (merged into mu-01)
mi-04 fish *mi fish ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 272 (229) (cf. mu-26)
Nahua *mitᶴɯm <*mičɨm> fish ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (61)
Classical Nahuatl mitᶴin <michin> peſcado «fish» ‣ Molina 1571: 56r
262
mi-05 mi-06
Classical Nahuatl mitᶴin <mich-in> fish ‣ Karttunen 1983: 146

Tetelcingo Mexicano mitᶴi <mi ̱chi ̱> pescado «fish» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 141
Pochutla Mexicano mitᶴom <michóm> pescado «fish» ‣ Boas 1917: 13
Pipil mitᶴin <mich-in> fish ‣ Campbell 1985: 346
mi-05 near
Takic
Serran
Serrano ‑miaʔ (together) with, accompanying ‣ kch
Tepiman *mia̱- <*mi'a-> near ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (151)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mia close, near, close by, near by ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.68
Pima Bajo mia̱ <mi'a> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (151)
Pima Bajo mia̱ɉ <miády> cerca «near» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 226
Northern Tepehuan miá- ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (151)
mi-06 go (Miller 1967: 197 *miya | *mi) *mijaC <*miyaC> ‣ AMR; *mija <*miya> go ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1987: 273 (235)
Numic *miʔa go/walk ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (101)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute mia go ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 39
Western Mono mija- <miya-> to go ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 74
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) miʔa | mia | miʔah <mi'a | mia | mi'ah | mi'a"> go, walk,
march; get, become ‣ Dayley 1989: 100
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone mia <mia"> to walk, to go, to travel ‣ Crapo 1976: 52
Western Shoshone miʔah | miah <mi'ah | miah> go, walk, leave ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone mia to go; to walk ‣ Miller 1972: 118
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mijat <miyat> be going ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 18.1
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mi <mi, m̅ i> go, be going to ‣ Anderton 1988: 398
Serrano mij go ‣ kch
Serrano miātᶳuʔ go along ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) mī <mii> se va «[he] goes» ‣ Harrington notes 686
Tongva (Gabrielino) meāṟ o <myáaro> will go ‣ Harrington notes 120
263
mo-01 mo-01
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) mie- <mie=> ir «go» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 70
mo-01 head (Miller 1967: 218 *moʔo; 215 *ma (and *mo ?)) *moʔo head ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (134)
Numic *moʔo hand ‣ Ianucci 1973: 197 (90) [perhaps the "head" of the arm?] (separated from ma-13)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) moʔo <mo'o> hand, fist ‣ Dayley 1989: 105
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone moʔo | mō <mo'o | moo> hand ‣ Crapo 1976: 53
Western Shoshone moʔo <mo'o> hand ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone moʔo <mo'o> hand ‣ Miller 1972: 118
Comanche moʔo hand ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 46
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu moʔopi <moʔo-vi> hand ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 229
Chemehuevi moʔo <mó’o̥> hand ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16
Southern Paiute moʔo | moʔopi <mɔ´’Ɔ | mɔ’ɔ´-ɸI> hand ‣ Sapir 1931: 570
Southern Ute moʔopi <mo̧?ó̧-vi ̱> hand ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 137
Takic
Serran
Serrano mōʳʔtᶴ sacred bundle ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) meʔēṟ <me'éer> el máaʃavot «the sacred bundle» (based on object form meʔēṟ a
<me’éera>, in a song.) ‣ Harrington notes 680
Cupan
Luiseño mēḻ a <mé·-la> head of the cattail rush ‣ Bright 1968: 23 [cognate?]
Tepiman *mo̱ʔo <*'mo?o> head ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (152a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) moʔo head ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.76
Pima Bajo mo̱ʔo <mó'o> cabeza, cabello «head, hair» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 224
Northern Tepehuan mō̑ <móo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (152a)
Southern Tepehuan moʔ <'mo?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (152a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío moʔo̱ <moʔó> head ‣ Miller 1996: 359
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) moʔo̱ <mo'ó> cabeza «head» ‣ Hilton 1959: 44
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mo <mo> cabello, pelo «hair» ‣ Pennington 1981: 204
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) moʔa <mo'a> tassel (corn), head (grass, grain), tuft ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 95
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) moveʔi <move'i> hat ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 96
264
mo-02 mo-03
Mayo mowwa : moa bīre <mougua : moa biire> está espigando : espiga en banderilla «it is tasseling
: about to tassel» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 163
Mayo mo̓veri <mó'oberi> sombrero «hat» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 163
Tubar
Tubar mo- <mo̧-> cabeza ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Tubar mo̱ar <mó̧-a-r> cuello «neck, collar» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Tubar mokali ̱r | mokali ̱t <mo̧-ka-ƚí-r | mo̧-ka-ƚí-t> sombrero, peine «hat, comb» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Cora/Huichol
Cora muʔu̱ <mu'ú> cabeza «head» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 147
Wixarika (Huichol) muʔū́ <mu´úu> cabeza «head» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 72
mo-02 sit (pl.)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío motᶴiwi ̱ <mociwí> to be seated, pl. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 358
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mutᶴi ̱ba <muchiba> sentar (pl.) «sit [pl.]» ‣ Hilton 1959: 45
mo-03 son-in-law (Miller 1967: 505 *mona)

Numic *mona | *muna son-in-law ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (94)
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone monappɯ <mona-ppy> son-in-law ‣ Crapo 1976: 53
Western Shoshone munappɯ <munappe> son-in-law ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone monappɯ <monappe> son-in.law ‣ Miller 1972: 118
Comanche monahpɯʔ <monahpʉʔ> son-in-law (DaHu, SbDaHu) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 46
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mono- <mono=> daughter's husband; sibling's daughter's husband ‣ Zigmond et al.
1990: 230
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɶʔɶ̱ naŋʷ <mö'önangw> son-in-law, husband of a woman in one's clan or phratry ‣
Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío moʔne̱ <moʔné> son-in-law; brother-in-law: YoSiHu ‣ Miller 1996: 359
Guarijío moʔo̱ri <moʔóri> daughter-in-law; sister-in-law: YoSiHu ‣ Miller 1996: 359
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) moʔne̱ <mo'né> yerno «son-in-law» ‣ Hilton 1959: 44
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mo̱nwa <móngua> yerno «son-in-law» ‣ Pennington 1981: 204
Ópata moni ̱wa | mone̱wat <monigua | monégua-t> affine ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mo̓ne(wai) <mo'one(wai)> son-in-law ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 95
265
mo-04 mo-06
Mayo mo̓ne <mó'one> yerno «son-in-law» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 112
Tubar
Tubar mʷasaka̱r <moa-saká-r> yerno, nuera «son-in-law, daughter-in-law» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 67
Cora/Huichol
Cora nemu̱̓n <nemu'un> yerno (mío) «my son-in-law» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 107
Wixarika (Huichol) mūne <muune> yerno «son-in-law» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 71
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl montˡi <montli> yerno, marido de hija, o ratonera «son-in-law, daughter's
husband, mousetrap» ‣ Molina 1571: 59v
Classical Nahuatl mōntˡi <mōn-tli> son-in-law ‣ Karttunen 1983: 153
Tetelcingo Mexicano montˡi, īmo <montli ̱, imo> yerno, su yerno «son-in-law, his/her son-in-law» ‣
Pipil mūnti <mu:n-ti> son-in-law, boyfriend, bridegroom ‣ Campbell 1985: 354
mo-04 mustache (merged into mu-26)
mo-05 facial hair, mustache, beard

Numic *motˢo(ⁿ) <*moco(N)> beard/facial hair ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (96); *mosui <*mosui>
mustache ‣ Ianucci 1973: 107 (95) (cf. mu-26)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) motˢon <motson> whiskers, beard ‣ Dayley 1989: 107
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone motˢon <mocon> beard ‣ 53
Western Shoshone motˢon <motson> whiskers, beard ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone motˢon <motson> beard, mustache, whiskers ‣ Miller 1972: 118
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi montˢo <móntso̥> beard ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16
Southern Paiute montˢo <mɔ(·)ńtsƆ> beard ‣ Sapir 1931: 571
Southern Paiute moʃui <mɔ‘coÍ> mustache ‣ Sapir 1931: 571
Southern Ute motᶴoppɯ <mo̧có̧-pu̧ > mustache, beard, facial hair ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 137
mo-06 enter (pl.)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío moʔina̱ <moʔi-ná> to enter, pl. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 359
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) moʔwi ̱ <mo'huí> entrar (pl.) «enter, pl.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 44
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mu̱ume <múume> entrar muchos «enter (pl.)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 206
266
mo-07 mo-08
mo-07 cloud
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño me̱smal <més-ma-l> fog, mist ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Cupeño mesmə̱l <mɛsme̱-l> fog ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162, 185 [loanword from Luiseño]
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mosi ̱t <mosít> nube «cloud» ‣ Pennington 1981: 204
Tubar
Tubar mosi ̱t <mo̧sí-t> nube «cloud» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Nahua [vowel is unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl miʃtˡi <mixtli> nuue «cloud» ‣ Molina 1571: 57v
Classical Nahuatl miʃtˡi <mix-tli> cloud ‣ Karttunen 1983: 149
Tetelcingo Mexicano meʃtˡi <mextli ̱> nube «cloud» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 141
Pipil miʃti <mix-ti> cloud, fog ‣ Campbell 1985: 349
mo-08 smoke (Miller 1967: 393 [no reconstruction])

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk moāʔt <mwaʔt, múát; muat, mwat; mo-waht> smoke (n.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 409, 414,
641
Serrano mōʳʔ smoke, be smoky ‣ kch
Serrano moʳāʔt smoke (n.) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño kū̱mit <kú·mi-t> smoke ‣ Bright 1968: 18 (perhaps with ku-04)
Luiseño me̱ji- <méyi-> to make a medicinal steam or smoke by putting herbs on fire or on
heated rocks ‣ Bright 1968: 23 [cognate?]
Cupeño mi ̱ʔat <mi ̱'a-t> smoke (n.) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Cahuilla ‑miʔ- <‑míʔ-> to emit smoke (in burning) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 112
Cahuilla mi ̱ʔat <míʔ-at> smoke ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 112
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío molona̱ <molo-ná> to make smoke ‣ Miller 1996: 359
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) moro̱ <moró> hay humo, hacer humo «be smoky, make smoke» ‣ Hilton
1959: 45
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mori ̱ <morí> humo «smoke» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 98
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve moro̱n <morón> humear «smoke» ‣ Pennington 1981: 204
267
mo-09 mo-11
mo-09 boil *molo- boil ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 270 (207) (cf. mu-23)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal monʔmōnot <môń’mô·ónô´t> it is boiling ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 73
Nahua *molōnV <*moloonV> boil ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (18)
Classical Nahuatl moloni manar la fuente o coſa aſsi. oleuantarſe muchas nuues, o leuantarſe con el
ayre las plumas, o eſtenderſe y oler mucho los perfumes y olores ſuaues «for a fountain or something
similar to flow out, for many clouds to rise, for feathers to rise up in the breeze, for perfumes and
gentle odors to spread and smell greatly» ‣ Molina 1571: 58v
Classical Nahuatl molōni <molōn(i)> to waft, to rise and drift on air currents, to effervesce ‣
Karttunen 1983: 151
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimolōnia <qui ̱moluni ̱a> lo hierve «[he] boils it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 190
Pochutla Mexicano moluntuk <moluntúc> está hirviento «it is boiling» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil mulūni <mulu:ni> to dry (e.g. of beans), to fly or blow away (e.g. dust, flour, chaff) ‣
Campbell 1985: 352
mo-10 suck
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɶ̱ m̤ tˢa <mö̀mtsa> chew, chew on ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi mɶ̱ ɦtˢikna <mö̀ötsikna> chomp on ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño mēṯ ᶴi- <mé·či-> to chew, as sugarcane, to extract the juice ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Cupeño mis <mi ̱se;‑0> to suck, of baby ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
mo-11 throw
Nahua *mōtˡa <*mootla> throw ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (170)
Classical Nahuatl nitemotˡa | nitˡamotˡa <motla.nite | motla.nitla> dar pedrada a otro | tirar con
piedra «hit with a thrown stone» ‣ Molina 1571: 60r
Classical Nahuatl mōtˡa <mōtla> to stone someone, to throw a rock at someone or something, to
hunt something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 153
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimōtˡa <qui ̱mutla> lo tira, lo avienta «[he] throws it, expels it» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1968: 192
Pochutla Mexicano ʃtamote na tot <xtamoté na tot> ¡tira la piedra! «throw the rock!» ‣ Boas 1917:
31
Pipil mūta <mu:ta> to throw at, to heave ‣ Campbell 1985: 355
268
mo-12 mu-01
mo-12 maternal grandchild (Miller 1967: 498 [no reconstruction]) *motˢi <*moci> grandchild ‣ Manaster
Ramer 1992: 261
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono mo̱pī <mo̱bi> daughter-in-law ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 76
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mɶ̱̄ jiʔat <mööyi('at)> grandchild; woman's sister's grandchild ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mohātˢ | mohātᶳ <móhats, móhatr> doll ‣ Anderton 1988: 405
Serrano moʳhātᶴ doll, image ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño me̱ʔiʃ <méʔi-š> doll ‣ Bright 1968: 23
Cupeño mi ̱ʔiʃ <mi ̱'i-sh> cattails ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mōs <moos> maternal grandchild ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.75
mu-01 grain, tassel (Miller 1967: 149 [no reconstruction]) (cf. mu-03)
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) muɖadadᶾ <muḑadaj> its tassel(s) of either corn or sugar cane ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.79
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mula̱ <mulá> grain of wheat ‣ Miller 1996: 361
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mura̱ <murá> espiga «tassel» ‣ Hilton 1959: 46
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mura̱t <murát> espiga «tassel» ‣ Pennington 1981: 206
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷēj̱ u <mueeyu> espiga «tassel» ‣ 147
Nahua *mīl- <*miil-> cornfield ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (36)
Classical Nahuatl milli heredad «cultivated portion(s) of land belonging to the same owner» ‣ Molina
1571: 56v
Classical Nahuatl mīlli <mīl-li> cultivated land, field ‣ Karttunen 1983: 147
Tetelcingo Mexicano mīli <mili ̱> milpa «cornfield» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 142
Pochutla Mexicano mil campo, milpa «field, cornfield» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil mīl <mi:l> milpa, cornfield ‣ Campbell 1985: 347
269
mu-02 mu-02
mu-02 die (Miller 1967: 128a *muk | *muki, 128c *mu) *muki to die ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *muᵤki |
*muᵤku to die, sg. ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (86); *mūki <*muuki> die ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 272
(219)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mō̱ki <mooki> die (sg.), expire, perish; go out of phase (re the moon), for the month
to end ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi mō̱ki <mooki> die ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 187
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mūkut <mu·g-> to die, to be unconscious (for the thematic vowel ‑u-, cf. muukumminnaŋ
<mu·´gµ´mina´ŋ> be dying while moving from here to there [27.245]) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 167
Takic
Cupan *mū̱ki-l <*mú:ki-l> sore ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (121)
Luiseño mū- <mú·-> to be in eclipse, of the sun or moon ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Luiseño mū̱ki- <mú·ki-> to fester ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Luiseño mū̱kil <mú·ki-l> a boil; a knot in wood ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño mu̱kiʎ <múkily> a sore ‣ Bright & Hill 1976: 369
Cahuilla ‑muk- <‑múk-> to to get sick, weak; to die, sing. subj. ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 112
Cahuilla mu̱kʔiʎ <múkʔily> a sore ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 369
Tepiman *mūki ̱- | *mumu̱ki- <*muu'ki- | *mu'muki-> to die ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (155a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mūk- <muuk-> to die ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.83
Pima Bajo mumk- <'mumk-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (155a)
Northern Tepehuan mūkí- <muukí-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (155a)
Northern Tepehuan mū <múú> to die SG PERF ‣ Bascom 1982: 305
Southern Tepehuan mū̱ki- <'muuki-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (155a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío muguna̱ <mugu-ná> to die, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 361
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) muku̱ <mucú> morirse, fallecer «die» ‣ Hilton 1959: 45
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve muku̱n <mucún> morirse uno «die (sg.)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 205
Ópata mukia die (sg.) ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mūke <muuke> die (sg.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 97
Mayo mūke <muuque> se está muriendo «[he] is dying, pl. subj.» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 164
Cora/Huichol
Cora mɯ̓ tᶴi ̱ <mʌ'ʌchí> está muerto «[he] is dead» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 148
Wixarika (Huichol) mɯ- <mü-> morir «die» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 72
270
mu-03 mu-04
Nahua *mɯki <*mɨki> die ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (45); *mɯktia <*mɨktia> kill ‣ Campbell
& Langacker 1978: 266 (94)
Classical Nahuatl nimiki <miqui.ni> morir «die» ‣ Molina 1571: 56v
Classical Nahuatl miki <miqu(i)> to die ‣ Karttunen 1983: 148
Classical Nahuatl miktia <mictiā> to commit suicide, to mistreat oneself; to kill or injure someone
Tetelcingo Mexicano miki <mi ̱qui ̱> muere, se muere, fallece «[he] dies» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 142
Pochutla Mexicano emok <emóc> murió «[he] died» ‣ Boas 1917: 13
Pipil miki to die ‣ Campbell 1985: 346
mu-03 beans (Miller 1967: 29 early borrowing [no reconstruction])

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi mutī <murí‘> bean ‣ K. Hill 1969: 17
Southern Paiute mutī <mo´rɩ‘> beans ‣ Sapir 1931: 574
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mo̱ri <mori> bean ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mūɲ <muuñ> beans ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.84
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío muni ̱ <muní> beans ‣ Miller 1996: 361
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) muni ̱ <muní> frijol «bean» ‣ Hilton 1959: 46
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mun frijol «bean» ‣ Pennington 1981: 206
Ópata muni beans ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mūn <muun> bean ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 98
Mayo mūnim <muúnim> frijol «bean» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 164
Cora/Huichol
Cora mu̱hume <mújume> frijol «bean» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 44
mu-04 vagina (Miller 1967: 449 [no reconstruction])

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mo̱sŋʲa <mosngya> clitoris ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mūs <muhs> vagina ‣ Saxton & axton 1969: 32
271
mu-05 mu-05
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío muhtᶴi ̱ <muhcí> vagina ‣ Miller 1996: 360
mu-05 shoot (Miller 1967: 373 *mu) *muhu to shoot—as with an arrow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (81)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mūt <mu·´t> shoot ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.120
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mu <mu, m̅ u> shoot, throw, grind ‣ Anderton 1988: 408
Serrano muj shoot ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) mohū̱ neʔ <mohúune'> tirame «shoot at me» (in a song) ‣ Harrington notes
701
Cupan
Luiseño muʔa̱n- <muʔán-> to shoot with a bow ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño muh | muhān
̱ <muha;‑0 | muha̱an> to shoot with bow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Cahuilla ‑mux- | ‑mu‑ | muh- <‑múx‑ | ‑mú‑ | múh-> to shoot; to sting (of ant, etc.) ‣ Seiler &
Hioki 1979: 116
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mummu to wound obj by shooting with gun or bow and arrow ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.81
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío muhi ̱bani <muhíba-ni> to shoot someone, something ‣ Miller 1996: 360
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) muhubu̱ <mujubú> tirar flechas o balazos «shoot arrows or bullets» ‣
Hilton 1959: 46
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mumu̱n <mumún> tirar con flecha «shoot with an arrow» ‣ Pennington 1981: 206
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) muhe shoot ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 96
Mayo muhhe : aʔa muhhe <mujje : a'a mujje> dale un balazo, flechazo «shoot him with a bullet,
with an arrow» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 164
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡamina | nitemina <mina.nitla | mina.nite> tirar ſaeta, o garrocha | aſaetar a
alguno «shoot a dart or arrow | shoot someone with a dart or arrow» ‣ Molina 1571: 56v
Classical Nahuatl mitˡ <mitl> ſaeta, o flecha «dart, arrow» ‣ Molina 1571: 57r
Classical Nahuatl mīna <mīn(a)> to shoot arrows, to pierce someone with arrows ‣ Karttunen 1983:
148
Classical Nahuatl mītˡ <mī-tl> arrow, dart ‣ Karttunen 1983: 149
272
mu-06 mu-07
Tetelcingo Mexicano kimīni <qui ̱mini ̱> le quema (el sol), le pica (abeja, etc.) «(the sun) burns him,
(bee, etc.) stings him» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 190
Pipil mīt <mi:-t> bow and arrow ‣ Campbell 1985: 349
mu-06 tortoise, turtle

Tepiman
Pima Bajo mūʎ <muuly> tortuga «turtle, tortoise» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 260
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío muri ̱ <murí> turtle ‣ Miller 1996: 361
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) muri ̱ <mu-ʀí> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 104
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve muri ̱ | mu̱ri <murí | múri> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Pennington 1981: 206 | 39
Ópata muri tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷāri ̱h <muaaríj> tortuga «tortoise, turtle» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 145
mu-07 fly, housefly (Miller 1967: 180 *mu) *mū- <*muu-> fly ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 273 (232)
Numic *mui(h) fly (insect) ‣ Ianucci 1973: (98)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute muipi <muibi> fly ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 11
Western Mono muwi ̱pī <muwi ̱bi> housefly ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 81
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) aŋimmuih <angimmuih> fly (cf. aŋi-pi <angipi>, another
word for fly) ‣ Dayley 1989: 5
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ankamuih | anamuih <anka-muih | ana-muih> fly (insect) ‣ Crapo
1976: 28
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone enkamuih | enkimuih <enka-muih | enki-muih> (Cherry Creek
dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 28
Western Shoshone aʔnimuih <a'nimuih> fly ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone animuih a fly ‣ Miller 1972: 106
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mūppi <muu-pi> horsefly ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 233
Chemehuevi mūppitˢi <mū́pitsi ̥> housefly ‣ K. Hill 1969: 18
Southern Paiute mūpʔpitˢi <mo·´p̓ɪts·> fly (in a song) ‣ Sapir 1931: 573
Southern Paiute mūppitᶴatˢi <mo·´p·itcα-ts·> fly ‣ Sapir 1931: 573
Southern Ute mūapi <múua-vi ̱> fly ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 138
Takic
Cupan [cognate?]
273
mu-08 mu-09
Luiseño mukʷa̱ʔtᶴiʃ <mukwáʔči-š> flea ‣ Bright 1968: 25

Cupeño məkʷa̱ʃ <mekwa̱-sh> flea (ə is unexpected) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 162
Cahuilla mu̱kaʃ <múkaš> flea ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 113
Tepiman *mūva̱ri <*muu'vari> fly ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (156)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mūval <muuval> fly, insect of the fly or bee type ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.85
Pima Bajo mū̱vil <'muuvil> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (156)
Northern Tepehuan mūváli <muuváli> (typed as "nuuváli") ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (156)
Southern Tepehuan mū̱vaʎ <'muuvalʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (156)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mumu̱hwo <mumúhuo> abeja «bee» ‣ Pennington 1981: 205
Ópata mūmgo <mümŭgo> abeja «bee» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Nahua *mōjō- <*mooyoo-> fly, mosquito ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (65) [cognate? vowel is
unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl mojotˡ <moyotl> moxquito «mosquito» ‣ Molina 1571: 58v
Classical Nahuatl mōjōtˡ <mōyō-tl> mosquito, flying insect ‣ Karttunen 1983: 154
Tetelcingo Mexicano mōjōtˡ <muyutl> jején, moyote «gnat» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 166
Pochutla Mexicano mojut <moyút> mosca «fly» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil mūjūt <mu:yu:-t> gnat, small fly (Cuisnahuat dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 356
Pipil mūjut <mu:yu-t> gnat, fly (Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 356
mu-08 milk (Miller 1967: 284 *mu)

Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute muini <moɩ´-nI> my milk ‣ Sapir 1931: 572
Southern Paiute muipi <moɩ´-ɸI> milk ‣ Sapir 1931: 572
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mu̓ina̱ <muʔi-ná> to be much milk, of animals like goat, cow, not of people ‣ Miller 1996:
361
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) tᶴiʔmu̱ri <chi'muri> teta «nipple» (cf. tᶴiʔi ̱ <chi'í> 'mamar (suckle)') ‣ Hilton
1959: 26
Cora/Huichol
Cora tˢ�̓me̱h <tzi'iméj> leche «milk» (cf. tˢe̓ <tze'e> 'mama (suckle)') ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 189
mu-09 cholla
Takic
Serran
Serrano mūtutᶳ cholla cactus ‣ kch
274
mu-10 mu-10
Cupan *mū̱ta-l <*mú:ta-l> cholla ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (27)

Luiseño mū̱tal <mú·ta-l> cholla cactus ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño mu̱tal <mu̱ta-l> Cholla cactus ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Cahuilla mu̱tal <mutal> Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigel., Buckhorn Cholla ‣ Bean & Saubel
1972: 95
mu-10 horned owl (Miller 1967: 312 *muhu)

Numic *mu(hu(h)) owl ‣ Ianucci 1973: (97)
Western Numic
Western Mono mu̱hū <mu̱hu> owl ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 78
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mūmpi(ttˢi) <muumpi(ttsi)> great horned owl ‣ Dayley
1989: 113
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone mompittˢi | mumpittˢi <mom-piccih | mum-piccih> owl ‣ Crapo 1976:
53
Western Shoshone mumpittˢɯh | muhumpittˢɯh <mumpittseh | muhumpittseh> great horned owl
‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone mompittˢɯh <mom-pittseh> owl ‣ Miller 1972: 118
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu muhuttˢi <muhu-ci> owl ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 232
Chemehuevi muhumpɯtˢi <muhúmpətsi ̥> great horned owl ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16
Southern Paiute muuppɯtˢi <moo´-p·ïts·> owl ‣ Sapir 1931: 571
Southern Ute mūppɯtᶴi <múupu̧ -ci ̱> owl ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 139
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mo̱ŋʷɯ <mongwu> owl ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal muhhumpiʃt <muhumbišt> horned owl ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 12
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mūŋt <muŋht, muŋ('), munkt> owl, great horned ‣ Anderton 1988: 413
Serrano mūmt owl ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) mū̱hot <múuhọt> tecolote «owl» ‣ Harrington notes 146
Cupan *mū̱-ta < *mū̱hu-ta <*mú:-ta < *mú:hu-ta> owl ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (87)
Luiseño mū̱ta <múuta> horned owl ‣ 564
Cupeño mūt <mu̱u-t> owl (any large owl) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Cahuilla mūt <múut> owl ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 278
Eudeve/Ópata
275
mu-11 mu-12
Eudeve muhu̱t <muhút> tecolote «owl» ‣ Pennington 1981: 204

Ópata muhu <muju> owl ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mūʔu <muu'u> owl ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 97
Mayo mūʔu <muu'u> tecolote «owl» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 164
Tubar
Tubar muta̱ <mu-tá> b[ú]ho «owl» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
mu-11 bee (Miller 1967: 31 *mumu | *meme) <*muC> ‣ AMR

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mo̱mo <momo> bee ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío momoha̱ <momohá> honey, honey comb (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Miller 1996: 359
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mumu̱huo <mumúhuo> abeja «bee» ‣ Pennington 1981: 205
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mūmu <muumu> bee ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 97
Mayo mūmum <muúmum> abejas, abeja «bees, bee» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 164
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) mɯ̄ .mɯ́ i <müü.mǘi> huevo de toro, especie de avispa «"bull's testicle," a wasp
sp.» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 73
mu-12 face, front (Miller 1967: 162a *mu) *mut nose, front ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201
Numic *mu- nose (pref.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: (100)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute mui first ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 51
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mu- | mo- <mu- | mo-> with the nose, pertaining to the
nose (instr pref) ‣ Dayley 1989: 107
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi muttakka <mutákḁ> forehead ‣ K. Hill 1969: 17
Southern Paiute mu- <mu-ˢ> nose (instr. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 571
Southern Paiute mu- <mu-> nose (as n. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 571
Southern Paiute muttakkapi <MU‘táq·a-ɸI> forehead ‣ Sapir 1931: 574
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mo̱ŋʷi <mongwi> leader, head, chief ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi mo̱ŋʷi <mongwi> chief ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 197
276
mu-13 mu-14
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño mu̱lu <mu̱lu;‑0> to lead, be first ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Cahuilla ‑mu̱lu- <‑múlu-> to go ahead ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 114
mu-13 nose (Miller 1967: 162b *mupi) *muspi nose, point ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (15)
Numic *mupih | *mupiⁿ <*mupih | *mupiN> nose ‣ Ianucci 1973: (100)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute mopi <mobi> ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 64
Western Mono mu̱pī <mu̱bi> nose ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 78
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mupin nose ‣ Dayley 1989: 111
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone mupin nose; snout, bill, beak ‣ Crapo 1976: 54
Western Shoshone mupin nose ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone mupin <mu-pin> nose ‣ Miller 1972: 119
Shoshone mu- with the nose; or front, e.g. of car ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mupi- <mu-vi-> nose ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 233
Chemehuevi mupi <múvi ̥> nose ‣ K. Hill 1969: 17
Southern Paiute mupippi <movʷi´-p·I> nose ‣ Sapir 1931: 573
Southern Ute mopottʔoppɯ <mo̧vó̧t?o̧-pu̧ > nose ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 137
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal muppit <mupi-t> the nose ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk mukpitˢ | mupitᶳ, ‑mukpiʔ <mup̅itʃr, muk-pic, ‑mukpiʔ, ‑muḳpiʔ, ‑m̅ uḳpiʔ> nose (also
duck's bill, or point of a hill) ‣ Anderton 1988: 412
Serrano nɯmuḵpiʔ my nose ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nemō̱pen <nemóopen> my nose ‣ Harrington notes 591
Cupan
Luiseño mū̱vil <mú·vi-l> nose ‣ Bright 1968: 26
Cupeño ‑mu nose ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Cahuilla he̱mul, ‑muʔ <hé-mu-l, ‑muʔ> nose ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 113
mu-14 first, before (merged into mu-12)
277
mu-15 mu-17
mu-15 sharp-pointed (Miller 1967: 368 *muk | *muc)

Numic *muki(h) | (*mutˢi ?) <*muki(h) | (*muci ?)> sharp point ‣ Ianucci 1973: (99)
Western Numic
Western Mono mukittuwi- | mukittu- <mugituwi- | mugitu-> to make sharp, sharpen; be pointed
(of an object) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 78
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mutˢipin <mutsipin> sharp point; pointed ‣ Dayley 1989: 112
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone mutˢin <mucin> sharpness (of point), point ‣ Crapo 1976: 53
Western Shoshone mutˢipin <mutsipin> point ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone mutˢi <mutsi> sharp (of a point) ‣ Miller 1972: 119
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mukku- | mukkʷi- <muku= | mukwi=> point ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 232
Southern Ute mukkʷaī <mu̱kwáy> come to a sharp point ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 138
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mo̱ɦtˢi <mòotsi> awl ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *muʔu̱kaga <*mu'?ukaga> sharp ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (158)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) muʔuk pointed, sharp ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.88
Pima Bajo mu̱ʔuk <'mu?uk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (158)
́ aga <múúkaga> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (158)
Northern Tepehuan mūk
Southern Tepehuan ‑muʔū̱k <‑mu'?uuk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (158)
mu-16 sweathouse (Miller 1967: 426 *musa)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono mūsaʔi- | mūsuʔi- <muusa'i- | muusu'i-> to sweat, take a sweat bath ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 79
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mūsa <muusa> sweat house ‣ Dayley 1989: 113
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal mūʃaht <mu·šah-t> the sweat house ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
mu-17 catfish (merged into mu-26)
278
mu-18 mu-21
mu-18 break
Tepiman *mū̱ri <*'muuri> to break stick ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (154)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mulin, muln- <mul(i)n> to break off obj by bending it in one try ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.80
Pima Bajo mɯ̱ li <'mɨli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (154)
Northern Tepehuan mū̌li <muúli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (154)
mu-19 yucca, agave (Miller 1967: 482 *mu | *(h)umu)

Northern Uto-Aztecan (cf. u-08)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mō̱ho <mooho> narrowleaf yucca leaf ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi mō̱vi <moovi> narrowleaf yucca root ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi mo̱tkʲa <motkya> narrowleaf yucca plant ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan *amū̱-l <*ʔamú:-l> agave ‣ Munro 1990: 237 (3) (with a-25)
Luiseño amū̱l <ʔamú·-l> mescal plant, Agave deserti ‣ Bright 1968: 6
Cupeño amu̱l <amu̱-l> Agave sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla a̱mul <amul> Agave deserti Engelm., Agave, Century Plant ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 31
mu-20 hummingbird
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mūttunantˢi | mūttuantˢi <muuttunantsi | muuttuantsi>
hummingbird ‣ Dayley 1989: 113
Shoshone muttɯhnātˢi <muttehnaatsi> hummingbird ‣ Miller 1972: 119
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu mūttanappitˢi <muutana-pi-ži> hummingbird ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 233
Chemehuevi mūttutˢatˢi <mū́tutsatsi ̥> hummingbird ‣ K. Hill 1969: 18
Southern Ute mū-tatātᶴi <múu-tatáa-ci ̱> humming-bird ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 139
mu-21 much, many (Miller 1967: 276 *mui (*muʔi ?)) *mɯʔi | *mɯi <*mɨ(ʔ)i> much ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1987: 275 (256)
Takic
Luiseño mujuk <muyuk> much ‣ Elliott 1999:571
Tepiman *mu̱ʔi <*'mu?i> many ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (157a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) muʔi much, many, a lot, a lot of ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.86
279
mu-22 mu-23
Pima Bajo mu̱ʔi <'mu?i> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (157a)

Northern Tepehuan múi ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (157a)
Southern Tepehuan mu̱iʔ <'mui?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (157a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío mua̱(r)ebani <muá(r)eba-ni> to be, become many ‣ Miller 1996: 360
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mura̱ <muhué> aumentarse, rendir mucho «become much/many, produce
much/many» ‣ Hilton 1959: 46
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mu̱i <múi> mucho «much» ‣ Pennington 1981: 205
Tubar
Tubar muia̱r <mui-á-r> muchos «many» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷiʔi ̱ <mui'í> es mucho «it is much, a lot» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 147
Wixarika (Huichol) mɯ́ irḗ <mǘirée=> muchos, numeroso, plural «many, numerous, plural» ‣
Nahua *məjak <*məyak> much ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (112)
Classical Nahuatl miek <miec> mucho en cantidad, o las ſiete cabrillas, cõſtellacion «much in
quantity, the Pleiades» ‣ Molina 1571: 56r
Classical Nahuatl miak <miac> las ſiete cabrillas, conſtellacion «the Pleiades» ‣ Molina 1571: 55v
Classical Nahuatl miak | miek <miac | miec> very much, many ‣ Karttunen 1983: 145
Tetelcingo Mexicano mejak <meyac> mucho, abundante, basta, varios «much, many, abundant,
enough, various» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 141
Pochutla Mexicano miek <miéc> bastante «plenty, enough» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil mijak <miyak> much, many, a lot ‣ Campbell 1985: 350
mu-22 when
Takic
Cupan *mi- <*mi-> when ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 370
Luiseño m�̄ḵ iŋa <mí·ki-ŋa> when? ‣ Bright 1968: 24
Cupeño mi ̱pa <mi ̱pa> when ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1982: 193
Cahuilla mi ̱paʔ <mípaʔ> when ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 370
mu-23 boil (Miller 1967: 51 [no reconstruction]) (cf. mo-09)

Takic
Serran
Serrano munānḵ boil, boil over ‣ kch
Serrano munānaʔn be boiling ‣ kch
280
mu-24 mu-24
Cupan
Luiseño mu̱lʔi- <múlʔi-> to boil (intr., of water) ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Luiseño mu̱lʔa- <múlʔa-> to bubble up ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño mul <muḻe> boil ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 183
Cahuilla ‑mu̱lul- <‑múlul-> to come out steaming or bubbling; to swarm out (animals in a mass,
or objects, as stones) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 114
mu-24 cat [from Spanish?]

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mō̱sa <moosa> cat ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mītol | mīstol <miitol | miistol> cat ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.69 [loanword <
Nahuatl mistōn]
Guariío/Rarámuri [loanwords]
Guarijío misi ̱ <misí> cat ‣ Miller 1996: 358
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) mi ̱isi <míisi> gato «cat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 44
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve mi ̱sto <místo> gato «cat» ‣ Pennington 1981: 204 [loanword < Nahuatl mistōn]
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) mīsi <miisi> cat ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 94 [loanword]
Mayo missi <missi> gato ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 162 [loanword]
Tubar
Tubar mitᶴi ̱ <micí> gato «cat» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60 [loanword]
Cora/Huichol
Cora mi ̱stu <mistu> gato «cat» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 145 [loanword]
́ <míisu> gato «cat» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 70 [loanword < Nahuatl mistōn with
Wixarika (Huichol) m�̄tˢu
st > tˢ]
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl mistˡi <miztli> leon «mountain lion» ‣ Molina 1571: 57v
Classical Nahuatl miston <mizton> gato «cat» ‣ Molina 1571: 57v
Classical Nahuatl mistontˡi <miztontli> gatillo o leoncillo «little cat, little mountain lion» ‣ Molina
1571: 57v
Classical Nahuatl mistˡi <miz-tli> feline, mountain lion ‣ Karttunen 1983: 149
Classical Nahuatl mistōn <miztōn> domestic cat ‣ Karttunen 1983: 150
Tetelcingo Mexicano mistō <mi ̱stu> gato «cat» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 143
Tetelcingo Mexicano mislama <mi ̱slama> gata (hembra) «female cat» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 142
Pochutla Mexicano misilut <micilút> puma «mountain lion» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil mistūn <mistu:n> cat ‣ Campbell 1985: 349
281
mu-25 mu-27
mu-25 soul, spirit, mind

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) mukua | mukuattɯn <mukua(") | mukuattün> mind, soul,
spirit ‣ Dayley 1989: 109
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone mukua mind, intelligence, knowledge, spirit, vital essence ‣ Crapo
1976: 54
Western Shoshone mukua <mukua> spirit, soul ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone mukua <mukua> spirit ‣ Miller 1972: 119
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi mukua <mugúʷḁ> mind ‣ K. Hill 1969: 16
Southern Paiute mukuaŋa <muχuá-ŋA> his soul ‣ Sapir 1931: 574
Southern Ute mukuapi <mugúa-vi ̱> heart ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 138
mu-26 facial hair, mustache *musat ‣ AMR (cf. mo-05)

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño mū̱ʂil <mú·ṣi-l> beard ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño ‑muʂ <‑mus̷h> beard, whisker ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 163
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) musi ̱ <musí> tipo de pez negro, barbón «catfish» ‣ Hilton 1959: 46
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve musi ̱t <musít> bagre «catfish» ‣ Pennington 1981: 206
Ópata muʃi ̱ <muscî> bagre «catfish» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Tubar
Tubar himusi ̱r <ji-musí-r> barbas, etc. «beard, etc.» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
Cora/Huichol
Cora mɯ̄ si ̱ <mʌʌsí> barba «beard» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 13
mu-27 a Cupan divinity

Takic
Cupan *muka̱-t <*muká-t> mukat (mythological figure) ‣ Munro 1990: 243
Luiseño muka̱t <muká-t> big, large ‣ Bright 1968: 25
Cupeño mu̱kat <mu̱ka-t> the creator god who remained above the surface of the earth ‣ Hill &
Nolasquez 1973: 163
282
na-01 na-01
Cahuilla mu̱kat <Mukat> the older of the two creator beings ‣ Bean 1974: 161
na-01 ear (Miller 1967: 148a *naka) *nanka ear ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *naka ear ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1987: 272 (222); *nanka ear ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 139 (47)
Numic *naŋka | *naŋki | (*neŋki ?) ear/hear ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (109)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute nakka <na.ka | naka> ear | hear ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 7 | 63
Western Mono na̱kkā <na̱qa> ear ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 92
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) naŋki <nangki> ear ‣ Dayley 1989: 129
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nainkih | nenkih ear ‣ Crapo 1976: 56
Western Shoshone nankih | nenkih <nankih | nainkih> ear ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 273
Shoshone nenkih <nainkih> ear ‣ Miller 1972: 120
Comanche naki ̥ <naki ̱> ear ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 52
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nakapipi <naga-vi-vi> ear ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 236
Chemehuevi naŋkapa <naŋkávḁ> ear ‣ K. Hill 1969: 19
Chemehuevi naŋka <náŋkḁ> earring ‣ K. Hill 1969: 19
Southern Paiute naŋkapa <naŋqa´ɸA> ear ‣ Sapir 1931: 579
Southern Paiute naŋka <na´ŋqA> ear-plug, ear ornament (in general) ‣ Sapir 1931: 578
Southern Ute nɯkkapi <nu̧ ká-vi ̱> ear ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 149
Southern Ute nɯkka <nú̧ ka̱> ear-ring ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 148
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi na̱ɦqa <nàaqa> earrings ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi na̱qvɯ <naqvu> ear ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal naŋhal <naŋha-l> the ears ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Takic
Serran [with loss of initial syllable?] (also at ka-05)
Kitanemuk kavatˢ <kavats> ear, leaf ‣ Anderton 1988: 345
Serrano qaʳvātᶴ ear, leaf ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nenā̱nax <nenáanax> my ear ‣ Harrington notes 582
Cupan *nāq
̱ a-la <*ná:qa-la> ear ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (37)
Luiseño na̱qla <náq-la> ear ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño na̱qəl <náqəl> ear (= na̱qal) ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 366
Cupeño ‑naqʔa <‑naq'a> ear ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla na̱qal <náq-al> ear ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 121
283
na-02 na-02
Tepiman *nāḵ a <*'naaka> ear ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (163a)

Tohono O'odham (Papago) nāk <naak> ear ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.90
Pima Bajo nāk <'naak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (163a)
Northern Tepehuan nāǩ a <naáka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (163a)
Southern Tepehuan nāk <'naak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (163a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nahka̱ <nahká> ear ‣ Miller 1996: 361
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) naka̱ <nacá> oreja, oído «ear» ‣ Hilton 1959: 47
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve naka̱t <nacát> oreja «ear» ‣ Pennington 1981: 141
Ópata menaka̱ <menacá> ear ‣ Shaul 1983: 111
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nakam ear(s) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 100
Mayo nakkam <náccam> oreja, orejas «ear, ears» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 166
Tubar
Tubar naka̱r <naká-r> oreja «ear» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Cora/Huichol
Cora nasai ̱h <nasaíj> oído, oreja «ear» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 133 [cognate?]
Wixarika (Huichol) nāká <naacá> oído, oreja «ear» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 74
Nahua *nakas- ear ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (49)
Classical Nahuatl nakastˡi <nacaztli> oreja «ear» ‣ Molina 1571: 62v
Classical Nahuatl nakastˡi <nacaz-tli> ear ‣ Karttunen 1983: 156
Tetelcingo Mexicano īnakas <inacas> su oreja, su oído «his ear» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 132
Pochutla Mexicano nekest <nequézt> oreja «ear» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil nunakas <nu-nakas> my ear ‣ Campbell 1985: 357
na-02 like, want (Miller 1967: 452 *naki) *naki want ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (284)
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nākit <naakit> to develop a taste for, to get to like the taste of obj ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.90
Northern Tepehuan nāḱ ɯi <náákɨi> he likes (food) ‣ Bascom 1982: 305
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) naki ̱ <naquí> querer, desear «like, want» ‣ Hilton 1959: 50
Guarijío nahkina̱ <nahki-ná> to like, want, love (with present participle); to need, want; to have as
a sweetheart ‣ Miller 1996: 361
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve nake̱n <naquén> querer «like, want» ‣ Pennington 1981: 209
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) nāḱ i.ʔérie- <náaqui.´érie=> querer, amar «like, love» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 75
284
na-03 na-03
Nahua *nəki want ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (184)

Classical Nahuatl nikneki | niteneki <nequi.nic | nequi.nite> querer algo, o gaſtar y emplear alguna
coſa | admirar a otro para algun negocio «want something, expend and use something | admire
someone for some transaction» ‣ Molina 1571: 69v
Classical Nahuatl neki <nequ(i)> to want or use something, to engage, or want someone in some
enterprise ‣ Karttunen 1983: 169
Tetelcingo Mexicano kineki <qui ̱nequi ̱> lo anhela, lo quiere, lo ama, lo agrada, lo aprecia, lo desea
«[he] longs for it, wants it, loves it, likes it, appreciates it, desires it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 193
Pochutla Mexicano nki <nqui> querer «want» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil neki to want, to wish ‣ Campbell 1985: 363
na-03 ashes (Miller 1967: 10 contains *na 'burn') *nasi ashes ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 270 (201)
Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi nasipɯ <nasívə̥> hot ashes ‣ K. Hill 1969: 20
Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla ni ̱sxiʃ <nísxiš> ash (vowel is wrong) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 128
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nahpiso̱ <nahpisó> ashes ‣ Miller 1996: 362
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) napiso̱ <napisó> polvo, ceniza «dust, ash» ‣ Hilton 1959: 49
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve na̱psa <nápsa> ceniza «ash» ‣ Pennington 1981: 209
Ópata napo | napot <napo | napo-t> ashes ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) naposa ashes ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 101
Mayo naposa <náposa> ceniza «ash» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 166
Tubar
Tubar nasi ̱t <nasí-t> cenizas «ashes» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Cora/Huichol
Cora nasi ̱ <nasí> ceniza «ash» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 153
Nahua *nəʃ- <*nəš-> ashes ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (5)
Classical Nahuatl neʃtˡi <nextli> ceniza «ash» ‣ Molina 1571: 71v
Classical Nahuatl neʃtˡi <nex-tli> ashes, cinders ‣ Karttunen 1983: 171
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡakoneʃtˡi <tlaconextli ̱> ceniza «ash» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 228
Pochutla Mexicano noʃt <noxt> cenizas «ashes» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil neʃti <nex-ti> ash, ashes ‣ Campbell 1985: 367
285
na-04 na-05
na-04 talk (merged into ni-01)
na-05 prickly pear (Miller 1967: 70 *nap) *naspɯ <*naspɨ> prickly pear cactus ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137
(15)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) napun | napumpɯ <napun | napumpü> beavertail cactus ‣
Dayley 1989: 133
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu napubɯ | napumpɯ <navu-bɨ | navu-mbɨ> ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 239
Chemehuevi napumpɯ <navúmpə̥> prickly-pear cactus ‣ K. Hill 1969: 20
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nāv̱ ɯ <naavu> nopal, the Mexican-style, cultivated prickly pear cactus, Opuntia
polyacantha. (This plant does not grow in the Hopi area.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
́ uht, nāvəht, nāv
Kitanemuk nāvɯht <nāv ́ əht> prickly pear cactus ‣ Anderton 1988: 423
Serrano nāvt prickly pear cactus ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nāv̱ ot <náavo̤t> tuna, nopal «prickly pear fruit, prickly pear» ‣ Harrington
notes 121
Cupan *nāv̱ ə-t <*ná:və-t> prickly pear ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (103)
Luiseño nāv̱ ut <náav-ut> nopal cactus, prickly pear cactus; prickly pear fruit of nopal cactus ‣
582
Cupeño na̱vət <na̱ve-t> Prickly Pear, tuna ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla na̱vet <návet> cactus (generic), tuna cactus ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 122
Tepiman *na̱voi <*'navoi> cactus ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (169)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nav prickly pear cactus, generic term ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.105
Pima Bajo nav <'nav> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (169)
Northern Tepehuan návoi ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (169)
Southern Tepehuan nav <'nav> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (169)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío napo̱ <napó> prickly pear fruit ‣ Miller 1996: 362
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) napo̱ <napó> tuna «prickly pear fruit» ‣ Hilton 1959: 47
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve navu̱tˢ <navútz> tuna, fruta «prickly pear fruit, fruit» ‣ Pennington 1981: 211
Ópata nakoo̱ <nacoó> Opuntia ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
286
na-06 na-06
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nāvo <naavo> prickly pear cactus ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 99
Mayo nāvo <naabo> nopal, tuna «prickly pear, prickly pear fruit» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 165
Nahua [vowels are unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl nopalli nikteka | ninopalteka <nopalli nicteca | nopalteca.ni> plantar hojas, o
ramas de tuna «plant prickly pear pads» ‣ Molina 1571: 73v
Classical Nahuatl noʔpalli <nohpal-li> prickly pear cactus ‣ Karttunen 1983: 171
Tetelcingo Mexicano nohpalitˡ <nojpali ̱tl> nopal (doméstico) «cultivated prickly pear» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 168
na-06 root (Miller 1967: 356 *na) *naC ‣ AMR; *ŋa- root ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (151)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nattusuʔumpi | nattasuʔumpi <nattusu'umpi | nattasu'umpi>
medicine (especially pills and herbs) ‣ Dayley 1989: 136
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nattahsun medicine ‣ Crapo 1976: 58
Western Shoshone nattahsuʔun <nattahsu'un> medicine ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 274
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ŋa̱ʔat <nga('at)> (its) root ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ŋa̱hɯ <ngahu> medicine ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑ŋāqawi <ŋ̅āḳ̅wi, ‑ŋá·ḳawi, ŋáḳawe, ‑ŋáxawe> root ‣ Anderton 1988: 436
Serrano ‑ŋāqaw root ‣ kch
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nawa̱ <nawá> root ‣ Miller 1996: 363
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) nawa̱ <nahuá> raíz «root» ‣ Hilton 1959: 48
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve na̱va <náva> raíz «root» ‣ Pennington 1981: 210
Ópata nawa <nagua> root ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nāwa <naawa> root ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 99
Mayo nāwam <naáguam> raíz «root» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 165
Tubar
Tubar namusi ̱r <namusí-r> raíz «root» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˡanelwatˡ | nelwajotˡ <tlanelhuatl | nelhuayotl> rayz de arbol o yerua «tree or
plant root» ‣ Molina 1571a: 101r
287
na-07 na-08
Classical Nahuatl nelwatˡ <nelhua-tl> root ‣ Karttunen 1983: 163

Tetelcingo Mexicano nelwatˡ | nelwajōtˡ <nelhuatl | nelhuayutl> raíz «root» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
167
Pipil nelwat <nelwa-t> root ‣ Campbell 1985: 364
na-07 fire (Miller 1967: 62a *na | *nai) *naᵤʔa to burn ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (95a)
Numic *naʔi burn (intr.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (106)
Western Numic
Western Mono tɯnai- <tɨnai-> to burn (what is tɨ‑?) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 221
Central Numic
Shoshone nakaja <nakayaH> to burn out of control (e.g. a forest fire) ‣ Miller 1972: 120
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu neʔe- to burn ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 239
Chemehuevi naʔitˢɯ <na’áitsə̥> a burning, a blaze ‣ K. Hill 1969: 18
Southern Paiute naʔaī <na’ɛí‘> (fire) burns ‣ Sapir 1931: 575
Southern Ute naʔaī <na?áy> burn, be on fire ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 140
Southern Ute naʔaittɯ <na?áy-ti ̧> fire, light ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 140
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño naʔ- <náʔ-> to be burnt, to burn (intr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 26
Cahuilla ‑naʔ- <‑náʔ-> to catch fire, to burn (object, fire) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 125
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío naʔi ̱ <naʔí> fire ‣ Miller 1996: 363
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) naʔa̱ <na'á> hacer lumbre «make a fire» ‣ Hilton 1959: 46
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) naʔi ̱ <na'í> lumbre «fire» ‣ Hilton 1959: 48
na-08 make fire (Miller 1967: 62a *na | *nai) *naja <*naya> to light a fire ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (95)
Tepiman *nāda̱(‑) <*naa'da(‑)> to build a fire ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (162a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nād <naad> to make a fire once ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.89
Pima Bajo nād
̱ a- <'naada-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (162a)
Northern Tepehuan nādá- <naadá-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (162a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑nād
̱ a- <‑'naada-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 168 (162a)
Southeastern Tepehuan nāda <[naada]> to make fire ‣ Willett 1991: 28
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío naʔja̱ni <naʔyá-ni> to make a fire ‣ Miller 1996: 363
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) naʔa̱ <na'á> hacer lumbre «make fire» ‣ Hilton 1959: 46
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nāja <naaya> light, build a fire ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 99
288
na-09 na-11
Mayo najja : aʔa najak; aʔa nanna <naya : a'a náyac; a'a nanna> lo atizó; lo está atizando «[he] lit
it; [he] is lighting it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 167
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) nái.wāme <nái.vaame> combustible «fuel» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 74
na-09 burn (merged into na-07)
na-10 cry, weep (Miller 1967: 113 *na) *lanaC to weep ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) namoʔi <namo'i> cry; make noise (of animals), pl-dl ‣
Dayley 1989: 125
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone namoih to cry, to mourn, to bark (pl. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 57
Western Shoshone nawoih cry, pl ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 274
Shoshone nawoi <nawoiH> to cry (dl., pl. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 121
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ŋā- <ŋá·-> to weep, cry; to sing, of birds ‣ Bright 1968: 28
Cupeño ŋaŋ <nganga;-0> to cry ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
Cahuilla ‑ŋaŋ- <‑ŋáŋ-> to cry ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 132
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nala̱ni <nalá-ni> to cry ‣ Miller 1996: 362
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) nara̱ <nará> llorar «cry» ‣ Hilton 1959: 50
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata narakia <nara-quia> cry ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
na-11 laugh (Miller 1967: 253 *na)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nanikkoih <nanikkoih> laugh together, pl ‣ Dayley 1989:
130
Western Shoshone nanittijeh <nanittiyaih> laugh uproariously ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 273
Shoshone nanikkoi <nanikkoiH> to laugh (dl., pl. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 120
Comanche nanihkuppatɯ <nanihkuparʉ> laugh heartily ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 55
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nān
̱ i <naani> chuckle, giggle ‣ Hopi Dictionary
289
na-12 na-13
Tubar
Tubar nawi- reírse «laugh» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
na-12 father (Miller 1967: 483 *na)

Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute nana man ‣ Thornes 2003: 22
Western Mono na̱wā <na̱wa>father; father's brother(s) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 99
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi na̱ʔat <na('at)> father ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ānān <a·ána·ń> father (before the death of an offspring) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 155
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑naʔ, ‑naʔn- <‑n̅aʔ, ‑n̅aʔa, ninaʔn> father ‣ Anderton 1988: 415
Serrano ‑naʔ, ‑naʔn- father ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nenā̱k <nenáak> mi padre «my father» ‣ Harrington notes 581
Cupan
Luiseño ‑naʔ <‑náʔ> father ‣ Bright 1968: 26
Cupeño ‑na father ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla ‑na father ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 119
na-13 grow (Miller 1967: 207 *na)

Numic *nana(h) (grown) man/grow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (108)
Western Numic
Western Mono nā- <naa-> to grow ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 82
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nahna <nahna"> grow (animates only) ‣ Dayley 1989: 120
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nā | naha <naa" | naha"> to be, become, to grow; to grow up, to
dwell, to be alive ‣ Crapo 1976: 55
Western Shoshone nahna <nahna"> grow (of humans and animals only) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993:
272
Shoshone nahna <nahnaG> to grow, to grow up (of a person or animal) ‣ Miller 1972: 120
Comanche nanahtenanɯ̄ <nanahtenanʉʉ> menfolk, husbands ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 54
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nahna- to grow ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 236
290
na-14 na-16
Chemehuevi nana- <na'na> grow ‣ Press 1979: 152

Southern Paiute nanappɯkā <nana´-p·ïγa‘> grew up ‣ Sapir 1931: 576
Southern Ute nanaī <naná ̧y> grow, mature, become older ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 143
na-14 mother (Miller 1967: 487 *nan (*nana redp.?)) *nana mother ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (312)
[Jane Hill reports that this is a wide-spread Mesoamerican word]
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata nai <nay> woman ‣ Shaul 1983: 119
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nana little girl (consonant-assimilated form of *mana ?) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 100
(cf. ma-07)
Cora/Huichol
Cora na̱ana <náana> madre, madrina, mamá, tía «mother, godmother, mom, aunt» ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 149
Nahua *nān- <*naan-> mother ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (110)
Classical Nahuatl nantˡi <nantli> madre «mother» ‣ Molina 1571: 63r
Classical Nahuatl nāntˡi <nān-tli> mother ‣ Karttunen 1983: 160
Tetelcingo Mexicano nāntˡi <nöntli ̱> madre «mother» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 168
Pochutla Mexicano monantˢin <monantzín> tu madrina «your godmother» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
[loanword]
Pipil nān <na:n> mother ‣ Campbell 1985: 359
na-15 race
Takic
Serran
Serrano nāmiʔn race ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño nām
̱ i- <ná·mi‑> to run, to race (pl. subj.) ‣ Bright 1968: 26
Cupeño na̱min <na̱me;‑ine> to race ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla ‑na̱nami- <‑nánami-> to run a race ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 121
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío naʔna̱rina | naʔna̱irona <naʔnári-na | naʔnái-ro-na> to follow ‣ Miller 1996: 363 [cognate?]
na-16 side (Miller 1967: 376 *nakʷ)

Numic *naŋkʷVh direction/side (loc. suff.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (110)
Western Numic
Western Mono kʷena̱ʔā <qwena̱'a> far away, a long distance ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 172
291
na-17 na-18
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) manakʷa <manakwa> away from ‣ Dayley 1989: 93
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone manakkatɯn | manakkʷa | manakko <mana-kkatyn | mana-kkwa |
mana-kko"> far ‣ Crapo 1976: 51
Western Shoshone manaŋku | mānaŋku <mananku | maananku> far away; on the other side ‣
Crum & Dayley 1993: 270
Shoshone mānankʷah <maanankwah> far ‣ Miller 1972: 117
Comanche manakʷɯ | manānakʷɯ <manakwʉ | manaanakwʉ> far ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
42
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute ‑naŋkʷa‑ <‑naŋqwa-> direction ‣ Sapir 1931: 579
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ‑ŋaqʷ <‑ngaqw> from ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi ‑ŋaq <‑ngaq> from ‣ Kalectaca 1978: 114
Nahua *‑nāwak | *‑nāk <*-naa(wa)k> near ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (114)
Classical Nahuatl inawak <inauac> apar del, o junto a el, o con el «even with it, near it, with it» ‣
Molina 1571: 38v
Classical Nahuatl ‑nāwak <‑nāhuac> near to, adjacent to, within earshot ‣ Karttunen 1983: 157
Pochutla Mexicano nak <nac> cerca «near» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil nunāwak <nu-na:wak> near me ‣ Campbell 1985: 360
na-17 shirt (Miller 1967: 370 *nap)

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi nawʔwintˢappɯ | nāppakappɯ <naw’wíntsapə̥ | nā́pagapə̥> belt ‣ K. Hill 1969: 20
[cognate?]
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi na̱pna <napna> shirt ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi na̱vna <navna> shirt ‣ Whorf 1946: 181
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) napa̱tᶴa <napacha> camisa «shirt» ‣ Hilton 1959: 49
na-18 knife (Miller 1967: 248 *napa) [from Spanish navaja, formerly pronounced nava̱ʃa]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nawaʂ <nawash> pocket knife ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 33
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío naʔwa̱so <naʔwáso> knife ‣ Miller 1996: 363
Cahita
292
na-19 na-20
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nava̓som <nava'asom> pocket knife ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 103
Cora/Huichol
Cora na̱wā <náhuaa> cuchillo «knife» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 28
Wixarika (Huichol) nāwāʂ́ a <naaváaxa> cuchillo «knife» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 184
na-19 foot (Miller 1967: 188 *nape)

Numic *nampe foot/(lower) leg ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (107)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nampe foot, paw, footprint, track ‣ Dayley 1989: 126
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nampai foot (foot and lower leg to knee) ‣ Crapo 1976: 57
Western Shoshone nampe <nampai> foot ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 273
Shoshone nampai | nampe <nampai> foot ‣ Miller 1972: 120
Comanche nāpe̥ <naape̱> foot, lower leg ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 49
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nabipi <nabi-vi> foot, hoof ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 235
Chemehuevi nampa <námpḁ> foot ‣ K. Hill 1969: 18
Southern Ute nappa <nápa̱> foot ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 143
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk navokahātˢ <navokahats, návókahats, návok/xá·c> shoe or sandal (<k/x> = k
stacked above x) ‣ Anderton 1988: 423
Serrano navɯ̄ ʳtᶳ foot, ankle, footprint ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nenēv̱ <ninéev> my foot (perhaps a vowel-assimilated form: < *‑nēve < *‑nāve
(< *‑nāvo < *‑nāpo)) ‣ Harrington notes 269
na-20 copulate (Miller 1967: 101 *nase)

Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute naɯ- <naï-ˢ> to have sexual connection, to mate ‣ Sapir 1931: 576
Southern Paiute naɯkaī <na´ï-χa-i‘> has sexual connection ‣ Sapir 1931: 576
Takic
Serran
Serrano naʳtᶴḵ stick together; copulate ‣ kch
293
na-21 na-22
na-21 woman (Miller 1967: 472a *nawi, 472b *na) (cf. no-11) [Jane Hill: perhaps of Yukuts origin; cf. the
Yokuts possessive prefix na- 'my']
Numic *na(C)i girl/young woman ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (105)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nawipi(nttˢi) | naipin <nawipin(ttsi) | naipin> teenage girl,
young woman, unmarried woman ‣ Dayley 1989: 142
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone naipin <nai-pin> girl ‣ Crapo 1976: 56
Western Shoshone nepin <naipin> teenage girl, young lady ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 274
Western Shoshone neʔpin <nai'pin> little girl ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 274
Shoshone naipin <na̅� ̅-pin> girl ‣ Miller 1972: 120
Comanche naiʔpi | naiʔppi ̥ <naiʔbi | naiʔpi ̱> young woman (to about fifteen years old) ‣ Robinson
& Armagost 1990: 51
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu naʔāttˢi <naʔaa-ci> little girl ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 235
Kawaiisu naʔētˢitˢi <naʔee-či-či> young girl ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 235
Chemehuevi naintˢi <náintsi ̥> maiden ‣ K. Hill 1969: 18
Southern Paiute naʔaintˢitˢi <na’aí-ntsɩ-ts·> little girl ‣ Sapir 1931: 576
Southern Ute naʔatᶴitᶴi <na?á-ci-ci ̱> young girl, between 5 years and teenage ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979: 140
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nātˢat <nātsat, nats̅ at> little girl ‣ Anderton 1988: 415
Serrano nāʃt girl ‣ kch
Serrano nāʳhtᶳ young woman (cf. nɯ̄ ʳht woman) ‣ kch
Cupan *nawi ̱-l | *naw�̄-ḻ <*nawí-l | *nawí:-l> girl/young woman ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (49)
Luiseño naw�̄ḻ <nawí·-l> young woman ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño na̱wiʎ <na̱wi-ly> young lady ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla na̱wiʃmal <náwišmal> girl ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 123
Cahuilla na̱wiʃmaʎ <náwiš-maly> girl ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 366 [with diminutive palatalization]
Cahuilla na̱wel <náwe-l> girl (intimate) (na̱wisal <náwisal> (most intimate)) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979:
123
na-22 sing (Miller 1967: 378 *na (and *ne ?)) (see also nE-04)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) nawahi ̱ <nahuají> cantar, entonar himnos «sing, intone hymns» ‣ Hilton
1959: 48
294
na-23 na-24
na-23 six (cf. na-25; cf. pa-23)

Northern Uto-Aztecan *na-pāhi twice-three ‣ kch
Numic *nā(h)pahi <*naa(h)pahi> six ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (104)
Western Numic
Western Mono napahi ̱ī | napahi ̱ttu <nabahi ̱-i | nabahi ̱-tU> six ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 84
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nāpai | nahapai <naapai | nahapai> six, sixth, six times ‣
Dayley 1989: 118
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nāhpaihtɯn <naahpaih-tyn> six ‣ Crapo 1976: 55
Western Shoshone nāhpehtɯn <naahpaihten> six ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272
Shoshone nāhpaihtɯn <naahpa̅� ̅h-ten> six ‣ Miller 1972: 119
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu napahaju <na-vaha-yu> six ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 238
Chemehuevi napa- <na'va> six ‣ Press 1979: 152
Southern Paiute napai- <navai-> six ‣ Sapir 1931: 580
Southern Ute nanāinī <naná ̧a ̧-ini> six ‣ Southern Ute Tribe: 145
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi na̱vaj <navay> six ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi na̱vaj <navay> six ‣ Kalectaca 1979: 173
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nappāj <napa·i> six ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
na-24 four *nāwo <*naawo> four ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 273 (233); *nā-wo twice-two ‣ kch
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nānāw <na·na·u> four ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nāḻ ɶjɶʔ <naalöyo'> four (counting form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi nāḻ ɶjɶm <naalöyöm> four (adjectival form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nao̱ <naó> four ‣ Miller 1996: 362
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) nawo̱ <nahuó> cuatro «four» ‣ Hilton 1959: 48
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve na̱voi <návoi> cuatro «four» ‣ Pennington 1981: 210
Ópata naag <naag> four ‣ Shaul 1983: 112
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) naiki four ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 99
Mayo naiki <naíqui> cuatro «four» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 166
295
na-25 na-26
Tubar
Tubar nariki ̱r <nari-kí-r> cuatro «four» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Nahua *nāwɯ <*naawɨ> four ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (68)
Classical Nahuatl nawi <naui> quatro, o mitia «four; my aunt» ‣ Molina 1571: 64r (cf. pa-21)
Classical Nahuatl nāwi <nāhu(i)> four ‣ Karttunen 1983: 158
Tetelcingo Mexicano nāwi <nöbi ̱> cuatro «four» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 168
Pochutla Mexicano najom <nayóm> cuatro «four» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil nāwi <na:wi> four ‣ Campbell 1985: 361
na-25 twice, double (Miller 1967: 514a *na)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono napahi ̱ī | napahi ̱ttu <nabahi ̱-i | nabahi ̱-tU> six (twice three) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 84
(with pa-23)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nāpai | nahapai <naapai | nahapai> six, sixth, six times ‣
Dayley 1989: 118 (with pa-23)
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nāhpaihtɯn <naahpaih-tyn> six ‣ 55 (with pa-23)
Western Shoshone nāpehtɯn <naahpaihten> six (twice three) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 272 (with pa-
23)
Shoshone nāhpaihtɯn <naahpa̅� ̅h-ten> six ‣ Miller 1972: 119 (with pa-23)
Comanche nāpaittɯ̥ | nāhbaihttɯ̥ <naabaitʉ̱ | naahbaihtʉ̱> six ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 49
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nāḻ ɶjɶʔ <naalöyö'> four (counting form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with wo-01)
Orayvi Hopi nāḻ ɶjɶm <naalöyöm> four (modifier form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi nāḻ ɶjɶm <naalöyöm> four (counting or modifier) ‣ Kalectaca 1979: 173
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) nawo̱ <nahuó> cuatro «four» ("twice two") ‣ Hilton 1959: 48 (with wo-01)
Cora/Huichol
Cora mʷāḵ ʷa <muaacua> cuatro «four» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 145 [cognate?]
Wixarika (Huichol) náuka <náuca> cuatro «four» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 75 (with wo-01)
na-26 get drunk

Tubar
Tubar naham- <najam-> emborracharse «get drunk» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
296
na-27 na-29
na-27 be jealous
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño nāw
̱ in- <ná·win-> to be jealous ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño na̱win <na̱we;‑ine> to be jealous of ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla ‑na̱wān- <‑nawaan-> to be jealous (= ‑náwaan-) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 123
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) naʔivuke <na'ivuke> be jealous ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 98
Mayo naʔivu̱ke <na'ibuque> está celoso «[he] is jealous» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 167
na-28 sumac
Takic
Serran
Serrano nahḵɯʔt sumac ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño na̱qwut <náqwu-t> laurel sumac, Rhus laurina ‣ Bright 1968: 27 (with wE-01)
Cupeño na̱kʷit <na̱kwi-t> sugar bush ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla na̱kʷet <nakwet> sugar bush, Rhus ovata Wats. ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 131
Cahuilla na̱kʷet | na̱qwet <nákʷet | náqwet> sumac (sugar bush) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 119
na-29 meat, flesh

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi naka <nágḁ> mountain sheep ‣ K. Hill 1969: 18
Southern Paiute naka <na(·)x·A> mountain-sheep ‣ Sapir 1931: 581
Southern Ute nakatᶴi <naĝá-ci ̱> bighorn sheep ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 141
Cora/Huichol
Cora naka̱ <nacá> nopal «prickly pear cactus» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 69
Nahua *naka- meat ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (108)
Classical Nahuatl nakatˡ <nacatl> carne «meat» ‣ Molina 1571: 62r
Classical Nahuatl nakatˡ <nac(a)-tl> flesh, meat ‣ Karttunen 1983: 155
Tetelcingo Mexicano nakatˡ <nacatl> carne «meat» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 166
Pochutla Mexicano neket <nequét> carne «meat» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil nakat <naka-t> meat, flesh ‣ Campbell 1985: 358
297
na-30 na-33
na-30 bat
Tepiman *nāka̱mɯri <*naa'kamɨri> bat ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (164a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nanakmɯl <nanakmel> bat ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.101
Pima Bajo nāḵ mil <'naakmil> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (164a)
Northern Tepehuan nākámɯli <naakámɨli> (typed as "maatúmɨli" with "t" corrected to "k") ‣ Bascom
1965: 169 (164a)
Southern Tepehuan na̱kmɯʎ <'nakmɨlʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (164a)
Cora/Huichol [cognate?]
Cora naika <naica> rata, ratón «rat, mouse» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 151
Wixarika (Huichol) náika <náica> ratón «mouse» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 74
na-31 finish
Tepiman *nāṯ o <*'naato> to finish ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (165)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nāto <naato> to make obj, to finish obj, to be through with what one is
doing, to be all set ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.93
Pima Bajo nāt <'naat> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (165)
Northern Tepehuan nāť o <naáto> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (165)
na-32 scorpion
Tepiman *naka̱sɯrai | *naka̱sɯri <*na'kasɨrai/i> scorpion ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (166a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nakʂɯl <nakxel> scorpion ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.99
Pima Bajo na̱kʂil <'nakšị l> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (166a)
Northern Tepehuan nakásɯrai <nakásɨrai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (166a)
Southern Tepehuan na̱ksɯr <'naksɨr> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (166a)
Southeastern Tepehuan na̱ksɯr <[ńak.sïř]> scorpion ‣ Willett 1991: 23
na-33 pay
Tepiman *namɯ̱ ki(‑) <*na'mɨki(‑)> to pay ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (167)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) namkid to pay obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.100
Pima Bajo na̱mki- <'namki-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (167)
Northern Tepehuan ‑namɯ́ ki <‑nam� ́ki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (167)
Southern Tepehuan na̱mki- <'namki-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (167)
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡanamaka <namaca.nitla> vender algo «sell something» ‣ Molina 1571: 62v
Classical Nahuatl namaka <namaca> to sell something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 158
Tetelcingo Mexicano kinamaka <qui ̱namaca> lo vende «[he] sells it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 192
Pipil namaka to sell ‣ Campbell 1985: 358
298
na-34 na-37
na-34 beer (cf. na-05)

Tepiman *nava̱itai | nava̱iti <*na'vaitai/i> beer ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (168)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) navait saguaro cactus wine; wine ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.106
Northern Tepehuan naváíci <naváítʸi> corn liquor ‣ Bascom 1982: 273
Southern Tepehuan nava̱ic <na'vaitʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965
na-35 meet
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) namk- <namk-> to meet obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.100
Nahua *nāmɯktia <*naamɨktia> marry ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (106)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡamiktia | nitenamiktia | nitˡanamiktia <namictia.nino | namictia.nite |
namictia.nitla> caſarſe | caſar a otro | juntar o ygualar vna coſa con otra, o declarar ſueños «get
married | marry someone | join or equalize one thing with another, explain dreams» ‣ Molina 1571:
62v
Classical Nahuatl nāmiktia <nāmictiā> to get married, to come together with someone for some
purpose; to marry someone off, to join two things together or to even things off ‣ Karttunen 1983: 158
Tetelcingo Mexicano kināmikti <qui ̱nömiqui ̱> lo encuentra «[he] meets him» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 194
Tetelcingo Mexicano kināmiktia <qui ̱nömi ̱cti ̱a> la casa (mujer con hombre) «[he] marries her» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano namokti <namoctí> casarse «get married» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil nāmiki <na:miki> to meet someone, to encounter ‣ Campbell 1985: 358
Pipil nāmiktia <na:miktia> to marry, to get married ‣ Campbell 1985: 359
na-36 be crowded
Takic
Serran
Serrano nātᶴaʔ be crowded ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño na̱tᶴa- <náča-> to be too tight, to fail to fit ‣ Bright 1968: 26
na-37 change
Takic
Serran
Serrano naminkin change into ‣ kch
Cupan
299
na-38 na-41
Luiseño nām
̱ a/i- <ná·ma/i-> to go across, pass over (intr.); to cross an area (tr.) ‣ Bright 1969: 26
Cupeño na̱min <na̱me;‑ine> to cross over ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla ‑na̱mi- <‑námi-> to cross (road, river), to go over ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 119
na-38 pass
Takic
Serran
Serrano naḵɯtᶳḵ pass ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño nāx
̱ tᶴin <na̱axchine;‑0> to pass, pass on, spend a period of time ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
164
na-39 cane, staff

Takic
Cupan *nāx
̱ a-t <*ná:xa-t> cane ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (20)
Luiseño nāx
̱ ut <ná·xu-t> walkingstick ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño na̱xat <na̱xa-t> staff, cane ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla na̱xat <náxa-t> cane, stick ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 124
na-40 magic
Takic
Cupan *nāv̱ i-ʃ <*ná:vi-š> magic ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (67)
Luiseño nāv̱ iʃ <ná·vi-š> a charm used to bewitch someone; a kind of plant used as such a charm
‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño na̱vjəniʔiʃ <na̱vyeni'i-sh> omen ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 164
Cahuilla nāv̱ iʃ <náaviš> poison (unexpected long vowel) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 122
na-41 shake from side to side

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ŋaja̱jata <ngayayata> be swaying, rocking from side to side ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ŋa̱ja/i‑ <ŋáya/i-> be winnowed with a rotary movement (intr.); to winnow (tr.) ‣ Bright
1968: 29
Cupeño ŋa̱j- <nga̱ye;‑yaxe> to shake head ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
300
nE-01 nE-02
Cahuilla ‑ŋa̱ja- <‑ŋáya-> to shake head (saying "No") ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 133
nE-01 see (Miller 1967: 366 *ne)

Tepiman *nɯ̄ da̱(‑) <*nɨɨ'da(‑)> to look ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (177)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲɯid <ñeid> to see, to look at, watch obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.116
Pima Bajo nɯidᶾ- <nɨij-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (177)
Northern Tepehuan nɯiɉá- <nɨidʸá-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (177)
Southern Tepehuan nɯ̱ iɉa- <'nɨidʸa-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (177)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío neʔne̱na <neʔné-na> to see something, someone ‣ Miller 1996: 364
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ʔne̱ <'né | 'ne> ver | mirar, observar «see | look at, observe» (It is unclear
what is represented by the difference between the accented and unaccented vowel in these monosyllables.) ‣
Hilton 1959: 51
Tubar
Tubar njere̱- | njera- <nyeré- | nyera-> mirar «look» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 77
nE-02 liver (Miller 1967: 265 *nema) *nɯma <*nïma> liver ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 204; *nɯsma
<*nɨsma> liver ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (89)
Numic *nɯmɯⁿ <*nəməN> liver ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (124)
Western Numic
Western Mono nɯ̱ wɯ̄ <nɨw
̱ ɨ> liver ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 110
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯmɯ(ttˢi) <nümü(ttsi)> liver ‣ Dayley 1989: 166
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nɯmɯn <nymyn> liver ‣ Crapo 1976: 62
Western Shoshone nɯwɯn <newen> liver ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 275
Shoshone nɯwɯn <newen> liver ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Comanche mɯ̄ mɯ̥ <nʉʉmʉ̱> liver (requires possessor) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 70
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nɯwɯbi | nɯwɯmpi <nɨwɨ-bi | nɨwɨ-mbi> liver (the organ); a little bird ‣ Zigmond et al.
1990: 242
Chemehuevi nɯwɯmpi <nəwə́mpi ̥> liver ‣ K. Hill 1969: 21
Chemehuevi nɯwɯni <nəwə́ni> my liver, soul, spirit ‣ K. Hill 1969: 21
Southern Paiute nɯmumpi <nɩŋwu´-mpI> liver ‣ Sapir 1931: 586
Southern Ute nūppɯ <núu-pu̧ > liver ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 148
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɯ̱̄ ma <nuuma> liver ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nɯ̄ mal <nɨ·ma-l> the liver ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
301
nE-03 nE-03
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nɯmātˢ <nəmāts> liver ‣ Anderton 1988: 431
Serrano nɯmɯitᶴ liver (absolutive) ‣ kch
Serrano ‑nɯm liver (possessed) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ‑nō̱ma <-nó·ma> liver ‣ Bright 1968: 28
Cupeño ‑nə̱ma <‑ne̱ma> liver ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla -ne̱mʔa <‑némʔa> liver ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 126
Tepiman *nɯ̱ ma | *nɯma̱dɯ <*'nɨma | *nɨ'madɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (178)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲɯm <ñem> liver ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.119
Pima Bajo ‑nɯm <‑'nɨm> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (178)
Northern Tepehuan ‑nɯ́ ma | nɯmádɯ <‑n� ́ma | nɨmádɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (178)
Southern Tepehuan ‑lumād
̱ <‑lu'maad> (sic, with ‑lu-) ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (178)
Guariío/Rarámuri [cognate?]
Guarijío ema̱ <emá> liver ‣ Miller 1996: 335
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ama̱ | ima̱ <amá | imá> hígado «liver» ‣ Hilton 1959: 103
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hema̱t <hemát> hígado «liver» ‣ Pennington 1981: 185
Ópata hema <gema> liver ‣ Shaul 1983: 114
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hēmam <heemam> liver ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 48
Mayo hēmam <jeémam> higado «liver» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 149
Cora/Huichol
Cora nēm
̱ ʷa <neemua> hígado «liver» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 154
Wixarika (Huichol) néma <néma> hígado «liver» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 77
nE-03 tongue (Miller 1967: 441a *neni, 441b *nan) *lVnVn tongue ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203; *lɯŋi
<*lɨŋi> tongue ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (94)
Hopi [initial l and the vowel e are both unexpected]
Orayvi Hopi le̱ŋi <lengi> tongue ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi le̱ŋi <lengi> tongue ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 196
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal lalant tongue (possibly related to the Hopi form) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nɯŋitᶳ <nəŋitʃr> tongue ‣ Anderton 1988: 431
Serrano naŋatᶴ tongue (vowel a is unexpected; but cf. Tübatulabal lalant, above)) ‣ kch
302
nE-04 nE-04
Tongva (Gabrielino) nenō̱ŋen <nenóoŋen> my tongue ‣ Harrington notes 592
Cupan
Cupeño ‑nəŋʔa | ‑nəŋ <‑neng'a | ‑neng> tongue ‣ Hill & Nolasques 1973: 165
Cahuilla he̱naŋiʎ, ‑naŋ <hé-naŋ-il,̃ ‑naŋ> tongue ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 121
Tepiman *nɯ̱̄ ni <*'nɨɨni/i (sic)> tongue ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (182a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲɯ̄ ɲ <ñeeñ> tongue of a person ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.115
Pima Bajo nɯ̄ ɲ <'nɨɨñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (182a)
Northern Tepehuan -nɯ̄̌ nɯ <‑nɨ� ́nɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (182a)
Southern Tepehuan nɯ̄ n <'nɨɨn> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (182a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío jeni ̱ <yení> lengua «tongue» ‣ Miller 1996: 414
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve nene̱t <nenét> lengua «tongue» ‣ Pennington 1981: 212
Ópata nene tongue ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nini tongue ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 104
Mayo ninni lengua «tongue» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 168
Tubar
Tubar nini ̱r <niní-r> lengua «tongue» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Cora/Huichol
Cora nanu̱ri <nanuri> lengua «tongue» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 151
Wixarika (Huichol) nēní <neení> lengua «tongue» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 77
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nenepilli <nenepilli> lengua «tongue» ‣ Molina 1571: 68r
Classical Nahuatl nenepilli <nenepil-li> tongue ‣ Karttunen 1983: 168
Tetelcingo Mexicano īnenepil <inenepi ̱l> su lengua «his tongue» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 132
Pipil ‑nenepil tongue ‣ Campbell 1985: 365
nE-04 song (Miller 1967: 378 *na (and *ne ?)) (see also na-22)
Tepiman *nɯ̱ ʔi- <*'nɨ?i-> song ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (180); *nɯ̱ ʔɯi <*'nɨ?ɨi> to sing, dance ‣ Bascom
1965: 170 (181)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲɯʔi <ñeʔi> song ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.124
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲɯʔɯ <ñeʔe> to sing (and dance) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.123
Pima Bajo nɯiʔ | nɯʔ <nɨi? | 'nɨ?> song ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (180)
Pima Bajo nɯʔ- <'nɨʔ-> to sing, dance ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (181)
Northern Tepehuan nɯ́ í <n� ́í> song ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (180)
Northern Tepehuan ‑nɯ́ i <‑n� ́i> to sing, dance ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (181)
Southern Tepehuan ‑nɯ̄ ʔ <‑'nɨɨ?> to sing, dance ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (181)
303
nE-05 nE-07
nE-05 fly, jump (Miller 1967: 184 *ne) *nɯʔi <*nɨʔi> to fly ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (90)
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲɯ̄ ɲɯʔɯ <ñeeñeʔe> to jump ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.115
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío neʔina̱ <neʔi-ná> to fly, jump ‣ Miller 1996: 364
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) iʔni ̱ <i'ní> volar «fly» ‣ Hilton 1959: 38
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve me̱en <méen> volar «fly» ‣ Pennington 1981: 203 [cognate? initial m is unexpected]
Ópata nis fly (verb) ‣ Shaul 1983: 112
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ne̓ <né'e> be flying ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 103
Mayo ne̓je <né'eye> vuela, está volando «fly, is flying» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 168
nE-06 make a basket (Miller 1967: 24 *ne)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯhai | nɯhe <nühai | nühe> make baskets; weave finely ‣
Dayley 1989: 164
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nehe- <nehe-> to make a coiled basket ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 240
Chemehuevi nɯŋa- <nɨ'nga> weave basket ‣ Press 1979: 152
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nɯʔ <nəʔ, n̅əʔ> weave a basket ‣ Anderton 1988: 429
Serrano nɯ̄ ʔ make a basket ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño nə̄ <ne̱e;‑0> to make a basket ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla ‑neh‑ <‑néh-> to make a basket ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 125
nE-07 older maternal aunt, mother's older sister (Miller 1967: 501 *ne (*nes ?))
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nɯm <nɨm> aunt (only in the English-Kitanemuk list; no Harrington spelling provided) ‣
Anderton 1988: 598
Serrano ‑nɯm older parallel aunt: MoOlSi, MoOlF//Co, FaOlBrWi, FaOl//CoWi; reciprocal:
woman's younger parallel nibling ‣ kch
304
nE-08 nE-09
Cupan
Luiseño -nuʂ <‑núṣ> aunt, i.e., mother's older sister (vowel is wrong) ‣ Bright 1968: 28
Cupeño ‑nəʂ <‑ne̱s̷h> mother's older sister ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla ‑nes <‑nes> aunt, i.e., mother's elder sister ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 127
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nehsa̱ <nehsá> aunt; nephew, niece: MoOlSi; Woman's YoSiCh ‣ Miller 1996: 364
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ne̓sa <ne'esa> mother's older sister ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 103
Mayo ne̓sa <né'esa> tía «aunt» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 218
nE-08 dance (Miller 1967: 121 *neka)

Numic *nɯhka <*nəhka> dance ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (120)
Western Numic
Western Mono nɯka- <nɨga-> to dance ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 107
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯkka <nükka(n)> dance ‣ Dayley 1989: 165
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nɯkkah <nykkah> to dance ‣ Crapo 1976: 61
Western Shoshone nɯkkah <nekkah> dance (vi.) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 275
Shoshone nɯkka <nekka> to dance ‣ Miller 1972: 121
Comanche nɯhkatɯ <nʉhkarʉ> dance (v) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 67
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nɯkka- <nɨka-> to dance ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 241
Chemehuevi nɯkkappɯ <nəkápə̥> wardance; ghostdance ‣ K. Hill 1969: 20
Chemehuevi nɯkkappi <nəkápi ̥> ghostdance ‣ K. Hill 1969: 20
nE-09 live, walk (Miller 1967: 263a *nem-i) *nɯmi <*nɨmi> to walk around, live ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
144 (171)
Numic *nɯmi <*nəmi> walk/wander/live ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (123)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute nɯmi <nɨmi> move about/walk/go ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 63
Western Mono nɯ̄ mɯtɯwa- <nɨɨmɨdɨwa-> to survive (a tragedy or accident) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
109
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯmmi <nümmi> walk around, roam, wander, live (in a
traditional lifeway) ‣ Dayley 1989: 165
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nɯmih <nymih> to live, to wander, to travel (sg. subj.) ‣ Crapo
1976: 61
305
nE-10 nE-10
Western Shoshone nɯmi <nemi> travel, wander; live ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 275
Shoshone nɯmi <nemiH> to move around, to roam, to wander; to survive, to make a living in
the aboriginal fashion of hunting and gathering; to live (sg. subj.) (cf. pl. subj. jɯnka <yenkaH>) ‣
Miller 1972: 121 (cf. jE-07)
Comanche nɯmitɯ <nʉmirʉ> able to walk, move around (as a child learning or a person who
has been ill) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 68
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ‑nɯma <‑numa> circumgressive suffix ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nɯm <nəm, n̅əm> walk (vi.), walk on (vt.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 430
Serrano nɯm walk, walk around, walk along ‣ kch
Serrano nɯhnɯm be walking ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) noŋ�̄ro
̱ <noŋíiro> voy andar «will walk» (‑ŋ- is unexpected) ‣ Harrington notes
372
Cupan
Luiseño mon- | munā-̱ <món- | muná·-> to travel, come, walk, go ‣ Bright 1968: 24 [cognate?
metathesis of n, m?]
Cupeño nə̱nmin <ne̱nmi;‑ine> to chase (reduplicated, causative of *nɯmi) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
165
Cahuilla ‑ne̱m- <‑ném-> to walk around ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 126
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ninemi <nemi.ni> biuir, o morar «live, reside» ‣ Molina 1571: 67r
Classical Nahuatl ninenemi <nenemi.ni> andar, o caminar «walk» ‣ Molina 1571: 68r
Classical Nahuatl nemi <nem(i)> to live ‣ Karttunen 1983: 165
Classical Nahuatl neʔnami <nehnem(i)> to go along, to walk, to wander ‣ Karttunen 1983: 165
Tetelcingo Mexicano nemi <nemi ̱> vive, existe, mora «[he] lives, exists, resides» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 167
Tetelcingo Mexicano nehnemi <nejnemi ̱> anda, camina «[he] walks» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 167
Pipil nemi to be, to exist (there is/are) ‣ Campbell 1985: 365
Pipil nehnemi to walk ‣ Campbell 1985:
nE-10 person (Miller 1967: 263b [no reconstruction]) *nɯm <*nï'm> human being (the apostrophe appears
to be extraneous) ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201
Numic *nɯ(h)mɯ <*nə(h)mə> person/Indian ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (122)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute nɯmɯ <nɨmɨ> Indian | people ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 14 | 23
306
nE-11 nE-12
Western Mono nɯ̱̄ mmɯ̄ <nɨɨmƗ> person; Indian; Mono Indian; Mono language ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 109
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯmɯ <nümü> person, people, human, Indian, Shoshone
‣ Dayley 1989: 166
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯmɯa <nümüa> body, skin ‣ Dayley 1989: 166
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nɯmɯ <nymy> Indian ‣ Crapo 1976: 62
Western Shoshone nɯmɯ | nɯwɯ <neme | newe> person, people, Indian, Shoshoni ‣ Crum &
Dayley 1993: 275
Shoshone nɯwɯ <newe> person; Indian ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nɯwɯ <nɨwɨ> person, Indian, Kawaiisu ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 242
Chemehuevi nɯwɯ <nə́wə̥> person ‣ K. Hill 1969: 21
Southern Paiute numɯntˢi <nɩŋwï´-nts·> person, Indian ‣ Sapir 1931: 585
Southern Ute nūtᶴi <núu-ci ̱> Ute person, Indian person; used to mean human and many of its
derivatives are based on that meaning ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 147
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nɯmʔmɯ̓ kat <nï´m’mï´'ïga´t> he is killing a human being ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 91
(with mE-03)
nE-11 snow (Miller 1967: 398 *nepa) <*nɨpaR> ‣ AMR; *nɯspa <*nɨspa> snow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144
(160)
Numic *nɯpa <*nəpa> snow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (126)
Western Numic
Western Mono nɯpa̱pī <nɨba̱bi> snow ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 107
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nɯpapi <nɨva-vi> snow ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 242
Chemehuevi nɯpapi <nəvávi ̥> snow ‣ K. Hill 1969: 21
Southern Paiute nɯpaʔumaʔjikkʷa <nïvʷa(·)´-’uŋwa(i)-’yɩ-q·WA> it is snowing ‣ Sapir 1931: 587
Southern Ute nɯpapɯ <nu̧ vu̧ á-vu̧ > snow ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 149
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɯ̱ va <nuva> snow ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nɯpal <nübal> snow ‣ Kreober 1907: 79
nE-12 blow (wind)

Numic *nɯe <*nəe> wind/blow (of wind) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (119)
307
nE-13 nE-14
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯe | nɯai <nüe" | nüai"> blow, be windy ‣ Dayley 1989:
164
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nɯai <nyai"> to blow (of wind) ‣ Crapo 1976: 61
Western Shoshone nɯe <neai"> blow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 274
Shoshone nɯai | nɯe <neai> to blow (of the wind) ‣ Miller 1972: 121
Comanche nɯettɯ <nʉetʉ> blow (as wind) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 67
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi nɯkatɯ <nɨ'gar(ɨ)> air/wind ‣ Press 1979: 152
Southern Paiute nɯaʔjɯkkwa <nïa(i)´-’yɩ-q·WA> it (inv.) is blowing ‣ Sapir 1931: 585
Southern Paiute nɯatɯ <nïa´-RÏ> blowing, wind ‣ Sapir 1931: 585
Southern Ute nɯ̱ aī <nú̧ ay> be windy, be blowing wind (initial stress is unexpected) ‣ Southern Ute
Tribe 1979: 148
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño nō̱ʂawut <nó·ṣa-wu-t> wind (ceremonial word) ‣ Bright 1968: 28
nE-13 chest
Numic *nɯŋa(h)pɯ(h) <*nəŋa(h)pə(h)> chest ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (125)
Western Numic
Western Mono nɯ̱̄ mmɯ <nɨɨmƗ> body (of living and non-living objects), torso, upper body ‣
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nɯŋappɯh <nüngappüh> rib cage area just below the
breasts ‣ Dayley 1989: 167
Western Shoshone nɯŋkappɯh | nɯnnappɯh <nenkappeh | nennappeh> chest ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 275
Shoshone nɯnkappɯh <nenka-ppeh> chest ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi nɯŋappɯ <nəŋápə̥> pecho «chest» ‣ K. Hill 1969:
Southern Ute nɯ̱ apɯ <nú̧ a-vu̧ > chest, breast (initial stress is unexpected) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
148
nE-14 chief
Takic *nEp ‣ kch
Serran
Serrano pɯ̄ nɯp <Peenep> their Lord (pɯ̄ - their) ‣ Ramón & Elliott 2000: 7
308
nE-15 nE-16
Tongva (Gabrielino) nōt | nō̱ta <noot | noota> capt. (capitán) «"captain": leader of a lineage» ‣
Cupan *nə̱̄-ta <*nə́:-ta> chief ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (24)
Luiseño nōt | nō̱ta <nó·-t | nó·-ta> ceremonial leader, chief; a type of soft stone said to have
magical properties ‣ Bright 1968: 28
Cupeño nət <ne̱t> chief of lineage, "captain" ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla net <nét> chief of the clan, moderator of a fiesta ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 127
nE-15 wait
Tepiman *nɯnɯ̱ ra- <*nɨ'nɨra-> to wait ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (179)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲɯ̄ nɖa <ñeenḑa> to wait for obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.115
Pima Bajo nɯnr- <'nɨnr-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (179)
Northern Tepehuan nɯnɯ́ ra- <nɨn� ́ra-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (179)
Southern Tepehuan nɯ̱̄ ra- <'nɨɨra-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (179)
nE-16 I *nɯʔ <*nɨʔ> I ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (247) [Miller 1988 grammatica pr-01]
Numic *nɯ <*nə> I ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (118)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute nɯ <nɨ> I ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 12
Central Numic
Comanche nɯʔ <nʉʔ> I ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 70
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi nɯ̄ <'nɨɨ> I ‣ Press 1979: 152
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɯʔ | nɯ̱̄ ʔɯ <nu' | nuu'u> I | I (pausal form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi nɯʔ | nɯ̱̄ ʔɯ <neʔ | ne·ʔe> I | I (pausal form) ‣ Whorf 1946: 166
Songoopavi Hopi nɯʔ <nu’> I ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 96 (11)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nɯ̄ <nï·´> I ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 11.9
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nɯʔ <nəʔ> I ‣ Anderton 1988: 429
Serrano nɯ̄ ʔ I ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nō̱maʔ <nṓma'> I ‣ Harrington notes 240
Tongva (Gabrielino) nō <noo> yo «I» ‣ Harrington notes 253
309
nE-17 nE-17
Cupan
Luiseño nō <nó·> I ‣ Bright 1968: 28
Cupeño nəʔ <ne’> [I] ‣ J. Hill 2005: 233
Tepiman *ān ̱ iʔi <*'?aanɨ?ɨ | *'?aani?i> I ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (295)
̱ ɯʔɯ | *ān
Tohono O'odham (Papago) āɲiʔi | āɲi <ʔaañi(ʔi)> I, me ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.371
Pima Bajo a̱ni <'?ani> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (295)
Northern Tepehuan āň i <aáni> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (295)
Southern Tepehuan āɲ
̱ iʔ <'?aañi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (295)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nee̱ <neé> I ‣ Miller 1996: 364
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve nē <nee> yo «I» ‣ Pennington 1981: 58
Ópata ne I ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cora/Huichol
Cora nē | i ̱nē <neé | ínee> yo «I» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: xiii, 136
Wixarika (Huichol) nḗ <née> pronombre de la 1ª persona singular «1st person singular pronoun» ‣
Nahua *nəh I ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (89)
Classical Nahuatl ne | nehwatˡ <ne | nehuatl> yo «I» ‣ Molina 1571: 64r | 65v
Classical Nahuatl neʔ | neʔwātˡ <neh | nehhuātl> I ‣ Karttunen 1983: 161
Tetelcingo Mexicano naha <naja> yo, mi «I, my» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 166
Pochutla Mexicano nen yo «I» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil naha I ‣ Campbell 1985: 357
nE-17 me [Miller 1988 grammatica set pr-01]

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɯj | nɯ̱̄ jɯ <nuy | nuuyu> me | me (pausal form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi nɯj | nɯ̱̄ jɯ <ney | ne·ye> me | me (pausal form) ‣ Whorf 1946: 166
Musangnuvi Hopi nɯj <nuy> me ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 90 (102)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nɯj <nəj> me ‣ Anderton 1988: 429
Serrano nɯ̄ j me ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nej <ney,̥ neiç, ney> me ‣ Harrington notes 255
Cupan
Luiseño nej <néy> [me] ‣ Bright 1968: 28
Cupeño nə̱ʔəj <ne’e-y> me ‣ J. Hill 2005: 233
310
nE-18 ni-01
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve netˢ <netz> me (dativo y acusativo) «me (dative and accusative)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 58
Cora/Huichol
Cora i ̱nētˢi <íneetzi> yo [forma] posesiva ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: xiii
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl netᶴ- <nech> en compoſicion. quiere dezir ami «in composition, it means me» ‣
Molina 1571: 64v
Classical Nahuatl nētᶴ- <nēch-> me ‣ Karttunen 1983: 161
Tetelcingo Mexicano ‑nētᶴ- <‑niech-> a mí «me» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 260
Pochutla Mexicano nitᶴ <nich> él—me «he—me» ‣ Boas 1917: 17
Pochutla Mexicano niʃmeʃtík <nixmextíc> me enseñó «[he] taught me» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil ‑netᶴ- <‑nech-> me ‣ Campbell 1985: 55
nE-18 impersonal object prefix

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɯ- | nɯɦ- <nu- | nùu-> impersonal object prefix ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ne- nonspecific reflexive object prefix ‣ Karttunen 1983: 160
ni-01 talk (Miller 1967: 432a *niok or *neok ?, 432b) *niʔoka call, name, speak ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978:
271 (211)
Numic
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ni- <ni"-> pertaining to voice (verb prefix) ‣ Crapo 1976: 59
Western Shoshone nīkʷi <niikwi"> say, tell, mean ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 275
Shoshone nīkʷi <niikwiH> to say, to tell (tr.) ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Tepiman *ni ̱okai | ni ̱oki <*'niokai/i> to talk ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (170a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲiok <ñiok> to talk, to speak ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.131
Pima Bajo nōk- <'nook-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (170a)
Northern Tepehuan ɲíókai <ñíókai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (170a)
Southern Tepehuan ɲioki ̱- <ñio'ki-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (170a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) neʔoga̱ <ne'ogá> voz «voice» ‣ Hilton 1959: 52
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ne̱hren <néhren> hablar «talk» ‣ Pennington 1981: 211
Ópata niwa <nigua> speak ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
311
ni-02 no-01
Tubar
Tubar njoka- <nyo̧ka-> hablar «talk» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 75
Cora/Huichol
Cora niū̱kari <niuúcari> idioma, palabra «language, word» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 156
Wixarika (Huichol) niuka- <niuca=> hablar «talk» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 80
ni-02 call, name

Numic *ni(C)a | nih- call/name (vb.); voice/speech (pref.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (117)
Western Numic
Western Mono nija- <niya-> to name ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 106
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nija | niha <niya | niha> name ‣ Dayley 1989: 151
Western Shoshone niha | nihja <niha | nihya> name ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 275
Shoshone niha | nihja <niha | nihya> name ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Comanche nihakɯtɯ <nihakʉrʉ> name someone, read (as a book) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
63
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nijāpi <niyaa-vi> name ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 240
Chemehuevi niā <niʲá‘> name ‣ K. Hill 1969: 22
Southern Paiute niani <nɩ(y)α´-nI> call me (by name) ‣ Sapir 1931: 583
Southern Paiute niāni <nɩ(y)a·´-nI, nɩa·´-nI> my name ‣ Sapir 1931: 583
Southern Ute ni ̱ā <níaa> name (n.) (unexpected initial stress) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 146
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nao̱sani <naósa-ni> to talk ‣ Miller 1996: 362
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) neʔo̱ <ne’ó> hablar «to talk» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 98
Nahua *nōtˢa <*nooȼa> call (speak) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (24)
Classical Nahuatl nitenotˢa <notza.nite> citar, o llamar a alguno, o hablar con otro «summon or
call someone, talk with someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 74r
Classical Nahuatl nōtˢa <nōtz(a)> to call or summon someone, to talk to someone ‣ Karttunen 1983:
174
Tetelcingo Mexicano kinōtˢa <qui ̱nutza> lo llama, le platica, le habla a la querida «[he] calls him,
converses with him, talks with his sweetheart» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 194
Pochutla Mexicano nutˢa <nutzá> llamar «call, name» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil nūtˢa <nu:tsa> to speak ‣ Campbell 1985: 369
no-01 bend (Miller 1967: 36 *no)

Hopi
312
no-02 no-03
Orayvi Hopi nɶ̱ mɶ <nömö> fold up ‣ Hopi Dictionary

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nōmk <nom̥ k> fold ‣ Anderton 1988: 433
Serrano nōʳmḵ bend ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ne̱ma/i- <néma/i-> to recur, return, come back (intr.); to repeat, to bend, to string a
bow (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cahuilla ‑ni ̱mi- <‑ními-> to bend (limbs of tree, finger) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 128
no-02 return, turn, bend *ŋola | *ŋowa | *ŋowi | *ŋoŋowa | *ŋoŋowi <*ŋola | *(ŋo)ŋowa | *(ŋo)ŋowi>
to return, bend, coil ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (152)
Tepiman *nora̱gi- <*no'ragi-> to go back ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (173a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) noɖ <noḑ> to bend obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.108
Tohono O'odham (Papago) noɖag- | noɖg- <noḑ(a)g-> to turn, to make a turn in a certain direction
‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.108
Northern Tepehuan norági- <norági-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (173a)
Southern Tepehuan no̱rgi- <'norgi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (173a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío noʔla̱ni <noʔlá-ni> to go someplace and return ‣ Miller 1996: 365
Guarijío norina̱ <nori-ná> to circle, walk around something ‣ Miller 1996: 365
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) nori ̱ <norí> vuelta «turn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 54
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve noro̱n <norón> volverse «return» ‣ Pennington 1981: 213
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl noliwi <noliui> entortarſe alguna coſa aſsi «bend something» ‣ Molina 1571: 73r
no-03 egg (Miller 1967: 154 *no) *nok egg, fetus ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *no- egg ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
141 (96)
Numic *no(jo) <*no(yo)> egg/house/dwelling ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (115)
Western Numic
Western Mono no̱jō <no̱yo> egg ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 113
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nojopin <noyopin> egg ‣ Dayley 1989: 159
Western Shoshone nojo <noyo> egg; testicle ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 276
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nojo egg, testicle ‣ Crapo 1976: 60
Shoshone nojo <noyo> egg; testicle ‣ Miller 1972: 123
Comanche nōjo̥ <nooyo̱> egg ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 66
313
no-04 no-04
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu noppapi | nopopi | nopponiʔi- <nopa-vi | nopo-vi | nopo-niʔi=> egg ‣ Zigmond et al.
1990: 244
Chemehuevi noppapi <nopávi ̥> egg ‣ K. Hill 1969: 22
Southern Ute nappāpi <napáa-vi ̱> egg (sic, with na‑) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 143
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɶ̱ hɯ <nöhu> egg, ovum ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *nono̱ho <*no'noho> egg ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (172)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nonha egg(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.111
Northern Tepehuan ‑nóno <‑nóno> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (172)
Southern Tepehuan nanō̱ <na'noo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 169 (172)
Cora/Huichol
Cora nu̱ʔe <nu'e> pone (gallina) «(hen) lays an egg» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 157
no-04 pregnant
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono noʔa̱ppe <no'a̱pE> afterbirth ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 113
Western Mono no̱ʔā <no̱'a> roe, fish eggs ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 113
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu noʔokatɯ <noʔo-ga-dɨ> one who is pregnant (usually used of animals) ‣ Zigmond et al.
1990: 243
Chemehuevi noʔo <nó’o̥> foetus, embryo ‣ K. Hill 1969: 22
Southern Paiute nōʔotuaī <nɔ·´’ɔrua-i‘> is pregnant, gets pregnant ‣ Sapir 1931: 589
Southern Ute nōkʷaī <nó̧o̧-ĝway> be pregnant ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 146
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɶ̱ ʔjil ̤ti <nö'yìlti> become pregnant ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano nōʳqt pregnant woman ‣ kch
Cupan <*né-t> pregnant ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (102)
Luiseño net <né-t> pregnant woman or female animal ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño nit <ni ̱-t> pregnant woman ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla nit <nít> pregnant woman ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 368
Cahuilla nīt <níit> one who is pregnant ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 128
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) nonha to be pregnant | egg(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.111
314
no-05 no-07
no-05 man's son (Miller 1967: 389 *no)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío noʔno̱ <noʔnó> father of a man ‣ Miller 1996: 365
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) no <no> hijo (en relación al padre) «man's son» ‣ Hilton 1959: 53
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve nono̱wa <nonógua> padre, lo dice el hijo «man's father» ‣ Pennington 1981: 213
no-06 pack, carry on back (Miller 1967: 80 *no)

Numic *nō | noʔo <*no(ʔ)o> carry (on back) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 108 (112)
Western Numic
Western Mono nō- <noo-> to carry, pack, haul ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 111-112
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nō <noo"> carry on the back ‣ Dayley 1989: 154
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nō <noo"> to carry on back, to pack ‣ Crapo 1976: 60
Western Shoshone nō <noo"> carry on back, bring, take; carry in truck ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 276
Shoshone nō <nooG> to carry on the back ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Comanche nōtɯ <noorʉ> to haul away ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 66
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nō- <noo-> to pack or carry on the back ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 243
Chemehuevi nōppi <nṓpi ̥> somebody's pack ‣ K. Hill 1969: 22
Southern Paiute nōī <nɔ·´-i‘> carries on (his) back ‣ Sapir 1931: 587
Southern Ute nōʔwaī <nó̧o̧-ʔway> carry (on back, in hands, on vehicle) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
146
no-07 move (Miller 1967: 295 *nok)

Numic *nihki(ⁿ) <*nuhki(N)> run (off, away)/move/flow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (116)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nukkʷi <nukkwi> run, race, move (of things) ‣ Dayley 1989:
160
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nukkih to run, to go (sg. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 61
Western Shoshone nukki run ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 276
Shoshone nukki to run (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Comanche nihkittɯ <nuhkitʉ> run, run away ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 66
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute nukki-ⁿ <noq·i-ⁿ> to run, to stream, to flow ‣ Sapir 1931: 590
Southern Ute nukkʷiī <nu̱kwí> flow, run (inan. subj.) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 147
315
no-08 no-10
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío nogani ̱ | nogani ̱ <noga-ní | noga-ní> to move, wiggle (sg. or pl. subj.); to walk, pl. subj. ‣
Miller 1996: 365
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) noke̱ <noqué> mover «move (vt.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 53
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) noka̱ <nocá> moverse «move (vi.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 53
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve nomi ̱nan <nomínan> menear «stir, be active» ‣ Pennington 1981: 213
no-08 hand
Tepiman *no̱vi <*'novi> hand ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (174a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) novi ̥ <novï> upper limb (including arm and hand) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.114
Pima Bajo nov <'nov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (174a)
Northern Tepehuan nóvi ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (174a)
Southern Tepehuan nov <'nov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (174a)
Southeastern Tepehuan novidᶾ <[no´viʔñ]> his arm (hand, paw) ‣ Willett 1991: 16
no-09 boil
Numic *no(ʔ)jV | *nu(ʔ)jV <*no(ʔ)yV | *nu(ʔ)yV> boil ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (113)
Central Numic
Comanche noʔjaikɯttɯ <noʔyaikʉtʉ> boil, steam ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 66
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute nujoka- <noyɔ-γa-> to boil (intr.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 590
no-10 roast
Numic *no(h)ko roast meat ‣ Ianucci 1973: 109 (114)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nokkon roast (meat) ‣ Dayley 1989: 153
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nokku <nokkux> to bake, to roast ‣ Crapo 1976: 60
Western Shoshone nokkon | nokkoh roast, bake ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 276
Shoshone nokko <nokkoH> to roast, to bake ‣ Miller 1972: 122
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi nɶq- <nöq-> word-forming element having reference to meat ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi nɶ̱ qkʷivi <nöqkwivi> meat and hominy stew ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nohhot <noh-(ot)> to roast in the ground ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
316
no-11 no-14
no-11 old woman (cf. na-21) [Jane Hill: perhaps of Yukuts origin; cf. the Yokuts possessive prefix na- 'my']
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nohtat <no‘tat, nōtat, nōqtat, nohtat> old woman ‣ Anderton 1988: 432
Serrano nīhtavɯʳtᶳ old woman (first vowel suggests Cupan influence) ‣ kch
Cupan *nēṯ ᶴi-la <*né:či-la> woman ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (140)
Luiseño ne̱ʃla | ne̱ʃmal <néš-la | néš-ma-l> old woman, old female (animal) ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño ni ̱ʃʎuvəl <ni ̱shlyuve-l> old woman ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 165
̃
Cahuilla ni ̱ʃʎuvel <níšluvel> old woman ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 128
no-12 gourd
Takic
Cupan *nēx̱ i-ʃ <*né:xi-š> gourd/squash ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (52)
Luiseño nēx̱ iʃ <néex-ish> wild gourd ‣ Elliot 1999: 603
Cupeño ni ̱xiʃ <ni ̱xi-sh> wild gourds, soap plant ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla ne̱xiʃ <nekhish> Cucurbita foetidissima HBK., Calabazilla, Wild Squash ‣ Bean & Saubel
1972: 57 [e is unexpected. loanword from Luiseño?]
no-13 yucca fruit

Takic
Cupan *nēṉ i-l <*né:ni-l> yucca fruit ‣ Munro 1990: 249 (142)
Luiseño nēṉ il <né·ni-l> fruit of the Mohave yucca ‣ Bright 1968: 27
Cupeño ni ̱nmal <ni ̱nma-l> "Date Tree"; the being Washingtonia filifera, at time of creation ‣ Hill
& Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla ni ̱ɲiʎ <ninyily> fruit pods of Mohave Yucca ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 151
̃ fruit pod of yucca, wild bananas (baked in ground, cooked sweet) ‣ Seiler
Cahuilla ni ̱niʎ <nínil>
& Hioki 1979: 128
no-14 bend, turn back, turn (separated from no-02)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) noʔittˢah <no'ittsah> bend, be crooked ‣ Dayley 1989: 153
Hopi
317
nu-01 nu-03
Orayvi Hopi ŋɶ̱ lɶ <ngölö> become bent ‣ Hopi Dictionary [ŋɶlɶ < *ŋɶwɶ < *ŋɶʔɶ < *ŋoʔo, thus
l <*̓ʔ]
Orayvi Hopi ŋɶ̱ la <ngöla> hoop, ring ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nōʔot <no·ʔ-(ot)> to turn back ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Takic
Serran
Serrano ŋoʳhāʳhḵ turn (with forward momentum) ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño ŋij <ngi ̱ye:‑0> to go away, leave ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
Cahuilla ‑ŋi ̱i- | ‑ŋi ̱j- <‑ŋíi‑ | ‑ŋíy-> to go home, to go away ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 135
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) notta return a favor; pay back; take revenge ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 106
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) notte be returning ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 106
Mayo notte regresa, vuelve «return» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 169
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) núitɯa- <núitüa=> hacer volver para atrás «make turn back» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 82
nu-01 lose hair *nuju, *nul <*nuyu, nu-l> caerse el cabello (a Lionnet reconstruction, number (179), cited
by Miller; reference not available (1985: Relaciones internas de la rama sonorense. Amerindia 10: 25-58))
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve nudum <nudu-m> caerse el cabello «lose one's hair» ‣ Lionnet 1986: 96
nu-02 buzzard, vulture (Miller 1967: 68 *nu)

Tepiman buzzard ‣ *nu̱i <*'nui> Bascom 1965: 170 (175)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲuwi ̥ <ñuvï> turkey buzzard ‣ Mathiot 2.135
Pima Bajo nu̱i <'nui> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (175)
Northern Tepehuan nuí ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (175)
Southern Tepehuan nu̱i <'nui> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (175)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ono̱ri <onóri> buzzard ‣ Miller 1996: 367
nu-03 take care of

Tepiman *nūka̱dai <*nuu'kadai> to take care of ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (176)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲūkud <ñuukud> to take care of, look after obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.134
Pima Bajo nūg̱ ud- <'nuugud-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (176)
Northern Tepehuan nūkádai <nuukádai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (176)
Southern Tepehuan nūk
̱ ad <'nuukad> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (176)
318
nu-04 o-01
nu-04 push
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal nūlat <nu·úla´t> he is pushing him ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 110
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño nu̱li- <núli-> to push ‣ Bright 1968: 28
Cupeño nu̱lin <nu̱le;‑ine> to push ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla ‑nu̱ʔuqan- <‑núʔuqan-> to push ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 129 [cognate?]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ɲuʔitᶴkva <ñuʔickva> give obj a push ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.135
nu-05 cross cousin

Takic
Serran
Serrano ‑nuḵuʔ cross cousin (other than MaMXCo, who is ‑puju) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ‑ju̱kʂum <-yúkṣum> cross-cousin (perhaps from denasalization: j‑ < *ɲ-) ‣ Bright 1968: 54
Cupeño ‑nukma cross-cousin ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 165
Cahuilla ‑ɲukʔu <-ñukʔu> cousin ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 131
o-01 bone (Miller 1967: 52 *ʔo, *ʔoho) *oho bone ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 270 (208); *oho <*ʔoho>
bone ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (61)
Numic *oho bone ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (13)
Western Numic
Western Mono o̱hō <o̱ho> bone ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 115
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ōppɯh <ooppüh> strong, sturdy, strength ‣ Dayley 1989:
172
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ōn | ōmpin <oon | oom-pin> leg (knee to ankle) ‣ Crapo 1976: 63
Western Shoshone ōn <oon> leg ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 276
Shoshone ōn <oon> leg (knee to ankle) ‣ Miller 1972: 123
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ohopɯ <ʔoho-vɨ> bone ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 193
Chemehuevi ohopɯ <o'hov(ɨ)> bone ‣ Press 1979: 153
Southern Paiute oopɯ <ɔɔ´-ɸï> bone ‣ Sapir 1931: 592
319
o-01 o-01
Southern Ute oopɯ <?o̧ó̧-vu̧ > bone ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 103
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶ̱̄ qa <ööqa> bone ‣ Hopi Dictionary (perhaps with ka-10)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ōn <o-n> bone ‣ Kroeber 1907: 76
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ōtˢ <óts, ōts> bone, awl ‣ Anderton 1988: 439
Serrano ōʳtᶴ bone, awl ‣ kch
Serrano nɯʔōʳʔ my bone, awl ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʔēʔ̱ en <ni'ée'en> mi hueso ‣ Harrington notes 279
Cupan
Luiseño et, ‑eʔ <ʔé-t, ‑ʔéʔ> foot, leg ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cupeño ti ̱ʔiʎ <ti ̱'i-ly> bone (unexpected ti-) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cahuilla ‑i <‑ʔi> leg, foot; footstep, track ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 63
̃ bone, bones for playing ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 216 (perhaps with tE-12)
Cahuilla te̱ʔiʎ <téʔi-l>
Tepiman *ōʔo̱ino- <*?oo'?oino-> bone ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (324a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōʔo <ʔooʔo> bone(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.469
Pima Bajo ō̱ʔo- <'?oo?o-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (324a)
Northern Tepehuan óji | ṓi <óyi | óói> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (324a)
Southern Tepehuan aʔō̱ <?a'?oo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (324a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oʔa̱ <oʔá> bone ‣ Miller 1996: 367
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) oʔtᶴi ̱ <o'chí> hueso «bone» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 46
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) otᶴi ̱ <ochí> hueso «bone» ‣ Hilton 1959: 55
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ho̱wa <hógua> hueso «bone» ‣ Pennington 1981: 194
Ópata owa bone ‣ Shaul 1983: 108
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ota bone; skeleton; chaff; trunk or stem ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 109
Mayo otta hueso «bone» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 171
Tubar
Tubar hotara̱k | hotara̱t <jo̧-ta-rá-k | jo̧-ta-rá-t> hueso «bone» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 76
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ūmḗ- <úumée-> hueso «bone» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 151
Nahua *ōmV- <*oomV-> bone ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (19)
Classical Nahuatl omitˡ <omitl> hueſſo, aleſna, o punçon «bone, awl, punch» ‣ Molina 1571: 76v
Classical Nahuatl omitˡ <omi-tl> bone, awl ‣ Karttunen 1983: 179
320
o-02 o-03
Tetelcingo Mexicano mimitetˡ <mi ̱mi ̱tetl> hueso «bone» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 142
Pochutla Mexicano ot hueso «bone» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil ūmit <u:mi-t> bone ‣ Campbell 1985: 553
o-02 awl (Miller 1967: 15 *wopi | *(h)opi (?))

Takic
Cupan *ēv̱ i-ʃ <*ʔé:vi-š> awl (Munro 1990: 238 (8))
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ēvtᶴ <eevch> awl ‣ Woodward 2007: 180
Luiseño ēv̱ iʃ | ēv̱ at <ʔé·vi-š | ʔé·va-t> awl ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cupeño i ̱viʃ awl ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla i ̱viʃ <ʔíviš> awl (used for basket making) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 67
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) owidᶾ <ʔovij> awl ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.471
o-03 fierce
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono oho̱pɯ̄ <oho̱bɨ> strong (one) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 115
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ohowa <ʔohowa> fast, loud, strong ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 193
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶ̱̄ va <ööva> be tough, hard-skinned ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ōpān <ʔo·ba·-n> his muscle ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 224
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk aʔōvaʔ <aōva, aʔōvaʔ> force? have strength? ‣ Anderton 1988: 445
Serrano ōʳvaʔ be strong ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño ‑i ̱va <‑i ̱va> strength, power ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla ‑i ̱va- <‑ʔíva‑> to be strong ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 67
Tepiman *ō̱bai <*'?oobai> foreigner, enemy ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (321)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōb <ʔOob> Apache ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.466
Northern Tepehuan ṓbai <óóbai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (321)
Southern Tepehuan ōb <'?oob> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (321)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío obatu̱na <obatú-na> to be wild, ferocious ‣ Miller 1996: 367
321
o-04 o-06
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) oparu̱ <opa-rú> ser brave «be wild, ferocious» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 46
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) aparu̱ <aparú> estar bravo «be wild, ferocious» ‣ Hilton 1959: 6
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ovi ̱wa <ovíhua> enemigo «enemy» ‣ Pennington 1981: 215
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) oviatᶴi <oviachi> difficult, hard; complex, complicated ‣ Molina et al. 1999:
110
Mayo obi ̱atᶴi <obíachi> difícil, trabajoso «difficult» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 170
o-04 backbone (merged into ho-08)
o-05 male
Tepiman *ō̱ga <*'?ooga> father ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (322)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōg <ʔoog> father, father's older brother ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.467
Pima Bajo ōg <'?oog> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (322)
Northern Tepehuan ṓga | ṓka <óóga | óóka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (322)
Southern Tepehuan ōʔ <'?oo?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (322)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oi ̱ <oí> male; baby boy ‣ Miller 1996: 367
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) owi ̱ <owí> macho «male» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 47
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) owi ̱ra <ohuira> macho «male» ‣ Hilton 1959: 56
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) oʔow <o'ou> man, male ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 107
Mayo ōʔow <oo'ou> hombre, macho «man, male» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 170
o-06 tear, teardrop *oCCi teardrop ‣ Manaster Ramer & Blight 1993: 40; *ops- | *osp- (*ops‑ underlies
Tübatulabal, Kitanemuk, Cupan; *osp‑ underlies Serrano, Tara-Cahitan) ‣ kch
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal opʃi- <opsi-> teardrop ‣ Manaster Ramer & Blight 1993: 40 [kch: I neglected to note where
Manaster Ramer and Blight found this form and have not been able to verify it independently.]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk opʂitᶳ <opʃitʃr> tear ‣ Anderton 1988: 442
Serrano ‑ōʳʂp tears ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ‑es <‑ʔés> teardrop ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cupeño ‑is <‑is> tears ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla ‑is tear ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 66
322
o-07 o-09
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōʔog <ʔooʔog> tears ‣ Mathiot 1973: 470
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oʔke̱wa <oʔkéwa> tears ‣ Miller 1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ukwa̱ <ucuá> lágrima «tear» ‣ Hilton 1959: 75
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ope̱t <opét> lágrima, mejilla «tear, cheek» ‣ Pennington 1981: 214
Ópata opeta tears (re crying) ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) oppoa weep ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 108
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) oppoam tears ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 109
Mayo opwam <ópuam> lágrimas «tears» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 171
o-07 walk about

Tepiman *o̱ida | o̱idi <*'?oida/i> to follow ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316a); *oimɯ̱ rai <*?oi'mɨrai> to
walk around ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (318)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oid <ʔoid> to go with obj, to follow obj, to be the next one after obj, to
rejoin obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.456
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oimɯɖ <oimeD> to walk around ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 35
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oimmɯɖ <ʔoimmeḑ> to be, stay around a place (of animals only) (sgs)
‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.460
Pima Bajo o̱idᶾi- <'?oiji-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316a)
Pima Bajo o̱imɯr- <'?oimɨr-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (318)
Northern Tepehuan ‑oíɉi <-oídʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316a)
Northern Tepehuan aimɯ́ rai <aim� ́rai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (318)
Southern Tepehuan o̱iɉa- <'?oidʸa-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oi ̱na <oí-na> to walk ‣ Miller 1996: 366
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve dio̱n <dión> andar «walk» ‣ Pennington 1981: 178
Tubar
Tubar ona- | on- <o̧na- | o̧n-> andar, arrastrarse, nadar «walk, crawl, swim» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 62
o-08 woman (moved from ho-09)
o-09 pebbles, gravel, scree (Miller 1967: 355a *ʔo)

̆ <*o(o)h> pebbles/round object ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (11)
Numic *ōh
323
o-10 o-10
Western Numic
Western Mono paʔō̱ppɯ <pa'oopƗ> gravel ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 137
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ōmpin <oompin> very small water-worn pebbles or gravel,
large sand grains ‣ Dayley 1989: 172
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ōmpin <oom-pin> scree ‣ Crapo 1976: 63
Shoshone ompin <om-pin> pile of debris at the foot of a cliff made up of flat rocks, talus, scree ‣
Miller 1972: 123
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi ompi <’ómpi ̥> almagre «red ocher» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 22
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ōkatᶳ <ōḳatʃr, óḳatʃr, oḳatʃr̥> sand or sandy area ‣ Anderton 1988: 441
Serrano ōʳqtᶳ sand ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ō̱xor <'óoxor> tierra «earth, dirt» ‣ Harrington notes 083
Tongva (Gabrielino) ohēṯ <'ohéet> sand. Esa que está en el río. «sand. That which is in the
river.» ("[h] not x") ‣ Harrington notes 265 [cognate?]
Cupan *ēx̱ a-la | *hāx
̱ a-la <*ʔé:xa-la | *há:xa-la> earth/land/sand ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (38)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ēx̱ el <éxal | ēxel | ékhal | éxel> earth, dirt, land ‣ Woodward 2007: 181
Luiseño e̱xla, acc. ēx̱ il <ʔéx-la, acc. ʔé·xi-l> earth, land, dirt ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cupeño ha̱xal <ha̱xa-l> sand ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 155 [cognate? ha- is unexpected]
Cahuilla i ̱ʔexiʃ <ʔíʔexi-š> 1. nothing, unimportant one; nonsense 2. desert, wilderness ‣ Seiler &
Hioki 1979: 68
Tepiman *ōʔorai <*'?oo?orai> sand ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (326a); *ō̱ʔia <*'?oo?ia> sand ‣ Bascom 1965:
182 (326b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oʔoɖ <ʔoʔoḑ> gravel, coarse sand ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.473
Pima Bajo o̱ʔi <'?o?i> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (326b)
Northern Tepehuan ṓrai <óórai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (326a)
Southern Tepehuan ō̱ʔia <'?oo?ia> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (326b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oʔse̱ <oʔsé> pile of rocks; bare rocky place, where eroded into rock on the trail ‣ Miller
1996: 368
o-10 bedrock mortar

Takic
Cupan *ēlāpa-la ‣ kch
Luiseño ēḻ apal <ʔé·lapa-l> bedrock mortar ‣ Bright 1968: 8
324
o-11 o-12
Cupeño i ̱ʎapal bedrock mortar ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 156
o-11 mark
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ōwat <ʔo·w[‑at]> it is marked ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225 [cognate?]
Tübatulabal ōwanat <ô·´wana´t> is writing ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.581 [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ōʂan <ʔōʃran, ʔōʃr̥an, ʔōʃan> paint, write, tattoo ‣ Anderton 1988: 443
Serrano ōʳʂan write ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) eʂa̱jne <'eʃáayne> pintado «painted» ‣ Harrington notes 384
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʔēs̱ en <ne'ées̥en> my body painting ‣ Harrington notes 260
Cupan
Luiseño e̱skani- <ʔéskani-> to make a pattern, as on baskets; to paint, mark ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cupeño i ̱sə to have lines, be colored ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla ‑i ̱ʔisne- <‑ʔíʔisne-> to write (as a letter); to put a design, to paint ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979:
69
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oʔohon <ʔoʔohon> to make, paint, a design on obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.474
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío osani ̱ <osa-ní> read, write ‣ Miller 1996: 367
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) osa̱ <osá> escribir «write» ‣ Hilton 1959: 57
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) osa̱ <osá> escribir «write» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 47
Eudeve/Ópata [cognate?]
Eudeve hio̱swan <hiósguan> escribir «write» ‣ Pennington 1981: 190
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hiosia <hiosia> paper ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 53
Mayo hioʔosia <jío'osia> papel, letra «paper, writing» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 152
Tubar
Tubar josa̱t <yo̧sá-t> papel «paper» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 70
Tubar josanja̱t <yo̧sa-nyá-t> escribe «[he] writes» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 70
o-12 cough (Miller 1967: 105 *ʔoh)

Numic *ohni cough (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (14)
Western Numic
Western Mono ohi- to cough ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 115
325
o-13 o-13
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ohī <ohii"> cough ‣ Dayley 1989: 168
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ohai <ohai"> to cough ‣ Crapo 1976: 63
Western Shoshone ohi <ohi"> cough ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 276
Shoshone ohnippɯh <ohni-ppeh> a cold ‣ Miller 1972: 123
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ohni- <ʔohni-> to cough ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 193
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶ̱ hɶ <öhö> cough ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal hōhat <hô·h-> to cough ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 101 [cognate? initial h- is unexpected]
Takic
Serran
Serrano ōʳqaʔ choke (from eating) ‣ kch [cognate?]
Cupan
Luiseño i ̱xa- <ʔíxa-> to cough ‣ Bright 1968: 9 [loanword? vowel is unexpected]
Cupeño i ̱xa to cough shortly ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
Cahuilla ‑u̱ʔuhu- <‑ʔúʔuhu-> to cough (vowel is wrong) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 227
Tepiman *iʔo̱hogɯi <*?i'?ohogɨi> to cough ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (314)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) iʔihog <ʔiʔihog> to cough ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.448
Pima Bajo i ̱oh- <'?ioh-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (314)
Northern Tepehuan jṓgɯi <yóógɨi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (314)
Southern Tepehuan iʔō̱ʔ <?i'?oo?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (314)
o-13 yellow (Miller 1967: 477 *ʔoha | *ʔuha) *oha <*ʔoha> yellow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (62)
Numic *ohah yellow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (12)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute oha yellow ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 52
Western Mono ohopanaki- <ohobanagi-> to be yellow, tan, brown ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 115
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) oappɯh | oappi <oappüh | oappi> yellow paint ‣ Dayley
1989: 168
Western Shoshone ohappihtɯn <ohappihten (oha"-)> yellow, golden (cf. ohamunih 'gold money') ‣
Shoshone oa <oa"> yellow ‣ Miller 1972: 123
Comanche ohappi ̥ <ohapi ̱> yellow ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 71
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi oasiʔā <’oʷási’ʲa‘> yellow (of egg) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 23
326
o-14 o-16
Southern Paiute oakkatɯ <ɔa´-q·a-RÏ> being yellow, yellow ‣ Sapir 1931: 593
Southern Ute oakkatɯ <?o̧á ̧-qa-ri ̧> yellow ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 103
Tepiman *u̱ama <*'?uama> yellow ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (327)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sʔuam <s-ʔuam> yellow ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.482
Northern Tepehuan vúáma | úáma <vúáma | wáma> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (327)
Southern Tepehuan ‑u̱am <-'?uam> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (327)
Southeastern Tepehuan uʔuam <u'uam> yellow ones ‣ Willett 1991: 51
o-14 father (Miller 1967: 485 *ʔok) (cf. ho-09)

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) oʔow <o'ou> man, male ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 107
Mayo ōʔow <oo'ou> hombre, macho «man, male» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 170
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ukí <úquí> hombre, varón, macho «man, male» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 151
Wixarika (Huichol) ū.kíjāŕ i <úu.quíyáari> padre, jefe «father, boss» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 151
Nahua *okitᶴ- <*okič-> male ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (104)
Classical Nahuatl okitᶴtˡi <oquichtli> varon, o macho en cada eſpecie «male, male of each species» ‣
Molina 1571: 77v
Classical Nahuatl okitᶴtˡi <oquich-tli> man, male, husband ‣ Karttunen 1983: 180
Tetelcingo Mexicano okitᶴtˡi <oqui ̱chtli ̱> macho, hombre, varón «male, man» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 169
Pochutla Mexicano okoʃt <ocóxt> hombre «man» ‣ Boas 1917: 13
Pipil ukitᶴ <ukich> male, amn ‣ Campbell 1985: 549
o-15 baby
Numic *oŋā(̆ ʔa) <*oŋa(a)(ʔa) (‑ŋ‑ tentative)> baby/child/young (of animals) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101
(15)
Western Numic
Western Mono owāʔnuku̱ʔ <owaa'nugu̱'> baby ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 118
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ohmā(ttˢi)(ttˢi) <ohmaa(ttsi)(ttsi)> little baby ‣ Dayley 1989:
169
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ohmā <ohmaa> new-born baby, infant ‣ Crapo 1976: 63
Western Shoshone ohā(ttˢi) <ohaa(ttsi)> baby, infant ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 276
Shoshone ohmā <ohmaa> baby (old word) ‣ Miller 1972: 123
o-16 ball (Miller 1967: 20 *ʔol)

Tepiman
327
o-17 o-19
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ola <ʔola> the pair of wooden balls tied together used in the tokaḑa
game ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.463
Cora/Huichol
Cora u̱̓rāra <ú'uraara> bola, redondo «ball, round» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 192
Wixarika (Huichol) ū́ráɯje <´úuráüye> en forma de bola «in ball form» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 151
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl olli cierta goma de arboles medicinal, deque hazen pelotas para jugar conlas
nalgas «a kind of medicinal gum from trees, from which they make balls to play with the buttocks» ‣
Molina 1571: 76
Classical Nahuatl ololtik <ololtic> something ball-shaped, spherical ‣ Karttunen 1983: 178
Pipil uhli <uhli> rubber ‣ Campbell 1985: 547
o-17 lazy (Miller 1967: 254 *ʔona)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶ̱̄ na <ööna> be lazy ‣ Hopi Dictionary [-n- is unexpected]
Takic
Serran
Serrano ōʳŋaʔ be lazy ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño i ̱ŋiʃ lazy ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
o-18 left side

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑otˢiʔ <‑ʔociʔ> left-handed ‣ Anderton 1988: 440
Serrano ‑ōʳtᶴ left ‣ kch
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) e̱tᶴvuk <étchvůk> to the left ‣ Woodward 2007: 181
Luiseño e̱tᶴvaʃ <ʔéčva-š> left hand; a left-handed person ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Luiseño e̱tᶴvuʃ <'échvu-sh> left, left handed ‣ Elliott 1999: 166
Cupeño iʂva̱ <is̷hva̱> left ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 187
Cahuilla i ̱ʃva <ʔíšva> the left (as hand) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 66
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōgig <ʔoogig> to be left handed ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.467 [cognate?]
o-19 shell corn

328
o-20 o-20
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi qāʔ̱ ɶ <qaa'ö> dried ear of corn ‣ Hopi Dictionary (perhaps with ka-10) [cognate?]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oɖ <ʔoḑ> to harvest obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.455
Southeastern Tepehuan ora <[ʔořa]> to harvest ‣ Willett 1991: 28
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío olani ̱ <ola-ní> to shell corn ‣ Miller 1996: 367
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ora̱ <orá> desgranar maíz «shell corn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 56
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ho̱ran <hóran> desgranar maíz «shell corn» ‣ Pennington 1981: 194
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ū.ríjāŕ i <úu.ríyáari> desgranado «shelled (corn)» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 151
Nahua *tˡajōl- <*tlayool-> corn ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (33)
Classical Nahuatl tˡaolli <tlaolli> mayz deſgranado, curado y ſeco «shelled corn, cured and dry» ‣
Molina 1571: 130r
Classical Nahuatl tˡaojalli | tˡaoʃtˡi <tlaoyalli | tlaoxtli> mayz deſgranado, o coſa ſemejante «shelled
corn or something similar» ‣ Molina 1571: 130r
Classical Nahuatl tˡaōja <tlaōya> to remove the kernels from dried ears of maize ‣ Karttunen 1983:
288
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡaoa <tlaoa> desgrana «[she] shells corn» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 233
Pochutla Mexicano tejul <teyúl> maiz «corn» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil tawijal <tawiyal> corn, maize (kernels of shelled corn) ‣ Campbell 1985: 477
o-20 corncob
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) onnottˢi <onnottsi> pine cone hook ‣ Dayley 1989: 171
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu onottˢi <ʔono-ci> hooked stick used to pull down pinyon cones ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990:
193
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶ̱̄ viʔat <öövi('at)> cob heel ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ollotīl <olodi·l> shepherd's crook staff, a staff used by boys to pull down branches
with pine nuts ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 17
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío woʔna̱ <woʔná> corn cob ‣ Miller 1996: 412
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) o̱ʔna | kona̱ <o'na | koná> olote «corncob» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 46
329
o-21 o-25
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl olotˡ <olotl> el coraçon, o eſpiga deſgranada dela maçorca de mayz «the heart or
shelled shank of an ear of corn» ‣ Molina 1571: 76r
Classical Nahuatl ōlōtˡ <ōlō-tl> corncob with kernels removed ‣ Karttunen 1983: 178
Tetelcingo Mexicano ōlōtˡ <ulutl> olote «corncob» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 245
Pipil ulut <ulu-t> corncob (cob with no kernels) ‣ Campbell 1985: 552
o-21 get stuck, as in the mud

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve <hotóen> haber lodo, atascar «be muddy, get stuck in the mud» ‣ Pennington 1981: 195
o-22 throw, stir, move

Nahua *ōlɯ̄ nia <*oolɨɨnia> throw, stir, move ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (172)
Classical Nahuatl ninolinia <olinia.nin> menearſe, o mouerſe «bestir oneself, move» ‣ Molina 1571:
76r
Classical Nahuatl ōlīnia <ōlīniā> to move, to move something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 179
Tetelcingo Mexicano mōlīnia <mulini ̱a> se mueve «[he] moves» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 166
Tetelcingo Mexicano kōlīnia <culini ̱a> lo mueve, lo menea «[he] moves it, makes it move» ‣ Brewer
& Brewer 1962: 122
Pochutla Mexicano uluni <uluní> menear, echar «stir, throw» ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pipil ulīni | ūlini <uli:ni (C) | u:lini (SD)> to stir, to move (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo
Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985:
o-23 world, mountain

Tepiman *oida̱ga <*?oi'daga> world, mountain ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (317a); *oidi ̱gi <*?oi'digi> world,
mountain ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oidag <ʔoidag> field ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.457
Pima Bajo o̱idᶾig <'?oijig> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316b)
Northern Tepehuan oiɉígi <oidʸígi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316b)
Southern Tepehuan ‑o̱iɉaʔ <-'?oidʸa?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 181 (316a)
o-24 leg (merged into o-01)
o-25 mesquite
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ohpin <ohpin> mesquite bean ‣ Dayley 1989: 169
330
o-26 o-27
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu oppibɯ | oppimpɯ <ʔopi-bɨ | ʔopi-mbɨ> mesquite ‣ Zigmond et al 1990: 193
Chemehuevi oppi <ʔópi ̥> mesquite beans ‣ K. Hill 1969: 22
Southern Paiute opi <ɔ´ɸI> wood ‣ Sapir 1931: 594 [cognate? semantically odd]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ōtᶳ <ōtʃr> mesquite ‣ Anderton 1988: 440
Serrano ōʳtᶳ mesquite ‣ kch
Cupan *ē-̱ la <*ʔé:-la> mesquite ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (71)
Luiseño ēḻ a <ʔé·-la> mesquite tree or beans ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cahuilla iʎ <ily> Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC var. TorreyN L. Benson, Western Mesquite, Honey
Mesquite ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 107
o-26 strong; right away (merged into o-03)
o-27 salt (Miller 1967: 359 *ʔona) *osŋa salt ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (63)
Numic *oŋa <*oŋa (*‑ŋ- tentative)> salt ‣ Ianucci 1973: 101 (16)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute oŋapi <oŋa-bi> salt ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 33
Western Mono oma̱pī <oma̱bi> salt ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 116
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) omapi(ttˢi) | oŋʷapi(ttˢi) <omapi(ttsi) | ongwapi(ttsi)> salt ‣
Dayley 1989: 171
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ohapin <oha-pin> salt ‣ Crapo 1976: 62
Shoshone onapin <ona-pin> salt ‣ Miller 1972: 123
Comanche onāpi ̥ <onaabi ̱> salt ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 72
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu owapi <ʔowa-vi> salt ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 193
Chemehuevi oapi <ʔoʷávi ̥> rock salt ‣ K. Hill 1969: 23
Southern Paiute oapi <ɔa´-ɸI> salt ‣ Sapir 1931: 593
Southern Ute oapi <?o̧á ̧-vi ̱> salt ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 103
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶ̱̄ ŋa <öönga> salt ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal uŋāl <µŋa·´l> the salt (vowel is wrong) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 132
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) oŋō̱r <'o̤ŋóorr> sal «salt» ‣ Harrington notes 010
331
o-28 o-29
Cupan *ēŋ̱ a-la <*ʔé:ŋa-la> salt ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (115)

Acjachemem (Juaneño) ēŋ̱ al <ēnge-l | engel | éngal> ‣ Woodward 2007: 180
Luiseño e̱ŋla <ʔéŋ-la> salt ‣ Bright 1968: 8
Cupeño i ̱ŋəju to salt ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157
̃ salt ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 65
Cahuilla i ̱ŋiʎ <ʔíŋ-il>
Tepiman *o̱nai <*'?onai> salt ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (320a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) on <ʔon> salt ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.465
Pima Bajo on <[']?on> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (320a)
Northern Tepehuan ónai <ónai | óna-i> salt ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (320a) | 1982: 307
Southern Tepehuan on <'?on> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (320a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wona̱ <woná> salt ‣ Miller 1996: 412
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) onaru̱ <ona-rú> traer sal «bring salt» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 46
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kona̱ <koná> sal «salt» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 46
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) kona̱ <coná> sal «salt» ‣ Hilton 1959: 21
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ona̱t <onát> sal «salt» ‣ Pennington 1981: 214
Ópata ona salt ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ōna <oona> salt ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 108
Mayo ōna <oona> sal «salt» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 170
Tubar
Tubar ona̱t <o̧ná-t> sal «salt» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 62
Cora/Huichol
Cora una̱h <unáj> sal «salt» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 191
Wixarika (Huichol) únā <´únaa> sal «salt» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 151
o-28 break (pl. obj.)

Tepiman *ōmisa <*'?oomisa> to break (pl. obj.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (323)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōmiʂ <ʔoomix> to break off obj by bending them again and again ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.468
Northern Tepehuan ṓmiʃa <óómiša> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (323)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ō̱mis <‑'?oomis> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (323)
o-29 person
Tepiman *oʔoda̱hami <*?o?o'dahami> person, Indian people ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (325)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oʔodham <ʔOʔodham> Papago(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.471
Tohono O'odham (Papago) oʔodham <o'odham> tribesman, person, human ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969:
36
332
o-30 pa-01
Pima Bajo o̱ʔodam <'?o?odam> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (325)

Northern Tepehuan ódami | ṓdami <ódami | óódami> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (325) | 1982: 303
Southern Tepehuan ō̱ʔdam <'ʔoo?dam> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (325)
Southeastern Tepehuan ōʔdam <[´ʔooʔo.dam]> indigenous person ‣ Willett 1991: 18
o-30 tear, teardrop (separated from o-06)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ōʔog <ʔooʔog> tears ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.470
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oʔke̱wa <oʔkéwa> tears ‣ Miller 1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) oʔkewa̱ <o'ke-wá> lágrima «tear» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 46
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) oʔke̱ <o'ké> llorar «weep» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 46
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ukwa̱ <ucuá> lágrima «tear» ‣ Hilton 1959: 75
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ū́kai <´úucai> lágrimas «tears» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 150
o-31 sated; pregnant

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ɶ̱̄ ji <ööyi> become satisfied with food or drink, get full ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua *ōtˢ- <*ooȼ-> pregnant ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1985: 267 (129) (moved from po-30)
Classical Nahuatl otˢtˡi <otztli> preñada «pregnant» ‣ Molina 1571: 78r
Classical Nahuatl ōtˢtˡi <ōtz-tli> someone pregnant ‣ Karttunen 1983: 180
Classical Nahuatl ōtˢtitok <ōtztitoc> pregnant ‣ Karttunen 1983: 180
Tetelcingo Mexicano ōtˢtˡi <utztli ̱> en cinta, embarazada «pregnant» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 245
Pochutla Mexicano usti <uztí> embarazada «pregnant» ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pipil utˢtituk <utsti-tuk> pregnant ‣ Campbell 1985: 555
pa-01 older brother (Miller 1967: 489b *paci) *paʔ-tˢi <*paʔ-ci> older brother ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 254
(perhaps with pa-63)
Numic *patˢi(ʔi) <*paci(ʔi)> older sister ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (143) [semantic reversal of gender?]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) patˢi <patsi> older sister, older female first cousin ‣ Dayley
1989: 197
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone patˢi <paci> older sister ‣ Crapo 1976: 64
Western Shoshone patˢi <patsi> older sister, close female cousin ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone patˢi <patsi> older sister ‣ Miller 1972: 128
Comanche patˢiʔ <patsiʔ> eldest sister ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 77
333
pa-02 pa-02
Comanche nɯpatˢi <nʉbatsi> my eldest sister ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 77

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pātˢīn <pa·dzi·n> his older brother ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 4,1
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑pār <-par, -pār, -p̅ār, -p̅ar> elder brother ‣ Anderton 1988: 451
Serrano -pār, ‑pāh- older brother ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nō̱paʔ | nepa̱ʔ <nóopa' | nepá'> my o. bro. (older brother) (unexpected stem-
initial ‑ō̱- in first (more common) form) ‣ Harrington notes 530 (cf. ko-13)
Cupan
Luiseño ‑pāʔ̱ aʂ <‑pá·ʔaṣ> elder brother ‣ Bright 1968: 30
Cupeño ‑pa̱ʂma <‑pa̱s̷hma> older brother ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla ‑pas <‑pas> elder brother ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 141
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paʔtᶴi ̱ <paʔcí> older brother ‣ Miller 1996: 372
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) batᶴi ̱ <bachí> hermano mayor «older brother» ‣ Hilton 1959: 9
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve va̱tˢwa <vátzgua> hermano mayor «older brother» ‣ Pennington 1981: 240
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) avatᶴi <avachi> brother (older; fem.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 25
Mayo avatᶴi <ábachi> hermano mayor, de la mujer «woman's older brother» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 218
Tubar
Tubar watᶴi ̱ | watᶴi ̱r <wací | wací-r> hermano mayor «older brother» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Cora/Huichol
Cora nehātˢ�̓ <nejaatzi'i> hermano mayor (mío) «my older brother» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 49
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl teatᶴkaw | tiatᶴkaw <teachcauh | tiachcauh> ermano mayor | hermano mayor, y
perſona, o coſa auẽtajada, mayor y mas excelente que otras «older brother, someone or something
superior and more excellent than others» ‣ Molina 1571a: 56v | 1571: 112v
Classical Nahuatl ātᶴtˡi <āch-tli> elder brother (from the point of view of a younger sister) ‣
Karttunen 1983: 3
pa-02 older brother (Miller 1967: 489c *papi) (perhaps with pa-63)
Numic *papi(ʔi) older brother ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (139)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppapaʔi <pabi'i> older brother ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 36
334
pa-03 pa-03
Western Mono papi ̱ʔ <pabi ̱'> older brother ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 122
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) papi older brother, older male first cousin ‣ Dayley 1989: 192
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone papi elder brother ‣ Crapo 1976: 67
Western Shoshone papi older brother, close older male cousin ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone papi older brother ‣ Miller 1972: 127
Comanche papiʔ <pabiʔ> elder brother ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 73
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu papi- <pavi=> older brother ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 250
Chemehuevi papi- <pa'v(i)> older brother ‣ Press 1979: 154
Southern Paiute papitˢini <pa(·)vi´-tsɩ-nI> my older brother ‣ Sapir 1931: 602
Southern Ute papitᶴi <paví-ci ̱> older brother ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 158
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāv̱ aʔat <paava('at)> older brother ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi pāv̱ aʔat <paava'at> his older brother ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 202
pa-03 seed (Miller 1967: 103 *paci) *patˢi <*paȼi> seed (corn) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (313)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāṯ ˢama <paatsama> hominy ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pattˢiʃt <pacist> thistle sage seeds, Salvia carduacea (sic, with <st> for <št>; error
copied at C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225) ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 15
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pahtᶴi ̱ <pahcí> seed, pit ‣ Miller 1996: 368
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve suva̱tˢi <suvátzi> semilla «seed» ‣ Pennington 1981: 225
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vatᶴia <váchia> seed; pit, stone (fruit) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 153
Mayo vatᶴia <bachia> semilla «seed» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 117
Tubar
Tubar watᶴira̱n <waci-rá-n> semilla «seed» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Cora/Huichol
Cora hatˢi ̱ <jatzí> semilla «seed» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 141
Wixarika (Huichol) hatˢí <hasí> semilla «seed» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 54
Nahua *ātˢ- <*aaȼ-> seed ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (141)
Classical Nahuatl ʃinatᶴtˡi <xinachtli> ſemilla de ortaliza &c. «seed of garden produce, etc.» ‣ Molina
1571: 159r (perhaps with su-05)
Classical Nahuatl atᶴtˡi <ach-tli> seed ‣ Karttunen 1983: 3
335
pa-04 pa-05
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃinātᶴtˡi <xināch-tli> semilla «seed» ‣ Karttunen 1983: 325

Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃinātᶴtˡi <xi ̱nöchtli ̱> semilla «seed» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 246
Pochutla Mexicano noatᶴu <noachú> mi semilla «my seed» ‣ Boas 1917: 25
pa-04 enclose
Tepiman *vās̱ a(‑) <*'vaasa(‑)> to put into ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (254a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vaʂa <vaxa> suitcase ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.243
Pima Bajo vāʂ̱ a <'vaašạ > ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (254a)
Northern Tepehuan vāś a <váása> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (254a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑vās̱ a- <‑'vaasa-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (254a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pahtᶴa̱ni <pahcá-ni> to enclose, place, sg. obj. ‣ Miller 1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) batᶴa̱ <bachá> meter (a la carcel), poner (adentro) «put in» ‣ Hilton 1959: 8
pa-05 enter (Miller 1967: 159 *paki) *pakiC to enter ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *paski to enter ‣ Voegelin et
al. 1962: 137 (2)
Numic *paki stick/go ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (136)
Central Numic
Shoshone tˢappaki <tsappakiH> to be stuck (e.g. as adhesive tape) ‣ Miller 1972: 144
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute paki-ⁿ <paγi-ⁿ> to go, to walk ‣ Sapir 1931: 605
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pa̱ki <paki> enter; go out of sight, set (as of the sun, moon); put on (clothing) ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano paḵɯ̄ nin invite ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pakō̱ <pakóo> entra «enter» ‣ Harrington notes 675
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑pax- <‑páx-> to go in, to enter: to set (the sun) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 143
Tepiman *vaki ̱- <*va'ki-> to enter ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (253b)

Tohono O'odham (Papago) vāk- <vaak-> to go in, to come in, to enter; to put obj on ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.209
Pima Bajo ‑va̱ki- <‑'vaki-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (253b)
Northern Tepehuan vakí- <vakí-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (253b)
Northern Tepehuan vāḱ ɯi <váákɨi> enter ‣ Bascom 1982: 272
336
pa-06 pa-07
Southern Tepehuan vaki ̱ <va'ki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (253b)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pahkina̱ <pahki-ná> to enter, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) baki ̱ <baquí> entrar (solo) «enter, sg.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 11
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vake̱n <vaquén> entrar uno «enter (sg.)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 239
Cahita (perhaps with ki-01)
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) kivake <kivake> enter, go in; soak in ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 76
Mayo kiva̱ke <quibaque> está entrando (sujeto singular) «is entering, sg. subj.» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 175
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) hā- <haa=> entrar «enter» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 47
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl naki <aqui.n> caber en agujero «fit in a needle» ‣ Molina 1571: 7r
Classical Nahuatl nikalaki <calaqui.ni> entrar o meterse en alguna parte «enter or be put in
somewhere» ‣ Molina 1571: 11r (with ka-06)
Classical Nahuatl aki <aqui> to enter, to fit in ‣ Karttunen 1983: 12
Tetelcingo Mexicano kalaki <calaqui ̱> se mete, entra «[he] goes in, enters» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
113 (with ka-06)
Pipil kalaki <kalaki> to enter, to go in ‣ Campbell 1985: 264 (with ka-06)
pa-06 jackrabbit (Miller 1967: 336 *pa)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paʔloi ̱si <paʔloísi> jackrabbit ‣ Miller 1996: 372
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve baro̱s <barós> liebre «jackrabbit» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
Ópata paro̱ <paró̧> hare, jackrabbit ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) pāros <paaros> jackrabbit ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 110
Mayo pāros <paaros> liebre «jackrabbit» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 171
pa-07 water (Miller 1967: 455a *pa) *pā <*paa> water ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (286); *pa water
‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (123)
Numic *pā | *pa- <*paa | *pa-> water ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (127)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute pā <baa> ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 45
Western Mono pa̱jā <pa̱ya> water ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 134
337
pa-07 pa-07
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pā(ttˢi) <paa(ttsi)> water, liquid, drink (of liquor), spring ‣
Dayley 1989: 173
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pā <paa> water ‣ Ctapo 1976: 64
Western Shoshone pā <paa> water, drink, liquid, liquor ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 277
Shoshone pā <paa> water ‣ Miller 1972: 124
Comanche pā | pa- <paa | pa-> water ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 73
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pa‑ | pā‑ <pa- | paa-> water (prefix) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 245
Chemehuevi pā <pá‘> water ‣ K. Hill 1969: 28
Southern Paiute pā <pa·‘> water, spring ‣ Sapir 1931: 597
Southern Ute pā <páa> water ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 150
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāh
̱ ɯ <paahu> water in nature, spring ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi pāh
̱ ɯ <pa·he> water mass when large, flowing, or little confined ‣ Whorf 1946:
164
Songoopavi Hopi pāh
̱ ɯ <paahu> water, pond, lake ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 202
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pāl <pa·-l> the water ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pātᶳ <patʃr, pātʃr> water ‣ Anderton 1988: 446
Serrano pātᶳ water ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pār <pār> agua «water» ‣ Harrington notes 190
Cupan *pā-̱ la <*pá:-la> water ‣ Nunro 1990: 248 (135)
Luiseño pāḻ a <pá·-la> water ‣ Bright 1968: 30
Cupeño pal <pa̱-l> water ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
Cahuilla pal <pá-l> water, river ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 139
Tepiman *vāg̱ i <*'vaagi> wet ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (252)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vāg- <vaag-> irrigate obj in one spot; to mix obj with water once ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.208
Northern Tepehuan vāǧ i <vaági> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (252)
Southern Tepehuan ‑vāʔ <‑'vaa?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (252)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paʔwi ̱ <paʔwí> water ‣ Miller 1996: 372
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) baʔwi ̱ <ba'huí> agua «water» ‣ Hilton 1959: 9
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve bat agua «water» ‣ Pennington 1981: 165
338
pa-08 pa-10
Ópata ba water ‣ Shaul 1983: 118

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vāʔam <vaa'am> water; broth, liquid ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 152
Mayo vāʔa | vāʔam <baa'a | baá'am> agua «water» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 117
Tubar
Tubar vata̱ <va-tá, ba-tá> agua «water» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 67
Cora/Huichol
Cora hah <jaj> agua «water» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 140
Wixarika (Huichol) hā ́ <háa> agua «water» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 46
Nahua *ā- <*aa-> water ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269: (186)
Classical Nahuatl atˡ <atl> agua, orines, guerra, o la mollera de la cabeça «water, urine, war,
crown of the head» ‣ Molina 1571: 8r
Classical Nahuatl ātˡ <ā-tl> water, liquid, crown of the head ‣ Karttunen 1983: 13
Tetelcingo Mexicano ātˢīntˡi <ötzintli ̱> agua «water» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 171
Pochutla Mexicano at <at> agua «water» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil āt <a:-t> water, river, rain, well, pool ‣ Campbell 1985: 169
pa-08 ocean *pā-wɯ̄ water-big ‣ kch (cf. pa-07; wE-01)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pāʔiwɯt <pa·’iwït> ocean (obj. case form in the text: pāʔiwɯtta <pa·’iwïta>) ‣ C. F.
Voegelin 1935: 6.74
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paʔwe̱ <paʔwé> sea, ocean ‣ Miller 1996: 372
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vāwe <vaawe> sea, ocean ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 153
Mayo vāwe <baahue> mar «ocean» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 116
pa-09 fish (merged into kE-18)
pa-10 river (Miller 1967: 349 *pa-tu | *pa-ta) (with pa-07)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pātta <paatta> river ‣ Dayley 1989: 177
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāj̱ ɯ <paayu> river (‑jɯ <‑yu> is unidentified) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pako̱ <pakó> river ‣ Miller 1996: 370
339
pa-11 pa-12
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bako̱tᶴi <bacochi> río «river» ‣ Hilton 1959: 8

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vatwe <vatwe> river ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 157
Mayo vatwe <bathue> río «river» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 119
Cora/Huichol
Cora ha̱ta̓na <játa'ana> río «river» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 141
Wixarika (Huichol) hátɯa <hátüa> río «river» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 54
pa-11 soup
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pāwa <paawa> juice ‣ Dayley 1989: 177
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāḻ a <paala> moisture, liquid, juice of ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño pa̱wviʎ <pa̱wvi-ly> soup ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paʔwi ̱la <paʔwíla> soup ‣ Miller 1996: 372
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) baʔwi ̱ra <ba'huira> jugo, caldo «juice, soup» ‣ Hilton 1959: 9
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vara̱wa <varágua> caldo «soup» ‣ Pennington 1981: 239
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) va̓wa <va'awa> juice, broth; soup, stew; liquid excretion, pus ‣ Molina et al.
1999: 152
Mayo va̓wa <bá'agua> jugo, caldo, sopa «juice, soup» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 119
pa-12 carry water

Takic
Cupan
Cupeño paw <pa̱we;‑0> to get water ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla ‑paw- <‑páw-> to get water ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 143
Tepiman *va̱ʔigɯi, va̱ʔigi‑ <*'va?igɨi/i-> to fetch water ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (266)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vaʔig to put obj (a liquid) in a container with a little opening like a bottle
or an olla ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.245
Pima Bajo va̱ʔig- <'va?ig-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (266)
Northern Tepehuan váígɯi <váígɨi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (266)
340
pa-13 pa-14
Southern Tepehuan ‑va̱ʔigi- <‑'va?igi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (266)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paʔina̱ <paʔi-ná> to carry water ‣ Miller 1996: 372
pa-13 fog (Miller 1967: 186 *pa-ki)

Numic *pakɯnah <*pakənah> fog/cloud ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (137)
Western Numic
Western Mono pakɯna̱ppe <pagɨna̱pE> fog ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 124
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pakɯ̄ napɯh <paküünapüh> cloud ‣ Dayley 1989: 185
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pakɯnappɯh <pakyna-ppyh> fog, cloud ‣ Crapo 1976: 133
Western Shoshone pakɯnappɯh <pakenappeh> fog ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 277
Shoshone pakɯnappɯh <pakena-ppeh> thundercloud ‣ Miller 1972: 127
Comanche pakɯʔnɯappɯ | pakɯnaippɯ <pakʉʔnʉapʉ̱ | pakʉnaipʉ̱> fog ‣ Robinson & Armagost
1990: 75
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu kɯnapi <kɨna-vi> cloud, fog (truncated form?) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 215
Chemehuevi pakɯnapa <pagə́navḁ> cloud ‣ K. Hill 1969: 24
Southern Paiute pakinna- <paγin·a‑ˢ> cloud, fog ‣ Sapir 1931: 606
Southern Ute pakɯna-katī <pagú̧ na-ĝarí> be foggy, be getting foggy (fog-sitting) ‣ Southern Ute
Tribe 1979: 153
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pamɶ̱ si <pamösi> mist, fog ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pāʃūmiʃit <pa·šu·miši-t> fog ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225 [cognate?]
Tübatulabal pāʃūmiʃt <pa·šu·miš-t> cloud ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225 [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pakīt <paкīt, pak̅it, paḳit> fog ‣ Anderton 1988: 456
Serrano pakīt fog ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla pa̱xiʃ <páxiš> fog ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 144
pa-14 wash *pak- wash ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (285)
Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute pakkia <bagia> bathe ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 38
341
pa-15 pa-16
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vakon to wash obj; to baptize obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.226
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pahkona̱ <pahko-ná> to wash, bathe something or someone; to baptize someone ‣ Miller
1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) pago̱ <pagó> lavar, bautizar «wash, baptize» ‣ Hilton 1959: 58
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vako̱ran <vacóran> lavar «wash» ‣ Pennington 1981: 236
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vaksia wash (not clothes, hands) ‣ 155
Mayo vaksia <bacsia> lo está lavando «[he] is washing it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 117
Nahua *pāka <*paaka> wash ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (185)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡapaka <paca.nitla> lauar algo, o batanar paños o ſayales «wash something,
launder cloths or woolens» ‣ Molina 1571: 78v
Classical Nahuatl pāka <pāc(a)> to wash, launder something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 182
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipāka <qui ̱pöca> lo lava, lo asea «[he] washes it, cleans it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1968: 199
Pochutla Mexicano ʃapeke napast <xapequé napázt> ¡lava la olla! «wash the pot!» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pāka <pa:ka> to wash ‣ Campbell 1985: 374
pa-15 swim
Numic *pahapi swim ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (131)
Western Numic
Western Mono pahapi- <pahabi-> to swim ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 124
Central Numic
Western Shoshone pahapi swim ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 277
Shoshone pahapi <pahapiG> to swim ‣ Miller 1972: 108
Comanche pahapittɯ <pahabitʉ> bathe, swim ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 77
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu paakenukkʷi- <paa-ge-nukwi-> to swim (pa- 'water', nukwi- 'run') ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990:
247
pa-16 mud
Numic *pasehkʷi(na) mud ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (141) (with kwi-02)
Western Numic
Western Mono passɯkkʷina̱pɯ̄ <pasƗkwina̱bɨ> mud ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 131
342
pa-17 pa-18
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pasakkʷinappɯh <pasakkwinappüh> mud ‣ Dayley 1989:
193
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pakkʷinappɯh | pasakkʷinappɯh <pakkwina-ppyh | pasakkwina-
ppyh> mud ‣ Crapo 1976: 67
Western Shoshone pasakʷinappɯh <pasakwinappeh> mud ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 277
Comanche sekʷippɯ <sekwipʉ̱> mud ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 92
Takic
Serran [kch: *‑so- has been lost, leaving rhoticity in Serrano and no trace in Kitanemuk]
Kitanemuk pākʷinit <pākwinit, pāʔkwinit, páḳ̅winit, pákwínit> clay; mud ‣ Anderton 1988: 457
̄
Serrano pāʳkʷɯɲit mud ‣ kch (with kwi-02)
Cora/Huichol
Cora háso̓ <jásu'u> lodo, pared, pretil «mud, wall, railing» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 141
Wixarika (Huichol) háʂu <háxu> lodo, barro «mud» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 56
pa-17 blood (merged into E-04)
pa-18 cane, reed (Miller 1967: 344 *paka) *paka reed ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 276 (267); *paska reed ‣
Numic *pakaⁿ <*pakaN> arrow/cane ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (135)
Western Numic
Western Mono pa̱kā <pa̱g̸a> arrow, bullet ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 124
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pakan arrow point, arrowhead, bullet; penis ‣ Dayley 1989:
183
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pakan arrow; penis ‣ Crapo 1976: 66
Western Shoshone pakan arrowhead, bullet; penis ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 277
Shoshone pakan arrow; penis ‣ Miller 1972: 126
Comanche pākḁ | paka <paaka̱ | paka> arrow ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 73
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pakabɯ | pakampɯ <paga-bɨ | paga-mbɨ> carizzo [= carrizo] grass, common reed,
Cornus stolonifera ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 247
Chemehuevi pakampɯ <pagámpə̥> carrizo «reed» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 24
Southern Paiute pakampɯ <paγa´-mpÏ, pa(·)χa´-mpÏ> cane ‣ Sapir 1931: 604
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāq
̱ avi <paaqavi> reed ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pahāpɯ̄ l <paha·bɨ-l> sugar cane ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
343
pa-19 pa-19
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pākatᶳ <pakatʃ, pák̅atʃ> reed ‣ Anderton 1988: 455
Serrano pāqatᶳ reed ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pāx
̱ ot <páaxot> cuchillo «knife» ‣ Harrington notes 531
Cupan *pāx
̱ a-l <*pá:xa-l> plant sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (97)
Luiseño pa̱xmal <páx-ma-l> a type of greens ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Cupeño <pa̱xa-l> arrowweed, herb sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱xal <pakhal> Phragmites communis Trin. var, Berlandieri (Fourn.) Fren., Common
Reed ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 101
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vāpk <vaapk> common reed, river cane, giant reed ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paka̱ <paká> reed ‣ Miller 1996: 369
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) baka̱ <bacá> carrizo «reed» ‣ Hilton 1959: 8
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata vakā̱ <bacaá> reed ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vāka <vaaka> cane, reeds ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 152
Mayo vāka <baaca> carrizo «reed» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 117
Tubar
Tubar waka̱t | wako̱t <waká-t | wakó̧-t> carrizo, flecha «reed, arrow» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Cora/Huichol
Cora haka̱ <jacá> carrizo «reed» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 139
Wixarika (Huichol) háka <háca> carrizo «reed» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 47
Nahua *āka- <*aaka-> reed ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (133)
Classical Nahuatl akatˡ <acatl> caña «cane» ‣ Molina 1571: 1v
Classical Nahuatl ākatˡ <āca-tl> reed ‣ Karttunen 1983: 1
Tetelcingo Mexicano ākatˡ <öcatl> carrizo «reed» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 170
Pochutla Mexicano aket <aquét> carrizo «reed» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil ākat <a:ka-t> reed, thin cane(s) ‣ Campbell 1985: 158
pa-19 dry
Numic *pasa(h) (be) dry ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (140)
Western Numic
Western Mono pasa- to be dry, dried out ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 129
344
pa-20 pa-21
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pasa <pasa"> dry ‣ Dayley 1989: 193
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pasa <pasa"> dry ‣ Crapo 1976: 68
Western Shoshone pasa <pasa"> dry up ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone pasa dry ‣ Miller 1972: 128
Comanche pasatɯ <pasarʉ> dry off body, dry out (as wet clothes) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 77
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tapasɯ- <tavasɨ-> to dry (ta-vi 'sun'?) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 274
Chemehuevi tapasɯppɯ <tavásəpə̥> dead tree ‣ K. Hill 1969: 37
pa-20 maternal grandfather

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío papa̱ <papá> grandfather: MoFa; grandchild: man's DaCh; great-grandfather, ‑grandchild?
‣ Miller 1996: 371
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve pa̱wa <págua> abuelo por parte de madre «maternal grandfather» ‣ Pennington 1981: 215
pa-21 paternal aunt (Miller 1967: 502 *pa)

Numic *pah(w)a aunt ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (134)
Western Numic
Western Mono pa̱hwā <pa̱hwa> aunt (father's sister) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 125
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone paha aunt (father's sister); nephew or niece of a woman ‣ Crapo
1976: 65
Western Shoshone paha aunt, father's sister; nephew/niece of a woman ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 277
Shoshone paha aunt (father's sister); nephew or niece of a woman ‣ Miller 1972: 125
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu paha- <paha=> father's sister, mother's brother's wife ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 248
Chemehuevi paha- <pa'ha> aunt (fa si) ‣ Press 1979: 153
Southern Paiute paā <paa´‘> aunt ‣ Sapir 1931: 598
Southern Paiute paani <paa´-nI> my aunt ‣ Sapir 1931: 598
Southern Ute pātᶴatᶴi <páaca ̧-ci ̱> aunt, father's sister ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 150
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pāwān <pauwan> cross aunt: father's sister, mother's brother's wife ‣ Gifford 1917:
222
Takic
Serran
Serrano ‑pah cross aunt ‣ kch
345
pa-22 pa-23
Cupan
Luiseño ‑pām
̱ aj <‑pá·-may> aunt, i.e., father's sister ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño ‑paha <‑paha> father's sister, fa female cousin ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
Cahuilla ‑pa <‑pa> aunt, i.e., father's elder sister ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 136
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vovit | vovoit father['s] younger sister ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.297
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío papo̱i <papói> aunt: FaYoSi; nephew, niece: woman's OlBrCh ‣ Miller 1996: 371
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl awitˡ <auitl> tia «aunt» ‣ Molina 1571: 9v
Classical Nahuatl nawi <naui> quatro, o mitia «four; my aunt» ‣ Molina 1571: 64r (cf. na-24)
Classical Nahuatl āwitˡ <āhui-tl> aunt ‣ Karttunen 1983: 8
Tetelcingo Mexicano īāwītˢī <iöbitzi> su tía «his aunt» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 132
pa-22 daughter
Numic *petɯ <*petə> daughter ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (147)
Western Numic
Western Mono pe̱tɯ̄ <pe̱dɨ> daughter ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 138
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) paitɯ | petɯ <paitü" | petü"> daughter ‣ Dayley 1989: 182
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone paitɯ <paity> daughter, niece (sister's daughter) ‣ Crapo 1976: 66
Western Shoshone petɯppɯ <paiteppe> young daughter (prepuberty) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone paitɯ | petɯ <paite"> daughter; niece (sister's daughter) ‣ Miller 1972: 126
Comanche pettɯʔ <petʉʔ> daughter ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 79
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu petɯ- <pedɨ=> daughter; sibling's daughter (m.s.); wife's sibling's daughter ‣ Zigmond
et al. 1990: 252
Chemehuevi patˢɯ- : patˢɯni <patsə́- : patsə́ni ̥> man's daughter : my daughter ‣ K. Hill 1969: 27
Southern Paiute patᶴɯni <pa(·)tcï´-nI> my daughter ‣ Sapir 1931: 608
Southern Ute patᶴi <pá-ci ̱> daughter, teenage and up ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 153
Southern Ute patᶴini <pa-cí-n> my daughter (final of ‑ni 'my' not included in Southern Ute
spelling) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 153
pa-23 three (Miller 1967: 510 *pahi) *pahaju <*pahayu> three ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (278);
*pahi three ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (1)
Numic *pahi three ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (132)
346
pa-23 pa-23
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppahi <pahi> three ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 50
Western Mono pahi ̱ī | pahi ̱ttu <pahi ̱-i | pahi ̱-tU> three ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 125
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pahi(ttɯn) | pai(ttɯn) <pahi(ttün) | pai(ttün)> three, third
‣ Dayley 1989: 501
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pahai | paihtɯn <pahai" | paihtyn> three ‣ Crapo 1976: 65
Western Shoshone pahettɯn <pahaitten> three ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 277
Shoshone pahain | pahen <pahain> three ‣ Miller 1972: 125
Comanche pahihttɯ <pahihtʉ> three ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 74
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu peheju <pehe-yu> three ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 252
Chemehuevi pahi- <pa'hi> three ‣ Press 1979: 153
Southern Paiute pai- <pai-> three ‣ Sapir 1931: 509
Southern Ute pa̱inī <pá ̧y-ni> three (unexpected initial stress) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 159
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pa̱ɦjoʔ <pàayo'> three (counting form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi pa̱ɦjom <pàayom> three (adjectival form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi pāj̱ om <paayom> three ‣ Kalectaca 1979: 173
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pāj <pa·í> three ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 178
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pāhiʔ <pahiʔ, páhiʔ> three ‣ Anderton 1988: 452
Serrano pāhiʔ three ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pāh
̱ eʔ <páahe'> three ‣ Harrington notes 610
Cupan
Luiseño pāh
̱ aj <pá·hay> three ‣ Bright 1968: 30
Cupeño pah <pa̱h> three ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
Cahuilla pah <páh> three ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 138
Tepiman *va̱ika <*'vaika> three ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (256)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) waik <vaik> three ‣ Matthiot 1973: 2.221
Pima Bajo va̱ik <'vaik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (256)
Northern Tepehuan váíka ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (256)
Southern Tepehuan va̱ik <'vaik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (256)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paika̱ <paiká> three ‣ Miller 1996: 369
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) baisa̱ <baisá> tercero «third» ‣ Hilton 1959: 9
347
pa-24 pa-25
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve veidu̱m <veidúm> tres «three» ‣ Pennington 1981: 241
Ópata baid three ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vahi three ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 154
Mayo vahhi <baji> tres «three» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 118
Tubar
Tubar vay | vaji ̱r <váy | vayí-r> tres «three» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Cora/Huichol
Cora wa̱ihka <huaijca> tres «three» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 102
Wixarika (Huichol) háika <háica> tres «three» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 48
Nahua *ējɯ <*eeyɨ> three ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (169)
Classical Nahuatl jei <yei> tres «three» ‣ Molina 1571: 35r
Classical Nahuatl ēji | jēji <ēy(i) | yēy(i)> three ‣ Karttunen 1983: 79
Tetelcingo Mexicano jeji | jete <yeyi ̱ | yete> tres «three» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 250
Pipil jēi <ye:y> three ‣ Campbell 1985: 591
Pochutla Mexicano ejom <eyóm> tres «three» ‣ Boas 1917: 25
pa-24 call, summon (Miller 1967: 74 *pai | *pay)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono pē- <pee-> call ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 138
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pē- <pee-> to call ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 252
Southern Paiute pāijɯaŋani <pa´(a)i-yï-aŋa-nI> he calls me, I call him ‣ Sapir 1931: 599
Southern Ute pāī <páay> invite, call ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 157
Tepiman *va̱idai, va̱idi- <*'vaidai/i‑> to call ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (255a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vaid to call, ask to come, invite obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.220
Pima Bajo va̱idᶾ <'vaij-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (255a)
Northern Tepehuan vāɉ́ ai <váádʸai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (255a)
Southern Tepehuan va̱iɉ <'vaidʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (255a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pae̱na <paé-na> to call someone; to call someone to come ‣ Miller 1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) baje̱ <bayé> llamar «call» ‣ Hilton 1959: 12
pa-25 squeeze
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vakɯ <vake> to squeeze, milk, obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.224
348
pa-26 pa-27
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihpa̱gena <ihpáge-na> to milk ‣ Miller 1996: 368
pa-26 hit (Miller 1967: 231 *pa) [seems to overlap with pa-27]
Numic *paʔi hit ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (130)
Central Numic
Shoshone ‑pai <‑pa̅� ̅H> to hit; to knock down (instrm. tr.) (pl. obj. or repeated action) ‣ Miller
1972: 126
Comanche wɯhpaʔittɯ <wʉhpaʔitʉ> beat, hit repeatedly ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 152
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pa̓kinah <pa´’agina´h> hit him! (kch: The imperfective indicative would be pa̓kinat
<pa´’agina´t>.) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 113
Takic
Serran
Serrano paqkin slap ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño pa̱qa/i- <páqa/i-> to be pounded (intr.); to pound, as a nail; to crack acorns (tr.) ‣
Bright 1968: 31
Cahuilla ‑pa̱kin- <‑pákin-> to tap (as in pottery), to clap hands ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 138
pa-27 kill (Miller 1967: 244 *paka | *paki) <*pakkaC> ‣ AMR

Numic *pehka | *pahka | *pahtˢa <*pehka | *pahka | *pahca> kill/beat ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (145)
Western Numic
Western Mono pattˢa- <patsa-> to kill ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 132
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pakkah kill, sg-dl ‣ Dayley 1989: 184
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pekkah | paikkah to kill (sg. obj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 68
Western Shoshone pekkah <paikkah> kill ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone pekka <paikkaH> to kill (sg. obj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 126
Comanche pehkatɯ̱ <pehkarʉ̱> kill (sg) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 79
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pakka- <paka-> to kill, beat SG OBJ ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 248
Chemehuevi pakkini <pakáin̑i ̥> my game, i.e. I am a hunter and kill a certain kind of game all
the time and see one of those animals and say pakáin̑i ̥. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 25
Southern Paiute pakka- <paq·a-> to kill, to beat (sing. and dual obj.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 603
Southern Ute pakkaī <pa̱qx̂áy> beat (hard), kill, butcher ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 157
349
pa-28 pa-30
pa-28 already
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío paʔa̱ | baʔa̱ <paʔá | baʔá> already ‣ Miller 1996: 372
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vatte almost ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 157
Mayo vatte <batte> casi, ya mero «almost, already» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 119
pa-29 bat (Miller 1967: 25 *paca)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pāttˢana(ttˢi) <paattsana(ttsi)> small bat ‣ Dayley 1989: 177
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pāttˢaʔātˢi <paacaʔaa-zi> bat ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 248
Chemehuevi pātˢaʔatˢi <pāt́ sa’atsi ̥> bat ‣ K. Hill 1969: 28
̓
Southern Paiute pātᶴatˢi <pa·átc̓ a-ts·> bat ‣ Sapir 1931: 608
Southern Ute pātᶴatᶴi <páaca ̧-ci ̱> bat (flying mouse) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 150
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pattˢāwal <paca·wa-l> the bat ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Cupan
̃
Cahuilla pa̱liʎ <páli-l> bat (<‑l> should be <-l>) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 140
pa-30 mortar, pestle (Miller 1967: 317 *pah)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono pa̱hā <pa̱ha> mortar, pounding place ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 124
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu paha mortar ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 247
Chemehuevi paha <páhḁ> mortar (of any kind) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 24
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pahhal <paha-l> pit mortar, rock mortar for grinding acorns ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla pa̱wul | pa̱wal <páwul | páwal> pestle stone ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 143
350
pa-31 pa-32
pa-31 mat (Miller 1967: 278 *pak) (cf. pE-08)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal paht <pah-t> the tule mat ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vakus anything with a thin and spreading surface that one uses to sit or
lie on (a mat, a blanket, a piece of cloth, a towel, etc.) (JHH reports also waks) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 228
pa-32 spread flat (Miller 1967: 410 *pata)

Numic *pata spread/straighten out (esp. cloth) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (142)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ‑patah spread (cloth) out ‣ Dayley 1989: 195
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯppatah <wüppatah> spread out (cloth); hang out/up
(clothes) ‣ Dayley 1989: 396
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ‑patah to spread out something made of cloth ‣ Crapo 1976: 68
Western Shoshone tˢappata <tsappata> spread out by hand ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 291
Shoshone ‑pata <‑pataH> to spread out something made of cloth (instrm., tr.) (sg. obj.) ‣ Miller
1972: 128
Comanche wɯhpatatɯ <wʉhpararʉ> stretch out something, spread out something ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 152
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pattaʔnimī- <pataʔnimii-> to be erect, be straight ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 250
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk patˢahk <patsahk> squashed (of nose) ‣ Anderton 1988: 446
Serrano patᶳḵ lie down (flat, as on one's stomach) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño pa̱lvunla <pálvun-la> a plain, a valley, level ground ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño pa̱laqin <pa̱leqi;‑ine> to squash ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
Cahuilla ‑pa̱lā- <‑pálaa-> to be flat (leaf, stone, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 139
Nahua *patˡak | patˡāwak <*patla(awa)k> wide ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (192)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡapatˡawa <patlaua.nitla> enſanchar camino, meſa, lecho, o coſa ſemejante
«widen a road, table, bed, or something similar» ‣ Molina 1571: 80r
Classical Nahuatl patˡawak <patlauac> coſa ancha deſta manera «something wide in this way» ‣
Molina 1571: 80r
Classical Nahuatl patˡāwak <patlāhuac> something broad, wide ‣ Karttunen 1983: 189
Tetelcingo Mexicano patˡāwak <patlöhuac> amplio, ancho «wide» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 173
351
pa-33 pa-35
Pochutla Mexicano patek <patéc> ancho «wide» ‣ Boas 1917: 28

Pipil patāwa <pata:wa> to extend, to widen ‣ Campbell 1985: 381
Pipil patāwak <pata:wa-k> wide ‣ Campbell 1985: 381
pa-33 shirt (Miller 1967: 371 *pak)

Takic
Serran
Serrano paḵɯ̄ t shirt ‣ kch
pa-34 mountain sheep (Miller 1967: 369) *pāʔat <*paaʔat> mtn sheep ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 206
Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute paʔapi <pa’a´-ɸI> animal (any living thing but man and plants) ‣ Sapir 1931: 599
Southern Ute paʔapi <pa?á-vi ̱> insect, larva, worm (remarkable semantic shift if cognate) ‣ Southern
Ute Tribe 1979: 150
Hopi *pāʔat-wɯt <*paaʔat-wït> ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 206
Orayvi Hopi pa̱ŋʷɯ <pangwu> mountain sheep, bighorn sheep ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pāʔat <pa·ʔa-t> the mountain sheep ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk paʔt mountain sheep ‣ Anderton 1988: 462
Serrano pāʔt mountain sheep ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pāʔ̱ at <páa'at> mt. sheep ‣ Harrington notes
Cupan <*pá:ʔa-t> mountain sheep ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (75)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) pāʔat <pat | paa’t | bāat·> mountain sheep ‣ Woodward 2007: 178
Luiseño pāʔ̱ at <pá·ʔa-t> mountain sheep ‣ Bright 1968: 29
Cupeño pa̱ʔat <pa̱'at> mountain sheep ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱ʔat <páʔat> mountain sheep ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 145
pa-35 high (Miller 1967: 229 *pan) *‑pa-na | *-pa-n | *-pa <*‑pa(-n(a))> on ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978:
275 (261)
Numic *paʔa high/long/tall ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (129)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) paŋe <pange> up ‣ Dayley 1989: 187
352
pa-36 pa-37
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pa | panai | paŋkai | paʔai <pan | panai" | pankai" | pa'ai> up, high,
above ‣ Crapo 1976: 67
Western Shoshone pane <panai> up, upwards ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone panai | pane <panai> up; high ‣ Miller 1972: 127
Comanche paʔattɯ <paʔatʉ> long, high ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 78
Nahua *‑pan on ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (119)
Classical Nahuatl ipan encima de algo «on top of something» ‣ Molina 1571: 41v
Classical Nahuatl ‑pan on the surface of, for or in a particular time ‣ Karttunen 1983: 186
Tetelcingo Mexicano īpa <ipa> en, á, encima «on, at, on top of» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 132
Pochutla Mexicano nopen <nopén> sobre mí «on me» ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pipil ikʃipan <ikxi‑pan> on foot ‣ Campbell 1985: 229
pa-36 meadow
Numic *pawaha | *pamaha meadow/prairie ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (144)
Western Numic
Western Mono pawaha̱pɯ̄ <pawaha̱bɨ> meadow ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 133-134
Central Numic
Shoshone pamuha meadow ‣ Miller 1972: 127
Comanche pɯhɯwahtɯ <pʉhʉwahtʉ̱> prairie ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 90
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pawahapɯ | pawahākatɯ | pawahākatɯbɯ <pa-waha-vɨ | pa-wahaa-ga-dɨ | pa-wahaa-
ga-dɨ-bɨ> "hay", bromegrass, Bromus orcuttianus; meadow (pa- 'water', mahaa-vɨ 'brush') ‣ Zigmond et
al. 1990: 251
pa-37 in front *patˢaC <*pacaC> front ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 261

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pajawwaʔin <payawaʔin> its front ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pāmukpit <pāmukit, pāmukpit, p̅āmukpit, pamuḳpit, pām̅ up̅it> first ‣ Anderton 1988:
458
Serrano ‑pāmkʷ in front of, before ‣ kch
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pahtᶴa̱ | paʔtᶴa̱ | patᶴa̱ <pahcá | paʔcá | pacá> first, ahead ‣ Miller 1996: 368
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) batᶴa̱ <bachá> primeraments, adelante, enfrente «first, ahead, in front» ‣
Hilton 1959: 8
353
pa-38 pa-40
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vatˢu̱t <vatzút> primero «first» ‣ Pennington 1981: 240
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vatᶴi ̱a <vachía> first; go ahead ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 153
Mayo vattᶴu <batchu> primero «first» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 86
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl atᶴto <achto> primero, o primeramente «first, firstly» ‣ Molina 1571: 2r
Classical Nahuatl atᶴto <achto> first ‣ Karttunen 1983: 3
Tetelcingo Mexicano katᶴto <cachto> primero, antes, ante todo «first, before, before all else» ‣
Pipil atᶴtu <achtu> first ‣ Campbell 1985: 149
pa-38 head
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pampi head, hair ‣ Dayley 1989: 186
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pampi <pampi"> head, hair (of head) ‣ Crapo 1976: 67
Western Shoshone pampi head, hair ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone pampi head; hair ‣ Miller 1972: 127
Comanche pāppi ̥ <paapi ̱> head ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 73
pa-39 grass *paso grass ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 273 (237) (cf. pa-72)
Tepiman *va̱soi <*'vasoi> grass ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (262) [loanword? Tepiman should have h
corresponding to Cahitan s.]
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vaʂai <vaxai> grass, underbrush, hay ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.243 (cf. ca-16)
Northern Tepehuan vásoi ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (262)
Cahita [Tepiman loanword? Cahita should have tᶴ corresponding to Tepiman s]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vaso grass ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 156
Mayo vasso <basso> zacate «grass» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 118
pa-40 shoot at
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ma̱psi <mapsi> good shooter ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with ma-13)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pahsi ̱bani <pahsíba-ni> to throw sg. obj. ‣ Miller 1996: 369
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) basa̱ <basá> apedrear «hit with a thrown rock» ‣ Hilton 1959: 111
354
pa-41 pa-43
Tubar
Tubar wasa- tirar, lanzar «shoot, throw» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
pa-41 chia
Takic
Serran
́ ín̅atʃr, pāhin̅atʃr> chia sp. ‣ Anderton 1988: 453
Kitanemuk pāhinatᶳ <pāh
Serrano pāhinatᶳ chia (Salvia columbariae Benth.) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) paʂ�̄j̱ <paʃ�ỹ́ ̥, paʃíiy̥> chia ‣ Harrington notes 127
Tongva (Gabrielino) paʂ�̄not
̱ <paʃíinot> the otra chia que crece mas grande «the other kind of
chia that grows bigger» ‣ Harrington notes 127
Cupan <*pá:ṣa-l> chia ‣ Munro 1990: 239
Luiseño pāʂ̱ al | pāʂ̱ il <pá·ṣa-l | pá·ṣi-l> a plant, chia, Salvia columbariae ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño pa̱ʂal <pa̱s̷ha-l> Chia ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱sal <pasal> chia, Salvia Columbariae Benth. ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 136
pa-42 egg (Miller 1967: 155 [no reconstruction])

Northern Uto-Aztecan (perhaps with no-03)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pomt <pô´mm̥ t> the egg (also recorded as pomnt <pô´mnt>) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 82
[cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑pāno <‑p̅ān̅o, ‑p̅āno, ‑pāno, ‑p̅an̅o> egg ‣ Anderton 1988: 459
Serrano ‑pāʳn egg ‣ kch
Cupan *pān
̱ i-l <*pá:ni-l> testicle/egg ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (128)
Luiseño pān
̱ il <pá·ni-l> egg; testicle ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño pa̱niʎ <pa̱ni-ly> testicles ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cupeño pa̱ɲiʔat <pa̱nyi'a-t> egg (now never used) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱net <páne-t> egg ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 366
pa-43 leach acorn flour

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pa̱ʃku- <pášku-> to leach acorn flour ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño pa̱tᶴik <pa̱chike;‑0> to leach acorn flour ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 166
355
pa-44 pa-46
Cahuilla ‑pa̱tᶴi- <‑páči-> to leach acorns ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 137
pa-44 leaf
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pa̱la- <pála-> to put out sprouts, to come into leaf ‣ Bright 1968: 30
Cupeño -pəlʔa <-pel'a> leaf ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱lat <pála-t> leaf ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 140
pa-45 racer (snake); ceremonial official

Takic
Serran (loanword)
Kitanemuk pakāʔ <paкaʔ, pak̅aʔ, pákaʔa> fiesta personage: a clown who shouts all day to
announce the reason for the wakač, fiesta ‣ Anderton 1988: 455
Serrano paxāʔ ceremonial cook or clown ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) paxa̱ʔ <paxá'> payaso «clown» ‣ Harrington notes 024
Cupan
Luiseño paxa̱ʔ <paxáʔ> red racer snake; a ceremonial official, assistant to the chief ‣ Bright 1968:
31
Cupeño pəxa̱ʔa <pexa̱'a> red racer snake ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla paxa̱ʔ <paxáʔ> ceremonial official, person who calls the guests to the big house (from
Luiseño?) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 144
pa-46 Yucca whipplei

Takic
Cupan *panā-̱ l <*paná:-l> yucca sp. (whipplei) ‣ Munro 1990: 249 (141)
Luiseño panāḻ <paná·-l> Spanish bayonet, Yucca whipplei ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Luiseño panāʔ̱ al <paná·-ʔa-l> stalk of the Spanish bayonet ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño panāḻ <pana̱a-l> Yucca sp. (from Luiseño?) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱nal <pánal> Yucca whipplei ‣ Hill & Hill 1968: 241
Cahuilla pa̱nuʔil <panu'ul> Yucca whipplei ‣ Bright 1967: xxvi
Cahuilla pa̱nuʔul <pánuʔul> yucca whipplei ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 141
356
pa-47 pa-51
pa-47 fly
Nahua *patānV <*pataanV> fly ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (64)
Classical Nahuatl nipatˡani <patlani.ni> bolar «fly» ‣ Molina 1571: 80r
Classical Nahuatl patˡāni <patlān(i)> to fly ‣ Karttunen 1983: 189
Tetelcingo Mexicano patˡāni <patlöni ̱> vuela «[it] flies» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 173
Pochutla Mexicano epatank <epatánc> voló «it flew» ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pipil patāni <pata:ni> to fly ‣ Campbell 1985: 380
pa-48 lick
Nahua *palowa lick ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (99)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡapanoa <paloa.nitla> guſtar algun manjar, o mojar el pan en algun potaje, o
ſalſa «try a dish, wet bread in a pottage or sauce» ‣ Molina 1571: 79r
Classical Nahuatl paloa <paloā> to sip, taste something; to sop bread in soup or gravy ‣ Karttunen
1983: 186
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipaloa <qui ̱paloa> lo sopea «[he] sops it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 195
Pochutla Mexicano enkapeluk <encapelúc> lo lamé «I licked it» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
pa-49 pass
Nahua *panowa pass ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (125)
Classical Nahuatl nipano <pano.ni> paſſar el rio apie, o nadando, o en barca «cross a river on foot,
swimming or in a boat» ‣ Milina 1571: 79v
Classical Nahuatl pano <panō> to ford, cross a river ‣ Karttunen 1983: 187
Classical Nahuatl panoa <panoā> to transport something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 187
Tetelcingo Mexicano pano pasa, cruza «pass, cross» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 172
Pochutla Mexicano penuk <penúc> pasar (p.) «pass (past)» ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pipil panu to pass, to cross, to go by ‣ Campbell 1985: 378
pa-50 wide (merged into pa-32)
pa-51 tool
Tepiman *vaino̱mi <*vai'nomi> iron; tool ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (257a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vainomi ̥ | vainom <vainom(ï)> metal, iron ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.222
Pima Bajo va̱iɲum <'vaiñum> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (257a)
Northern Tepehuan vaiɲómi <vaiñómi> iron, metal ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (257a); 1982: 304
Southern Tepehuan va̱iɲum <'vaiñum> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (257a)
357
pa-52 pa-56
pa-52 gourd for carrying water

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi pakoʔotˢa <pagó’otsḁ> olla «jar» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 24
Tepiman *vako̱i <*va'koi> gourd for carrying water ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (258)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vako water container, gourd, canteen ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.225
Pima Bajo vak <'vak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (258)
Northern Tepehuan vákoi ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (258)
Southern Tepehuan vaku̱a <va'kua> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (258)
pa-53 heron
Tepiman *vako̱noi | vako̱ni <*va'konoi/i> heron ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (259)
Pima Bajo va̱kiɲ <'vakiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (259)
Northern Tepehuan vakóɲi <vakóñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (259)
Southern Tepehuan vakō̱n <va'koon> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (259)
pa-54 cliff
Tepiman *va̱voi <*'vavoi> cliff ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (264)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vav rock ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.241
Pima Bajo vav <'vav> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (264)
Northern Tepehuan vávoi <vávoi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (264)
pa-55 house
Tepiman *vaʔa̱kī <*va'?akii> house ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (265) (with ki-01)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vaʔaki ceremonial house; fort ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.245
Northern Tepehuan vāḱ i <vááki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (265)
Southern Tepehuan vaʔāk
̱ <va'?aak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (265)
pa-56 acorn, oak <*pāwa> ‣ kch

Takic
Serran
Serrano ipāatᶳ valley oak (Quercus lobata) or its acorns (unexplained initial i‑) ‣ kch
Cupan *pā̱wi-ʃ <*pá:wi-š> oak sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (82)
Luiseño pāw
̱ iʃ <pá·wi-š> scrub oak, Quercus dumosa ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño pa̱wiʃ <pa̱wi-sh> blue oak, Quercus dumosa ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla pa̱wiʃ <pawish> scrub oak, Quercus dumosa Nutt. ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 123
358
pa-57 pa-58
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl awatˡ <auatl> enzina, roble, guſano lanudo, o eſpina «oak; woolly caterpillar;
spine» (3 distinct words merged in Molina's spelling) ‣ Molina 1571: 9r (also at ka-46)
Classical Nahuatl āwatˡ <āhua-tl> oak ‣ Karttunen 1983: 8
Tetelcingo Mexicano āwatˡ <öhuatl> encino (árbol) «oak (tree)» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 170
Pipil āwat <a:wa(-)t> bud (?), banana flower, sorghum flower, (?) acorn ‣ Campbell 1985: 172
pa-57 mouse (Miller 1967: 292 [no reconstruction])

Takic
Serran
Serrano paʔiʃ mouse ‣ kch [Cahuilla loan, from unattested pa̱ʔiʃ]
Tongva (Gabrielino) paʔ�̄ṯ <pa'íit> mouse ‣ Harrington notes 501
Cupan
Cahuilla pa̱ʔiwet <páʔiwet> field mouse ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 146 (with wE-01) [augmentative of
unattested pa̱ʔiʃ]
pa-58 water baby (with pa-07)

Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppaʔuŋaʔa <pa-'uŋa'a> water-baby, a supernatural being living in water ‣ Snapp
et al. 1982: 29
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi paʔɯŋaʔappitˢi <pa’ə́ŋa’apitsi ̥> water-baby (You can hear it crying, they say, but they
do not know what it is, inf. heard. Hear them in the springs, in the water around the springs.) ‣ K. Hill 1969:
23
Southern Ute pā-āppatᶴi <páa-?áapa-ci ̱> water-boy (a traditionally feared spirit-being who lives
in deep river pools) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 150 [not cognate except for pā- 'water'?]
Takic
Serran
Serrano pāŋaʳtᶳ water baby ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño pāŋ
̱ awiʃ <pá·-ŋawi-š> a supernatural creature living in the water, the "water baby" ‣
Bright 1968: 30
Cupeño pa̱wət, pa̱ŋam ki ̱ktam <pa̱wet, pa̱ngam ki ̱ktam> Water Baby, they are dwellers in the
water ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 193
359
pa-59 pa-62
Cahuilla pa̱ŋat <pangat> species of Scirpus L. [an aquatic grass-like plant] used in house
construction ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 139
pa-59 dawn
Takic
Serran
Serrano pahiʔk dawn ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pah�̄nok
̱ <pahíinok> amaneció «it dawned» ‣ Harrington notes 578
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑pāj- <‑páay-> to become daybreak ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 138
pa-60 wet
Takic
Serran
Serrano pāʳvḵ become wet ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pavāṟ <paváarr> mojado «wet» (reduplication of pār water?) ‣ Harrington notes
248
Tongva (Gabrielino) jāʔ ne pavāṟ ok <yáa' nẹ paváarok> ya me mojé «I got wet» ‣ Harrington notes
248
Cupan
Luiseño pāv̱ uʂ- <pá·vuṣ-> to become dewy ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño pava̱ʂiʃ <pava̱s̷hi-sh> damp ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla ‑pa̱vas- <‑pávas-> to get wet from rain, dew ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 142
pa-61 swell up
Takic
Serran
Serrano paqaʳnaʔ swell up ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑pa̱xan- <‑páxan-> to swell (body, flesh) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 144
pa-62 voice
Numic
360
pa-63 pa-63
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi pakkʷa <pákw̥ ḁ> throat ‣ K. Hill 1969: 25
Southern Ute pakoipi <paĝóy-vi ̥> throat ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 154
Takic
Serran
Serrano pāʳvtᶴan narrate, tell (a traditional story, a tale) ‣ kch [cognate?]
Cupan
Luiseño pa̱vkuniʃ | pa̱vkunla <pávkuni-š | pávkun-la> larynx, Adam's apple ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño ‑pa̱va throat, voice ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Cahuilla paxwa̱jvaʔal <paxwáyvaʔa-l> the inside of the throat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 144
pa-63 big, great

Numic (with tE-24)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppapa <paba> big ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 36
Northern Paiute ppattɯhɯtᶴa <pa-tɨhɨǰa> elk ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 26
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi patɯia <parə́i‘a̯> elk ‣ K. Hill 1969: 26
Southern Paiute patɯī <parïí‘> elk ‣ Sapir 1931: 607
Southern Ute patijɯ <paríyi ̧> elk ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 157
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pāʔ̱ ɶŋa <paa'önga> rock salt ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with o-27)
Orayvi Hopi pāṯ ɯwi <Paatuwi> Big Mountain, a peak on Black Mesa ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cf. tɯ̱̄ wi
<tuuwi> butte]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pākihatᶳ | pākeatᶳ <pakihatʃr, pākihatʃr, páḳeatʃr̥> hawk sp. ‣ Anderton 1988: 456
(with ki-09)
Serrano pākihūm <páakihúum> whales ‣ Harrington notes 034 (with kE-18)
Serrano pāwiruḵt condor ‣ kch (with wi-08)
Serrano pāhuḵaht elk ‣ kch (with su-08)
Serrano pākihatᶳ chicken hawk ‣ kch (with ki-09)
Serrano pāʳhavit supernaturally powerful being ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pāh
̱ onar <páahunarr> great-bear ‣ Harrington notes 671 (with hu-10)
Cupan
Luiseño pāʂ̱ ukat <pá·-ṣuka-t> elk ‣ Bright 1968: 30 (with su-08)
Luiseño pāḵ iʃla <pá·kiš-la> chicken hawk ‣ Bright 1968: 30 (with ki-09)
361
pa-64 pa-67
Cahuilla pa̱sukat <pásukat> horse ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 141 (with su-08)
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) pá- <pá=> grande «big» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 83
pa-64 ceremonial staff

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pa̱vjut <pávyu-t> ceremonial wand ‣ Bright 1968: 31
Cupeño pa̱vjut <pa̱vyu-t> flint-tipped, shell-enlaid ceremonial staff ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
pa-65 tobacco (separated from pi-01)

Numic *pahmu(h) tobacco/smoke ‣ Ianucci 1973: 110 (133)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute pahmu tobacco ‣ Thornes 2003: 41
Western Mono pamo̱ppi | pa̱mō <pamo̱pI | pa̱mo> cigarette, native tobacco ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
127
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pahompin | pahompɯ <pahompin | pahompü> tobacco,
cigarette ‣ Dayley 1989: 180
Western Shoshone pahun tobacco ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone pahun | pahon tobacco; cigarette ‣ Miller 1972: 125
Comanche pahmu tobacco ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 74
pa-66 squash, pumpkin, cucurbit

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi pataŋata <paráŋarḁ> squash ‣ K. Hill 1969: 26
Chemehuevi pataŋata <pa'rangar(a)> pumpkin ‣ Press 1979: 154
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pa̱tŋa <patnga> squash, pumpkin ‣ Hopi Dictionary
pa-67 under, inside

Numic
Central Numic
Shoshone pattun dead-fall trap ‣ Miller 1972: 128
362
pa-68 pa-72
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve teptu̱ <teptú> debajo «under» ‣ Pennington 1981: 230
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vetuku <vétuku> under; base, bottom ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 161
Mayo vetuku <bétucu> abajo, debajo «down, under» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 122
pa-68 bad
Tepiman *paru̱nai <*pa'runai> to speak evil of ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (183)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) paɖ <paḑ> ugly, bad, in bad condition ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.138
Northern Tepehuan parúnai <parúnai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (183)
pa-69 a little bit

Tepiman *pari ̱api <*pa'riapi> a little bit ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (184)
Pima Bajo pali ̱a- <pa'lia-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (184)
Northern Tepehuan palɯpi <palɨpi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (184)
Southern Tepehuan paʎɯ̱̄ p <pa'lʸɨɨp> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (184)
pa-70 lazy
Tepiman *parɯ̱ ga <*pa'rɨga> lazy ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (185)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) paɖma <paḑma> to be lazy ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.140
Northern Tepehuan parɯ́ ga <par� ́ga> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (185)
pa-71 put in
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pa̱na <pana> put in ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano pāʳvan wet, add water to ‣ kch (with pa-07)
pa-72 field *pāsa ‣ kch

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi pasa <pásḁ> field ‣ K. Hill 1969: 26
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pās̱ a <paasa> field ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi pās̱ a <pa·sa> field ‣ Whorf 1946: 169
363
pE-01 pE-01
Cahita [cognate? perhaps a loanword from some language in which *p- > w‑]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wāsa <waasa> field ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 166
Mayo wāsa <guaasa> labor, lote, parcela «tillage, lot, parcel of land» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 140
pE-01 heavy (Miller 1967: 223 *pete) *pɯtɯ <*pɨtɨ> heavy ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (244);
*pɯᵤtɯ <*pɨᵤtɨ> heavy ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (3)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pɯtti <pütti> be heavy ‣ Dayley 1989: 233
Western Shoshone pɯttɯntɯn <pettenten> heavy ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pɯttɯn <pyttyn> heavy ‣ Crapo 1976: 75
Western Shoshone pɯttɯjun <petteyun> be heavy ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone pɯttɯn <petten> heavy ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pɯhtɯ <pʉhtʉ> heavy ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 90
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pittaʔa- <pitaʔa-> to be heavy ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 255
Chemehuevi pɯttɯja <pɨ'tɨja> heavy ‣ Press 1979: 154
̧ heavy ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 168
Southern Ute pɯttijattɯ <pu̧ tíya-ti>
Southern Ute pɯttijaī <pu̧ tíya ̧y> be heavy ‣ Southeern Ute Tribe 1979: 168
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɯ̱ tɯ <putu> heavy ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi pɯ̱ tɯ <pútu> heavy ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 104 (74)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pɯlɯʔ <pïlï´’> the heavy one ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 175
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pɯtᶳɯʔ <pətrəʔ, pətʃrəʔ> heavy ‣ Anderton 1988: 476
Serrano pɯʳtᶳɯʳʔ heavy ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla pe̱lema <péle-ma> heavy ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 147
Tepiman *vɯ̱̄ tɯ <*'vɨɨtɨ> heavy ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (294)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) svɯ̄ tᶴ <s-veec> heavy ‣ Mathiot 1973: 257
Pima Bajo vɯ̄ t <'vɨɨt> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (294)
Northern Tepehuan vɯ̄̌ tɯ <vɨ� ́tɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (294)
Southern Tepehuan vɯ̄ t <'vɨɨt> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (294)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pehte̱ni <pehté-ni> to be heavy ‣ Miller 1996: 373
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bite̱ <bité> estar pesado «be heavy» ‣ Hilton 1959: 14
364
pE-02 pE-02
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve bete̱en <betéen> pesar, tener peso «be heavy» ‣ Pennington 1981: 167
Ópata bette heavy ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vette heavy ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 161
Mayo vette <bette> pesado «heavy» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 121
Cora/Huichol
Cora ti ̱hete <tíjete> pesa, pesado «it is heavy, heavy» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 181
Wixarika (Huichol) hḗ.té- <hée.té=> pesado «heavy» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 59
Nahua *ətīk | *ētīk <*ətiik (possibly *eetiik)> heavy ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (84)
Classical Nahuatl netia <etia.n> hazerſe peſado «become heavy» ‣ Molina 1571: 29r
Classical Nahuatl etik <etic> coſa peſada «something heavy» ‣ Molina 1571: 29r
Classical Nahuatl etik <etic> something heavy ‣ Karttunen 1983: 78
Tetelcingo Mexicano jetīk <yetic> pesado, pesa «heavy, it's heavy» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 250
Pochutla Mexicano eti <etí> pesado «heavy» ‣ Boas 1917: 25
Pipil etek heavy ‣ Campbell 1985: 212
pE-02 naked (Miller 1967: 299 *pe)

Numic
Central Numic
Shoshone tɯpōn <tepoon> bare ‣ Miller 1972: 140
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pɯ̄ waj <pɨ·wai> nakedly ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225 [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pɯna <pəna> naked ‣ Anderton 1988: 477
Serrano pɯ̄ ʳn naked ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño pə̱̄xʷən <pe̱exwen> only, nothing but ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167 [cognate?]
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ninopetˡawa | nitepetˡawa | nitˡapetˡawa <petlaua.nino | petlaua.nite |
petlaua.nitla> deſpojarme, o deſnudarme | deſpojar, o deſnudar a otro | bruñir, luzir, o acecalar
algo «undress or denude myself | undress or denude someone | burnish, shine or polish something»
(acecalar = modern Spanish acicalar) ‣ Molina 1571: 81r
Classical Nahuatl petˡāwa <petlāhu(a)> to disrobe; to undress someone, to uncover something, to
polish or burnish something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 192
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipetˡāwa <qui ̱petlöhua> lo destapa «[he] uncovers it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
196
365
pE-03 pE-04
Pipil mupetawa <mu-petawa> to open one's shirt ‣ Campbell 1985: 388
pE-03 new (Miller 1967: 305 *pe) *pɯ̄ <*pɨɨ> new ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 275 (259)
Numic *pɯtɯ(h) <*pətə(h)> new/recently ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (173)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppɯtɯ <pɨdɨ> new ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 16
Western Mono pɯtɯ- <pɨdɨ-> just, early ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 147
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɯ̱̄ hɯ <puuhu> new ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi pɯ̱̄ hɯ <pe·he> new ‣ Whorf 1946: 174
Songoopavi Hopi pɯ̱̄ hɯ <puuhu> new ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 203
Tepiman *vɯtu̱dɯ <*vɨ'tudɨ> new ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (289)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vɯtᶴidᶾ <vecij> young, new ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.250
Pima Bajo vɯ̱ tdɯ- <'vɨtdɨ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (289)
Northern Tepehuan utúdɯ <utúdɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (289)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vemela new, innovative ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 159
Mayo veme̱la <bemela> nuevo «new» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 121
Cora/Huichol
Cora he̱hkʷa <jejcua> nuevo, primero «new, first» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 142
pE-04 first *pɯ̄ wa ‣ kch

Tepiman *vɯ̄ pɯ̱ ga <*vɨɨ'pɨga> first ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (292)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vɯ̄ pɯg <veepeg> first ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.257
Pima Bajo vɯ̱̄ pɯg <'vɨɨpɨg> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (292)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄ pɯ́ ga <ɨɨp� ́ga> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (292)
Southern Tepehuan vɯ̱̄ piʔ <'vɨɨpi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (292)
Nahua *pēwa <*peewa> begin ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (13)
Classical Nahuatl nitepewa | nompewa <peua.nite | peua.nom> tener comienço, o principio, o
comẽçar, o hazer algo | partirſe a alguna parte «have a beginning, begin, do something | depart for
somewhere» ‣ Molina 1571: 81r
Classical Nahuatl pēwa <pēhu(a)> to begin ‣ Karttunen 1983: 191
Tetelcingo Mexicano pēwa <piehua> comienza, empieza, principia «[he] begins» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 173
Pochutla Mexicano peuk <peúc> empezar (p.) «begin (past tense)» ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pipil pēwa <pe:wa> to begin, to commence ‣ Campbell 1985: 390
366
pE-05 pE-07
pE-05 younger sister (Miller 1967: 491 *pe)

Numic *pɯhni(ʔi) <*pəhni(ʔi)> younger sister ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (171)
Western Numic
Western Mono pɯ̱ niʔ <pɨ ̱ni'> younger sister, little sister ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 148
pE-06 sleep (Miller 1967: 385 *pei)

Numic *ɯhpɯʔi | *ɯ(ʔ)wi <*əhpəʔi | *ə(ʔ)wi> sleep (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (24)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ɯppɯih <üppüih> sleep, go to sleep, fall asleep ‣ Dayley
1989: 372
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ɯppɯih <yppyih> sleep (sg. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 177
Western Shoshone ɯppɯih <eppeih> sleep, fall asleep (pl. ekkoih) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone ɯppɯi <eppeiH> to sleep (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 107
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ɯppī- <ʔɨpii-> to sleep SG ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 192
Chemehuevi ɯppa <’ə́pḁ> sleep ‣ K. Hill 1969: 3
Southern Paiute appɯiī <A‘pï´ɩ-ɩ‘> sleep ‣ Sapir 1931: 549
Southern Ute pɯiī <pu̧ í> sleep ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 166
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɯ̱̄ wi <puuwi> sleep (sg.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi pɯ̱̄ wi <pe·wi> sleeps ‣ Whorf 1946: 174
Songoopavi Hopi pɯ̱̄ wi <puuwi> sleep ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 203
pE-07 right side, arm (Miller 1967: 346 *pet)

Numic *pɯ(h)ta <*pə(h)ta> arm ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (172)
Western Numic
Western Mono pɯ̱ tta <pɨ ̱tA> arm ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 149
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pɯtapɯ <pütapü> arm ‣ Dayley 1989: 233
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pɯta <pyta> arm (including hand) ‣ Crapo 1976: 75
Western Shoshone pɯta <peta> arm ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone pɯta <peta> arm ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pɯ̄ tḁ <pʉʉra̱> arm ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 91
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pɯtapɯ <pɨra-vɨ> arm ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 257
367
pE-08 pE-09
Chemehuevi pɯtammittua <pɨ'ra-mi-tu(a)> to the right/right ‣ Press 1979: 154

Southern Paiute pɯta <pï´RA> arm (from shoulder to fingers) (also 'right side') ‣ Sapir 1931: 619
Southern Ute pɯta <pú̧ ra̱> arm (also used in compounds meaning 'right side') ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979: 167
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɯ̱ tve <putve> at the right side ‣ Hopi Dictionary
pE-08 mat, bed (Miller 1967: 277 *peta) *pata woven mat ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 279 (317) (cf. pa-31)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihpeta̱ <ihpetá> petate; saddle pad or blanket ‣ Miller 1996: 374 (with hi-02)
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) peri ̱ <perí> petate «sleeping mat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 58
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) pe̱ra <pé-ʀa> petate «sleeping mat» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 101
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve hipe̱t <hipét> petate «sleeping mat» ‣ Pennington 1981: 190 (with hi-02)
Ópata hipe̱ <gipȩ́> mat ‣ Shaul 1983: 114
Cahita (with hi-02)
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) hipetam bed ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 54
Mayo hipetam <jípetam> petates «sleeping mats» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 153
Nahua *pətˡa- <*pətla-> woven mat ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (194)
Classical Nahuatl petˡatˡ <petlatl> eſtera generalmente «any kind of mat» ‣ Molina 1571: 81r
Classical Nahuatl petˡatˡ <petl(a)-tl> woven mat, petate ‣ Karttunen 1983: 192
Tetelcingo Mexicano petˡatˡ <petlatl> petate ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 173
Pochutla Mexicano btet | pot <b'tet | pot> petate ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil petat <peta-t> (woven) mat ‣ Campbell 1985: 388
pE-09 duck
Numic *pɯ... <*pə...> duck ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (169)
Western Numic
Western Mono pɯ̱ jā <pɨy̱ a> duck, mallard ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 149
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pɯjɯn | pɯjɯttˢi <püyün | püyüttsi> duck; (part of)
Pegasus constellation ‣ Dayley 1989: 233
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pɯjɯn <pyjyn> duck (animal) ‣ Crapo 1976: 75
Western Shoshone pɯjɯn | pɯhjɯn <peyen | pehyen> duck, mallard duck ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993:
279
Shoshone pɯjɯn <peyen> duck ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pɯ̄ jɯ̥ <pʉʉyʉ̱> duck ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 91
368
pE-10 pE-11
pE-10 learn
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pene̱na <pené-na> to know how to do something ‣ Miller 1996: 373
Guarijío penina̱ <peni-ná> to learn a skill, like a language, to play a violin ‣ Miller 1996: 373
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bine̱ <biné> aprender, estudiar «learn, study» ‣ Hilton 1959: 13
Nahua [cognate?]
Classical Nahuatl nitepepena | nitˡapepena <pepena.nite | pepena.nitla> elegir o eſcoger a alguno |
eſcoger algo, o arrebañar y recoger lo eſparzido por el ſuelo «choose or select someone | select
something, glean and gather what has been scattered on the ground» ‣ Molina 1571: 80v
Classical Nahuatl peʔpena <pehpen(a)> to pick, choose someone, to gather, collect, or glean
something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 190
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipehpena <qui ̱pejpena> lo junta, lo escoge, lo recoge «[he] gathers it, selects
it, collects it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 196
Pipil pehpena to pick, to peck, to pick up ‣ Campbell 1985: 385
pE-11 fur, hide (Miller 1967: 212a *pe)

Numic *pɯhɯ <*pəhə> feather/hair/fur/hide/skin ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (163)
Western Numic
Western Mono pɯ̱ hɯ̄ <pɨẖ ɨ> skin, hide ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 148
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pɯhɯ(ttˢi) <pühü(ttsi)> body covering, hair, fur, feathers,
skin, hide, pelt ‣ Dayley 1989: 230
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pɯhɯ <pyhy> fur, body hair, hide, skin, feathers ‣ Crapo 1976: 74
Western Shoshone pɯhɯ <pehe> fur, outer covering ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone pɯhɯ <pehe> fur, body hair; hide ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pɯhɯʔ <pʉhʉʔ> hair, fuzz, animal hide, shee[p] wool, hairy vegetation ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 90
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pɯhɯbɯ <pɨhɨ-bɨ> fur, hide ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 256
Chemehuevi pɯhɯpɯ <pəhə́və̥> bodyhair, fur; skin with fur on it ‣ K. Hill 1969: 28
Southern Paiute pɯɯpɯ <pï(·)ï´-ɸÏ, pïï´-ɸ(W)Ï, pï(γ)ï´-ɸÏ> hide before preparation, fur ‣ Sapir
1931: 615
Southern Ute pɯɯpɯ <pu̧ ú̧-vu̧ > fur, wool ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 169
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɯ̱ hi <puhi> spread out flat, cover a wide, flat area ‣ Hopi Dictionary
369
pE-12 pE-14
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño pə̱lkiʃ, ‑pəlki <pe̱lki-sh, ‑pelki> hide, skin ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167 [cognate?]
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vewa̱t <veguát> pellejo «fur» ‣ Pennington 1981: 240
Ópata bewa <begua> skin, hide ‣ Shaul 1983: 117
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vea̱ <veá> skin, shell, bark, rind ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 158
Mayo vēwa <beegua> piel, pellejo, corteza, cuero, cáscara «skin, fur, bark, leather, shell» ‣ Collard
& Collard 1962: 120
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ewatˡ <euatl> cuero por curtir, o mondadura y caxcara de fruta «hide for tanning
or mounting and rind of fruit» ‣ Molina 1571: 21v
Classical Nahuatl ēwatˡ <ēhua-tl> skin, hide, husk, rind ‣ Karttunen 1983: 76
Tetelcingo Mexicano jēwajōtˡ <yehuayutl> corteza, cáscars, piel, etc. «bark, shell, skin, etc.» ‣
Pipil ‑ēwaju <‑e:wayu> skin, pe[e]l, hide, bark, shell (of egg) ‣ Campbell 1985: 213
pE-12 under
Tepiman *vɯta̱ʔa <*vɨ'ta?a> under ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (288)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vɯtᶴo <veco> below, under ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.250
Pima Bajo vɯ̱ ta <'vɨta> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (288)
Northern Tepehuan úta ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (288)
Southern Tepehuan vɯta̱ʔ <vɨ'ta?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (288)
Cora/Huichol
Cora hetēṉ <jeteén> debajo «under» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 142 (perhaps with tE-28)
pE-13 red
Tepiman *vɯ̱̄ gi <*'vɨgi> red ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (290a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vɯgi <vegi> to become red ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.257
Pima Bajo vɯg <'vɨg> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (290a)
Northern Tepehuan vɯgi <vɨgi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (290a)
Northern Tepehuan vɯ̄́ gi <v� ́� ́gi> red ‣ Bascom 1982: 304
Southern Tepehuan ‑vɯ̄ ʔ <‑'vɨɨ?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (290a)
pE-14 lightning (Miller 1967: 262 *pe | *pepe (redp.))

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vɯpɯgɯ <vepege> to strike (said of lightning) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 261
[cognate?]
370
pE-15 pE-17
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) veʔoktia <ve'oktia> lightning (n.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 157
Mayo verokte <bérocte> está relampagueando «is lightning» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 121
Mayo veroktiria <béroctiria> rayo, relámpago «lightning (n.)» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 121
pE-15 all, every, everything

Tepiman *vɯ̱̄ si <*'vɨɨsi> all ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (293)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) wɯ̄ s <wehs> all ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 47
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vɯs <ves> all ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.266
Pima Bajo vɯ̄ ʃ <'vɨɨš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (293)
Northern Tepehuan vɯ̄̌ ʃi <vɨ� ́ši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (293)
Southern Tepehuan vɯ̄ ʃ <'vɨɨš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (293)
Tubar
Tubar wesa̱t | wetˢa̱t <we-sá-t | we-ȼá-t> todos «all» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Cora/Huichol
Cora hei ̱tˢe̓ <jeítze'e> más ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 142
pE-16 far
Takic [perhaps with prefixed *pɯ-] (cf. ja-29)
Serran
Kitanemuk pɯjan <pəjan; poo'-yahn> far ‣ Anderton 1988: 478
Serrano pɯjān far ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) poān <pwáan> lejos «far» ‣ Harrington notes 263
pE-17 dime
Takic [seems to be a Wanderwort]
Serran
Kitanemuk pɯnk <pənk, p̅ənk> measure bead-money on hand (v.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 477
Serrano pɯ̄ nḵ dime, ten-cent coin ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pō̱nkeweʔ <póonkewe', pṓnkiwi'; pukú' pónkiwe'> 10 centavos; un real «ten
cents; one real» ‣ Harrington notes 556, 559
Cupan
Cahuilla pūŋ
̱ ku <púuŋku> bit (monetary unit) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 161
371
pE-18 pi-01
pE-18 plant sp.

Takic
Cupan *pə̱̄ka-t <*pə́:ka-t> plant sp. (food plant) ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (94)
Luiseño pō̱kat <pó·ka-t> a type of greens, Portulaca oleracea ‣ Bright 1968: 33
Cahuilla pe̱kat <pekat> Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth., Pigweed ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 37
Cupeño pə̱kat <pe̱ke-t> a food plant (= pe̱ka-t) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
pE-19 with [Miller 1988 grammatica set pp-02]

Takic
Cupan
Cupeño pə̱tᶴi <pe̱chi> with, about ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 167
Tepiman *vɯ̄ ma̱do <*vɨɨ'mado> with ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (291)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vɯ̄ m <veem> with obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.253
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄ mádo <ɨɨmádo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (291)
Southern Tepehuan vɯ̱̄ mad <'vɨɨmad> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (291)
pi-01 tobacco (Miller 1967: 440 *pipa) *pispa tobacco ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (12)
Numic (moved to pa-65)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi p�̄v̱ a <piiva> tobacco ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano pīvt tobacco ‣ kch
Serrano pīvaʔ smoke (tobacco) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pēs̱ pivat <pé·s̥pivat> fix pí·vat [Luiseño 'tobacco']. 4 or 5 old men pounded
tol. (toloache) in a morterito (little mortar) & drank warm water & later vomited ‣ Harrington notes
095 [The Tongva word for tobacco, sūk
̱ i <ṣu·ki> (p. 095), is a loanword.]
Cupan *p�̄v̱ a-t <*pí:va-t> tobacco ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (130)
Luiseño p�̄vat
̱ <pí·va-t> tobacco ‣ Bright 1968: 33
Cahuilla pi ̱vat <píva-t> tobacco; smoking ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 156
Cupeño pi ̱vat <pi ̱va-t> tobacco ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Tepiman *vi ̱vai <*'vivai> tobacco ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (272)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) viv tobacco ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.279
Pima Bajo viv <'viv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (272)
372
pi-02 pi-03
Northern Tepehuan vívai ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (272)

Southern Tepehuan viv <'viv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (272)
Southeastern Tepehuan viv <[viv] > [vif]> tobacco ‣ Willett 1991: 14
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wipa̱ <wipá> tabaco «tobacco» ‣ Miller 1996: 410
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wipa̱ <huipá> tabaco del campo «tobacco» ‣ Hilton 1959: 35
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve viva̱t <vivát> tabaco «tobacco» ‣ Pennington 1981: 245
Ópata vih tabaco «tobacco» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Ópata vii | vivata <biy | biba-ta> tobacco ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vīva <viiva> tobacco; cigarette ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 162
Mayo vīva <biiba> cigarro «cigarette» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 122
pi-02 penis *pisa penis ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (73)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pi ̱sqɶtɶ <pisqötö> glans penis ‣ Hopi Dictionary [with qɶtɶ <qötö> 'head']
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) viha penis ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.270
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pisa̱ <pisá> penis ‣ Miller 1996: 375
Tubar
Tubar wisa̱t <wisá-t> pene «penis» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
pi-03 twirl
Tepiman *vidi ̱nai, vidi ̱na- <*vi'dinai/a-> to make thread ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (267)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vidᶾin <vijin> to twist, spin obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.274
Northern Tepehuan viɉíɲai <vidʸíñai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (267)
Southern Tepehuan vi ̱ɉɲa- <'vidʸña-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (267)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío piʔri ̱nani <piʔrína-ni> to twirl, twist something ‣ Miller 1996: 375
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) biʔri ̱ <bi'rí> torcerse «twist» ‣ Hilton 1959: 13
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) hīna- <hiina=> torcer (mecate) «twist (maguey rope, cord)» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 60 [cognate?]
373
pi-04 pi-05
pi-04 down, fluff, fuzz (Miller 1967: 168 *pi)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono p�̄pī
̱ <piibi> cotton ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 333
Central Numic
Shoshone pīsippɯh <piisi-ppeh> fuzz ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pīpɯ <pii-vɨ> eagle down; cotton ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 255
̄́ > featherdown; fine fur under the longer fur-hair of some animals ‣ K.
Chemehuevi pīpɯ <p�və̥
Hill 1969: 30
Southern Ute pīpɯ <píi-vu̧ > cotton ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 161
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pīwīl <pi·wi·-l> down feathers ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pitˢi ̱nvosi <pitsinsivosi> cottonseed ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi pi ̱phɶ <piphö> downy feathers from the lower belly of a bird, esp. an eagle ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pītˢ <pīts, pītṣ> down ‣ Anderton 1988: 470
Serrano pīhtᶴ down ‣ kch
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vīgi ̥ <viigï> down ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.272
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío piwi ̱ <piwí> fine granular material ‣ Miller 1996: 375 [cognate?]
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl iwitˡ <iuitl> pluma menuda «minute feather» ‣ Molina 1571: 44r
Classical Nahuatl iʔwitˡ <ihhui-tl> feather, down ‣ Karttunen 1983: 97
pi-05 sweet
Numic *pih(C)a sugar/sweet ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (163)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppihapi <piha-bi> sugar-ABS ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 13
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pihjā | pihnā <pihyaa | pihnaa> sweet ‣ Dayley 1989: 204
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pihnāh <pihnaah> sweet ‣ Crapo 1976: 70
374
pi-06 pi-06
Western Shoshone pihjā | pihnā | pihā <pihyaa | pihnaa | pihaa> honey, sugar; sweet ‣ Crum &
Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone pihnā <pihnaa> sugar, sweet ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pihnāʔ̱ <pihnáaʔ> sugar, sweets ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 81
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pihapi <piha-vi> sugar ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 253
Chemehuevi pihapi <pih̑ávi ̥> sugar ‣ K. Hill 1969: 28
Southern Paiute piapi <pi(y)a´-ɸI> sap ‣ Sapir 1931: 611
Southern Ute piapi <piá ̧-vi ̱> syrup, nectar, frosting ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 160
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pīhatᶳ <pīhatʃr, pīhātʃr> sugar; honey ‣ Anderton 1988: 470
Serrano pīhtᶳ honey, s.th. sweet ‣ kch
pi-06 stinging insect: wasp, bee, fly (Miller 1967: 32 *pis | *pic)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pītˢutˢuʔatᶳ <pītsutsuʔatʃr, pítsutsuatr̥> fly ‣ Anderton 1988: 470
Serrano pītᶴtᶴuaʔtᶳ fly ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) p�̄tᶳokʷar,
̱ ̄́
pl. pepēṯ ᶳokʷarom <p�tcukwar, pl. pepíitʃokwarom> (fly), flies ‣
Tongva (Gabrielino) nep�̄tᶳoʔ
̱ ̄́
| nepīvtᶳoʔ <nip�tcu‘ | nepíivtʃo'> mi chinche «my bedbug» ‣
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vīpʂ <viipx> wasp, hornet ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.274
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío piʔtᶴa̱ <piʔcá> kind of red insect that is like a bee, bites (wasp?), and secreted a gum used
for incense ‣ Miller 1996: 375
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve pi ̱tˢa <pítza> avispa «wasp» ‣ Pennington 1981: 216
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vītᶴa <viicha> wasp ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 162
Mayo vītᶴa <biicha> bitache «wasp» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 122
375
pi-07 pi-08
pi-07 rot
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pikki- <piki-> to rot, spoil ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 254
̑
Chemehuevi pikkippa <pikípḁ> pus, matter; anything that is rotten ‣ K. Hill 1969: 29
Southern Ute pikkiī <pikí> be rotten; be a spoiled brat ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 161
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pigani ̱ <piga-ní> to be rotten ‣ Miller 1996: 374
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bika̱ <bicá> pudrir «rot» ‣ Hilton 1959: 12
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve viika̱t <viicát> llaga «ulcer, sore» ‣ Pennington 1981: 243
Ópata bika <bica> rot(ten) ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vikala spoiled, rotten, putrid ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 162
Mayo vika̱ra <bicara> podrido «rotten» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 122
pi-08 suckle, nurse *pini <*pini> to suck on it ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (91)
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu piʔi- <piʔi-> to suckle, nurse ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 253
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pīr <p̅īr, p̅ir, pir̥> suck ‣ Anderton 1988: 470
Kitanemuk pīhan <p̅ihan> suckle ‣ Anderton 1988: 470
Serrano pi, pīha- nurse, suckle (vi.) ‣ kch
Serrano pīhan nurse, suckle (vt.) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) petᶳū̱k <petʃúuk> está mamando «(he) is nursing» ‣ Harrington notes 435
Cupan
Cupeño pis <pi ̱se;‑0> to suckle, nurse ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla ‑pis- <‑pís-> to suck (the breast) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 153
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) wīɲ <viiñ> to suck, lick, obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.273
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío piʔnina̱ <piʔni-ná> to suck cane or chew gum ‣ Miller 1996: 375
376
pi-09 pi-09
Cora/Huichol
Cora ra̓nkāpɯ̓ tˢe <ra'ancaápʌ'ʌtze> lo besa «(she) kisses him» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 164
Wixarika (Huichol) tɯ̄́ .p�̄na
́ <tǘü.píina> chuparrosa «hummingbird» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 109
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡapipitˢoa <pipitzoa.nitla> chupar, o roer algo «suck or gnaw something» ‣
Molina 1571: 82r
Classical Nahuatl pitˢoa <pitzoā> to kiss someone or something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 198
Classical Nahuatl pipitˢoā <pipitzoā> to suck or gnaw something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 197
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipitˢoa <qui ̱pi ̱tzoa> lo besa «[she] kisses him» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 198
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipipitˢoa <qui ̱pi ̱pi ̱tzoa> lo chupa (hueso, dedo, dulce, etc.) «[he] sucks on it
(bone, finger, candy, etc.)» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 197
pi-09 breast, milk (Miller 1967: 58 *pi) *piX ‣ AMR; *pi breast ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (6)
Numic *pitˢi(ʔi) | *pitˢa <*pici(ʔi) | *pica> breast/milk/suck(le) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (166)
Western Numic
Western Mono pitˢi ̱ʔ <pizi ̱'> breast; milk ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 147
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pitˢi <pitsi> breast, tit ‣ Dayley 1989: 214
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pitˢa <pica> milk ‣ Crapo 1976: 69
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pitˢi <pici> breast ‣ Crapo 1976: 69
Western Shoshone pitˢa <pitsa> milk ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Western Shoshone pitˢi <pitsi> breast ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone pitˢi <pitsi> breast ‣ Miller 1972: 130
Comanche pitˢīʔ <pitsiiʔ> woman's breast ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 83
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pihipɯ <pihi-vɨ> breast ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 253
Chemehuevi pihipi <pihívi ̥> chiche «breast, nipple» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 28
Chemehuevi pitˢɯ- <picɨ> suck/suckle ‣ Press 1979: 154
Southern Paiute piitˢipi <piɩ´tsɩ-ɸI> female's breast ‣ Sapir 1931: 614
Southern Ute pittᶴī <pi ̱cí> suck, suck at the breast ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 160
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pīl <pi·-l> the breasts ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk piʔtˢ <piʔts> breast ‣ Anderton 1988: 469
Serrano ‑piʔ breast, nipple; milk ‣ kch
377
pi-10 pi-10
̄́
Tongva (Gabrielino) nep�̄ṉ <nip�n> mi chiche, mi leche «my breast, my milk» ‣ Harrington notes
161
Cupan *pi-t <*pí-t> breast ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (19)
Luiseño pit, ‑piʔ <pí-t, ‑píʔ> breast, teat; milk ‣ Bright 1968: 33
Cupeño ‑pi <‑pi> breast ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cupeño piʎ <pi-ly> milk ‣ Holl & Nolasquez 1972: 168
Cahuilla he̱piʎ, ‑pi <hé-pi-l,̃ ‑pi> breast ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 152
Tepiman *v�̄bai,
̱ v�̄ba-
̱ <*'viibai/a-> milk ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (270); *vipi ̱ <*vi'pi> breast ‣ Bascom
1965: 177 (271)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vīb <viib> milk ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.271
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vipi bosom; nipple, udder ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.276
Pima Bajo vi ̱ba- <'viba-> milk ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (270)
Pima Bajo vip <'vip> breast ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (271)
̌ <viíbai> milk ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (270)
Northern Tepehuan v�̄bai
Northern Tepehuan vípi | pípi <vípi | pípi> breast ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (271)
Southern Tepehuan vīb <'viib> milk ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (270)
Southern Tepehuan vip�̱̄ <vi'pii> breast ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (271)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío piʔwa̱ <piʔwá> (woman's) breast ‣ Miller 1996: 375
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vii ̱t <viít> teta «breast» ‣ Pennington 1981: 243
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) pipim breasts ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 114
Mayo pippim <píppim> pechos «breasts» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 172
pi-10 leave, remain (Miller 1967: 256 *pia) *pija <*piya> keep, leave ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274
(248)
Numic *pɯja <*pəya> leave (behind/over) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (174)
Western Numic
Western Mono ‑pina(‑) to go behind; behind[,] after ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 143
Central Numic
Shoshone pɯa <peaG> to leave someone behind; to stop doing something, to quit (vowel is
unexpected) ‣ Miller 1972: 128
Comanche pɯatɯ <pʉarʉ> turn loose, quit something, cease doing ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
89
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pīneʔe- <piineʔe-> to leave (tr.) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 254
378
pi-11 pi-12
Chemehuevi pinawʔnkɯ- <pi'naw?-nkɨ> leave ‣ Press 1979: 154

Southern Paiute pijaī <piyaí‘> to be left over ‣ Sapir 1931: 614
Southern Ute pijāī <piyá ̧a ̧y> be left, remain behind ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 163
Tepiman *vi ̱ʔia, vi ̱ʔi- <*'vi?ia/i-> to stay ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (273a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) viʔa- to leave obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.279
Pima Bajo vi ̱ʔi- <'vi?i-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (273a)
Northern Tepehuan v�̄á <víía> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (273a)
Southern Tepehuan vī <'vii> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (273a)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vie̱n <vién> faltar, quedar «be absent, remain (?)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 243
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) pi- <pi=> quitar, dejar ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 85
Nahua *pija <*piya> have, keep ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (81)
Classical Nahuatl ninopia | nitepia | nitˡapia <pia.nino | pia.nite | pia.nitla> guardarſe de algo |
guardar a otro | guardar alguna coſa «protect oneself from something | protect someone | protect
something» ‣ Molina 1571: 81v
Classical Nahuatl pija <piy(a)> to protect oneself from something; to take care of someone or
something,to have stewardship of something, to hold something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 199
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipia <qui ̱pi ̱a> lo tiene, lo contiene «[he] has it, [it] contains it» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 197
Pochutla Mexicano bia | ba <biá | ba> tener «have» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pija <piya> to have, to possess ‣ Campbell 1985: 397
pi-11 go out, exit (Miller 1967: 199 *pis) *pisaC to exit ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal piʃat <pica´t> he is going out ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 73
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pisa̱j- <pisá-y-> to go outdoors ‣ Bright 1968: 33
pi-12 back (Miller 1967: 17 *pi)

Numic *pih- back/behind/buttocks ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (162)
Western Numic
Western Mono pittˢo̱kā <pitso̱g̸a> hips and lower back ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 146
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pittˢoko <pittsoko> waist, waist to knees ‣ Dayley 1989: 214
379
pi-13 pi-14
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pittˢokko <piccokko> the body from waist to knees, hindquarters ‣
Crapo 1976: 69
Shoshone pi- <pi"-> with the buttocks; or back, e.g. of car ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Comanche pi(h)- <pi(h)-> with buttocks ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 310
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi pitˢokki <pitsókʷ̥ḁi ̥> waist; body from the waist down ‣ K. Hill 1969: 30
Southern Paiute pi- <pi-> buttocks, rear (instr. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 610
Southern Paiute pī- <pi·‑ˢ> backward (adv. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 610
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pittᶴōl <pičo·-l> the buttocks ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) viʔam <vi'am> nape (of neck) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 161
Mayo viʔa <bi'a> nuca «nape of the neck» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 123
pi-13 knife (Miller 1967: 246 *pika)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pikʲa̱ʔʲŋʷa <pikya'yngwa> ax ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pika̱t <piká-t> stone knife ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tehpika̱ <tehpiká> knife ‣ Miller 1996: 392
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ripija̱ <ripiyá> cuchillo «knife» ‣ Hilton 1959: 64 [cognate?]
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vika̱t <vicát> cuchillo «knife» ‣ Pennington 1981: 242
Ópata bi knife ‣ Shaul 1983: 114
pi-14 whistle (Miller 1967: 457b *piku) (cf. wi-04)

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve bi ̱kudawan <bícudaguan> chiflar «whistle» ‣ Pennington 1981: 167
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vikue <víkue> whistle ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 162
Mayo vikue̱ <bicué> está chiflando «[he] is whistling» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 122
Cora/Huichol
Cora vi ̱kɯʔe <bícʌ'e> (él) chifla, silba «(he) whistles» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 119
Wixarika (Huichol) wī.kɯ́ ari <vii.cǘari> silbido «whistle» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 116
380
pi-15 pi-16
pi-15 bring (Miller 1967: 61b *pin) <*pinaC> ‣ AMR

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pinat <pin-[at]> to bring it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Serran
Serrano pinaj bring ‣ kch
pi-16 arrive (Miller 1967: 8 *pite) *pɯtɯC <*pɨtɨC> ‣ AMR; *piᵤtɯ <*piᵤtɨ> to arrive ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 143 (143)
Numic *pitɯ | *pihtɯ <*pitə | *pihtə> arrive ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (165)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppittɯ | ppitɯukkʷɯ <pitɨ | pidɨ-u-kʷɨ> arrive | will arrive ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 16
| 12
Western Mono pittɯ- <pitɨ-> to arrive ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 146
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pitɯ | pittuhun <pitü | pittuhun> arrive (to do or at a
state), complete (an activity) ‣ Dayley 1989: 213
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pitɯh <pityh> to arrive ‣ Crapo 1976: 71
Western Shoshone pi ̱tɯ <pite> arrive, come back, return ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone pitɯ <piteH> to arrive ‣ Miller 1972: 130
Comanche pittɯnu̥ <pitʉnu̱> arrive, approach someone ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 83
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pitɯ- <pidɨ-> to arrive SG ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 253
Southern Paiute pitᶴi kaʔma <pi´tcI-qą(·)-’ŋWA> if he (inv.) arrives ‣ Sapir 1931: 614
Southern Ute pittᶴī <pi ̱cí> come, arrive ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 160
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pi ̱tɯ <pitu> arrive ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi pi ̱tɯ <pítu> have come ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 88 (55)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pɯlɯt <pïlït> he arrives ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 1.4
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pitˢ <pits, p̅its> arrive ‣ Anderton 1988: 469
Serrano pitᶴɯj arrive ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pejō̱k ne <pẹyóoknẹ> it comes to me ‣ Harrington notes 650
381
pi-17 pi-18
Cupan
Luiseño pi ̱sma- <písma-> to arrive (s is unexpected) ‣ Bright 1968: 33
Cupeño piʃwə̱liʃ <pishwe̱li-sh> grown up, of young man ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cupeño piʃʔama̱j <pish'ema̱y> just then, right there ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla ‑piʃ- <‑píš-> to arrive ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 155
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bite̱ <bité> habitar, morar, vivir «inhabit, reside, live» ‣ Hilton 1959: 14
pi-17 big
Numic *pi(j)a <*pi(y)a> big ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (168)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pia big, large, thick ‣ Dayley 1989: 200
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pia big ‣ Crapo 1976: 69
Western Shoshone piattᶴi <piacchi> big one, fat one (compare piattˢi <piattsi> 'aunt') ‣ Crum &
Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone pia big ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pia big, large, loud ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 79
pi-18 mother
Numic *pi(j)a <*pi(y)a> mother/female ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (167)
Western Numic
Western Mono pi ̱ja <pi ̱ya> mother ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 146
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pia <pia> mother ‣ Dayley 1989: 200
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone piʔi | pī <pi'i | pii> mother ‣ Crapo 1976: 69
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone piappɯ <pia-ppy> female ‣ Crapo 1976: 69
Western Shoshone pia | pī <pia | pii> mother ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 279
Shoshone pia mother ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Shoshone piapɯh <piapeh> female ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pia mother, mother's sister ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 79
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pija- <piya=> mother ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 255
Chemehuevi piani <piʲáni ̥> my mother ‣ K. Hill 1969: 29
Southern Paiute nɯni pia | piani <nï ̨ńɩ piÁ | pi(y)ɛ´-nI> my mother ‣ Sapir 1931: 610
Southern Ute pi ̱appi <pía ̧-pi ̱> female (animal) (unexpected initial stress) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
160
Southern Ute pi ̱ani <pía ̧-n> (my) mother (unexpected initial stress) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 160
382
pi-19 pi-21
pi-19 heart
Numic *pi(h)wɯ | *pi(h)jɯ <*pi(h)wə | *pi(h)yə> heart ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (164)
Western Numic
Western Mono pi ̱jū <pi ̱yu> heart ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 147
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pihwɯn <pihwün> heart ‣ Dayley 1989: 203
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pihjɯn <pihjyn> heart ‣ Crapo 1976: 70
Western Shoshone pihjɯn <pihyen> heart ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone pihjɯn <pihyen> heart ‣ Miller 1972: 129
Comanche pihi ̥ <pihi ̱> heart ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 81
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pɯhjɯppɯ <pɨhyɨ-pɨ> heart; name of a mountain place ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 256
Chemehuevi pihɯppi <pih̑ə́pi ̥> heart ‣ K. Hill 1969: 28
Chemehuevi pihɯwa <pih̑ə́wḁ> heart (nə́nia̯ pih̑ə́wḁ, my non-physical heart) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 28
Southern Paiute pijɯ | pijɯppi <piÝÏ | piyï´-p·I> heart ‣ Sapir 1931: 615
pi-20 thin, skinny

Nahua *pVtˢak | pVtˢāwak <*pVȼa(awa)k> thin, skinny ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (166)
Classical Nahuatl nipitˢawa | nitˡapitˢawa <pitzaua.ni | pitzaua.nitla> pararſe delgado y flaco |
adelgazar palos o ſogas, o hablar alto la muger, o cantar «become thin and skinny | make sticks or
ropes thin, for a woman to speak in a high voice or sing» ‣ Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl pitˢawak <pitzauac> coſa delgada, aſsi como varas, pilares, colunas, ſogas y coſas
largas y rollizas, o el camino, el viento delgado y ſotil, los friſoles pequeños, lantejas, o coſas
ſemejantes «something thin, such as sticks, pillars, columns, ropes and long and sturdy things, or the
road, a delicate and subtile wind, little stringbeans, lentils, or similar things» ‣ Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl pitˢāwak <pitzāhuac> something thin, slender ‣ Karttunen 1983: 197
Tetelcingo Mexicano pitˢāwak <pi ̱tzöhuac> delgado «thin, slender» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968:
Pochutla Mexicano ptˢek <ptzec> delgado «thin» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pitˢāwak <pitsa:wa-k> thin, skinny ‣ Campbell 1985: 395
Pipil pitˢakua <pitsakua> to make slimmer, to make thinner, to break (up) ‣ Campbell 1985: 395
pi-21 see
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vitˢa̱n <vitzán> ver «see» ‣ Pennington 1981: 244
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vittᶴa <vicha> see, oversee, direct, manage; look at ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 162
Mayo vittᶴa <bitcha> ve, mira «see, look» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 123
383
pi-22 pi-24
pi-22 throw, bewitch

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pīʔ <piʔ, p̅iʔ, pįʔ> throw a stone at, bewitch ‣ Anderton 1988: 468
Serrano pīʔ throw sg.obj. at, hit with a thrown obj., bewitch ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nōn e pīk <noon'i píik> I threw [it] at him ‣ Harrington notes 142
Tongva (Gabrielino) p�̄ʔa
̱ <píi'a> throw! ‣ Harrington notes 142
Cupan
Luiseño piʔ- <píʔ-> to bewitch ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Cupeño pi ̱ʔa <pi ̱'a;‑0> to bewitch, kill ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla ‑piʔ- <‑píʔ-> to bewitch ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 156
pi-23 be ashamed
Nahua *pināwa <*pinaawa> ashamed ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (4)
Classical Nahuatl nipinawa <pinaua.ni> tener verguença «be ashamed» ‣ Molina 1571: 82r
Classical Nahuatl pīnāwa <pīnāhua> to be ashamed ‣ Karttunen 1983: 196
Tetelcingo Mexicano pīnāwa <pinöhua> le da pena, tiene vergüenza, se avergüenza «[he] is
ashamed» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 174
Pochutla Mexicano pinawa <pinauá> tener vergüenza ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil īʃpīnāwa | īʃpināwa <i:xpi:na:wa (C) | i:xpina:wa (SD)> to be ashamed (C = Cuisnahuat dialect |
pi-24 boy *pi- boy ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271 (209)
Numic
Central Numic
Comanche pihiʔa | pihiʔanɯ̄ <pihiʔa | pihiʔanʉʉ> boys ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 80
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) viappoi boy ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.269
Nahua *piltˢīn- <*pilȼiin-> son, boy, child ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (154)
Classical Nahuatl pilli <pilli> cauallero, o noble perſona «gentleman, noble person» ‣ Molina 1571:
81v
Classical Nahuatl piltˢintˡi <piltzintli> niño, o niña «boy, girl» ‣ Molina 1571: 82r
Classical Nahuatl pilli <pil-li> noble person ‣ Karttunun 1983: 195
Classical Nahuatl piltˢīntˡi <piltzin-tli> child ‣ Karttunen 1983: 196
384
pi-25 pi-26
Tetelcingo Mexicano piltˢīntˡi <pi ̱ltzintli ̱> criatura, nene, nena, niña del ojo «child, baby» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 174
Pochutla Mexicano noblu̱ <nob'lú> mi hijo «my son» ‣ Boas 1917: 13
Pipil piltˢin <pil-tsín> muchacho ‣ Campbell 1985: 392
pi-25 wrap
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono nopiha- <nobiha-> to pack, bundle up (one's possessions) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 110
Nahua *pipilowa | *pilowa <*(pi)pilowa> wrap, hang up ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (195)
Classical Nahuatl ninopiloa | nitepiloa | nitˡapiloa <piloa.nino | piloa.nite | piloa.nitla> ahorcarſe, o
colgarſe | ahorcar o colgar a otro | colgar alguna coſa de alto, aſsi como ropa, &c. «hang oneself |
hang someone | hang something from above, such as clothes, etc.» ‣ Molina 1571: 81v
Classical Nahuatl piloa <piloā> to hang oneself; to hang something up, to hang someone ‣
Karttunen 1983: 195
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipiloa <qui ̱pi ̱loa> lo cuelga, lo engancha, tiende la ropa «[he] hangs it, pins
it, hangs out the clothes» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 197
Pochutla Mexicano enopibluk <enopib'lúc> ya me cubrí «I covered myself already» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pilua <pilua> to wear around the neck, to hang (e.g. a necklace) (C) | to hang, to hang up
(put away) (SD) (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 392
pi-26 vomit *pisōta ‣ kch

Takic
Serran
Serrano pīʂ <piiṣ> vomit ‣ Miller 1967: 62
Cupan
Cahuilla -pi ̱pivis- <-pípivis-> to vomit ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 153
Tepiman *vi ̱hotai, vi ̱hota- <*'vihotai/a-> to vomit ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (269)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vihot to vomit obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.271
Pima Bajo vi ̱ohta- <'viohta-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (269)
Northern Tepehuan víótai ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (269)
Southern Tepehuan vi ̱ot <'viot> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (269)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) visata vomit ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 163
Mayo visata <bísata> está vomitando «[he] is vomiting» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 122
385
pi-27 pi-28
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ninisotˡa | niniʃotᶴtia <nin,içotla | nin,ixochtia> gomitar o vomitar «vomit»
(<içotla.nin> gomitar Molina 1571: 33v) ‣ Molina 1571a: 66r
Classical Nahuatl iʔsōtˡa <ihzōtla> to vomit ‣ Karttunen 1983: 103
Tetelcingo Mexicano mesōtˡa <mesutla> vomita «[he] vomits» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 141
Pipil misūta | mīsuta <m-isu:ta (C) | m-i:suta (SD)> to vomit, to throw up (C = Cuisnahuat dialect |
pi-27 younger sibling

Takic (cf. po-08)
Serran
Kitanemuk pītatᶳ <píta̅ tʃr, pītatʃr> youngest, last ‣ Anderton 1988: 474
Serrano ‑pīt younger sister ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nep�̄ʔ̱ etᶳ <nipíi'itʃ> my y. (younger) sister ‣ Harrington notes 530
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ‑pīt <bi-it> sister, younger ‣ Woodward 2007: 178
Luiseño ‑pīt <‑pí·t> younger sister ‣ Bright 1968: 33
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pini ̱ <piní> younger sister ‣ Miller 1996: 374
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bini ̱ <biní> hermana menor (de mujer) «woman's younger sister» ‣ Hilton
1959: 13
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vi ̱nwa <víngua> hermana menor «younger sister» ‣ Pennington 1981: 243
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl piʔtˡi <pitli> hermana mayor, o dama, o criada que acõpaña a ſu ſeñora «older
sister, lady, lady's maid» ‣ Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl pihtˡi <pih-tli> older sister (from the point of view of a woman), lady's maid
(semantic reversal of age?) ‣ Karttunen 1983: 197
pi-28 berry
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pikʷatᶳ <pik̅watʃr> California blackberry ‣ Anderton 1988: 471
Serrano pikʷatᶳ berry ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pekʷāṟ <pekwáar> mora «blackberry» ‣ Harrington notes 548
386
pi-29 pi-31
Cupan *p�̄kʷi-la
̱ <*pí:kʷi-la> berry sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (12)
Luiseño pi ̱kʷla <píkw-la> blackberry, Rubus vitifolius ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Cupeño pi ̱piʎ <pi ̱pi-ly> strawberry (medial ‑p- is unexpected) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla pi ̱kʎam <piklyam> Fragaria californica Cham. & Schlecht., Wild Strawberry ‣ Bean &
Saubel 1972: 74
pi-29 butt
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pittuhu(ttˢi) <pittuhu(ttsi)> butt, ass, behind, hind end ‣
Dayley 1989: 212
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pitto back, behind ‣ Crapo 1976: 71
Western Shoshone pittuhku <pittuhku> buttocks ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
pi-30 rot
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pisi <pisi"> rot ‣ Dayley 1989: 210
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pisi <pisi"> to rot, to become rotten ‣ Crapo 1976: 71
Western Shoshone pisi <pisi"> rot, become rotten ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk piʃkaʔ <piʃḳaʔa> be rotten ‣ Anderton 1988: 474
Serrano piʂḵaʔ rot, get rotten ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño pisa̱ʔa- <pisáʔa-> to rot ‣ Bright 1968: 33
Cupeño pisa̱ʔ <pisa̱'e;‑0> to rot, sour ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla ‑pi ̱sa- <‑písa-> to spoil, to get rotten (foods) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 154
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) biso̱ <bisó> salir pus «for pus to flow out» ‣ Hilton 1959: 14
pi-31 you [Miller 1988 grammatica set pr-02]

Tepiman *āp̱ iʔi <*'?aapi?i> you (sing.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296a); *āpi ̱ʔimɯ <*?aa'pi?imɨ> you (pl.)
‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) āpiʔi | āpi <?aapi(ʔi)> you(sg) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.371
Tohono O'odham (Papago) āpim <ʔaapim> you(pl) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.371
Pima Bajo āp̱ i <'?aapi> you (sing.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296a)
387
pi-32 po-02
Pima Bajo āp̱ ɯm <'?aapɨm> you (pl.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296b)
Northern Tepehuan āp̌ i <aápi> you (sing.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296a)
Northern Tepehuan āpímu <aapímu> you (pl.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296b)
Southern Tepehuan āp̱ iʔ <'?aapi?> you (sing.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296a)
Southern Tepehuan āp̱ ib <'?aapib> you (pl.) ‣ Bascom 1965: 180 (296b)
pi-32 vomit (separated from pi-26)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pittahni- <pitahni-> to vomit ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 255
Chemehuevi pippittanʔnikai <pipítan’nig̑a‘i ̯> to vomit ‣ K. Hill 1969: 29
Southern Paiute pippittaʔnī <pI‘pi´t·a’ni‘> [he] vomits ‣ Sapir 1931: 613
po-01 run
Tepiman *vō̱poi | vō̱po <*'voopoi/o> to run (pl) ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (279)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vōpoʔo, vōpo- <voopo(ʔo)> to run, to drive (pls) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.291
Pima Bajo vo̱pa <'vopa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (279)
Northern Tepehuan vōp̌ oi <voópoi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (279)
Southern Tepehuan vō̱po- <'voopo-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (279)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bori ̱ba <boriba> correr el agua (en una corriente) «flow (in a current)» ‣
Hilton 1959: 14
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve voma̱n <vomán> correr el boquimari «run the bokimari» ‣ Pennington 1981: 245
Eudeve vo̱ome <vóome> correr muchos «run, pl.» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
po-02 body hair, fur, down, skin (Miller 1967: 212b *po, 212c *po) *pohn ‣ AMR; *po body hair, fur ‣
Numic *poʔā(̆ ⁿ) <*poʔa(a)(N)> cover/skin/bark ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (149)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) poʔa | poʔattˢi <po'a(n) | po'attsi> outer protective
covering, skin, bark, feathers, shell ‣ Dayley 1989: 215
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone poʔan | poan <po'an | poan> ‣ Crapo 1976: 72
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone poan | pohon (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 72
Western Shoshone poʔan <po'an> skin, bark ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone poʔan | poan <po'an | poan> skin; bark ‣ Miller 1972: 130
388
po-03 po-03
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɶ̱ hɶ <pöhö> fur, body hair, wool, fleece, body or contour feathers, down, fuzz ‣
Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pōnt <po·n-t> hide, body hair ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pohotˢ <pohots> body hair, body feathers, fur ‣ Anderton 1988: 479
Serrano ‑poʳh body hair, contour feathers ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) apēẖ an <'apéehan> his body hair ‣ Harrington notes 076
Cupan
Luiseño ‑peʔ <‑péʔ> feathers, fur, body hair ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Cupeño ‑piʔi <‑pi'i> down, body hair, non-flight feathers ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla pi ̱iʎ, ‑pi ̱hʔi <píi-l,̃ ‑píh-ʔi> hair, fur, down (of birds) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 152
Tepiman *vopo̱ <*vo'po> body hair ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (280)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vopo down; down-like fur (as of a donkey); hair on the body ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.293
Pima Bajo vop <'vop> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (280)
Northern Tepehuan vópoi | pópoi body hair ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (280) || 1982: 307
Southern Tepehuan vapō̱ <va'poo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (280)
Southeastern Tepehuan vapō <[va´poo]> body hair ‣ Willett 1991: 27
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío poʔa̱ <poʔá> wool; sheep ‣ Miller 1996: 376
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) boʔwa̱ <bo'guá> oveja, borrego «sheep» ‣ Hilton 1959: 14
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata vowa̱ <boguá> down, fur, body hair ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) voa fur, down, hair (not head hair); feather (gen.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 163
Mayo vowwam <bóuguam> lana, pelo «wool, fur» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 123
Tubar
Tubar wome̱t | womo̱r | womã̱r <wo̧mé-t | wo̧mó̧-r | wo̧mán-r> lana, pelo «wool, fur» ‣ Lionnet 1978:
69
po-03 lie down (Miller 1967: 260 *po) *poʔi | *poʔo to be lying down ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (130)
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pe̱ma- <péma-> to lie on the ground, of fruits or seeds ‣ Bright 1968: 32
389
po-04 po-04
Luiseño pet, ‑peʔ <pe-t, ‑peʔ> bed ‣ Bright 1968: 32

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) voʔiwa to lie down, to go to bed ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.298
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío poʔi ̱ <poʔí> to be lying down, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 376
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) boʔwi ̱ <bo'huí> postrarse «lie prone» ‣ Hilton 1959: 14
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve voo̱n <voón> acostarse uno «lie down (sg.)» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vo̓ka <vo'oka> be lying down ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 163
Mayo vo̓ka <bó'oca> (sujeto singular) está acostado «[he] is lying down, sg. subj.» ‣ Collard &
Collard 1962: 124
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) hū́- <húu=> acostarse «lie down» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 60
po-04 road, trail, path (Miller 1967: 350 *po) *pok ‣ AMR; *poɯ | poʔɯ <*po(ʔ)ɨ> road ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1978: 276 (268); *po road, path ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (4)
Numic *pojo | *poʔe | *poʔi <*poyo | *poʔe | *poʔi> road/path/trail ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (155)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute pō <[pɔ́ɔ]́ > trail ‣ Thornes 2003: 33
Western Mono po̱jō <po̱yo> road ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 153
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) poʔe(ttˢi) | poʔi <po'e(ttsi) | po'i> road, path ‣ Dayley 1989:
216
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone poʔai <po'ai> path, road ‣ Crapo 1976: 71
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone poʔe <po'e> (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 71
Western Shoshone poʔi <po'i"> road, path ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone poʔai | poai | poʔe | poe <po'ai | poai> road ‣ Miller 1972: 130
Comanche puʔe̥ <puʔe̱> road, trail, path ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 89
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi pō <pó‘> road, trail ‣ K. Hill 1969: 30
Southern Paiute pō <pɔ·‘> road ‣ Sapir 1931: 619
Southern Ute pō <pó̧o̧> road, path, trail ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 164
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɶ̱ hɯ <pöhu> road, path, trail ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal poht <poh-t> the trail, the road ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
390
po-04 po-04
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk poqt <poḳt, póht> road, path ‣ Anderton 1988: 480
Serrano poʳqt road ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pēt <péet> camino «road» ‣ Harrington notes 146
Cupan *pe-t <*pé-t> road ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (112)
Luiseño pet, ‑peʔ <pé-t, ‑peʔ> path, trail, road ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Cupeño pit <pi ̱-t> road, trail ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla pit <pí-t> road, way ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 155
Tepiman *vo̱i <*'voi> road ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (274)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vōg <voog> road ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.286
Pima Bajo vo̱i <'voi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (274)
Northern Tepehuan voí ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (274)
Southern Tepehuan vo̱i <'voi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (274)
Southeastern Tepehuan voi trail ‣ Willett 1991: 15
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío poe̱ <poé> road ‣ Miller 1996: 376
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) buwe̱ <buhué> camino «road» ‣ Hilton 1959: 15
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vove̱t <vovét> camino «road» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
Ópata voge <bogue> road ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vōʔo <voo'o> road, path ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 164
Mayo vōʔo <boo'o> camino «road» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 123
Tubar
Tubar wo- | wota- <wo̧- | wo̧-ta-> camino «road» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 61
Cora/Huichol
Cora huje̱ <juyé> camino, senda, vereda «road, path, trail» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 143
Wixarika (Huichol) hūjḗ <huuyée> camino, vereda, vía «road, path, trail, way» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
62
Nahua *oh- road, trail ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (134)
Classical Nahuatl oʔtˡi <otli> camino, generalmente «any kind of road» ‣ Molina 1571: 78r
Classical Nahuatl oʔtˡi <oh-tli> road ‣ Karttunen 1983: 177
Tetelcingo Mexicano ohtˡi <ojtli ̱> camino, calle, senda, sendero, vereda «road, street, path, trail» ‣
Pipil uhti <uh-ti> road, trail ‣ Campbell 1985: 548
Pochutla Mexicano otkan <ot'cán> camino «road» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
391
po-05 po-07
po-05 pull out, uproot

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vōɲ <vooñ> to pull out, pluck ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.288
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío poʔnani ̱ <poʔna-ní> to pull up, pull off, of weeds, plants, fruit ‣ Miller 1996: 376
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) boʔna̱ <bo'ná> arrancar, desherbar «pull out, weed» ‣ Hilton 1959: 14
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve po̱pnan <pópnan> arrancar raíz, pelo, etcétera «pull out root, hair, etc.» ‣ Pennington 1981:
216
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) pona pull out, pluck; fall out ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 115
Mayo ponna : aʔa ponna; masa popona <ponna : a'a ponna; masa pópona> lo está arrancando; la
está desplumando «[he] is pulling it out, [he] is removing its feathers» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 173
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) hūnā-́ <huunáa=> arrancar una cosa inmóvil «pull out a motionless object» ‣
po-06 wait
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) woʔiʂɯg <wo'isheg> wait ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 65
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vovitᶴa <vovicha> wait for, await; be patient ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 165
Mayo vōvi ̱ttᶴa <boobitcha> está esperando «is waiting» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 123
po-07 pound (Miller 1967: 142 *pon) (cf. po-12)

Numic *potV pound (with a stone) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (153)
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute ponʔnoa- <pɔn’nɔa-> to drum ‣ Sapir 1931: 620
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) perā̱ʔa <peráa'a> machucalo «pound it!» ‣ Harrington notes 511
Serran
Kitanemuk poŋ hit with the fist ‣ Anderton 1988: 482
Serrano pōʳŋ pound ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nōn e perāṟ o <nóon'i peráaro> lo voy a machucar «I am going to pound it»
‣ Harrington notes 511
392
po-08 po-09
Cupan
Luiseño pe̱ŋa/i- <péŋa/i-> to be thrown (intr,); to throw (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Cupeño pi ̱ŋin <pi ̱nge;‑ine> to knock on, to knock around ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168
Cahuilla ‑piŋ- <‑píŋ-> to get ground, to get pulverized ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 153
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) pōna <poona> bang, beat, knock, pound; mash, shred; play (instrument,
radio, phonograph) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 115
Mayo pōna <poona> lo está tocando «is playing it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 173
Mayo popo̱na <popona> lo está martillando «is hammering it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 173
Tubar
Tubar hipona- <ji-po̧na-> tocar (música) «play music» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 62
po-08 younger brother (Miller 1967: 490 *po)

Takic (cf. pi-27)
Serran
Serrano ‑poʳit younger brother ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nepēʔ̱ etᶳ <nepée'etʃ> my y. bro. (younger brother) ‣ Harrington notes 530
Cupan
Luiseño ‑pēt <‑pé·t> younger brother ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío poni ̱ <poní> younger brother ‣ Miller 1996: 376
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) boni ̱ <boní> hermano menor «younger brother» ‣ Hilton 1959: 15
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vo̱nwa <vóngua> hermano menor «younger brother» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
Tubar
Tubar woni ̱ <wo̧ní> hermano menor «younger brother» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
Cora/Huichol
Cora nehū̱ <nejuú> hermana menor (mía) | hermano menor (mío) «my younger sibling» ‣ McMahon
& McMahon 1959: 49
po-09 navel (Miller 1967: 302 *poci)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono po̱tˢī <po̱zi | po̱ji> belly button, umbilical cord ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 154
Cora/Huichol
Cora sipu̱tˢi <siputzi> ombligo «navel» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1958: 174 (also at si-26)
393
po-10 po-13
po-10 stomach, belly (Miller 1967: 418 *poka) *poka stomach ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (149)
Tepiman *vō̱ka <*'vooka> stomach ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (278)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vōk <vook> stomach, belly ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.288
Pima Bajo vōk <'vook> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (278)
Northern Tepehuan vōǩ a <voóka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (278)
Southern Tepehuan vōk <'vook> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (278)
Cora/Huichol
Cora huka̱ <jucá> barriga, estómago «belly, stomach» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 142
Wixarika (Huichol) hūká <huucá> abdomen, músculo de recto de abdomen «abdomen, rectal
muscle» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 60
po-11 currant, berry (Miller 1967: 38 *poko)

Numic *pokoⁿ <*pokoN> berries/currants ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (150)
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pokompih <poko-mpih> currant berry ‣ Crapo 1976: 72
Western Shoshone pokompih currant; berry ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone pokompih <pokom-pih> currant (Ribes) ‣ Miller 1972: 131
Shoshone pokoppi ̥ <pokopi ̱> berries, fruit, nuts ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 85
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute pokompi <pɔχɔ´-mpI> currant ‣ Sapir 1931: 620
Southern Ute pokoī <pog̑óy> be/become lumpy ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 164
Southern Ute pokoippɯ <pog̑óy-pu̧ > goose-berries ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 164
po-12 pound (Miller 1967: 331 *po) (cf. po-07)

Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) potton <potton> metate, flat grinding stone ‣ Dayley 1989:
221
Shoshone potton <potton> grinding stone ‣ Miller 1972: 131
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tappotuʔ- <tap·ɔru’-> to pound with a stone (probably with instr. pref. ta- with a
stone) ‣ Sapir 1931: 668
po-13 skunk (Miller 1967: 382 *poni)

Numic *poni(a) skunk ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (152)
Western Numic
394
po-14 po-14
Western Mono pohi ̱tta <pohi ̱tA> skunk ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 150
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ponniattˢi | pohniattˢi <ponniattsi | pohniattsi> skunk ‣
Dayley 1989: 218
Shoshone poniattˢih <poniattsih> skunk ‣ Miller 1972: 131
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu pohnija <pohniya> skunk ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 259
Chemehuevi ponia <poní‘a̯> skunk ‣ K. Hill 1969: 30
Southern Paiute ponī | ponia <pɔnɩ´‘ | pɔ̨(·)n·iÁ> skunk ‣ Sapir 1931: 620
Southern Ute ponijɯ <po̧ní-yi ̧> skunk ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 164
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ponnihw <ponihw> skunk ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 12
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pōnivatᶳ <pṓnivatʃr̥> skunk ‣ Anderton 1988: 482
Serrano pōʳnivatᶳ skunk (Mephitis mephitis) ‣ kch
po-14 swell, be full as from eating (Miller 1967: 429 *posa | *poca) *poCa <*poCa> to swell ‣ Manaster
Ramer 1992: 266
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɶ̱ sti <pösti> swell, bloat ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi pɶ̱̄ saŋʷ <pöösangw> swelling ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío posani ̱ <posa-ní> to be full, satisfied ‣ Miller 1996: 376
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bosa̱ <bosá> llenarse, hartarse «get full» ‣ Hilton 1959: 15
Cora/Huichol
Cora wata̱husai <huatájusai> se llenó (persona) «(a person) got full» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959:
133
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl niposawa | niteposawa <poçaua.ni | poçaua.nite> hincharſe la carne o el cuerpo |
hinchar deſta manera a otro «for flesh of body to swell up | make another swell up in this way» ‣
Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl posāwi <pozāhu(i)> to swell ‣ Karttunen 1986: 204
Classical Nahuatl posāwa <pozāhu(a)> to inflate something ‣ Karttunen 1986: 204
Tetelcingo Mexicano posāwi <posöbi ̱> se hincha, está hinchado «[it] swells up, is swollen» ‣ Brewer
& Brewer 1962: 176
Tetelcingo Mexicano kiposāwa <qui ̱posöhua> se lo hincha «[he] makes it swell up» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 198
395
po-15 po-16
po-15 round, spherical (Miller 1967: 357 *pot) *polo ‣ kch

Numic *pono round/spherical ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (151)
Western Numic
Western Mono ɯttɯpponoki- <ɨtɨponogi-> to be round (in shape) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 43
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ponottˢi <ponottsi> round basket with a neck ‣ Dayley 1989:
218
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pono round spherical (Duckwater dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 72
Western Shoshone pono sphere ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone pono round, spherical (not circular) ‣ Miller 1972: 131
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío polo̱ <poló> knot ‣ Miller 1996: 376
po-16 mouse (Miller 1967: 292 [no reconstruction]) *pontˢa, pl. *po-potˢa <*ponca, pl. *po-poca> mouse ‣
Manaster Ramer 1992: 265
Numic *po... | *pu... mouse ‣ Ianucci 1973: 111 (148)
Western Numic
Western Mono puwēṯ tˢi <puweetsI> field mouse ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 157
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pomoʔaittˢi | poŋʷoʔaittˢi <pomo'aittsi | pongwo'aittsi>
mouse ‣ Dayley 1989: 217
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ponaih mouse ‣ Crapo 1976: 72
Western Shoshone poʔneh <po'naih> mouse ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone ponaih <pona̅� ̅h> mouse ‣ Miller 1972: 131
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu puʔmitˢakitˢi <puʔmiča-gi-ži> mouse ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 261
Chemehuevi puʔintˢatˢi <pu’ʷíntsatsi ̥> mouse ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Southern Paiute puʔitᶴatˢi <pu’(ʷ)ɩ´tcα-ts·, pu’ɩ´tcα-ts‘> mouse ‣ Sapir 1931: 623
Southern Ute puʔuitᶴatᶴi <pu?úyca ̧-ci ̱> mouse ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 165
Hopi *pɶhsa ‣ kch
Orayvi Hopi pɶ̱ ɦsa <pö̀ösa> mouse ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi pɶ̱̄ vɶst | pɶvɶ̱ jam <pöövöst | pövöyam> mice ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi pɶ̱̄ sa <pöösa> mouse ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 203
Songoopavi Hopi pɶ̱̄ vɶst <pöövöst> [mice] ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 203
Tepiman *vosɯ̱ ki <*vo'sɨki> mouse ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (281a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) voʂo <voxo> field rat ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.297
396
po-17 po-20
Pima Bajo vo̱ʂɯg <'vošɨ̣ g> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (281a)

Northern Tepehuan vosɯ́ ki <vos� ́ki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (281a)
Southern Tepehuan vasɯ̱̄ k <va'sɨɨk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (281a)
Tubar
Tubar hewotˢo̱t <je-wo̧ȼó̧-t> ratón «mouse» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
po-17 fishhook
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío poʔa̱tᶴula <poʔácula> fishhook, fishnet ‣ Miller 1996: 376
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) po̱wa <pohua> pescar con anzuelo «fish with a fishhook» ‣ Hilton 1959: 59
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) voʔarim <vo'arim> fishhook ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 163
Mayo voʔaria <bó'aria> anzuelo «fishhook» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 123
Tubar
Tubar woha̱t <wo̧já-t> anzuelo «fishhook» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
po-18 play music (merged into po-07)
po-19 count
Nahua *powa | *po <*po(wa)> count ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (38)
Classical Nahuatl ninopoa | nitepoa | nitˡapoa <poa.nino | poa.nite | poa.nitla> ſer ſoberuio | contar
a algunos, o encartarlos, o tener reſpecto o otro | contar coſa de cuenta o numero, o relatar proceſo e
hiſtoria, o leer, o dar cuenta el mayordomo de ſu mayordomia, o coſa ſemejante «be haughty | count
people or register them, have respect for someone | count things by count or number, relate process
and history, read, for a manager to give an account of his management, or something similar» ‣
Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl pōwa <pōhu(a)> to count something, to read something, to recount, relate, or
give account of something, to assign something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 201
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipoa <qui ̱poa> lo cuenta, lo estudia, lo resiembra, lo lee «[he] counts it,
studies it, resows it, reads it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 198
Pochutla Mexicano ʃipo <xipó> ¡cuenta! «count it!» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pochutla Mexicano tapotuk <tapotúc> está contando «[he] is counting» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil puwa <puwa> to count ‣ Campbell 1985: 408
po-20 clean
Nahua *powa clean ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (28)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡapopoa | nitˡapopowa <popoa.nitla | nitla,popoua> alimpiar algo, o reſtutuir lo
ageno | limpiar «clean something, give back something belonging to another» ‣ Molina 1571: 83r |
1571a: 78r
397
po-21 po-23
Classical Nahuatl poʔpōwa <pohpōhu(a)> to clean something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 203

Tetelcingo Mexicano kipohpoa <qui ̱pojpoa> lo limpia (campo, calle, cuerpo, etc.) «[he] cleans it
(field, street, body, etc.)» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 198
Pochutla Mexicano ʃipue <xipué> ¡limpia! «clean it!» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pochutla Mexicano enkopuk <encopúc> lo limpié «I cleaned it» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pūpūwa | pupūwa <pu:pu:wa (C) | pupu:wa (SD)> to clean (people), to pluck (feathers) (C =
Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 404
po-21 foam
Nahua *posōnal <*posoonal> foam ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (66)
Classical Nahuatl posoni | niposoni <poçoni | poçoni.ni> heruir la olla, o la mar | henchirſe de
enojo, o de yra «for a pot or the sea to boil | swell up with anger or ire» ‣ Molina 1571: 83r
Classical Nahuatl posōni <pozōn(i)> for something to boil, for the sea to be turbulent and covered
with foam; to get very angry ‣ Karttunen 1983: 205
Tetelcingo Mexicano posōnki <posunqui> chiltejate, agua de [h]orchata, una cosa hervida «(?),
horchata liquid [horchata is a foamy almond-based drink], something boiled» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
176
Pochutla Mexicano pusonel <puçonél> espuma «foam» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pusūni <pusu:ni> to foam, to froth ‣ Campbell 1985: 406
po-22 lose
Nahua *polowa lose ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (102)
Classical Nahuatl ninopoloa, nitepoloa, nitˡapoloa <poloa.nino, poloa.nite, poloa.nitla> perderſe y
deſtruirſe | perder, o deſtruir a otros con guerra o conquiſtarlos | perder algo, o hazer lodo, o barro,
o perder el juizio y deſatinarſe «lose and destroy oneself | make others lose and destroy them by war
or conquest | lose something, make mud or clay, lose one's judgment and confuse oneself» ‣ Molina
1571: 83r
Classical Nahuatl poloa <poloā> to perish, to be destroyed, to destroy, squander or spend
something, to lay waste something or someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 202
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipoloa <qui ̱poloa> lo pierde «[he] loses it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 198
Pochutla Mexicano epoluk <epolúc> se perdió «[he] got lost» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pulua to lose ‣ Campbell 1985: 402
po-23 silk-cotton tree

Nahua *potᶴō- <*počoo-> silk-cotton tree (ceiba) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (146)
Classical Nahuatl pōtᶴōtˡ <pōchō-tl> silk-cotton tree ‣ Karttunen 1983: 200
Pochutla Mexicano potᶴut <pochút> Bombax ceiba ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pūtᶴut <pu:chu-t> silk-cotton tree ‣ Campbell 1985: 400
398
po-24 po-28
po-24 throw, break

Nahua *pos throw, break ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (171)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡaposteki <puztequi.nitla> quebrar palo, o coſa aſsi «break a stick or something
like it» ‣ Molina 1571: 83v
Classical Nahuatl posteki <poztequ(i)> to split, to break lengthwise; to break something lengthwise
Tetelcingo Mexicano kiposteki <qui ̱postequi ̱> lo quiebra «[he] breaks it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
198
Pochutla Mexicano nuipos <nuibóz> echeré «I will throw» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pusteki <pusteki> to fold, to bend ‣ Campbell 1985: 405
po-25 sweep, press down

Tepiman *vo̱isikai <*'voisikai> to sweep, press down ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (275)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) voson to sweep obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.296
Pima Bajo vo̱iʃi- <'voiši-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (275)
Northern Tepehuan vóíʃikai <vóíšikai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (275)
Southern Tepehuan ‑vo̱ʃʃik <‑'voššik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (275)
po-26 broom
Tepiman *vo̱isikaroi <*'voisikaroi> broom ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (276)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) voskuɖ <voskuḑ> broom ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.295
Northern Tepehuan vóíʃikaroi <vóíšikaroi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (276)
Southern Tepehuan vo̱ʃkar <'voškar> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (276)
po-27 hat
Tepiman *vona̱moi <*vo'namoi> hat ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (277a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vonom | vonomi ̥ <vonom(ï)> hat ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.285
Pima Bajo vo̱nom <'vonom> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (277a)
Northern Tepehuan vonámoi | vanámoi <vonámoi | vanámo-i> hat ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (277a) | 1982:
307
Southern Tepehuan vonām
̱ <vo'naam> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (277a)
po-28 aunt
Tepiman *vovo̱ita <*vo'voita> aunt ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (282)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vovit father['s] younger sister ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.297
Pima Bajo vo̱vitᶴ <'vovič> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (282)
Northern Tepehuan vovóíce <vovóítʸe> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (282)
Southern Tepehuan vavāʎ̱ <va'vaalʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (282)
399
po-29 pu-02
po-29 fuzz, down, fluff (Miller 1967: 212b *po) *pōsa ‣ kch (separated from po-02)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pɶ̱̄ si <pöösi> down or cottony feathers of a newly-hatched bird ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi pɶsɶ̱ vi <pösövi> cotton ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño pēv̱ isaʃ <pé·visa-š> body hair (cognate with ‑v- and ‑s- metathesis?) ‣ Bright 1968: 32
Cora/Huichol
Cora hu̱̓sa̓ <jú'usa'a> barba, pelo (del cuerpo) «beard, body hair» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 143
Wixarika (Huichol) hūʂ́ a- <húuxa=> peludo «hairy» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 61
Wixarika (Huichol) hū́.ʂāŕ i <húu.xáari> vellos del cuerpo «body fuzz» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 62
po-30 swell, bloat *potˢa <*poȼa> swell ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (277) (separated from po-14)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk potˢk <p̅otsk> tie a knot ‣ Anderton 1988: 479 [cognate?]
Kitanemuk apotˢɯk | potˢɯk <ʔap̅otsək; p̅ots̅ ək> kink in a rope ‣ Anderton 1988: 479 [cognate? a
"swelling" in the rope?]
Serrano pōʳtᶴḵ swell, bloat ‣ kch
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) potte have indigestion ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 116
Mayo pottek <póttec> se empachó, se hinchó «have indigestion, bloat» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 173
pu-01 remove
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vua to put obj somewhere in a customary fashion ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.301
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío puhani ̱ <puha-ní> to take away ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) buhe̱ <bujé> cobrar, quitar algo «collect, retrieve, remove» ‣ Hilton 1959:
16
pu-02 tie (Miller 1967: 437 *pul) *pulV to tie up ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *pūli <*puuli> tie ‣ Campbell
& Langacker 1978: 277 (279)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pūnat <pu·úna´t> tie ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.140
400
pu-03 pu-03
Tepiman *vu̱risa <*'vurisa> to tie up ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (285b)

Tohono O'odham (Papago) vulʂp <vulxp> to tie obj (to something) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.315
Pima Bajo vu̱li- <'vuli-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (285b)
Northern Tepehuan vúitᶴa <vúiča> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (285b)
Southern Tepehuan vuʎi ̱- <vu'lʸi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (285b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pulani ̱ <pula-ní> to tie to the feet ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bure̱ <buré> amarrar «tie» ‣ Hilton 1959: 16
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vu̱ran <vúran> amarrar «tie» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) hɯa- <hüa=> amarrar «tie» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 62
Nahua *ɯlpi- <*ɨlpi> tie ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (173)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡalpia | niteilpia | ninolpia <ilpia.nitla | ilpia.nite | ilpia.nino> atar alguna coſa |
atar a alguno, o prenderlo y encarcelarlo | ceñirſe «tie something | tie up someone, take him and
imprison him | confine oneself» ‣ Molina 1571: 37v
Classical Nahuatl ilpia <(i)lpiā> to gird oneself; to tie something or someone up, to take someone
into custody ‣ Karttunen 1983: 105
Tetelcingo Mexicano kilpia <qui ̱lpi ̱a> lo amarra, lo ata, lo unce «[he] ties it, yokes it» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 188
Pochutla Mexicano enkolpik <encolpíc> lo até «I tied it» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pochutla Mexicano muen tilpik <muén tilpíc> tú lo ataste «you tied it» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil ilpia <ilpia> to tie ‣ Campbell 1985: 230
pu-03 wake up *pusaC ‣ AMR; *pusa to waken ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (74)
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vuhan to wake up obj once ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.309
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pusate̱ <pusaté> to wake someone up ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) busa̱ <busá> despertarse «wake up» ‣ Hilton 1959: 16
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve busa̱n <busán> despertar «wake up» ‣ Pennington 1981: 168
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vusa awaken, wake up ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 165
Mayo vussa <bussa> está despertando «is waking up» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Cora/Huichol
Cora hɯsti ̱ <jʌstí> despierto «awake» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 143
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nisa <iça.n> deſpertar «wake up» ‣ Molina 1571: 31v
401
pu-04 pu-04
Classical Nahuatl iʔsa <ihza> to wake up ‣ Karttunen 1983: 102
pu-04 eye (Miller 1967: 160a *pusi (*puci), 160b *pu) *punsi eye ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *pusi eye ‣
Campbell & Langacker 1987: 272 (226); *punsi eye ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (5)
Northern Uto-Aztecan (cf. pu-23)
Numic *puʔi(h) eye/seed ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (155)
Western Numic
Western Mono pu̱ssi <pu̱sI> eye ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 156
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pui eye ‣ Dayley 1989: 225
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone puih eye ‣ Crapo 1976: 73
Western Shoshone puih eye ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone puih eye ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Shoshone pui <puiG> to see ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Comanche pui eye ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 88
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu puʔipi <puʔi-vi> eye; seed ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 260
Chemehuevi puʔi | puʔu <pú’ʷi̥ ̥ | pú’u̥> eye ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Southern Paiute puʔi <po´’I> eye ‣ Sapir 1931: 623
Southern Ute pɯʔipɯ <pu̧ ?í-vu̧ > eye ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 166
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pō̱siʔat <poosi('at)> eye ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal puntˢil <punz̧i-l> the eye ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran [cognate?]
Kitanemuk ‑uvaʔ <uvaʔ, auvaʔ> eye ‣ Anderton 1988: 551
Serrano huvātᶴ eye (absolutive) ‣ kch
Serrano oūvaʔ his, her eye ‣ kch [autosegmental length feature in Serrano]
Serrano noūvaʔ my eye ‣ kch
Cupan *pū̱tᶴi-la <*pú:či-la> eye/face/seed ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (39)
Luiseño pu̱ʃla <púš-la> eye, face ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Cupeño pu̱tᶴiʎ <pu̱chi-ly> mask ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
Cupeño ‑puʃ <‑push> eye, face ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
Cahuilla pu̱tᶴiʎ, ‑puʃ <púč-il,̃ ‑púš> eye ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 157
Tepiman *vu̱hi <*'vuhi> eye ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (284a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vuhi eye ‣ Mathiot 1973: 309
Pima Bajo vu̱hi | vu̱i <'vuhi | 'vui> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (284a)
Northern Tepehuan vúxi | vúi <vúhi | vúi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (284a)
402
pu-05 pu-05
Southern Tepehuan vu̱i <'vui> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (284a)

Southeastern Tepehuan hiɲvu̱i <[hiñ´vui]> my eye ‣ Willett 1991: 26
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pusi ̱ <pusí> eye ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) busi ̱ <busí> ojo «eye» ‣ Hilton 1959: 16
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vusi ̱t <vusít> ojo «eye» ‣ Pennington 1981: 247
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) pūsim <puusim> eye; hole (in flute); headlights (of car) ‣ Molina et al. 1999:
117
Mayo pūsim <puúsim> ojos «eyes» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 174
Cora/Huichol
Cora hɯ̓ si ̱ <jʌ'ʌsí> ojo «eye» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 143
Wixarika (Huichol) hɯʂí <hüxí> ojo como parte del cuerpo «eye as body part» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
63
Nahua *īʃ- <*iiš-> face ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (55)
Classical Nahuatl iʃtˡi <ixtli> la haz o la cara, o el nudo dela caña «face, cane joint» ‣ Molina 1571:
48v
Classical Nahuatl iʃtololoʔtˡi <ixtololotli> ojo «eye» ‣ Molina 1571: 48v
Classical Nahuatl īʃtˡi <īx-tli> face, surface, eye ‣ Karttunen 1983: 121
Tetelcingo Mexicano īʃtelolo <ixtelolo> su ojo «his eye» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 137
Pochutla Mexicano moiʃ <moíx> tu cara «your face» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pipil īʃ <i:x> eye ('face' in compounds) ‣ Campbell 1985: 238
pu-05 eyelash, eyebrow

Numic *pu(h)tus�̄ ̆ <*pu(h)tusi(i)> eyelashes/eyebrows ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (158)
Western Numic
Western Mono putu̱ssi <pudu̱sI> eyelash, windshield wiper ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 155
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) piusipɯ <piusipü> eyebrow, eyelash (note apparent
metathesis, cf. pui eye) ‣ Dayley 1989: 215
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone puitusīppɯh <puitusii-ppyh> eyebrows, eyelashes ‣ Crapo 1976: 74
Western Shoshone putusippɯh <putusippeh> eyebrow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone putusī <putusii> eyebrow ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Shoshone putusīppɯh <putusiippeh> eyelash ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Comanche pui ̥tɯ̥ sī | puʔtɯ̥ sī <pui ̱tʉ̱sii | puʔtʉ̱sii> eyelash ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 88
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu puttɯsīpɯ <putɨsii-vɨ> eyebrow, eyelash ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 262
403
pu-06 pu-08
Chemehuevi puttusīpɯ <putúsīvə̥> eyelash(es) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31

Southern Ute pɯttɯkkanipɯ <pu̧ tú̧ -kaní-vu̧ > eyelash ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 168
Southern Ute pɯttɯsɯ̄ pɯ <pu̧ tú̧ -su̧ ú̧-vu̧ > eyebrow ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 168 (with sE-02)
Southern Ute pɯttɯpɯ <pu̧ tú̧ -vu̧ > plumage, feathers ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 168
pu-06 see
Numic *puni | *puh- see ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (159)
Western Numic
Western Mono poni- | puni- to see ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 151
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) puni <puni"> see, look at; study ‣ Dayley 1989: 227
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone puni <puni"> to see ‣ Crapo 1976: 74
Western Shoshone punni look (at), see ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 280
Shoshone puni <puniG> to see ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Comanche punitɯ <punitʉ> see, look at ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 88
pu-07 leave
Takic [cognate?]
Serran
Kitanemuk puraqɯk | puraqk <puraкəк, purakək, purak̅ək, puraqək, p̅uraqək, purahk-k, puraqk>
come out, go out, set out for a place ‣ Anderton 1988: 487
Serrano puraqḵ go out, come out, exit; urinate ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño pulu̱tᶴa/i- <pulúča/i-> to start, set out, go away; to be reckoned (intr.); to pick out, to
procure; to reckon, to calculate (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 34
Cupeño pu̱litᶴjax <pu̱liche;‑yaxe> to go out ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío puja̱ni <puyá-ni> to leave, pl. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 378
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) buja̱na <buyana> salir (animales del corral) pl. «go out, pl.» ‣ Hilton 1959:
16
pu-08 untie
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vuʔlok to untie obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.323
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío poʔta̱ni <poʔtá-ni> to be or get untied, of rope ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) bota̱ <botá> soltarse, desatarse «untie» ‣ Hilton 1959: 15
404
pu-09 pu-10
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vutta untie, loosen, release grip ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 165
Mayo vuttia : aʔa vuttia <buttia : a'a buttia> lo desata, lo está soltando «untie it, is loosening it» ‣
pu-09 full (Miller 1967: 193 *pu)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal pūjut <pu·iy-(ut)> to be full ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 225
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk pūtɯk <pūtək, p̅utə̅ k> get full ‣ Anderton 1988: 488
Serrano pūtḵ become full (of liquid) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pu̱jne <púyni> lleno «full» ‣ Harrington notes 143
Tongva (Gabrielino) pu̱jnok <púynọk> se llenó «it got full» ‣ Harrington notes 143
Cupan
Luiseño pu̱ja- <púya-> to be full (through eating) ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Cupeño puj <pu̱ye;‑0> to dine, eat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
Cahuilla ‑puj- <‑púy-> to become full with food ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 163
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) butᶴi ̱ami <buchíami> lleno «full» ‣ Hilton 1959: 15
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tapuni full ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 137
Mayo tapuni <tápuni> está lleno «[he] is full» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 185
pu-10 supernatural power (Miller 1967: 281 *pu)

Numic *puha power/medicine ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (156)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute puhakaʔju <puha-ga'yu> shaman (power-POSSR) (or pp- ?) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 26
Western Mono puhā- <puhaa-> to have (supernatural) power, bewitch ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 155
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) puha supernatural power, mana ‣ Dayley 1989: 224
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone poha spiritual power ‣ Crapo 1976: 72
Western Shoshone puha supernatural power, powerful medicine ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone poha power, supernatural power ‣ Miller 1972: 130
Comanche puhḁ <puha̱> medicine, supernatural power ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 86
Southern Numic
405
pu-11 pu-12
Kawaiisu pohapi | puhapi <poha-vi | puha-vi> poison; power ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 259
Kawaiisu pohakatɯ <poha-ga-dɨ> evil shaman, witch; physician (modern) ‣ Zigmond et al.1990:
259
Chemehuevi puhakantɯ <puhʷágantə̥> shaman ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Southern Paiute puani <pu(w)α´-nI> my supernatural power ‣ Sapir 1931: 622
Southern Ute puwapɯ <puwá-vu̧ > medicine power, spiritual power, the power possessed or
quested by the traditional Ute medicine-man ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 166
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi powa̱ta <powa|ta> cure, purify, restore to health ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi powa̱qa <powaqa> sorcerer ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan *pū̱hu-la > pū̱-la <*pú:hu-la > *pú:-la> shaman ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (117)
Luiseño pūḻ a <pú·-la> shaman, Indian doctor ‣ Bright 1968: 34
Cupeño pūl <pu̱u-l> Indian doctor, shaman, wizard ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
Cahuilla pūl <púul> witch doctor, medicine man ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 159
pu-11 uncle (Miller 1967: 500 *pu)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono puʔ <pu'> maternal uncle, mother's brother ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 157
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk nipuju <nip̅uju, nip̅újə> my friend ‣ Anderton 1988: 490
Serrano ‑pujuʔ male friend, man's male cross cousin ‣ kch
pu-12 blow (Miller 1967: 49a *puc) *putˢa <*puca> to blow ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 262; *putˢa <*puȼa>
blow ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 270 (206)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi po̱jakna <póyakna> puff, emit a small amount of air; blow away ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk puheaʔ <puheaʔ> blow on ‣ Anderton 1988: 484
Serrano puihkin blow on (with the mouth) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) pūʔ̱ i <púu'i> sopla! «blow!» ‣ Harrington notes 659
Cupan
Luiseño pu̱xi- <púxi-> to blow (with one's mouth) ‣ Bright 1968: 35
406
pu-13 pu-13
Cahuilla ‑pu̱ʔan- | ‑pu̱wan- <‑púʔan- | ‑púwan-> to blow the breath out, to blow sth. away ‣
Tepiman *vu̱sitai | vu̱siti <*'vusitai/i> to blow ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (286)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vustᶴulig <vuscul(i)g> to blow obj away ‣ Mathiot 1973: 317
Northern Tepehuan vúʃcai <vúštʸai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (286)
Southern Tepehuan vu̱ʃca <'vuštʸa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (286)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío pupu̱tᶴena <pupúce-na> to blow with the mouth ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) pu̱tᶴa <pucha> soplar «blow» ‣ Hilton 1959: 59
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve pupu̱tˢan <pupútzan> soplar «blow» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
Nahua *pītˢa <*piiȼa> blow ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (17)
Classical Nahuatl ninopitˢa | nitˡapitˢa <pitza.nino | pitza.nitla> pararſe bermejo o encenderſe de
enojo | tañer otocar trompeta, cheremia, flauta, o otro inſtrumento ſemejãte, o ſoplar el fuego «get
reddish or ignite oneself with anger | play a trumpet, flageolet or other similar instrument, blow on
the fire» (cheremia = modern Spanish chirimía) ‣ Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl pītˢa <pītz(a)> to huff and puff with anger; to blow on something, to play a wind
instrument ‣ Karttunen 1983: 197
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipītˢa <qui ̱pitza> lo sopla (lumbre), toca (flauta, tepalcate, etc.) «[he] blows
on it (fire), plays (flute, potsherd[?], etc.)» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 198
Pochutla Mexicano ʃipitˢe na tet <xipitzé na tet> ¡sopla el fuego! «blow on the fire!» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil pitˢa <pitsa> to blow a whistle (to blow) (some say pītˢa <pi:tsa>) ‣ Campbell 1985: 394
pu-13 dog, pet (Miller 1967: 135 *puku) *punku pet ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *punku dog, pet ‣ Voegelin
et al. 1962: 139 (46)
Numic *puŋku dog/horse/pet ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (160)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ppukku <puku> horse ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 8
Western Mono pu̱kku <pu̱kU> pet; totem (moiety symbol or personal spirit helper); dog ‣ Bethel
et al. 1993: 156
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) puŋku <pungku> pet, domestic animal, horse, dog
(archaic); vehicle ‣ Dayley 1989: 226
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone punku horse, dog, pet ‣ Crapo 1976: 74
Western Shoshone punku horse ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone punku horse; pet ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Comanche puku | pūku̥ <puku | puuku̱> horse ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 88
407
pu-14 pu-15
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu puku- <pugu=> pet, dog ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 261
Chemehuevi puŋkutˢi <puŋkútsi ̥> dog ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Southern Paiute puŋku <pu´ŋqU> horse (as owned by a particular person) ‣ Sapir 1931: 623
Southern Ute pukku <púku̱> horse (originally probably domestic animal) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979: 165
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal puŋkul <puŋgul> dog, pet ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 21
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) wawuk raccoon ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 62 (with pa-07)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío puhku̱ <puhkú> possessed animal; cattle, cow, bull ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) buku̱ra <bucura> poseedor (de un animal) «possessor (of an animal)» ‣
Hilton 1959: 15
Tubar
Tubar woku̱r <wo̧kú-r> animal doméstico «domestic animal» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
pu-14 louse
Numic *pusiʔa | *posiʔa louse ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (161)
Western Numic
Western Mono pusi ̱ʔā <pusi ̱'a> lice ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 156
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) posiattˢi <posiattsi> louse ‣ Dayley 1989: 220
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone posia louse ‣ Crapo 1976: 73
Western Shoshone pusia(ttˢi) | posia(ttˢi) <pusia(ttsi) | posia(ttsi)> louse, lice ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 281
Shoshone posiattˢih <posiattsih> louse ‣ Miller 1972: 131
Comanche pusi ̥ʔa | pusiʔḁ <pusi ̱ʔa | pusiʔa̱> head louse ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 88
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu poʔopi <poʔo-vi> body louse ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 258
Chemehuevi pōʔapi | pōʔāpi <pṓ’ʷavi ̥ | pṓ’ʷāvi ̥> bodylouse ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Southern Paiute p̓ o̱ʔapi <p̓ɔ´’a-ɸI> louse (unexpected glottalization of initial consonant and initial
stress: both possibly from *appoʔapi or the like) ‣ Sapir 1931: 619
Southern Ute po̱ʔapi <pó̧?a ̧-vi ̱> flea, louse, bug (unexpected initial stress) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
164
pu-15 green, blue

408
pu-16 pu-18
Numic *puhi green ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (157)

Western Numic
Northern Paiute puhi | pui <puhi | pui> green/blue ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 52
Western Mono puhiponoki- <puhibonogi-> to be blue ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 155
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) puhipi(tɯn) <puhipi(tün)> blue, green ‣ Dayley 1989: 225
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pui <pui"> blue, green ‣ Crapo 1976: 73
Western Shoshone puike <puikai> be green ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone pui blue; green ‣ Miller 1972: 131
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu puhi- green ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 261
Chemehuevi puiwa <puʷíwḁ> gall ‣ K. Hill 1969: 32
pu-16 six
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío puhsa̱ni <puhsáni> six ‣ Miller 1996: 377
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) usa̱ni <usani> seis «six» ‣ Hilton 1959: 77
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vusa̱ni <vusáni> seis «six» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) vusani six ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 165
Mayo vusani <búsani> seis «six» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 125
Tubar
Tubar usani ̱r <osaní-r> seis «six» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 67
pu-17 exit
Tepiman *vūsa̱nai, *vūsa̱ni- <*vuu'sanai/i-> to come out ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (287)
Northern Tepehuan vūsánai <vuusánai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (287)
Southern Tepehuan vū̱sɲi- <'vuusñi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 179 (287)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vu̱tˢken <vútzquen> salir «exit» ‣ Pennington 1981: 247
pu-18 roadrunner
Takic *pūhi- ‣ kch
Serran
Kitanemuk pūhiɯt <púhjət, pū́hjət> roadrunner ‣ Anderton 1988: 485
Serrano pūhiaʔt roadrunner ‣ kch
Cupan
409
pu-19 pu-22
Luiseño pu̱jʔpuj | pu̱jpuj <púy(ʔ)puy> roadrunner ‣ Bright 1968: 35

Cupeño pu̱wiʃ <pu̱wi-sh> Roadrunner ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
Cahuilla pūi̱ ʃ | pu̱iʃ <púuiš | púiš> road runner (pl. púhč-em) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 158
pu-19 harvest corn

Nahua *pɯʃka <*pɨška> harvest corn ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (80)
Classical Nahuatl nipiʃka <pixca.ni> coger el mayz, o ſegar el trigo. &c. «pick corn, reap wheat,
etc.» ‣ Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl piʃka <pixca> to harvest maize or wheat ‣ Karttunen 1983: 199
Classical Nahuatl piʃkitˡ <pixquitl> coſecha. ſ. que ſe coge o ſiega dela heredad, o ſementera
«harvest, i.e., what is gathered or reaped from the cultivated or sown land» ‣ Molina 1571: 82v
Tetelcingo Mexicano kipiʃka <qui ̱pi ̱xca> lo pizca, lo siega «[he] harvests it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
Pochutla Mexicano nui ntapoʃkes nosnu <nuí ntapoxquéz noznú> voy a pizcar mi mazorca «I'm
going to harvest my corn» ‣ Boas 1917: 29
Pipil piʃka <pixka> to harvest, to pick ‣ Campbell 1985: 396
pu-20 be pinned
Takic
Serran
Serrano pukulḵ be pinned ‣ kch [Cupan loanword]
Cupan
Cahuilla pu̱kulvaʔa <púkulvaʔa> brooch ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 159
pu-21 woman's daughter

Takic
Serran
Serrano ‑pulin woman's daughter ‣ kch [Cupan loanword]
Cupan
Cupeño ‑puli ̱nma <‑puli ̱nma> man's son ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169 [gender reversal]
Cahuilla ‑pu̱lin <‑púlin> daughter (of a woman) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 160
pu-22 hard
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk putuʔ <putu̅ ʔ, putuʔ> hard; tough, of meat, etc. ‣ Anderton 1988: 489
Kitanemuk putˢuk <putsuk> very, hard ‣ Anderton 1988: 483
410
pu-23 pu-24
Serrano putᶴuʔ hard ‣ kch

Serrano putᶴuḵ hard, a lot, very, fast ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño pura̱pra- <purá-pra-> to be hard, tough ‣ Bright 1968: 34 [loanword? sound symbolism? r is
unexpected]
pu-23 seed *puntˢi ‣ kch

Numic *puʔi(h) eye/seed ‣ Ianucci 1973: 112 (155)
Western Numic
Western Mono pu̱ssi <pu̱sI> seed, bulb ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 156
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu puʔipi <puʔi-vi> eye; seed ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 260
Chemehuevi puʔia | puʔiā <pu’ʷíʲḁ | pu’ʷíʲa‛> seed (compare puʔi, puʔu 'eye') ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Southern Paiute puʔipɯ <pu’ɩ´-ɸÏ> seed ‣ Sapir 1931: 623
Southern Ute pɯʔiapi <pu̧ ?í-a-vi ̱> seed ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 166
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pō̱si <poosi> seed, kernel, grain, pit ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal puntˢil <punẓil> seed (generic term) ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 14
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk apūtˢ <ʔáputs, ʔap̅uts, ʔaputsu> its seed ‣ Anderton 1988: 483
Serrano ‑pūtᶴ seed ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) apū̱tᶳen <'apúutʃin> its fruit, its seed ‣ Harrington notes 154
Cupan *pū̱tᶴi-la <*pú:či-la> eye/face/seed ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (39) ()
Luiseño pu̱ʃla <púš-la> seed, fruit (also eye, face; see pu-04) ‣ Bright 1968: 35
Cupeño ‑puʃ <‑push> eye, face, fruit or seed of plant ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 169
̃ seed (= eye, but eye also has possessed form ‑puš) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 157
Cahuilla pu̱tᶴiʎ <púč-il>
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl pitˢtˡi <pitztli> cuexco o hueſſo de cierta fruta «stone or pit of certain fruit» ‣
Molina 1571: 82v
Classical Nahuatl pītˢtˡi <pītz-tli> pit, stone of a fruit (initial p- is unexpected) ‣ Karttunen 1983: 199
pu-24 stomach, belly

Numic
Central Numic
411
pu-25 sa-01
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) puno <puno> belly, stomach ‣ Dayley 1989: 228
Western Shoshone punu <punu> navel ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi punupɯ <punúvə̥> beríja [= Mex. Sp verija] «groin» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi pono̱ʔat <pono('at)> his belly ‣ Hopi Dictionary
pu-25 is going [Changed from po-29]

Tepiman *vu̱ai <*'vuai> is going ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (283)
Northern Tepehuan vueí | ueí <vueí | weí> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (283)
Southern Tepehuan vu̱a <'vua> ‣ Bascom 1965: 178 (283)
sa-01 leaf (Miller 1967: 255 *sawa) *sama leaf ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (310); *sawa leaf ‣ Voegelin
et al. 1962: 140 (64)
Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi sawappɯ <sawápə̥> arrowweed ‣ K. Hill 1969: 33
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sala̱vi Douglas fir ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Serrano hawawaʔn be light (not heavy) ‣ kch [cognate?]
Tepiman *hāh
̱ aga <*'haahaga> leaves ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (54)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hāhag <haahag> to have leaves (for a plant), to be leafy ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.300
Pima Bajo hāh
̱ ag <'haahag> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (54)
Northern Tepehuan āga <áága> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (54)
Northern Tepehuan āgádɯ <aagá-dɨ> its leaf (same as its horn) ‣ Bascom 1982: 303
Southern Tepehuan hāh
̱ aʔ <'haaha?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (54)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sawa̱ <sawá> leaf ‣ Miller 1996: 381
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sawa̱ <sahuá> hoja «leaf» ‣ Hilton 1959: 68
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sa̱wa <ságua> hoja «leaf» ‣ Pennington 1981: 219
Ópata sawa̱ <saguá> leaf ‣ Shaul 1983: 114
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sawa leaf; page ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 122
Mayo sawwa <saugua> hoja «leaf» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 179
412
sa-02 sa-02
Tubar
Tubar samʷa̱r | samʷa̱t <samoá-r | samwá-t> hoja «leaf» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 75
Cora/Huichol
Cora samʷa̱ <samuá> hoja ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 172
́ ā.́ r�̄ ́ <xáaváa.ríi> tener hojas «have leaves» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 119
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂāw
Nahua *ɯswa- <*ɨswa-> leaf ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 202
Classical Nahuatl iswatˡ <izuatl> hoja «leaf» ‣ Molina 1571: 49v
Classical Nahuatl iswatˡ <izhua-tl> leaf, foliage ‣ Karttunen 1983: 123
Tetelcingo Mexicano īswajo <isuayo> su hoja «its leaf» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 134
Pipil iswat <iswa-t> leaf ‣ Campbell 1985: 236
sa-02 parched corn, popcorn (Miller 1967: 328 *saki) *saki to parch, as corn, parched corn ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 144 (157)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal aʃʃakɯt <ʔašag-(ɨt)> to roast it (pfv. ʃāk <ša·k>) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 222
Tepiman *hāk
̱ i <*'haaki> parched grain ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (55)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hāk <haak> to parch obj (grain and seeds) in a special basket ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.300
Pima Bajo hāh
̱ ak <'haahak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (55)
Northern Tepehuan āḱ i <ááki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (55)
Southern Tepehuan hāk <'haak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (55)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío saki ̱ <sakí> esquite, type of primitive popcorn or roasted kernels of corn ‣ Miller 1996: 381
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) saki ̱ <saquí> esquite «parched corn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 68
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve saki ̱t <saquít> maíz tostado «parched corn» ‣ Pennington 1981: 219
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sākim <saakim> popcorn, parched corn ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 120
Mayo sāki <saaqui> esquite «parched corn» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 178
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂākí <xaaquí> esquite «parched corn» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 118
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl iskiatˡ <izquiatl> beuida de mayz toſtado y molido «drink from toasted and
ground corn» ‣ Molina 1571: 46r (with pa-07)
Classical Nahuatl īskitˡ <īzqui-tl> popcorn ‣ Karttunen 1983: 123
413
sa-03 sa-06
sa-03 meat
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío saʔpa̱ <saʔpá> meat ‣ Miller 1996: 381
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sapa̱ <sapá> carne «meat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 68
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sa̱ba <sába> carne «meat» ‣ Pennington 1981: 218
sa-04 get burned (Miller 1967: 282 *sa) *sawi ‣ kch

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hagi ̥to <hagïto> to burn all the way, to get extinguished ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.304
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío saipa̱ni <saipá-ni> to get burned ‣ Miller 1996: 380
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sawi ̱ <sahuí> quemarse, hacerse brasas «burn, become embers» ‣ Hilton
1959: 68
sa-05 yellow (Miller 1967: 478 *sawa)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío saʔwato̱ni <saʔwató-ni> to be yellow ‣ Miller 1996: 382
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sa̱vei <sávei> amarillo «yellow» ‣ Pennington 1981: 220
Ópata sawai <saguai> yellow ‣ Shaul 1983: 119
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sawali yellow ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 122
Mayo sawa̱ri | sawa̱li <saguari | saguali> amarillo «yellow» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 178
sa-06 crack
Tepiman *haini ̱- <*hai'ni-> to crack ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (58a); *ha̱i <*'hai> it cracked ‣ Bascom 1965:
160 (58b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) haiɲ <haiñ> to have a crack ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.308
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hai it cracked ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.308
Pima Bajo ha̱iɲ- <'haiñ-> to crack ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (58a)
Pima Bajo ha̱i <'hai> it cracked ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (58b)
Northern Tepehuan aiɲí- <aiñí-> to crack ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (58a)
Northern Tepehuan aí it cracked ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (58b)
Southern Tepehuan haiɲi ̱- <hai'ñi-> to crack ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (58a)
Southern Tepehuan ha̱i <'hai> it cracked ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (58b)
414
sa-07 sa-10
sa-07 pot (Miller 1967: 330 *sa)

Tepiman *haʔa̱i <*ha'?ai> clay pot ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (59a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) haʔa bottle, pot, olla (container for liquids) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.315
Pima Bajo ha̱ʔa <'ha?a> clay pot ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (59a)
Northern Tepehuan áji | ái <áyi | ái> clay pot ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (59a)
Southern Tepehuan haʔā̱ <ha'?aa> clay pot ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (59a)
sa-08 boil, cook by boiling (Miller 1967: 352 *sa)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sāwah <saawah> boil ‣ Dayley 1989: 234
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sā <saa"> to boil (of meat) (trans.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 75
Western Shoshone sā <saa"> boil ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
sa-09 sand (Miller 1967: 361 *sa) (cf. si-21, sE-04)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sate̱ <saté> arena «sand» ‣ Hilton 1959: 68
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sa arena «sand» ‣ Pennington 1981: 218
Ópata sate sand ‣ Shaul 1983: 116
Cora/Huichol
Cora sāṯ a̓ <saáta'a> arenal «sandy ground» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 9
sa-10 green, blue (Miller 1967: 50 *sakʷa)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sakʷāpi(tɯn) <sakwaapi(tün)> green ‣ Dayley 1989: 235
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sakwa- | sako- <sagwa-, sago-> blue ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 263
Chemehuevi sakʷamupinʔnaŋkapɯ <sagwámuvin’n̑aŋkavə̥> turquoise ‣ K. Hill 1969: 32
Southern Paiute sakʷakatɯ | ʃakʷakatɯ <sa(·)γwa´-χa(·)-RÏ | caγwa´-γa-RÏ, caγwa´-χa-RÏ> blue
(e. g. sky), green (e. g. grass), gray ‣ Sapir 1931: 654
Southern Ute sakʷakatɯ <saĝwá-ĝa-ri ̧> green, blue ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 172
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sa̱kʷa <sakwa> blue/green ‣ Hopi Dictionary
415
sa-11 sa-11
sa-11 pitch, gum (Miller 1967: 322 *sala) *sala sticky, gum ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (147)
Numic *sanah pitch/gum/sticky ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (178)
Western Numic
Western Mono sana̱ppi <sana̱pI> pitch (from trees) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 176
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sanappin pitch, gum, wax, sap ‣ Dayley 1989: 236
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sanappin <sana"-pin> pine pitch, sap of a tree ‣ Crapo 1976: 76
Western Shoshone sanappin pitch ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone sanappin <sana"-pin> pitch, sap of a tree ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Comanche sanahkena | sanahpi ̥ <sanahkena | sanahpi ̱> sap (of a tree or plant) ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 91
Comanche sanatɯ <sanarʉ> adhere, stick to ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 92
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sanappɯ <sana-pɨ> pitch, gum ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 264
Chemehuevi sanappi <sanápi ̥> gum ‣ K. Hill 1969: 33
Southern Ute sanappi <saná-pi ̱> pitch, resin, gum ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 173
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sān
̱ a <saana> gum of a tree, pitch, sap; chewing gum ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃānot <ca·ánô´t> pitch (o in second syllable is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 142
Tübatulabal tūʃanat <tu·šanat> asphalt, tar ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 28 (with tu-03)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hānat <hanat, hānət> tar ‣ Anderton 1988: 302
́ ḁt̆ > brea «tar» ‣ Harrington notes
Serrano hānt <hān
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂān ́ at> brea «tar» ‣ Harrington notes 164
̱ at <ʃrān
Cupan *ʂān
̱ a-t <*ṣá:na-t> gum ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (57)
Luiseño ʂān
̱ ut <ṣá·nu-t> tar, pitch, gum ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Luiseño ʂān
̱ at <$áana-t> glue, gum ‣ Elliott 1999: 829
Cupeño sān
̱ at <sa̱ana-t> pitch, gum (unexpected long vowel) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla sān
̱ at <sáan-at> gum (unexpected long vowel) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 176
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) shaɖam <s-haḑam> to be sticky ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.303
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl saliwi | mosaloa <çaliui | çaloa.mo> pegarſe vna coſa a otra «for one thing to
stick to another» ‣ Molina 1571: 14r
416
sa-12 sa-13
Classical Nahuatl nitˡasaloa | nitesaloa <çaloa.nitla | çaloa.nite> pegar algo, engrudar, hazer pared,
o ſoldar con plomo. &c. | detener a alguno «stick something on, paste, make a wall, solder with lead,
etc. | detain someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 14r
Classical Nahuatl sāloa <zāloā> to glue, solder something, to make something stick to something
else ‣ Karttunen 1983: 346
Tetelcingo Mexicano kisāloa <qui ̱söloa> lo pega, lo añade, lo solda «[he] glues it, adds it on,
solders it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 202
Pipil sālua <sa:lua> to stick, to glue ‣ Campbell 1985: 414
sa-12 excrement, guts (Miller 1967: 127 *sa) *sāʔ- ‣ kch

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃāl <ša·-l> manure ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂāʔ <ʃraʔ> defecate; defecate on ‣ Anderton 1988: 496
Serrano ʂāʔ defecate ‣ kch
Cupan *ʂā̱ʔi-ʃ <*ṣa:ʔi-š> guts ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (58)
Luiseño ʂāʔ̱ iʃ <ṣá·ʔi-š> excrement, feces ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Cupeño ‑ʂa̱ʔi <‑s̷ha̱'i> guts, belly ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla sa̱ʔiʎ <sáʔi-l>̃ guts ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 179
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂái.mɯ́ ari <xái.mǘari> estómago «stomach» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 117 [cognate?]
sa-13 raw (Miller 1967: 342 *saw)

Numic *sāⁿ̆ <*sa(a)N> raw ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (175)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) samampittˢi <samampittsi> raw, unripe ‣ Dayley 1989: 235
Western Shoshone sampittˢɯh <sampittseh> raw ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone sāmpittˢɯh <saam-pittseh> raw (of food) ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sā- <saa-> to be raw ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 262
Southern Paiute sā-ⁿ <sa·-ⁿ> raw, unripe ‣ Sapir 1931: 652
Southern Ute sāī <sáay> be raw, be uncooked ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 172
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂaɯʔ <ʃaəʔ> raw ‣ Anderton 1988: 496
Serrano ʂaɯt something raw ‣ kch
417
sa-14 sa-17
Cupan *ʂawə̱-t <*ṣawə́-t> raw ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (109)

Luiseño ʂawo̱t <ṣawó-t> raw ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Cupeño sa̱wit <sa̱wi-t> sour, genuine (sic, genuine = 'the real thing' - JHH PC) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez
1973: 171
Cahuilla sa̱wet <sáw-et> raw, green (of plants) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 177
sa-14 enemy (Miller 1967: 158 *say)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sahi ̱ <sahí> adversary; opponent in a game ‣ Miller 1996: 379
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) nasaje̱ra <nasayera> hacerse enemigos «make enemies of each other» ‣
Hilton 1959: 50
Cahita
Mayo in saajo <in sáayo> mi enemigo «my enemy» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 146
sa-15 dog
Numic *satī <*satii> dog ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (179)
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone satī <satii> dog ‣ Crapo 1976: 76
Western Shoshone satɯ̄ <satee> dog ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 282
Shoshone satī <satii> dog ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Comanche sarīʔ <sariiʔ> dog ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 92
sa-16 gila monster

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sahka̱la <sahkála> Mexican beaded lizard; also Gila monster? ‣ Miller 1996:
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sa̱kra <sácra> escorpión «gila monster» ‣ Pennington 1981: 219
Ópata sākra <säccăra> escorpión «gila monster» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sakkau Gila monster ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 120
Mayo sa̱ka̓wim <sáca'ahuim> escorpiones «gila monsters» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 178
sa-17 mud brick, adobe ("ultimately borrowed from Proto-Mixe-Zoquean *sam to heat something") ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1978: 268
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ʂāmt <xaamt> brick(s), block(s) used in constructing a house ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.326
Guariío/Rarámuri
418
sa-18 sa-19
Guarijío sami ̱ <samí> adobe ‣ Miller 1996: 380

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sāmi ̱ <samí> adobe (se estira un poco más la primera sílaba para distinguirlo de samí
(mojado)) «mud brick (the first syllable is lengthened somewhat to distinguish this from samí (wet))»
‣ Pennington 1981: 219
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sāmi <saami> adobe brick ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 120
Mayo sāmi <saami> pared «wall» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 178
Mayo sāmim <saámim> adobes «mud bricks» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 178
Tubar
Tubar tˢame̱ <ȼamȩ́> adobe (tˢ <ȼ> is unexpected) ‣ Lionnet 1978: 54
Nahua *ʃāmV- <*šaamV-> tortilla, baked thing ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (176)
Classical Nahuatl ʃamitˡ <xamitl> adobe ‣ Molina 1571: 158v
Classical Nahuatl ʃāmitˡ <xām(i)-tl> adobe ‣ Karttunen 1983: 322
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃāmitˡ <xömi ̱tl> adobe ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 247
Pochutla Mexicano ʃamt <xamt> tortilla ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil ʃāmānia <xa:ma:nia> to toast tortillas ‣ Campbell 1985: 574
sa-18 get wet

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʃamɯhmɯk <aʃaməhmək nita̅ ma> be coated? (I have acid stuff on my teeth after
eating green apricot) (nitama my teeth) ‣ Anderton 1988: 497
Serrano ʂamɯ̄ mɯʔn be drizzling ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño sa̱mjax <sa̱me;‑yaxe> to be dewy ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla ‑sa̱mam- <‑sámam-> to be seized with a chill, to become numb; to drizzle (of rain) ‣
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío samina̱ <sami-ná> to be wet ‣ Miller 1996: 380
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sampa̱ <sampá> mojarse «get wet» ‣ Hilton 1959: 68
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sami ̱ <samí> mojado, verde «wet, green» ‣ Pennington 1981: 219
sa-19 rattlesnake
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío saʔjawe̱ <saʔyawé> rattle snake ‣ Miller 1996: 381
419
sa-20 sa-22
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) saja̱wi <sayahui> víbora de cascabel (grande) «big rattlesnake» ‣ Hilton
1959: 68
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve same̱kor | sameko̱r <samécor | samecór> víbora «viper» ‣ Pennington 1981: 158, 219
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂájé <xáyé> víbora de cascabel, Crotalus «rattlesnake» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 119
sa-20 make bread

Takic
Serran
Serrano ʂāwt bread, acorn bread ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ʂa̱wa/i- <ṣáwa/i-> to get singed (intr.); to singe, scorch (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Luiseño ʂāw ̱ kiʃ <ṣá·w(a)-ki-š> tortilla ‣ Bright 1968: 38
̱ akiʃ | ʂāw
Cupeño ʂaw <s̷ha̱we;‑0> to bake ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cupeño ʂa̱wiʃ <s̷ha̱wi-sh> bread, baked ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla ‑saw- <‑sáw-> to make tortillas ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 177
sa-21 buy
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño sām
̱ sa- <sá·msa-> to buy ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Cupeño sa̱msə <sa̱mse;‑0> to buy ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
sa-22 grass, brush (Miller 1967: 204 *(pa-)sa | *(pa-)ca) <*sam-> ‣ AMR
Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute sawapi <sawa-bi> sagebrush-ABS ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 14
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sahwapɯ <sahwa-vɨ> sagebrush ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 263
Chemehuevi sawappɯ <sawápə̥> arrowweed ‣ K. Hill 1969: 32
Southern Paiute samapɯ <saŋwa´-ɸÏ> sagebrush ‣ Sapir 1931: 653
Southern Ute sawapɯ <sawá-vu̧ > sage-brush ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 174
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hāmat <hāmat> grass, etc. ‣ Anderton 1988: 300
420
sa-23 sa-26
Serrano hāmt grass ‣ kch

Cupan *ʂā̱ma-t <*ṣa:ma-t> grass ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (53)
Luiseño ʂām
̱ ut <ṣá·mu-t> grass, hay, weeds ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Cupeño sa̱mat <sa̱ma-t> grass sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla sa̱mat <sámat> brush, herb, grass ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 176
sa-23 giant cactus

Tepiman *hāsa̱ni <*haa'sani> giant cactus ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (56)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hāʂaɲ <haaxañ> saguaro cactus ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.302
Northern Tepehuan āsáɲi <aasáñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (56)
sa-24 relative
Tepiman *hadu̱ni <*ha'duni> relative ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (57a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ha̱dᶾuɲ <hajuñ> blood relative(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.309
Pima Bajo ha̱diɲ <'hadiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (57a)
Northern Tepehuan adúɲi | xadúɲi <adúñi | hadúñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (57a)
sa-25 sycamore (Miller 1967: 104 *so) (cf. so-04)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk havōtᶳ <havotʃr, havotr̥> sycamore tree ‣ Anderton 1988: 304
Serrano havōʳtᶳ sycamore ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂevēṟ <ʃevéerr> aliso «sycamore» ‣ Harrington notes 308
Cupan *ʂivē-̱ la | *ʂavē-̱ la <*ṣivé:-la | *ṣavé:-la> sycamore ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (126)
Luiseño ʂivēḻ a <ṣivé·-la> sycamore tree ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño səvi ̱ʎ <sevi ̱-ly> sycamore ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 171
Cahuilla si ̱viʎ <sivily> Platanus racemosa Nutt., Sycamore, Plane-Tree ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 105
sa-26 willow *sak- ‣ AMR

Numic
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sakappin <saka"-pin> black walnut tree ‣ Crapo 1976: 75
Western Shoshone sakappin type of willow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi sakapɯ <sagávə̥> willow ‣ K. Hill 1969: 32
Southern Ute sakaippɯpɯ <saĝáy-pu̧ -vu̧ > maple tree ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 172
421
sa-27 sa-28
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hakat <haḳ̅at> willow ‣ Anderton 1988: 298
Serrano haqat willow ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂaxa̱t <ʃaxáat> sauz «willow» ‣ Harrington notes 123
Cupan *ʂaxa̱-t <*ṣaxá-t> willow ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (138)
Luiseño ʂaxa̱t <ṣaxá-t> arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Cahuilla sa̱xat <sáxa-t> willow tree ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 178
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sakara̱ <sacará> zacate «grass» ‣ Hilton 1959: 68
Nahua *saka- grass ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (72)
Classical Nahuatl sakatˡ <çacatl> paja «straw» ‣ Molina 1571: 13v
Classical Nahuatl sakatˡ <zaca-tl> grass, hay ‣ Karttunen 1983: 345
Tetelcingo Mexicano sakatˡ <sacatl> pasto, zacate, maleza, rastrojo «pasture, grass, weeds, stubble»
Pochutla Mexicano seket <cequét> zacate «grass, hay» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil sakat <saka-t> grass, straw (for roofs) ‣ Campbell 1985:
sa-27 whip
Takic
Serran
Serrano ʂakʷiʔ whip ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) jāmte ʂakʷ�̄tro
̱ ō̱ma <yáamte ʃakwíitro 'óoma> mañana te voy a castigar o
azotear a tí «tomorrow I'm going to punish or whip you» ‣ Harrington notes 074
Cupan
Luiseño ʂi ̱qʷi- <ṣíqwi-> to punish, to whip (vowel is wrong but qʷ (< *kʷ) suggests it was originally a)
‣ Bright 1968: 39
sa-28 thorn; bee

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hāŋatᶳ <haŋatʃr> bee sp.: yellow jacket ‣ Anderton 1988: 303
Serrano hāŋatᶳ bee ‣ kch
422
sa-29 sa-31
̱ ar <hah́ng-ar> yellow jacket ‣ McCawley 1996: 268 [Serran loanword:
Tongva (Gabrielino) hāŋ
initial h is otherwise unexpected]
Cupan
Luiseño ʂaŋa̱ʂŋaʃ <ṣaŋá-ṣŋa-š> thorny; a thorn ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Luiseño ʂa̱ŋi- <ṣáŋi-> to sting, as a nettle does; to prick; to scorch, singe; to burn brush ‣ Bright
1968: 38
Cora/Huichol
Cora sa̱ra <sara> abeja «bee» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 173
sa-29 whisper
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hawaʔj <hawa'j, qawaje', hawaje; hawa·j, qawaje; hawaʔj> whisper ‣ Anderton 1988:
304
Serrano hawawahḵ whisper ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ʂāw
̱ a- <ṣá·wa-> to wheeze ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Luiseño ʂawāj̱ - <ṣawá·-y-> to whisper ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Luiseño ʂawa̱ʂawa- <ṣawá-ṣawa-> to gossip in whispers ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Cupeño ʂa̱wajax <s̷ha̱we;‑yaxe> to whisper ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla ‑sa̱wa- <‑sáwa-> to whisper ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 177
sa-30 airy; lung

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño sava̱sva- | ʂava̱ʂva- <savá-sva- | ṣavá-ṣva-> to be light on one's feet ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Luiseño sava̱svaʃ | ʂavaʂvaʃ <savá-sva-š | ṣavá-ṣva-š> light on one's feet; lungs ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hahav lungs of a person ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.306
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hahaukag lungs of an animal ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.306
sa-31 stomach, belly (Miller 1967: 416 *sap) (separated from sa-12)
Numic *sahpɯ <*sahpə> stomach ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (177)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sappɯh <sappüh> belly, stomach ‣ Dayley 1989: 237
423
sa-32 sE-01
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sappɯh <sa-ppyh> stomach, belly ‣ Crapo 1976: 75
Western Shoshone sappɯh <sappeh> stomach, belly ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone sappɯh <sa-ppeh> stomach, belly ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Comanche sappɯ̥ <sapʉ̱> stomach ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 92
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sappɯpɯ <sapɨ-vɨ> stomach, tripe ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 264
Chemehuevi sappɯpɯ <sapə́və̥> belly ‣ K. Hill 1969: 33
Southern Paiute sappɯpi <sA‘pï´-ɸ(W)I> belly ‣ Sapir 1931: 653
Southern Ute sappɯpɯ <sa̱pú̧ -vu̧ > intestines, innards, tripe (as detached from the body) ‣
Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 174
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃappuʃt <šapuš-t> the belly ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
sa-32 melt (Miller 1967: 282 *sa) *sawi ‣ kch (separated from sa-04)
Numic *saʔi melt ‣ Ianucci 1973: 113 (176)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sawi <sawi> melt ‣ Dayley 1989: 238
Shoshone sai <sa̅� ̅G> to melt (of snow only); to be wet snow ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu ʃē- <šee-> to melt (unexpected ʃ) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 265
Chemehuevi sai <'sai> melt/dissolve ‣ Press 1979: 155
Southern Paiute sāijɯ <sa·í-YÏ> (it) melts ‣ Sapir 1931: 653
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hāg <haag> to melt, thaw (as of ice, snow on the ground) ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.300
sE-01 shoulder, shoulderblade, upper arm, armpit (Miller 1967: 7 *seka, 375 *seka)
Numic *sihkuⁿ <*sihkuN> shoulder blade ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (189)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sikkumpɯ <sikkumpü> shoulder blade ‣ Dayley 1989: 243
Western Shoshone sikkumpɯh <sikkumpeh> shoulder blade ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone sikkumpɯh <sikkum-peh> shoulder blade ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi sikkuppɯ <sikúpə̥> shoulderblade ‣ K. Hill 1969: 34
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂɯkatˢ, ‑ʂɯ̄ ka <ʃrək̅ats, ah-só-kah> shoulder blade ‣ Anderton 1988: 503
424
sE-02 sE-02
Serrano ‑ʂɯ̄ ḵaʔ shoulder, upper arm ‣ kch

Tongva (Gabrielino) neʂō̱k <neʃóok> mi hombro «my shoulder» ‣ Harrington notes 592
Cupan
Luiseño ʂō̱ka <ṣó·ka> shoulder ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño ‑ʂəkʔa <‑s̷hek'a> shoulder ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla ‑se̱kʔa- <‑sékʔa> shoulder ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 179
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯk <hek> armpit ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.332
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío seka̱ <seká> hand; arm ‣ Miller 1996: 382
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sika̱ <sicá> brazo (incluyendo la mano) «arm (including the hand)» ‣ Hilton
1959: 69
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sēkam <seekam> armpit (plural form, cf. sg. in seeka voam 'armpit hair) ‣
Mayo sēka <seeca> sobaco, axila «armpit» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 179
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl siakatˡ <ciacatl> ſobaco «armpit» ‣ Molina 1571: 22r
Classical Nahuatl siakatˡ <ciac(a)-tl> armpit ‣ Karttunen 1983: 33
Tetelcingo Mexicano īsējekatˡa <isieyecatla> su sobaco «his armpit» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 133
sE-02 eyebrow, eyelash (Miller 1967: 161 *se | *sep) *sɯs-po <*sɨs-po> eyebrow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137
(14)
Numic (with pu-05)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pitusipɯ <pitusipü> eyebrow, eyelash ‣ Dayley 1989: 215
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone puitusīppɯh <puitusii-ppyh> eyebrows, eyelashes ‣ Crapo 1976: 74
Western Shoshone putusippɯh <putusippeh> eyebrow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 281
Shoshone putusī <putusii> eyebrow ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi puttusīpɯ <putúsīvə̥> eyelash(es) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 31
Southern Ute pɯttɯsɯ̄ pɯ <pu̧ tú̧ -su̧ ú̧-vu̧ > eyebrow ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 168
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃuppɯl <šupɨ-l> the eyebrows (vowel is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
425
sE-03 sE-04
Tepiman *hɯ̱ hɯvo <*'hɨhɨvo> eyebrow ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (86a)

Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯhɯvho <hehevho> (a pair of) eyelashes ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.330
Pima Bajo hɯ̱ hɯv <'hɨhɨv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (86a)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄́ vo <� ́� ́vo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (86a)
Southern Tepehuan hɯ̱̄ vo <'hɨɨvo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (86a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío seʔweko̱mori <seʔwekómori> eyebrow; eyelash ‣ Miller 1996: 384
Guarijío seʔwetᶴo̱mori <seʔwecómori> eyelid ‣ Miller 1996: 383
Guarijío seʔwetᶴa̱ni <seʔwecá-ni> to wink, blink the eyes ‣ Miller 1996: 383
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) siʔwe̱rawa <si'huérahua> pestaña(s) «eyelash(es)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 69
Tubar
Tubar hesār <jesán-r> ceja, pestaña «eyebrow, eyelash» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56 [cognate?]
sE-03 ocher, red (Miller 1967: 343 *set) *sɯta <*sɨta> ochre, red ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (32)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sɯ̱ ta <suta> red ocher ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano ʂɯrīriʔn be red ‣ kch
Serrano ʂɯrīpɯʔḵ be reddish, pink ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla se̱lnekiʃ <sélnek-iš> red; penny ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 180
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯt <het> red or white earth; oc[h]re for coloring ‣ Saxton et al. 1983:
20
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sehta̱nani <sehtána-ni> to be red ‣ Miller 1996: 382
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sita̱kami <sitácami> colorado «red» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve seta̱t <setát> almagre, tierra colorada «ocher, red earth» ‣ Pennington 1981: 221
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂḗta- <xéeta=> colorado, rojo (múltiple) «red (multiple)» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
121
sE-04 sand (Miller 1967: 362 *se) (cf. sa-09, si-21)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sete̱ <seté> sand ‣ Miller 1996: 383
Cahita
426
sE-05 sE-06
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sēʔe <see'e> sand ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 123
Mayo sēʔe <see'e> arena «sand» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 180
Cora/Huichol
Cora seh <sej> arena «sand» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 173
sE-05 fly (insect) (Miller 1967: 181 [no reconstruction])

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío seʔwa̱ <seʔwá> fly ‣ Miller 1996: 383
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) siʔori ̱ <si'orí> abeja, mosca «bee, fly» ‣ Hilton 1959: 70
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve se̱vor <sévor> mosca «fly» ‣ Pennington 1981: 221
Ópata saivori <saibori> fly (insect) ‣ Shaul 1983: 112
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sevoʔi | sevoli <sevo'i | sevoli> fly (insect) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 125
Mayo se̓vori <sé'ebori> mosca «fly» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 180
Cora/Huichol [cognate? vowel is unexpected]
Cora sa̱ʔihiru <sá'ijiru> mosca «fly» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 172
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂáipɯ <xáipü> mosca «fly» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 118
Nahua [cognate? vowel and medial -j- <‑y-> are unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl sajolin <çayolin> moxca «fly» ‣ Molina 1571: 13v
Classical Nahuatl sājōlin <zāyōl-in> fly ‣ Karttunen 1983: 347
Tetelcingo Mexicano sājōli <söyuli ̱> mosca «fly» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 223
Pipil sajulin <sayul-in> gnat, small fly ‣ Campbell 1985: 417
sE-06 flower, blossom (Miller 1967: 178a *se, 178b *si, 178c *so) *sɯjotu <*sɨyotu> flower ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1987: 273 (231)
Numic *sɯʔa(h) <*səʔa(h)> blossom/grow (of plants) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (196)
Western Numic
Western Mono sɯʔa- <sɨ'a-> to bud, sprout (of plants) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 184
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sɯa <süa"> grow (of plants only) ‣ Dayley 1989: 255
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sɯa <sya"> to grow (of plants) ‣ Crapo 1976: 78
Western Shoshone sɯa <sea"> grow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 282
Shoshone sɯa <seaG> to grow (of plants) ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Comanche sɯattɯ <sʉatʉ> grow (increase), bloom (bud open), augment in number ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 97
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi sɯʔippi | sɯʔiwa <sə’ípi ̥ | sə’íwḁ> flower ‣ K. Hill 1969: 34
427
sE-06 sE-06
Southern Paiute ʃɯʔɯppi <cï’ï´-p·I, cï’ï´(i)-p·I> blossom ‣ Sapir 1931: 659

Southern Ute siʔī <si?í> bloom, flower (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 174
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi si ̱hɯ <sihu> flower (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
̅ aʃrə,
Kitanemuk aʂɯ <áʃə, ̅ aʃə>
̅ its flower ‣ Anderton 1988: 503
Serrano ʂɯ̄ ʔ bloom (vi.) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) aʂō̱n <'aʃóon> flower (a poorly remembered form) ‣ Harrington notes 017
Cupan
Luiseño ʂō̱ʔ- <ṣó·ʔ-> to bloom ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño ʂəʔ <s̷he̱'e;-0> to bloom ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla ‑se- <‑sé-> to bloom ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 179
Tepiman *hiosi ̱gai <*hio'sigai> flower ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (67)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯosig <heosig> blossoms ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 16
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hiosig flower(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.369
Pima Bajo hi ̱oʃ- <'hioš-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (67)
Northern Tepehuan jōʃígai <yoošígai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (67)
Southern Tepehuan jō̱ʃiʔ <'yooši?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (67)
Southeastern Tepehuan jōʃiʔ <[ýoo.šiʔ]> flower ‣ Willett 1991: 20
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sewa̱ <sewá> flower ‣ Miller 1996: 383
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sewa̱ | siwa̱ <sehuá | sihuá> florecer «flower (vi.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 69
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve se̱ven <séven> florecer, dar flor «flower» ‣ Pennington 1981: 221
Ópata sewa <segua> flower ‣ Shaul 1983: 112
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sēwa <seewa> flower ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 124
Mayo sēwa <seegua> flor «flower» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 179
Tubar
Tubar sewara̱t <sewa-rá-t> flor «flower» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Nahua *ʃōtᶴɯ- <*šoočɨ-> flower ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (63)
Classical Nahuatl ʃotᶴitˡ <xochitl> roſa, o flor «rose, flower» ‣ Molina 1571: 160r
Classical Nahuatl ʃōtᶴitˡ <xōchi-tl> flower ‣ Karttunen 1983: 329
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃōtᶴitˡ <xuchi ̱tl> flor «flower» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 248
Pochutla Mexicano ʃutᶴot <xuchót> flor «flower» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil ʃūtᶴit <xu:chi-t> flor «flower» ‣ Campbell 1985: 581
428
sE-07 sE-07
sE-07 cold (Miller 1967: 94a *se | *sep, 94b *si | *sip, 94c *sap, 94d *ce | *cep, 463 *sepe) *sɯp <*sïp> ice ‣
Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *sɯᵤ(pɯ) <*sɨᵤ(pɨ)> cold ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (11)
Numic *‑tˢɯ | *‑sɯ | *sɯh- <*‑cə | *‑sə | *səh-> cold ([two sets]) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 120 (262) (cf. E-18)
Central Numic
Shoshone sɯ- <se"-> by means of cold ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute ʃɯ- <cï-> cold ‣ Sapir 1931: 658
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃipt <šip-t> ice (vowel is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂɯvɯt <ʃrəvət> wind ‣ Anderton 1988: 505
Serrano ʂɯvɯt wind ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂovo̱ʔ <ʃovó'> cold ‣ Harrington notes 084
Cupan
Luiseño ʂuvō̱ŋa <ṣuvó·-ŋa> in the winter ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Luiseño ʂuvo̱lku- <ṣuvó-lku-> to shiver with cold ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cupeño səvə̱l <seve̱-l> wind ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 171
Cahuilla ‑sī- <‑síi-> to feel chill (of body) (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 184
Tepiman *hɯvɯ̱ ri <*hɨ'vɨri> wind ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (89); *hɯ̄ pi ̱da | hɯ̄ pi ̱di <*hɨɨ'pida/i> it is cold
‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (90)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯvɯl <hevel> wind ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.343
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯ̄ pid <heepid> to be cold (as of weather) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.327
Pima Bajo hɯ̱ vil <'hɨvil> wind ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (89)
Pima Bajo hīp <'hiip> it is cold ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (90)
Northern Tepehuan ɯvɯ́ li <ɨv� ́li> wind ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (89)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ̄ píɉi <ɨɨpídʲi> it is cold ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (90)
Southern Tepehuan hɯvɯ̱̄ ʎ <hɨ'vɨɨlʸ> wind ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (89)
Southern Tepehuan ‑hɯ̱̄ piɉ <‑'hɨɨpidʸ> it is cold ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (90)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sehkona̱ <sehko-ná> to freeze, of plants, trees ‣ Miller 1996: 382
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sepe̱n <sepén> enfriarse «get cold» ‣ Pennington 1981: 220
Ópata sek <sec> enfriarse «get cold» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Ópata sepi- | sepi ̱ <sepi- | sepí> freeze | get cold ‣ Shaul 1983: 109
429
sE-08 sE-09
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) seve cold; be cold; homosexual (male or female) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 125
Mayo sevve <sebbe> hace frío «be cold» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 179
Tubar
Tubar sewe̱ | seve̱ <sewé | sevé> frío, hacer frío «cold, be cold» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Cora/Huichol
Cora sēri <seeri> helado, hielo, nieve «cold, ice, snow» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 173
Cora wa̱sē <huásee> hace frío «it is cold» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 132
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂēri <xeeri> frío «cold» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 121
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl sewa <ceua> hazer frio «be cold» ‣ Molina 1571: 18v
Classical Nahuatl setˡ <cetl> yelo, o carambano «ice, icicle» ‣ Molina 1571: 18v
Classical Nahuatl sēwa <cēhu(a)> to be cold ‣ Karttunen 1983: 28
Classical Nahuatl setˡ <ce-tl> ice, icicle ‣ Karttunen 1981: 33
Tetelcingo Mexicano sēwa <siehua> hace frío «it's cold» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 222
Tetelcingo Mexicano sesitˡ <sesi ̱tl> helada «frost» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 222
Pipil sesek cold ‣ Campbell 1985: 422
sE-08 wind (merged into sE-07)
sE-09 one (Miller 1967: 507a *se, 507b *seme) *sɯmaju <*sɨmayu> one ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 275
(263); *sɯ- <*sɨ-> one ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (65)
Numic *sɯmɯ(ʔɯ) <*səmə(ʔə)> one ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (198)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute sɯmɯ̄ <sɨmɨ> one ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 47
Western Mono sɯ̱ mɯʔ <sɨm
̱ ɨ'> one ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 183
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sɯmɯttɯn <sümüttün> one ‣ Dayley 1989: 473
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sɯmmɯ <symmy> one ‣ Crapo 1976: 78
Western Shoshone sɯmmɯ <semme> one ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 282
Shoshone sɯmmɯ <semme> one ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Comanche sɯmɯ <sʉmʉ> one; completely, thoroughly ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 97
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sɯ̱ ɦkʲa <sùukya> one (counting form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi sɯ̱̄ kʲa <suukya> one (adjectival form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi sɯ̱̄ kʲaʔ | sɯ̱̄ kʲa <suukya(')> one ‣ Kalectaca 1979: 206
430
sE-09 sE-09
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hawkup one ‣ Anderton 1988: 305
Kitanemuk hōwḵp one ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) sosovra̱m tarāx ́ ɪm> son otras gentes (said of islanders)
̱ em <sɔsɔvrʌ̀m tarāX
«they are other people» ‣ Harrington notes 181
Cupan *supu̱-l <*supú-l> one ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (85)
Luiseño supu̱l <supúl> one ‣ Bright 1968: 37
Cupeño su̱pləwət <su̱plewe-t> the number one (in counting) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cupeño su̱pul <su̱pul> different, one ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
̃ one ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 192
Cahuilla su̱pʎi <súpli>
Cahuilla su̱pul <súpul> other ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 192
Tepiman *hɯma̱do <*hɨ'mado> one (counting) ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (87); *hɯma̱i | hɯ̱ ma
<*hɨ'mai/a> another ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (88)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) mād <maad> one, used only when counting one, two, three and so on ‣
Mathiot 1973: 2.31
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯma <hema> a particular one, a certain one ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.336
Pima Bajo ‑hɯ̱ mad <‑'hɨmad> one ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (87)
Pima Bajo hɯ̱ g̱i- <'hɨgɨ-> another ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (88)
Northern Tepehuan ɯmádo <ɨmádo> one ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (87)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ́ mai <� ́mai> another ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (88)
Southern Tepehuan mād <'maad> one ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (87)
Southern Tepehuan huma̱i <hu'mai> another ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (88)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sene̱ <sené> at this one time, single time ‣ Miller 1996: 383
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sei uno «one» ‣ Pennington 1981: 220
Ópata seb one ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sēnu <seenu> one ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 123
Mayo sēnu <seenu> uno «one» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 179
Tubar
Tubar seme- <se-me-> uno, solo «one, alone» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 44
Tubar heme̱ <je-mé> uno «one» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 56
Cora/Huichol
Cora saɯ̱ <saʌ́> uno, otro «one, another» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 173
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂewí <xeví> uno «one» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 121
Nahua *sē <*see> one ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (121)
431
sE-10 sE-12
Classical Nahuatl se | sentetˡ <ce | centetl> vno o vna «one» ‣ Molina 1571: 15r
Classical Nahuatl sē <cē> one ‣ Karttunen 1983: 26
Tetelcingo Mexicano sē | sente <sie | sente> uno «one» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 222
Pochutla Mexicano se <ce> uno «one» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil sē <se:> one, a/an ‣ Campbell 1985: 417
sE-10 ten
Numic *sɯ̄ ma(h) <*səəma(h)> ten ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (199)
Western Numic
Western Mono sɯwɯno̱ttu <sɨwɨno̱-tU> ten ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 184
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sɯ̄ mōtɯ | sɯ̄ mōno | sɯ̄ mōjɯntɯ <süümootün | süümoono |
süümooyüntün> ten, tenth, ten times ‣ Dayley 1989: 260
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sɯ̄ māhtɯn <syy-maah-tyn> ten ‣ Crapo 1976: 79
Western Shoshone sɯ̄ māhtɯn <seemaahten> ten ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 282
Shoshone sɯ̄ mahtɯn <seemah-ten> ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Comanche sɯ̄ matɯ | sɯ̄ manu̥tɯ <sʉʉmarʉ | sʉʉmanu̱rʉ> ten ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 98
sE-11 young girl

Numic *sɯʔa <*səʔa> (young) girl ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (195)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute sɯʔa <syʔa> girl ‣ Nichols 1974: 99
Western Mono sɯsɯ̱ ʔā <sɨsɨ ̱'a> young girls (plural only) {Sem[antics]: this term refers to a
specific group of young girls, not just young girls in general} ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 183
sE-12 willow, reed

Numic *sɯhɯ <*səhə> willow ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (197)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute sɯ̄ pi <sɨɨ-bi> willow ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 33
Western Mono sɯhɯ̱ pɯ̄ <sɨhɨ ̱bɨ> (Pacific) willow tree (Salix lasiandra) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 182
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sɯ̄ pin <süüpin> willow, wicker ‣ Dayley 1989: 262
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sɯ̄ pin <syy-pin> willow tree ‣ Crapo 1976: 79
Western Shoshone sɯhɯpin <sehepin> willow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 282
Shoshone sɯhɯpin | sɯ̄ pin <sehe-pin | see-pin> willow ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Comanche sɯhɯ | sɯhɯ̄ pi <sʉhʉ | sʉhʉʉbi> willow, Salix sp. ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 97
432
sE-13 sE-13
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sɯ̄ pi <sɨɨ-vi> willow, Salix sp.; coiled basketry material ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 269
Chemehuevi sɯkɯpi <səgə́vi ̥> This is what they weave baskets of. It resembles wild grape vine.
This is the stuff, the material; but the vine is səhə́vimpə̥. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 33
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sɶ̱ hɶ <söhö> galleta grass (vowels are unexpected) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hɯ̄ tᶳ <hə̄tʃr, hətʃr> plant sp.: vine, with red berries, used for baskets ‣ Anderton 1988:
311
Serrano hɯ̄ tᶳ basket weed, probably a Juncus sp. ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂoāṟ <ʃrwāŕ , ʃwāŕ > junco «rush» ‣ Harrington notes 164
Cupan *ʂə̱̄ji-la <*ṣə́:yi-la> reed/rush sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (110)
Luiseño ʂo̱jla <ṣóy-la> a type of rush, Juncus acutus sphaerocarpus ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño sə̱jiʎ <se̱yi-ly> Juncus sp., a grass used in basket making and in the sacred bundle ‣ Hill
& Nolasquez 1973: 170
Cahuilla se̱jiʎ <seily> Juncus L., Rush, Wire-Grass ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 80
sE-13 snake
Numic
Southern Numic
́ ḁ> kingsnake ‣ K. Hill 1969: 34
Chemehuevi sɯ̄ ŋa <sə̄ŋ
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃɯmmɯnt <šɨmɨn-t> the rattlesnake ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226 [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hɯ̄ ŋt <həŋt, hə̄ŋt, hənt> rattlesnake ‣ Anderton 1988: 312
Serrano hɯ̄ ʳŋt rattlesnake ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂōt <ʃóot> black diamond rattlesnake ‣ Harrington notes 596
Cupan *ʂə̱̄wə-t <*ṣə́:wə-t> rattlesnake ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (108)
Luiseño ʂō̱wut <ṣó·wu-t> black diamondback rattlesnake ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño sə̱wət <se̱we-t> rattlesnake ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 171
Cahuilla se̱wet <séwet> rattlesnake ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 183
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sino̱i <sinói> snake ‣ Miller 1996: 384
433
sE-14 sE-18
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sino̱wi <sinohui> culebras, víboras (de todos tipos) «snakes» ‣ Hilton 1959:
70
sE-14 reed (merged into sE-12)
sE-15 immature
Nahua *səli- immature ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (91)
Classical Nahuatl selik <celic> coſa freſca y verde «something fresh and green» ‣ Molina 1571: 15v
Classical Nahuatl selik <celic> something fresh, green ‣ Karttunen 1983: 29
Pochutla Mexicano sli <z'li> tierno «tender, soft» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil selek <selek> tender, young, immature ‣ Campbell 1985: 419
sE-16 dried corn (merged into su-05)
sE-17 gourd vessel

Cora/Huichol
Cora sikɯ̱ ri <sicʌri> canasta «basket» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 173
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂukū́ri <xucúuri> jícara ceremonial «ceremonial vessel» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 123
Nahua *ʃɯ̄ ka(l)- <*šɨɨka(l)- (?)> gourd vessel ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (71)
Classical Nahuatl ʃikalli <xicalli> vaſo de calabaça «gourd vessel» ‣ Molina 1571: 158v
Classical Nahuatl ʃīkalli <xīcal-li> gourd vessel ‣ Karttunen 1983: 323
Pochutla Mexicano oʃkast <oxcázt> jícara «gourd vessel» ‣ Boas 1917: 27 [cognate?]
Pipil ʃīkal <xi:kal> large gourd, gourd bowl ‣ Campbell 1985: 576
sE-18 bee (Miller 1967: 33 *sek | *cek)

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ʂuka̱ʔ <ṣukáʔ> a type of wild bee ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ʃikoʔtˡi <xicotli> abeja grande de miel que horada los arboles, o abejon «large
honeybee which bores trees, drone» ‣ Molina 1571: 159r
Classical Nahuatl ʃīkoʔtˡi <xīcoh-tli> large bee, bumblebee ‣ Karttunen 1983: 324
Pipil ʃīkuh <xi:kuh> bee or wasp sp., small, black ‣ Campbell 1985: 577
434
sE-19 sE-21
sE-19 laugh (Miller 1967: 252 *sem | *sesem (redp.))

Takic
Cupan
Cupeño ʂəm <s̷he̱me;‑0> to laugh ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172, 187
Cahuilla ‑sem- <‑sém-> to laugh ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 180
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯhɯm <hehem> to laugh ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.328
sE-20 squirrel
Takic *sɯkāwɯta | *sikāwɯta ‣ kch
Serran
Kitanemuk hikāɯt <híḳ̅aɨt, híḳ̅áɨt> flying squirrel ‣ Anderton 1988: 307
Serrano hikāɯt California gray squirrel (Sciurus fossor) ‣ kch
Cupan *səkāwə-t ‣ kch
Luiseño ʂukāw
̱ ut <ṣuká·-wu-t> tree squirrel ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño səka̱wət <seka̱we-t> chipmunk ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 171
Cahuilla si ̱kawet <síkawet> tree squirrel ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 185
sE-21 sour (Miller 1967: 404 [no reconstruction]) *sɯkɯ ‣ kch

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sɯkɯmpi(ttˢi) <sükümpi(ttsi)> sour ‣ Dayley 1989: 256
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sɯkɯn <sykyn> sour ‣ Crapo 1976: 78
Western Shoshone sɯkɯn kammana <seken kammana> sour (cf. kamman 'taste') ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 282
Shoshone sɯkɯn <seken> sour ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sɯkɯkatɯ | sɯ̄ katɯ <sɨgɨ-ga-dɨ | sɨɨ-ga-dɨ> sour ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 268
Chemehuevi sɯkɯnka- <sɨ'gɨ-nka> tart ‣ Press 1979: 155
Southern Ute sɯkɯkkatɯ <su̧ gú̧ -ka-ri ̧> bitter, sour, acid ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 179
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sɯ̱ hɯ <suhu> salty ‣ Hopi Dictionary [Numic loanword]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) shɯʔɯk <s-heʔek> to be sour ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.345
435
sE-22 si-01
sE-22 that one [= Miller's grammatica set dm-04]

Tepiman *hɯga̱i <*hɨ'gai> that one ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (84)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯgaʔi | hɯgʔai | hɯgi | hɯgʔi | hɯg <hegaʔi | hegʔai | hegi | hegʔi |
heg> that one ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.327
Pima Bajo ɯ̱ gi <'?ɨgi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (84)
Northern Tepehuan ɯ́ gai <� ́gai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (84)
Southern Tepehuan ga̱iʔ <'gai?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (84)
sE-23 they [= Miller's grammatica set pr-08]

Tepiman *hɯga̱mɯ <*hɨ'gamɨ> they ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (85)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hɯgam <hegam> those ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.327
Pima Bajo ɯgɯm <'?ɨgɨm> (unexpected loss of *h-) ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (85)
Northern Tepehuan ɯgā ̑ <ɨgáa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (85)
si-01 trim, cut (Miller 1967: 118 *sik) *siki | *sika to cut hair, mow ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (115)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃīkinat <ši·gin-[at]> to skin it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Tepiman *hiki ̱ti(‑) <*hi'kiti(‑)> to cut ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (64)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hiktᶴk <hikck> to cut off a strip, a piece, of obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.360
Pima Bajo hīktᶴ- <'hiikč-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (64)
Northern Tepehuan ikíci- <ikítʸi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (64)
Southern Tepehuan hi ̱kci- <'hiktʸi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (64)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sihkani ̱ <sihka-ní> to cut things like hair or grass ‣ Miller 1996: 384
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sikire̱ <siquiré> cortar (con cuchillo) «cut (with a knife)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 70
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sika cut (hair) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 127
Mayo sikka <sicca> está haciendo el pelo, cortando el pelo «is fixing the hair, cutting the hair» ‣
Cora/Huichol
Cora t�̓sistᶴe
̱ <tí'isische> está aserrando «[he] is sawing» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 187
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂíkā- <xícaa=> cortar con cuchillo o con tijeras «cut with a knife or scissors» ‣
436
si-02 si-02
si-02 navel (Miller 1967: 301 *sik | *suk) *siku navel ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 275 (257); *sisku navel ‣
Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (68) (cf. si-26)
Numic *siku(ⁿ) <*siku(N)> navel ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (191)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sīku(ttˢi) <siiku(ttsi)> navel, belly button ‣ Dayley 1989: 241
Western Shoshone siku umbilical cord ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone siku navel ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Comanche sīku̥ <siiku̱> navel ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 93
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sikupɯ <šigu-vɨ> navel ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 266
Chemehuevi siku <sígu̥> navel ‣ K. Hill 1969: 34
Southern Paiute siku <si´x·U> navel ‣ Sapir 1931: 657
Southern Ute sikuppɯ <sigú-pu̧ > navel, belly-button ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 175
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃītuluʃt <ši·duluš-t> the umbilicus ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226 (also at si-26) [cognate?]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hig navel ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.351
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hik navel ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 21
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío siku̱ <sikú> navel, belly button ‣ Miller 1996: 384
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) suki ̱ <suquí> ombligo «navel» (vowel metathesis) ‣ Hilton 1959: 72
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sīka̱t <sicát> ombligo «navel» (estirando un poco la primera sílaba (lengthing the first syllable a
little)) ‣ Pennington 1981: 222
Ópata siki <siqui> navel ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sīku <siiku> navel, umbilical cord ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 127
Mayo sīku <siicu> ombligo «navel» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 180
Tubar
Tubar siku̱r <sikú-r> ombligo «navel» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Nahua *ʃīk- <*šiik-> navel ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (113)
Classical Nahuatl ʃiktˡi <xictli> ombligo, o bruxula para tirar derecho «navel, sight for straight
shooting» ‣ Molina 1571: 159r
Classical Nahuatl ʃīktˡi <xīc-tli> navel, peephole ‣ Karttunen 1983: 324
Tetelcingo Mexicano īʃīk <ixic> su ombligo «his navel» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 136
Pochutla Mexicano ʃikt <xict> ombligo «navel» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil ‑ʃīk <‑xi:k> navel, bellybutton ‣ Campbell 1985: 576
437
si-03 si-05
si-03 go (Miller 1967: 198 *simi | *sime) *simi | *sima to go ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (69)
Tepiman *hi ̱mɯi <*'himɨi> to go ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (66a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) him to walk, go on foot in the direction or the manner specified by
context ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.362
Pima Bajo hīm <'hiim> to go ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (66a)
Northern Tepehuan ímɯi <ímɨi> to go ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (66a)
Southern Tepehuan him <'him> to go ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (66a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío simina̱ <simi-ná> to go, travel, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 384
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) simi ̱ <simí> irse, caminar «go» ‣ Hilton 1959: 69
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sīme <siime> go ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 127
Mayo sīme : veha sīme; sīka <siime : beja siime; siica> (sujeto singular) : ya se va; se fué «go, sg.
subj. : (pres.); (past)» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 181
Tubar
Tubar simi- ir, irse «go» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
si-04 shout, yell

Tepiman *hīna̱kai <*hii'nakai> he shouts ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (63a); *hīna̱ki <*hii'naki> to shout ‣
Bascom 1965: 160 (63b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hīnk <hiink> to bark, yell, howl ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.358
Pima Bajo hīɲk- <'hiiñk-> to shout ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (63b)
Northern Tepehuan īɲákai <iiñákai> he shouts ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (63a)
Northern Tepehuan īɲáki- <iiñáki-> to shout ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (63b)
Southern Tepehuan h�̄ɲak
̱ <'hiiñak> he shouts ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (63a)
Southern Tepehuan h�̄ɲki-
̱ <'hiiñki-> to shout ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (63b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sina̱ni <siná-ni> to shout ‣ Miller 1996: 384
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sina̱ <siná> gritar «shout, yell» ‣ Hilton 1959: 70
si-05 scrape (Miller 1967: 364 *sipa) *sispa to shave, scrape ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (70)
Numic *sipe | *sipa scrape/shave/whittle ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (192)
Western Numic
Western Mono sipa- <siba-> to shave, scrape ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 178
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯsipeh <wüsipeh> scratch, peel off, whittle ‣ Dayley 1989:
398
438
si-05 si-05
Comanche sipeppɯ̥ <sibepʉ̱> shaving, scraping ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 93

Comanche sīpettɯ <siibetʉ> shave, scrape off ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 93
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sipi- <šivi-> to whittle, peel, shave, scrape off the hair from ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 267
Chemehuevi sipa- <si'va> whittle/shave-wood ‣ Press 1979: 155
Southern Paiute sipaī <siva´-i‘> whittles ‣ Sapir 1931: 656
Southern Ute usipaī <wẖsíva ̧y> whittle, peel, shave ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 205
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi si ̱spa <sispa> scrape it, shave it ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi si ̱ɦpanta <sìipanta> be peeling it ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal iʃipat <ʔišib-[at]> to whittle, to shave (pfv. ʃīp <ši·p>) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 223
Takic
Serran
̅ , ʃīv'>
Kitanemuk ʃīv <ʃīv̥ ̅ plane, carve ‣ Anderton 1988: 501
Serrano ʂīv shave ‣ kch
Cupan *ʂ�̄va-t
̱ <*ʂí:va-t> point ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (100)
Luiseño ʂi ̱va/i- <ṣíva/i-> to be peeled, scraped (intr.); to peel, scrape, shave (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Luiseño ʂ�̄v̱ at <ṣí·va-t> crystal mounted on the tip of a ceremonial wand ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño si ̱vin <si ̱ve;‑ine> to shave off, peel off ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 171
Cahuilla ‑si ̱v- <‑sív-> to shave, to sharpen (e.g. pencil), to scrape ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 186
Cahuilla si ̱vat <sív-at> that which is scraped, smoothened; arrow head ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 186
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hiv to rub against each other ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.369
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sibana̱ <siba-ná> to scrape ‣ Miller 1996: 384
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sipa̱ <sipá> rascar, lijar, raspar, cepillar «scrape, sandpaper, rasp, plane» ‣
Hilton 1959: 70
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl <xipeua.nitla> deſollar, o deſcortezar, o mondar las uas. &c. «flay, skin, peel
grapes, etc.» ‣ Molina 1571: 159r
Classical Nahuatl ʃīpēwa <xīpēhu(a)> to flay, skin, peel something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 325
Classical Nahuatl ʃīpēwi <xīpēhu(i)> for something to peel, to come off ‣ Karttunen 1983: 325
Tetelcingo Mexicano kiʃīpēwa <qui ̱xipiehua> lo monda, lo pela «[he] trims it, peels it» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 216
Pipil ʃīpēwa <xi:pe:wa> to peel, to remove the skin, bark, shell ‣ Campbell 1985: 579
Pipil ʃīpēwi <xi:pe:wi> to peel, to get skinned, peeled ‣ Campbell 1985: 579
439
si-06 si-07
si-06 shell, peel

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ʂ�̄ʔ̱ avul <ṣí·ʔa-vu-l> acorn shells ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Luiseño ʂ�̄ʔ̱ awiʃ <ṣí·ʔa-wi-š> acorns removed from the shells ‣ Bright 1968: 38
Cupeño siʔa̱j <si'a̱ye;‑0> to crack acorns ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla ‑si ̱ʔaj- <‑síʔay-> to peel (fruit, bark of a tree, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 188
si-07 intestines (Miller 1967: 476 *si | *ci) *si guts, entrails ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (66)
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono si ̱hī <si ̱hi> intestines ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 179
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sīpi <šii-vi, sii-vi> guts ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 267
Chemehuevi sīpi <s�vi ̄́ ̥> pod ‣ K. Hill 1969: 35 [cognate? unexpected meaning]
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi s�̄hɯ
̱ <siihu> small intestine ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂītˢ <ʃīts> guts ‣ Anderton 1988: 499
Serrano ‑ʂi intestines ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʂ�̄ṉ <neʃíin> mi tripa «my innards, guts, intestines» ‣ Harrington notes 594
Cupan
Luiseño ‑ʂī <‑ṣí·> intestines, guts ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Tepiman *hihi ̱ <*hi'hi> intestines ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (61a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hihi one's bowels, intestines of a person ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.354
Pima Bajo hih <'hih> intestines ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (61a)
Northern Tepehuan íxi <íhi> intestines ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (61a)
Southern Tepehuan hih�̱̄ <hi'hii> intestines ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (61a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío siwa̱ <siwá> intestines ‣ Miller 1996: 385
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) siwa̱ <sihuá> tripas, intestino «intestines» ‣ Hilton 1959: 69
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve siwa̱t <siguát> barriga, tripa «stomach, intestines» ‣ Pennington 1981: 222
Ópata siwatᶴi <siwa-či> belly ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
440
si-08 si-08
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) siam intestines ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 126
Mayo sīwam <siíguam> tripas, intestinos «intestines» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 180
si-08 urinate (Miller 1967: 447 *siʔ) *siʔ- urinate ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (283); *si | *siᵤʔi | *siᵤʔa
<*siᵤ(ʔi) | *siᵤ(ʔa)> to urinate ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (67)
Numic *siʔi urinate ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (188)
Western Numic
Western Mono sīna- <siina-> to urinate ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 179
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sī <sii"> urinate, pee, piss ‣ Dayley 1989: 241
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sī <sii"> to urinate ‣ Crapo 1976: 76
Western Shoshone sī <sii"> urinate, pee ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone sī <siiG> to urinate ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Comanche sīttɯ <siitʉ> urinate ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 93
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu siʔi- to urinate ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 265
Southern Paiute siʔi- <si’i‑ˢ> to urinate ‣ Sapir 1931: 656
Southern Ute sɯʔī <su̧ ?í> urinate, pee ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 178
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi s�̄si
̱ <siisi> defecate ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi s�̄si
̱ <síisi> had defecated ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 86 (18)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃiʔɯt <šiʔ-(ɨt)> to urinate ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂīʔ <ʃriʔ, ʃiʔ> urinate ‣ Anderton 1988: 499
Serrano ʂīʔ urinate ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂ�̄ʔa
̱ <ʃíi'a> meate! «urinate!» ‣ Harrington notes 118
Tongva (Gabrielino) jāʔ̱ mo ne ʂeʂ�̄ro
̱ <yáa'monẹ ʃiʃíiro> voy a mear «I'm going to urinate» ‣
Cupan
Luiseño ʂ�̄ʔ̱ a- <ṣí·ʔa-> to urinate ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Cahuilla ‑siʔ- <‑síʔ-> to urinate ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 188
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hiʔa to urinate ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.372
441
si-09 si-09
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío siʔani ̱ <siʔa-ní> to urinate ‣ Miller 1996: 385
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) isi ̱ <isí> orinar «urinate» ‣ Hilton 1959: 39
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve si ̱san <sísan> orinar | mear «urinate» ‣ Pennington 1981: 222 | 39
Ópata ʃiʃia <xixia> mear «urinate» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sīse <siise> urinate ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 127
Mayo sīse <siise> está orinando «[he] is urinating» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 181
Cora/Huichol
Cora se̓ <se'e> está orinando «is urinating» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 173
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂ�̄-́ <xíi=> orinar «urinate» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 212
Nahua *ʃiʃa <*šiša> urinate ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (182)
Classical Nahuatl ninoʃiʃa <xixa.nino> proueerſe o hazer camara «relieve oneself, have a bowel
movement» ‣ Molina 1571: 159v
Classical Nahuatl ʃīʃa <xīx(a)> to urinate or defecate ‣ Karttunen 1983: 327
Tetelcingo Mexicano māʃīʃa <möxixa> orina «[he] urinates» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 165 (with pa-
07)
Pochutla Mexicano nui noʃiʃes <nuí noxixéz> voy a mear «i'm going to urniate» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil muʃīʃa <mu-xi:xa> to urinate ‣ Campbell 1985: 580
si-09 urine
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono s�̄ppɯ
̱ <siipƗ> urine ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 179
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sīppɯh <siippüh> piss, urine ‣ Dayley 1989: 242
Western Shoshone sīppɯh <siippeh> urine ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone sīppɯh <sii-ppeh> urine ‣ Miller 1972: 133
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu siʔippɯ <siʔi-pɨ> urine ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 266
Chemehuevi siʔippɯ <si’ípə̥> urine ‣ K. Hill 1969: 34
Southern Paiute siʔippɯ <si’i´-p·Ï> what is urinated, urine ‣ Sapir 1931: 656
Southern Ute sɯʔippɯ <su̧ ?í-pu̧ > urine, piss ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 178
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂīʔtˢ <ʃīʔts> urine ‣ Anderton 1988: 499
Serrano ʂīʔtᶴ urine ‣ kch
442
si-10 si-10
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʂ�̄ṉ <niʃíin> my piss ‣ Harrington notes 118
Cupan
Luiseño ʂ�̄ʔ̱ iʃ, ‑ʂ�̄ʔ̱ <ṣí·ʔi-š, ‑ṣí·ʔ> urine ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Tepiman
Southern Tepehuan hiʔi urine ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.372
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío siʔi ̱ <siʔí> urine ‣ Miller 1996: 385
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve si ̱si <sísi> orines «urine» ‣ Pennington 1981: 222
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sīsi <siisi> urine ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 127
Mayo sīsi <siisi> orina «urine» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 181
Tubar
Tubar sii ̱r <sií-r> orines «urine» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Cora/Huichol
Cora s�̓suri
̱ <sí'isuri> orina, vejiga «urine, bladder» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 174
si-10 slide
Numic *sikō̆ <*siko(o)> slide ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (190)
Western Numic
Western Mono sikokohi- <sig̸og̸ohi-> to slide ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 179
Central Numic
Shoshone sikuhi | sikō <sikuhiG | sikooH> to slide (intr.) ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Comanche pisikoʔi <pisikoʔi> ride seated on a sled ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 82
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sikoʔi- <šigoʔi-> to slide ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 266
Southern Paiute siʔu- <si’yu‑ˢ> to slide ‣ Sapir 1931: 658
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi si ̱ro <siro(k‑)> slide down ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃitoʔtōʔot <šidoʔdo·ʔ-(ot)> to slide ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk sirɯrɯʔj | siðɯhɯrɯk | sirɯhɯrɯk <sirərəʔj, siðəhərək, sirəhərək> play slide ‣
Anderton 1988: 495
443
si-11 si-13
si-11 tadpole
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sibo̱ri <sibori> renacuajo «tadpole» ‣ Hilton 1959: 69
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sivo̓li <sivo'oli> tadpole ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 129
Mayo si ̱vo̓ri <síbo'ori> renacuajo «tadpole» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 180
si-12 ant *sika- ant ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (301)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío seku̱i <sekúi> ant ‣ Miller 1996: 382
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sikui ̱ | sukui ̱ <sicuí | sucuí> hormiga «ant» ‣ Hilton 1959: 69, 72
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve siku̱tˢ <sicútz> hormiga chiquita «small ant» ‣ Pennington 1981: 222
Ópata sikku ant ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Tubar
Tubar alisi ̱k <ali-sík> clase de hórmiga pequeña y negra «a kind of little black ant» ‣ Lionnet 1978:
54 (with a-09)
Nahua *tˢīka- <*ȼiika-> ant ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (2) [affricate is unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl tˢikatˡ <tzicatl> hormiga grande y ponçoñoſa que pica «large and venomous ant
that stings» ‣ Molina 1571: 152r
Classical Nahuatl tˢīkatˡ <tzīca-tl> large stinging ant ‣ Karttunen 1983: 311
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˢīkatˡ <tzicatl> hormiga «ant» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 243
Pochutla Mexicano tˢiket <tziquét> hormiga «ant» ‣ Boas 1917: 36
Pipil tˢīkat <tsi:ka-t> ant ‣ Campbell 1985: 528
si-13 tire
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) siwe̱ <sihué> calmarse (viento) «for the wind to die down» ‣ Hilton 1959: 69
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) pɯʔū́.ʂíja <pü´úu.xíya> le hace cansar «it makes him tired» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
172
Nahua *sVjawi <*sVyawi> tire ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (174)
Classical Nahuatl nisiawi <ciaui.ni> canſarſe «get tired» ‣ Molina 1571: 22r
Classical Nahuatl siawi <ciahu(i)> to get tired ‣ Karttunen 1983: 33
Tetelcingo Mexicano sijawi <si ̱yabi ̱> se cansa «[he] gets tired» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 222
Pochutla Mexicano sjewi <cyeuí> cansado «tired» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
444
si-14 si-18
si-14 for green corn to develop

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sita̱ | sitapo̱a <sitá | sitapóa> corn silk ‣ Miller 1996: 385
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂítá <xítá> milpa tierna «young cornfield» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 122
si-15 cook
Tepiman *hīdo̱ra | *h�̄dorai
̱ <*hii'dora- | *'hiidorai> to cook ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (62)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hidoɖ <hidoḑ> to cook obj in a single cooking pot, to make one kind of
dish with obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.350
́
Northern Tepehuan īɉóra | �̄ɉorai <iidʸóra | íídʸorai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (62)
Southern Tepehuan hiɉō̱ra- <hi'dʸoora-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (62)
si-16 body louse

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂɯvatˢɯtˢɯtˢ <ʃrə́vatsətsəts> body-louse ‣ Anderton 1988: 505
Serrano ʂɯvatᶳtᶳ body louse ‣ kch
Tepiman *hiva̱pɯtɯi <*hi'vapɨtɨi> body louse ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (68)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hioptᶴ <hiopc> termite; body louse ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.368
Pima Bajo hi ̱ap- <'hiap-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (68)
Northern Tepehuan ivápɯtɯi <ivápɨtɨi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (68)
Southern Tepehuan h�̄pat
̱ <'hiipat> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (68)
si-17 cloudy
Tepiman *hiko̱magi <*hi'komagi> cloudy ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (65)
Northern Tepehuan ikómaga <ikómaga> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (65)
Southern Tepehuan ‑hikmaʔ <‑'hi ̱kma?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (65)
si-18 rabbitbrush
Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute sikupi <sikupi [ʂigúpi ̥]> rabbitbrush ‣ Thornes 2003: 37 [cognate?]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sippumpi | suppumpi <sippumpi | suppumpi> rabbit brush,
Chrysothamnus sp. ‣ Dayley 1989: 244
445
si-19 si-20
Western Shoshone sipappin <sipappin> rabbit brush ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone sipappin <sipa"-pin> rabbit brush ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sipappɯ <siva-pɨ> "sagebrush", San Joaquin matchwood, Gutierrezia californica;
rabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus nauseosus ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 267
Hopi [probably a Numic loanword]
Orayvi Hopi siva̱ɦpi <sivàapi> rabbitbrush, Chrysothamnus nauseosus ‣ Hopi Dictionary
si-19 green *siwiC ‣ AMR

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi si ̱wi tendrils, runners; a shrub, Perryela filifolia ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) siwe grow (plants) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 129
Nahua *ʃVwV- <*šVwV-> leaf ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (97) (also at su-23)
Classical Nahuatl ʃiwitˡ <xiuitl> año, cometa, turqueſa e yerua «year, comet, turquoise, plant» ‣
Molina 1571: 159v
̄
Classical Nahuatl ʃ�̄witˡ <xihu(i)-tl> grass, green stone, turquoise ‣ Karttunen 1983: 324
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃiwitˡ <xi ̱bi ̱tl> hoja, yerba, maleza; año «leaf, plant, weed; year» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 246
Pochutla Mexicano ʃut <xut> hoja «leaf» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil ʃiwit <xiwi-t> year (?) (occurs only in sē ʃiwit <se: xiwi-t> 'last year') ‣ Campbell 1985: 580
si-20 green <*siyV> ‣ AMR

Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sijo̱na <siyona> ser verde, ser azul «be green, be blue» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) siari green; raw, crude ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 126
Mayo siali | siari <síali | síari> verde «green» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 180
Nahua *ʃowi <*šowi> green ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (73)
Classical Nahuatl niʃoʃowia <xoxouia.ni> pararſe verdinegro de enfermedad, o deſcolorido, o
pararſe algo verde «become greenish or pale from illness, become somewhat green» ‣ Molina 1571:
161v
Classical Nahuatl ʃoʃōwik <xoxōhuic> something green, unripe ‣ Karttunen 1983: 331
Classical Nahuatl ʃoʃōwija <xoxōhuiya> for something to turn green ‣ Karttunen 1983: 331
Classical Nahuatl ʃōpan <xōpan> green time of the year ‣ Karttunen 1983: 331
Classical Nahuatl ʃoʃoktik <xoxoctic> something blue-green, green, unripe ‣ Karttunen 1983: 331
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃoʃōwik <xoxubi ̱c> crudo, verde (no maduro) «raw, green (not ripe)» ‣ Brewer
& Brewer 1962: 247
446
si-21 si-21
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃoʃoktik <xoxocti ̱c> verde, azul «green, blue» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 247
Pochutla Mexicano ʃui <xuí> verde «green» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil ʃuʃuwik <xuxuwi-k> green, unripe, raw ‣ Campbell 1985: 584
Pipil ʃuʃuknah <xuxuk-nah> green ‣ Campbell 1985: 584
si-21 sand <*siHa> ‣ AMR (cf. sa-09, sE-04)

Numic *(pa)siwa(h) sand/gravel ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (194)
Western Numic
Western Mono pasija̱ppɯ <pasiya̱pƗ> sand ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 131
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) pasiŋompin | pasiŋʷampin <pasingompin | pasingwampin>
sand ‣ Dayley 1989: 194
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pasiampin <pasiam-pin> gravel, sand ‣ Crapo 1976: 68
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pappiapasiampin <pa-ppia-pasiam-pin> gravel (reduplication) ‣
Crapo 1976: 68
Western Shoshone pasiwompin sand ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 278
Shoshone pasiwapin <pasiwa-pin> sand ‣ Miller 1972: 128
Comanche pasiwāpi ̥ <pasi waapi ̱> sand, fine gravel (sic, written as two words) ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 77
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sihwabɯ | sihwampɯ <sihwa-bɨ | sihwa-mbɨ> sand ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 267
Chemehuevi siwampɯ <siwámpə̥> gravel ‣ K. Hill 1969: 35
Southern Paiute siumpātˢi <sɩu´-mpa·ts·> gravel-spring (place name) ‣ Sapir 1931: 657 (with pa-
07)
Southern Ute siwappɯ <siwá-pu̧ > sand ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 175
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃīhpit <ši·hpi-t> the sand ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hia fine sand (as on beach) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.348
Tubar
Tubar siha̱t <sijá-t> arena «sand» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂíe.kāŕ i <xíe.cáari> arena «sand» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 122
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ʃalli <xalli> arena, o cierta piedra areniſca «sand, sandstone» ‣ Molina 1571: 158v
Classical Nahuatl ʃālli <xāl-li> sand ‣ Karttunen 1983: 321
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃāli <xöli ̱> arena «sand» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 247
Pipil āʃāl <a:xa:l> sand ‣ Campbell 1985: 172 (with pa-07)
447
si-22 si-24
si-22 point (merged into si-05) [not a Miller set]
si-23 nail *situn nail ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203; *suᵤtu |* siᵤtu fingernail, claw ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138
(26) (cf. su-01)
Numic *situ | *situⁿ <*situ(N)> claw/nail (finger, toe) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (193)
Western Numic
Western Mono masi ̱tō <masi ̱do> fingernail(s) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 69
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) masitu | masitunttˢi <masitun(ttsi)> fingernail ‣ Dayley 1989:
97
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tasitun(ttˢi) <tasitun(ttsi)> toenail, fingernail, claw, hoof ‣
Dayley 1989: 280
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone masitun | masittun <ma-situn | ma-sittun> fingernail, foreclaw,
forehoof ‣ Crapo 1976: 52
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tasittun <ta-sittun> toenail, hoof, claw (especially of hindleg) ‣
Crapo 1976: 82
Western Shoshone masiton fingernail ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 271
Western Shoshone tasiton toe nail, claw, hoof ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 285
Shoshone masiton fingernail, claw ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Shoshone tasiton toenail, claw ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Comanche masītto̥ <masiito̱> fingernail ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 44
Comanche tasītto̥ <tasiito̱> toenail, claw, hoof ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 104
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tasittoʔobɯ <ta-šitoʔo-bɨ> claw; fingernail, toenail ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 274
Chemehuevi masitˢoʔo <masítso’o̥> fingernail ‣ K. Hill 1969: 15
Chemehuevi tasitˢoʔo <tasít[s]o’o̥> toenail ‣ K. Hill 1969: 37
̓ | maʃɯtᶴompi
Southern Paiute maʃɯtᶴoʔ ̓ ̓
| maʃɯntᶴompi <MA‘-cï´tc̓ ɔ’ | MA‘-cï´tc̓ ɔ-mpI | MA‘-cïńtc̓ ɔ-
mpI> finger-nail (mysterious glottalization) ‣ Sapir 1931: 661
Southern Ute sɯttᶴuppɯ <su̧ cú-pu̧ > finger-nail ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 178
si-24 cover, bury

Tepiman *hi ̱asapai <*'hiasapai> to cover, bury ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (60)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hiaʂp <hiaxp> to cover obj with soil, to bury obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.349
Northern Tepehuan jāś apai <yáásapai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (60)
Southern Tepehuan jās̱ ap <'yaasap> ‣ Bascom 1965: 160 (60)
448
si-25 so-01
si-25 red *sik- ‣ kch (separated from sE-03)

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve si ̱kei <síquei> colorado «red» ‣ Pennington 1981: 222
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) siki red ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 127
Mayo sikili | sikiri <síquili | síquiri> rojo «red» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 181
si-26 navel *sip- ‣ kch (separated from si-02)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi si ̱pna <sipna> navel, umbilicus, bellybutton ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃītuluʃt <ši·duluš-t> the umbilicus ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226 (also at si-02) [cognate?]
Cora/Huichol
Cora sipu̱tˢi <siputzi> ombligo «navel» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1958: 174 (also at po-09)
si-27 onion
Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute sī <sii> «wild onion» ‣ Liljeblad et al. 2012: 438
Western Mono sīta̱ni <siita̱nI> «wild green onion» ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 407-408
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi s�̄wi
̱ <siiwi> domestic onion ‣ Hopi Dictionary
so-01 tan skin

Tepiman *ho̱gi <*'hogi> hide ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (70)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hogi ̥ <hogï> hide (after the animal has been skinned) ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.374
Pima Bajo hog <'hog> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (70)
Northern Tepehuan ógi ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (70)
Southern Tepehuan hoʔ <'ho?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (70)
Southeastern Tepehuan hoʔ <[hoʔ]> hide ‣ Willett 1991: 27
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío soi ̱ <soí> fat, lard ‣ Miller 1996: 386
Guarijío soiwe̱na <soiwé-na> to tan skin ‣ Miller 1996: 386
449
so-02 so-04
so-02 thorn *soʔi thorn ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (132)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hoʔ <qō, hoʔ> string beads, sew them ‣ Anderton 1988: 315
Serrano hoʳʔaj sew ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ʂe̱ʔi- <ṣéʔi-> to shoot with a bow; to pierce one's body, speaking of pain; to guess, as in
the game of peón ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Tepiman *ho̱ʔi <*'ho?i> thorn ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (74)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hoʔi sticker(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.381
Pima Bajo ho̱ʔi | ho̱iʔ <'ho?i | 'hoi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (74)
Northern Tepehuan xoí <hoí> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (74)
Southern Tepehuan ho̱iʔ <'hoi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (74)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío soʔina̱ <soʔi-ná> to get pricked, stuck, with thorns ‣ Miller 1996: 386
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) soʔwa̱ <so'huá> espinas «thorns» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sōso <sooso> get stickers (vi.); thorn, sticker (n.); bullheads, goat heads
(plant) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 129
Mayo sōsok <soósoc> se espinó «pricked self with a thorn» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 182
so-03 bend
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) homi ̥ <homi> the inside of basketry coils ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 23
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío so̓mi ̱bani <soʔmíba-ni> to get bent ‣ Miller 1996: 386
so-04 cottonwood (Miller 1967: 104 *so) (cf. sa-25)

Numic *sōpih <*soopih> cottonwood tree ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (180)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sohopimpɯn <sohopimpü> cottonwood ‣ Dayley 1989: 246
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sohopin <soho-pin> cottonwood tree, tree (generic, esp. any valley
tree) ‣ Crapo 1976: 76
Western Shoshone sohopin cottonwood, native poplar ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone sohopin <soho-pin> cottonwood tree; tree (generic) ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Comanche soho opi ̱ <soho obi ̱> cottonwood ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 93
450
so-05 so-07
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sōpippɯ <soovi-pɨ> cottonwood ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 270
Chemehuevi sōpimpɯ <sṓvimpə̥> cottonwood tree ‣ K. Hill 1969: 35
Southern Paiute sōpippɯ <sɔ·´vɩ-p·Ï> cottonwood ‣ Sapir 1931: 662
Southern Ute sɯ̄ pɯppɯ <sú̧ u̧-vu̧ -pu̧ > cottonwood, tree (generic) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 180
Hopi [Central Numic loanword?]
Orayvi Hopi sɶhɶ̱ vi <söhövi> cottonwood ‣ Hopi Dictionary
́ i> cottonwood, tree ‣ Whorf 1946: 170
Musangnuvi Hopi sɶhɶ̱̆ vi <söhọ̈v
so-05 older paternal aunt, father's older sister

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío solo̱ <soló> aunt; nephew, niece: FaOlSi; Woman's YoBrCh ‣ Miller 1996: 386
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) soro̱ <soró> tía (hermana mayor del padre) «aunt: father's older sister» ‣
Hilton 1959: 72
so-06 ground, earth, land (Miller 1967: 297a *so, 297b *sok | *cok)
Numic *soko ground/dirt/earth/land ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (181)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sokopin <sokopin> earth, ground, land, world, dirt ‣ Dayley
1989: 246
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sokopin | sokoppɯh <soko-pin | soko-ppyh> earth, dirt, ground,
dust, sand ‣ Crapo 1976: 76
Western Shoshone sokopin land, earth, ground ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Western Shoshone sokoppɯh <sokoppeh> soil, ground, dirt, earth ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone sokoppɯh <soko-ppeh> earth, land, dirt ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Comanche sokōpi ̥ <sokoobi ̱> land, earth ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 94
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi sokopɯ <sogóvə̥> damp ground ‣ K. Hill 1969: 35
Southern Paiute sokopɯ <sɔγɔ´-ɸÏ> moist earth ‣ Sapir 1931: 662
so-07 lungs (Miller 1967: 270 *sono) *sosno lung ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (166)
Numic *soŋo <*soŋo (‑ŋ- tentative)> lungs ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (182)
Western Numic
Western Mono so̱nō <so̱no>lung(s) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 186
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) somo | soŋʷo <somo | songwo> lungs ‣ Dayley 1989: 247
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sonko lungs ‣ Crapo 1976: 77
451
so-08 so-08
Western Shoshone sonko lung ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283

Shoshone sonko | sonno lung ‣ Miller 1972: 134
Comanche sōmo̥ <soomo̱> lung ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 95
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sōpɯ <soo-vɨ> lung ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 270
Chemehuevi sōpi <sṓvi ̥> lung (also 'armpit') ‣ K. Hill 1969: 35
Chemehuevi sōpi <'soo-v(i)> lung/lungs ‣ Press 1979: 155
Chemehuevi sōki <'soo-g( )> lung/lungs ‣ Press 1979: 155 (also at su-16)
Southern Ute sōpɯ <só̧o̧-vu̧ > lung(s) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 176
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ʂōŋātᶳ <ʃrōŋātʃr> lung ‣ Anderton 1988: 505
Serrano aʂuŋaʔ <'áʃʃuŋa> mi (sic, should be su, i.e., third person's) bofe «[his] lung» (vowel is
unexpected and Harrington's consultant often omitted expected final ʔ from Serrano forms. It is also possible
that many "S." forms collected by Harrington from his Gabrielino consultants were instead Kitanemuk. (The
expected Serrano form would be aʂōʳŋaʔ)) ‣ Harrington notes 452
Tongva (Gabrielino) aʂāṟ <'aʃáarr> bofe «lung» ‣ Harrington notes 452 [cognate?]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hon | honʂp | honʂpaɖag <hon | honxp | honxpaḑag> one's body, trunk ‣
Mathiot 1973: 378
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío soʔlotᶴa̱ <soʔlocá> lungs; pancreas or spleen? ‣ Miller 1996: 386
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sonora̱ <sonorá> los pulmones «lungs» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
Tubar
Tubar sora̱ | soro- <so̧rá | so̧ro̧-> pulmones «lungs» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
so-08 wife
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃōjin <šo·yi-n> his wife ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Tepiman *hō̱nita-/hō̱nata- <*'hoonita-/'hoonata-> to take a wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (72); *hōni ̱ga
<*hoo'niga> wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (73)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hōnt <hoont> to make obj into a wife, to take obj as a wife ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.379
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hōɲig <hooñig> wife ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.379
Pima Bajo ‑ho̱iɲtᶴ- <‑'hoiñč-> to take a wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (72)
Pima Bajo hō̱ɲig <'hooñig> wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (73)
Northern Tepehuan ṓɲc- <óóñtʸ-> to take a wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (72)
452
so-09 so-12
Northern Tepehuan ōɲíga <ooñíga> wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (73)

Southern Tepehuan ho̱ɲca- <'hoñtʸa-> to take a wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (72)
Southern Tepehuan hō̱ɲiʔ <'hooñi?> wife ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (73)
Tubar
Tubar sonã̱r <so̧nán-r> esposa «wife» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
so-09 stubble
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sɶ̱̄ ŋɶ <sööngö> corncob ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi sɶ̱̄ ŋɶ <sööngö> corn cob ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 205
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sono̱ <sonó> stubble of corn, which is used as winter fodder ‣ Miller 1996: 386
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sono̱ <sonó> rastrojo «stubble» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sono̱ <sonó> hoja de maíz «cornhusk» ‣ Pennington 1981: 223
Tubar
Tubar honali ̱t <jona-ƚí-t> rastrojo «stubble» (or hunali ̱t ?) ‣ Lionnet 1978: 57
so-10 bat
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío soʔpe̱tᶴi <soʔpéci> bat (animal) ‣ Miller 1996: 386
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sopitᶴi ̱ | suputᶴi ̱ <sopichí | supuchí> murciélago «bat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sotᶴik <sochik> bat ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 129
Mayo sottᶴik <sótchic> murciélago «bat» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 182
so-11 tire
Nahua *sōta <*soota> fade, tire, be afraid ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (56)
Classical Nahuatl nisotˡawa | nitesotˡawa <çotlaua.ni | çotlaua.nite> deſmayarſe o amortecerſe |
deſmayar a otro aſsi «faint, swoon | cause another to faint like that» ‣ Molina 1571: 25v
Classical Nahuatl sotˡāwa <zotlāhua> to faint ‣ Karttunen 1983: 349
Pochutla Mexicano sute <çuté> espantarse «be astonished» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil sutāwa <suta:wa> to tire, to get tired ‣ Campbell 1985: 431
so-12 stone
Tepiman *hoda̱i <*ho'dai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (69)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hodai rock, stone ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.373
Pima Bajo hod <'hod> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (69)
453
so-13 su-01
Northern Tepehuan ódai ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (69)

Southern Tepehuan hoda̱i <ho'dai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (69)
Southeastern Tepehuan hōdai <[´hoo.dai]> stone ‣ Willett 1991: 24
so-13 butterfly
Tepiman *hoho̱kimara | *hoho̱kimari <*ho'hokimara/i> butterfly ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (71)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hohokimal small yellow butterfly (or hohoki ̥mal ?) ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 18
Northern Tepehuan totókimara <totókimara> (sic, with toto- for expected hoho-) ‣ Bascom 1965: 161
(71)
Southern Tepehuan hō̱kmar <'hookmar> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (71)
so-14 many
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) soʔo <so'o> a lot, so much, too much, enough ‣ Dayley
1989: 247
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sōn <soon> much, many ‣ Crapo 1976: 77
Western Shoshone sōn <soon> a lot, lots, much, many ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Shoshone sōn <soon> many ‣ Miller 1972: 134
so-15 boil
Takic
Serran
Serrano hoʳqaʳn boil ‣ kch
̃́ >
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂeh�̄j̱ <ʃih�iy ̥ temascal «sweathouse» ‣ Harrington notes 532
Cupan
Luiseño ʂēx̱ a- <ṣé·xa-> to simmer, of water when it is about to boil ‣ Bright 1968: 39
Cupeño si ̱xnin <si ̱xne;‑ine> to cook ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla ‑sex- <‑séx-> to cook (food in water) (vowel is wrong; Luiseño influence?) ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 183
su-01 nail, claw, talon (Miller 1967: 298a *sut, 298b [no reconstruction], 298c [no reconstruction]) *sutɯ
<*sutɨ> fingernail ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 272 (228); *suᵤtu | *siᵤtu fingernail, claw ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 138 (26) (cf. si-23)
Tübatulabal
454
su-01 su-01
Tübatulabal ʃulunt <šulun-t> the finger nails; the hoofs of bovines ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) atᶳū̱r <'atʃúur> his hoof, his nail (affricate is unexpected) ‣ Harrington notes
009
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂū̱ʂar <ʃū́ʃar, ʃúuʃar> rattle of pesuña de venado «deer hoof rattle» ‣
Harrington notes 007 [cognate?]
Cupan <*ṣulá-t> nail/hoof/claw ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (77)
Luiseño ʂula̱t <ṣulá-t> claw, hoof, finger- or toenail ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cupeño ‑ʂulʔa <‑s̷hul'a> fingernails, claws ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla sa̱lul, ‑sa̱lʔu <sálu-l, ‑sálʔu> fingernail (vowels metathesized) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 175
Cahuilla ‑sa̱luk- <‑sáluk-> to scratch (e.g. body with fingernails, leaving marks) (vowel is wrong)
‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 175
Tepiman *hūṯ u <*'huutu> fingernail ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (82a); *hūh
̱ utu <*'huuhutu> fingernails ‣
Bascom 1965: 162 (82b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hutᶴ, pl. hūtᶴ <huc, pl. huuc> nail of a person ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.584
Pima Bajo huht <'huht> fingernails ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (82b)
Northern Tepehuan ūt́ u, pl. úítu <úútu, pl. úítu> fingernail ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (82a, b)
Southern Tepehuan hūt <'huut> fingernail ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (82a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío suhtu̱ <suhtú> claw, nail; kind of plant ‣ Miller 1996: 387
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sutu̱ <sutú> uña, pezuña «nail, claw» ‣ Hilton 1959: 73
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sutu̱t <sutút> uña «nail» ‣ Pennington 1981: 225
Ópata me sutu nail ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) sutum nail (body part) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 133
Mayo suttu dedo «finger» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 183
Cora/Huichol
Cora sɯte̱kutˢape̓ <sʌtécutzape'e> uña «nail» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 103
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂɯ̄ té <xüüté> uña «nail» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 125
Nahua *ɯstə- <*ɨstə-> fingernail ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (59)
Classical Nahuatl istetˡ <iztetl> vña «nail» ‣ Molina 1571: 49v
Classical Nahuatl istetˡ | istitˡ <(i)zte-tl | (i)zti-tl> fingernail, toenail, a very small unit of length
measurement ‣ Karttunen 1983: 124
Tetelcingo Mexicano īste <iste> su uña «his nail» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 133
Pochutla Mexicano moʃt <moxt> tu uña «your nail» ‣ Bpas 1917: 27
Pipil istit <isti(-)t> (finger)nail, claw ‣ Campbell 1985: 235
455
su-02 su-03
su-02 scratch *suk- ‣ kch

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ʂō̱ki- <ṣó·ki-> to scratch (vowel is wrong; influenced by rō̱ki- 'pinch'?) ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hugka to sink one's fingernails, claws, talons into obj, to claw obj ‣
Mathiot 1973: 1.393
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío suhkuna̱ <suhku-ná> the body to be scratched ‣ Miller 1996: 387
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) suku̱ <sucú> raspar, rasparse «scratch» ‣ Hilton 1959: 72
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) suke scratch ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 131
Mayo sukke <sucque> está arañando, está pellizcando «is scratching, is nipping» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 182
su-03 finish, use up, consume (Miller 1967: 130 *sua | *suwa, 153 *suwa) *suCHaC ‣ Manaster Ramer 1996:
108; *suwi | *suwa to consume, eat up, to finish ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (72)
Numic *suʔa eat/consume/finish up ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (183)
Western Numic
Western Mono suʔa- <su'a-> to eat (something) up, eat (it) all ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 191
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sōkʷē- <soo-kwee-> to consume, eat up (food) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 270
Southern Paiute ʃua- <cua-> to consume ‣ Sapir 1931: 663
Southern Ute suwaī <suwáy> eat up, gobble up, consume on and on ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
178
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi so̱wa <sowa> consume ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *hugi ̱- <*hu'gi-> to eat ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (75a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hug‑ to eat obj once or for the first time ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.388
Pima Bajo hu̱gi- <'hugi-> to eat ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (75a)
Northern Tepehuan ugí <ugí-> to eat ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (75a)
Southern Tepehuan hugi ̱- <hu'gi-> to eat ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (75a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío soa̱ni <soá-ni> to be use[d] up ‣ Miller 1996: 385
Guarijío sueni ̱na <suení-na> to finish; to finish doing something ‣ Miller 1996: 387
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) suwa̱ <suhuá> acabar (completamente) (vt) «end, vt.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 72
456
su-04 su-04
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) suwe̱ <suhué> acabar «end, vt.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 72

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) suwi ̱ <suhuí> acabarse «end, vi.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 72
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) suvina end, finish up, terminate ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 133
Mayo suvinak <súbinac> se consumó, se acabó, se gastó «it got consumed, it ended, it got used up»
‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 182
Tubar
Tubar zuwi- | zuŋʷa̱- | suhi- <zuwi- | zuñwá- | suji-> acabarse «end, vi.» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂɯ̄ - <xüü=> acabar, agotar, terminar «end, get used up» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981:
123
Nahua *sēwi <*seewi> extinguish ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (54)
Classical Nahuatl nisewi <ceui.ni> aplacarſe el ayrado, o apagarſe el fuego o amatarſe la vela, o
enfriarſe la coſa caliente «for the angry to calm down, a fire to go out, a vigil to end, something hot
to cool off» ‣ Molina 1571: 18v
Classical Nahuatl sēwi <cēhu(i)> to calm down, to take a rest, to cool off ‣ Karttunen 1983: 28
Tetelcingo Mexicano sēwi <siebi ̱> se enfría, se extingue «it gets cold, it (fire) goes out» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 222
Pochutla Mexicano ʃitˢewe na tet <xitzeué na tet> ¡apaga el fuego! «out out the fire!» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pochutla Mexicano ʃisewe na tekʷagut <xiceué na tequagút> ¡apaga los tizones! «put out the
firebrands!» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pochutla Mexicano enseu <enceú> lo apagué «I put it out» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil sēwi <se:wi> to put out, to extinguish ‣ Campbell 1985: 423
su-04 disappear (Miller 1967: 134 *sum | *cum)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono sumiʔa- <sumi'a-> to forget ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 189
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) nasuŋʷatˢi | nasuwatˢi <nasungwatsi | nasuwatsi> forget ‣
Dayley 1989: 134
Western Shoshone nasuwatˢih <nasuwatsih> forget ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 274
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nasumā- | nasumākʷē- | nɯsumā- <nasumaa- | nasumaa-kwee- | nɨsumaa-> to forget ‣
Zigmond et al. 1990: 238
Chemehuevi summaī <su-'mai> remember ‣ Press 1979: 155
Southern Paiute ʃummaī <cum·ai- : anɩa’ cųma´(·)i‘> to have in mind : what are you thinking of?
(semantic reversal?) ‣ Sapir 1931: 664
457
su-05 su-06
Southern Ute summaī <sumáy> think of, have in mind (semantic reversal?) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979: 177
Southern Ute summuaī <sumúay> to forget ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 177
Takic
Serran
Serrano hūmḵ <huum-k> to disappear from sight ‣ Miller 1967: 30, set 134
su-05 corn ear (Miller 1967: 102 *sunu) *sunu corn, corn cob ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (93)
Tepiman *hūn
̱ ui <*'huunui> corn ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (81)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hūɲ <huuñ> corn ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.404
Pima Bajo hūn <'huun> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (81)
́ ui <úúnui> corn ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (81), 1982: 303
Northern Tepehuan ūn
Southern Tepehuan hūn <'huun> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (81)
Southeastern Tepehuan hūn <[huun]> corn ‣ Willett 1991: 13
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sunu̱ <sunú> corn ‣ Miller 1996: 387
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sunu̱ <sunú> maíz «corn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 72
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sunu̱t <sunút> maíz «corn» ‣ Pennington 1981: 224
Ópata ʃunu̱ <xunû> maíz «corn» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Ópata sunu corn ‣ Shaul 1983: 109
Cahita
Mayo sunnu milpa «cornfield» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 183
Nahua *sən- ear of corn, dried corn ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (50)
Classical Nahuatl sentˡi | sintˡi <centli | cintli> maçorca de mayz curada y ſeca | maçorcas de mayz
ſecas y curadas «cured and dry ear(s) of corn» ‣ Molina 1571: 18r | 22v
Classical Nahuatl sentˡi | sintˡi <cen-tli | cin-tli> dried ear of maize | dried ears of maize ‣ Karttunen
1983: 31 |35
Tetelcingo Mexicano sentˡi <sentli ̱> mazorca «dry ear of corn» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 222
Pochutla Mexicano son <çon> mazorca «dry ear of corn» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil sinti <sin-ti> corn, ear of corn, corn still on cob ‣ Campbell 1985: 425
su-06 maternal grandmother (Miller 1967: 497 *su) *suʔu mother's mother, grandmother ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 143 (140)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi so̱ʔat <so('at)> grandmother ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran [affricate is unexpected]
458
su-07 su-07
Kitanemuk ‑tˢūriʔ <‑tsuʔriʔ, ‑tsūriʔ> grand-relative: grandmother, granddaughter, mother's

mother, daughter's son or daughter ‣ Anderton 1988: 293
Serrano ‑tᶴūriʔ | ‑tᶴūr maternal grandmother ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʂū̱k <neʃúuk> mi abuelita, [my] mother's mother «my granny» ‣
Cupan
Cupeño ‑ʂu <‑s̷hu> mother's mother, mo mo si ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla ‑su maternal grandmother ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 188
Tepiman *hu̱ʔuri <*'hu?uri> mother's mother ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (83)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) huʔul maternal grandmother, mother's mother; maternal grandaunt,
mother's mother's elder sister ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.407
Pima Bajo huʔil <'hu?il> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (83)
Northern Tepehuan ūĺ i <úúli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (83)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío suʔsu̱ <suʔsú> grandmother: MoMo; grandchild: Woman's DaCh ‣ Miller 1996: 388
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) usu̱ <usú> abuela materna; nieta de la abuela «maternal grandmother; the
grandmother's granddaughter» ‣ Hilton 1959: 76
Tubar
Tubar zuu̱ | su- <zuú | su-> abuelo «grandfather» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Tubar suma̱r <su‑már> nieto «grandchild» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 60
Cora/Huichol
Cora nijāsu̱uri <niyaasúuri> mi abuelo «my grandfather» (gender reversal? jā- is unidentified) ‣
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl siʔtˡi <citli> liebre, abuela, o tia hermana de abuelo «hare, grandmother, aunt
[who is] grandfather's sister» ‣ Molina 1571: 22v (cf. su-10)
Classical Nahuatl sīʔtˡi <cih-tli> grandmother, or sister of one's grandfather ‣ Karttunen 1983: 34
Tetelcingo Mexicano īsihtˢī <isi ̱jtzi> su abuela «his/her grandmother» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 133
[‑tˢī <‑tzi> is the honorific/diminutive suffix]
su-07 edge
Tepiman *hugi ̱da- <*hu'gida-> edge ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (76)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hugid to finish, end obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.388
Pima Bajo hugd- <'hugd-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (76)
Northern Tepehuan ugíɉa- <ugídʸa-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (76)
Southern Tepehuan hu̱gɉa- <'hugdʸa-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 161 (76)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sue̱la <suéla> edge, border, for example of river, road, cloth ‣ Miller 1996: 387
459
su-08 su-09
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) suwe̱ <suhué> orilla, borde «edge, border» ‣ Hilton 1959: 72
su-08 deer (Miller 1967: 124a *su | *suka)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tˢukajej <ts´µkaýei [= tsµ´kaýeí]> my own deer (in a chant) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935:
1.64 [probably a loanword: tˢ <ts> is unexpected]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hukaht <huḳ̅aht, huḳaht> deer ‣ Anderton 1988: 319
Serrano huḵaht deer ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂuka̱t <ʃukát> deer ‣ Harrington notes 042
Cupan *ʂū̱ka-t <*ṣú:ka-t> deer ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (32)
Luiseño ʂū̱kat <ṣú·ka-t> deer ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño su̱qat <su̱qa-t> deer ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla su̱kat <súk-at> deer ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 188
Tubar
Tubar suha̱t | suka̱t <sujá-t | suká-t> venado «deer» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
su-09 star (Miller 1967: 413 *su | *cu) *soʔu <*so'u> star ‣ Manaster Ramer 1996: 113; *su star ‣ Voegelin et
al. 1962: 140 (71)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sō̱hɯ <soohu> star ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃūl <šu·-l> the stars ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hūʔtᶳ <hūtʃr, hūʔtʃr, hūtr̥, hūʔtr̥> star, landsnail ‣ Anderton 1988: 318
Serrano hūʔtᶳ star ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂoʂjō̱t <ʃoʃyóot> stars ‣ Harrington notes 534
Cupan *ʂū̱ʔu-la <*ṣú:ʔu-la> star ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (123)
Luiseño ʂu̱ʔla <ṣúʔ-la> star ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño su̱ʔul <su̱'u-l> star ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla su̱ʔwet <súʔwe-t> star ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 194
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) huʔu star ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.407
460
su-10 su-10
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío soʔpo̱ri <soʔpóri> star ‣ Miller 1996: 386
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sopori ̱ <soporí> estrella «star» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71
Tubar
Tubar so̱o | so- <só̧o̧ | so̧-> estrella «star» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 64
Cora/Huichol
Cora su̱̓ra̓be <sú'ura'abe> estrella «star» (u rather than ɯ is unexpected) ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959:
174
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl sitˡalin <citlalin> eſtrella «star» ‣ Molina 1571: 22v
Classical Nahuatl sītˡalin <cītlal-in> star ‣ Karttunen 1983: 35
Tetelcingo Mexicano sītˡali <sitlali ̱> estrella, astro, lucero «star, heavenly body, bright star» ‣
Pipil sītal <si:tal> star ‣ Campbell 1985: 426
su-10 jackrabbit (Miller 1967: 335 *sui) *suʔit <*su'it> jackrabbit ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi so̱wi <sowi> jackrabbit ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi so̱wi <sowi> jackrabbit ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 205
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃūʔit <šu·ʔi-t> the jackrabbit ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hʷīʔt <hwiʔt, hwit, hwīt> hare ‣ Anderton 1988: 326
Serrano hʷīʔt jackrabbit ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂoʔi ̱t | ʂoʔ�̄ṯ <ʃu'íit, ʃọ'íit> liebre «hare, jackrabbit» ‣ Harrington notes 453, 603
Cupan *ʂuʔi ̱-ʃ <*ṣuʔí-š> jackrabbit ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (66)
Luiseño ʂuʔi ̱ʃ <ṣuʔí-š> jackrabbit ‣ Bright 1968: 40
Cupeño su̱ʔiʃ <su̱'i-sh> jackrabbit ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 172
Cahuilla su̱ʔiʃ <súʔiš> jack rabbit, rabbit (gener.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 194
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl siʔtˡi <citli> liebre, abuela, o tia hermana de abuelo «hare, grandmother, aunt
[who is] grandfather's sister» ‣ Molina 1571: 22v (cf. su-06)
Classical Nahuatl siʔtˡi <cih-tli> hare ‣ Karttunen 1983: 34
Tetelcingo Mexicano sihtˡi <si ̱jtli ̱> liebre «jackrabbit» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 222
461
su-11 su-13
su-11 hot (Miller 1967: 237 *suk) *suka ‣ kch

Takic
Serran
Serrano huʔḵuʔḵ be warm ‣ kch
Tepiman *hūka̱da | hūka̱di <*huuka̱da/i> to heat, warm up ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (80)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) hūkadᶾid <huukajid> to warm up ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.403
Pima Bajo hukd- <'hukd-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (80)
Northern Tepehuan ūkáɉi <uukádʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (80)
Southern Tepehuan hū̱kad <'huukad> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (80)
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) suka warm ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 131
Mayo sukka <succa> está caliente «[it] is hot» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 182
Cora/Huichol
Cora wa̱sɯka <huásʌca> hace calor «it is hot» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 132
Wixarika (Huichol) ʂɯ́ kā-́ <xǘcáa=> caliente, caluroso, lleno de deseo «hot, excited, full of desire»
‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 124
su-12 be hot (merged into su-11)
su-13 heart (Miller 1967: 222a *sula) *sula heart ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (98)
Numic *su(h)- with the mind/mentally ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (184)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sun- with the mind, by feelings or sensing ‣ Dayley 1989b: 95
Southern Numic
Comanche su- with mind ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 310
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sō̱naʔat <soona('at)> nutriment, edible part of a seed; sustenance ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi ‑son‑ | ‑sona- in, inside of ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi a̱ɦsonve <àasonve> inside it ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi jo̱jsonaq <yoysonaq> in the rain ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with ju-02)
Musangnuvi Hopi ‑son- within (three-dimensionally) ‣ Whorf 1946: 168
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃūnal <cu·úna´l> the heart ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 141
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk hūnatˢ <hūnats, húnats> heart, spirit, middle ‣ Anderton 1988: 320
462
su-14 su-14
Serrano ‑hūn heart; inside, middle, center ‣ kch

Tongva (Gabrielino) ʂuna̱r <ʃunárr> heart ‣ Harrington notes 066
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʂū̱n <niʃúun> my heart ‣ Harrington notes 066
Cupan *ʂū̱ni-la <*ṣú:ni-la> heart ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (63)
Luiseño ʂu̱nla, ‑ʂūn <ṣún-la, ‑ṣú·n> heart; mind, soul; center, interior part ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cupeño ‑ʂū̱n <‑s̷hu̱un> heart ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla su̱niʎ, ‑sun <sún-il,̃ ‑sun> heart ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 190
Tepiman *hu̱ra <*'hura> heart, integral part ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (78a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) huɖ <huḑ> heart ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.385
Northern Tepehuan úra <úra> heart ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (78a)
Southern Tepehuan hur <'hur> heart ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (78a)
Southeastern Tepehuan hiñhu̱r <[hiñ´huř]> my heart ‣ Willett 1991: 27
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío sula̱ <sulá> heart ‣ Miller 1996: 387
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) sura̱ <surá> corazón «heart» ‣ Hilton 1959: 72
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve sura̱t <surát> grano, pepita «grain, pit» ‣ Pennington 1981: 224
Cahita
Mayo sūla <suula> corazón (material) (el órgano del cuerpo) «heart (material) (part of the body)»
‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 183, 26
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ʃīlotˡ <xilotl> maçorca de mayz tierna y por quajar «tender ear of corn yet to
develop kernels» ‣ Molina 1571: 159r
Classical Nahuatl ʃīlotˡ <xīlo-tl> tender ear of green maize before it solidifies ‣ Karttunen 1983: 325
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃīlōtˡ <xilutl> jilote «ear of green corn» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 246
Pipil ʃīlut <xi:lu-t> small, immature green ear of corn before it develops kernels ‣ Campbell 1985:
577
su-14 want
Numic *su(h)waʔi want ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (185)
Central Numic
Shoshone suai | sue | suani <suaiH | suani> to want (tr.) ‣ Miller 1972: 135
Comanche suattɯttɯ <suatʉtʉ> think ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 96
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute ʃuai- <cuai-> to be glad ‣ Sapir 1931: 664
Southern Ute suwāī <suwáay> be happy ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 178
463
su-15 su-17
su-15 know, recognize

Numic *sumpa | *sumpi know/recognize ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (186)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sumpanai know, remember ‣ Dayley 1989: 251
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sumanaih to know, to be acquainted with, to learn ‣ Crapo 1976: 77
Western Shoshone sumpanaʔih(kan) <sumpana'ih(kan)> know ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 284
Shoshone sumpanai <sumpana̅� ̅H> to know or be acquainted with someone ‣ Miller 1972: 135
Comanche suppanaʔittɯ <supanaʔitʉ> knowledgeable, knowing ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 96
su-16 breathe
Numic *su(w)ah breathe ‣ Ianucci 1973: 114 (187)
Western Numic
Western Mono suwakka- <suwaqa-> to breathe ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 191
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) sumakkain breathe ‣ Dayley 1989: 250
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone sua <sua"> to breathe; to think; pertaining to the mind ‣ Crapo
1976: 77
Western Shoshone sua <sua"> think, want, need, feel; breathe; seem ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Western Shoshone suakki breathe hard ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 283
Comanche suahkettɯ <suahketʉ> breathe ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 95
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu sōkki- <soo-ki-> to breathe ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 269
Chemehuevi sōki <'soo-g( )> lung/lungs ‣ Press 1979: 155
Southern Paiute ʃuakkaī <cu(w)a´-q·a-i‘> (he) breathes ‣ Sapir 1931: 664
Southern Ute soakkaī <so̧á-qay> breathe, rustle, swish ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 176
su-17 tie (Miller 1967: 439 *suma)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) summoʔa <summo'a> clothes ‣ Dayley 1989: 250
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi so̱ma <soma> tie ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi so̱ma <soma> ties it ‣ Whorf 1946: 174
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) suma tie ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 132
464
su-18 su-21
Mayo summa : aʔa summak <summa : a'a súmmac> lo amarró «tied it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 183
su-18 hair (Miller 1967: 211 *suwi)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi sowi ̱tˢmi <sowitsmi> facial hair ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃūwil <šu·wi-l> pubic hair ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
su-19 sting
Northern Uto-Aztecan *sūja ‣ kch
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi so̱ja <soya(k‑)> get bewitched ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃūjal <šu·iya-l> the spider ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Cupan *ʂū̱ji-la <*ṣú:yi-la> scorpion ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (116)
Luiseño ʂu̱jla <ṣúy-la> scorpion ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Luiseño ʂu̱ji- <ṣúyi-> to itch ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cupeño su̱jiʎ <su̱yily> gnat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 186
̃ scorpion ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 193
Cahuilla su̱jiʎ <súyil>
su-20 afternoon
Tepiman *huru̱noko <*hu'runoko> afternoon ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (79)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) huɖunk <huḑunk> in the evening (when the sun is going down) ‣
Mathiot 1973: 1.385
Pima Bajo hu̱rnɯk <'hurnɨk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (79)
Northern Tepehuan urúnoko <urúnoko> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (79)
Southern Tepehuan hu̱rnɯk <'hurnɨk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (79)
su-21 woman (Miller 1967: 470 *su, *sun, *so or *son | *siw) *sunwa- ‣ kch
Takic *ʂuŋā- ‣ kch [cognate only if *unw > uŋ, unlike *ɯnw > ɯw] (cf. tE-15)
Serran
Serrano ‑ʂūŋ man's daughter ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) neʔāʂ̱ oŋ <ne'áaʃoŋ> mi mujer «my wife» (‑ā-̱ is unexpected) ‣ Harrington notes
423
465
su-22 ta-01
Cupan
Luiseño ʂuŋāḻ <ṣuŋá·-l> woman; wife ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cupeño ‑ʂuŋa̱ma <‑s̷hunga̱ma> man's daughter ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla ‑su̱ŋama <‑súŋama> daughter (of a man) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 191
Nahua *sōwa- <*soowa-> (or, less likely, <*sonwa->) ‣ Manaster Ramer 1996: 115
Classical Nahuatl siwātˡ | sowatˡ <ciuatl | çouatl> muger «woman» ‣ Molina 1571: 22v 25v
Classical Nahuatl siwātˡ | sowatˡ <cihuā-tl | zohua-tl> woman, wife | woman ‣ Karttunen 1983: 35 |
348
Tetelcingo Mexicano sowatˡ <sohuatl> mujer, hembra, señora «woman, female, lady» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 222
Pipil siwāt <siwa:-t> woman, wife ‣ Campbell 1985: 427
su-22 pine tree

Tepiman *hu̱kui <*'hukui> pine tree ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (77)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) huk wooden board(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.401
Pima Bajo huk <'huk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (77)
Northern Tepehuan úkui <úkui> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (77)
Southern Tepehuan huk <'huk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 162 (77)
Southeastern Tepehuan huk pine ‣ Willett 1991: 27
su-23 year *suwaC year ‣ Manaster Ramer 1996: 109

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ʃuwāl <šuwa·-l> the earth; his years ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Nahua *ʃVwV- <*šVwV-> leaf ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (97) (also at si-19)
Classical Nahuatl ʃiwitˡ <xiuitl> año, cometa, turqueſa e yerua «year, comet, turquoise, plant» ‣
Molina 1571: 159v
Classical Nahuatl ʃiwitˡ <xihu(i)-tl> year ‣ Karttunen 1983: 324
Tetelcingo Mexicano ʃiwitˡ <xi ̱bi ̱tl> hoja, yerba, maleza; año «leaf, herb, weeds; year» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 246
Pochutla Mexicano ʃut <xut> hoja «leaf» ‣ Boas 1917: 35
Pipil ʃiwit <xiwi-t> year (?) (occurs only in sē ʃiwit <se: xiwi-t> 'last year') ‣ Campbell 1985: 580
ta-01 burn (Miller 1967: 423d *tai (*tahi ?)) *tata hot ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (309)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ta̱qti <taqti> get burned, charred, scorched ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tahani ̱ <taha-ní> to burn ‣ Miller 1996: 388
466
ta-02 ta-02
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) raha̱ <rajá> alumbrar, arder, quemar «burn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 61
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve taha̱n <tahán> arder «burn» ‣ Pennington 1981: 104, 226
Ópata taha quemarse «burn» ‣ Pennington 1981: 38
Ópata taha̱ <tahá> burn ‣ Shaul 1983: 108
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) taja <taya> burn, ignite, set fire to; turn on (electricity, lights) ‣ Molina et
al. 1999: 138
Mayo tajja <tayya : a'a tayya> lo está quemando «[he] is burning it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 186
Tubar
Tubar taha- <taja-> arder «burn» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Tubar tahame̱t <taja-mé-t> fuego «fire» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora nāp̱ u̱ ta̓h
̱ tasin <naápú tá'ajtasin> está ardiendo «it is burning» (sic, written with two accent marks
on nāp̱ u̱ <naápú> 'it is') ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 149
Wixarika (Huichol) taʔá- <ta´á=> arder «burn» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 99
Nahua *tˡatia <*tlatia> burn ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (20); *tˡatˡa <*tlatla> burn, be hot ‣
Classical Nahuatl ninotˡatia | nitetˡatia <tlatia.nino | tlatia.nite> eſconderſe o quemarſe | eſconder a
otro o quemarle «hide or burn oneself | hide someone or burn him» ‣ Molina 1571: 136v
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatˡa <tlatla.ni> arder, abraſarſe o quemarſe «burn, burn oneself» ‣ Molina 1571:
136v
Classical Nahuatl tˡatia <tlatiā> to burn; to burn someone, something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 297
Classical Nahuatl tˡatˡa <tlatla> to burn ‣ Karttunen 1983: 297
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˡatia <qui ̱tlati ̱a> lo quema «[he] burns it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 210
Pochutla Mexicano ʃtati na okot <xtatí na ocót> ¡quema el ocote! «burn the torch!» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil tatia to burn ‣ Campbell 1985: 471
Pipil tata to burn ‣ Campbell 1985: 468
ta-02 fire (Miller 1967: 423d *tai (*tahi ?)) *tahi fire ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (150); Campbell & Langacker
1978: 278 (307)
Takic [cognate?]
Serran
Serrano tākʷtᶴ "Comet," Tahquitz, a supernatural, a fireball living on Mount San Jacinto ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tāx
̱ kʷaʔ <táaxkwa'> a kind of religious officer ‣ Harrington notes 050
Cupan *tā̱kʷi-ʃ <*tá:kʷi-š> Tahquitz (mythological figure) ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (127)
467
ta-03 ta-03
Luiseño tāḵ ʷiʃ <tá·kwi-š> ball lightning; "Tahquitz", the name of a supernatural being ‣ Bright
1968: 42
Cupeño ta̱kʷiʃ <ta̱kwi-sh> Tahquitz (a Cahuilla monster who appears as ball lightning) ‣ Hill &
Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla ta̱kuʃ <tákuš> one of the spirits feared by people (appears in the creation myth as one
of the first creatures) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 195
Tepiman *tai <*'tai> fire ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (215)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tai fire ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.181
Pima Bajo tai <tay> lumbre «firelight» ‣ Escalante & Estrada 1993: 442
Northern Tepehuan taí ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (215)
Southern Tepehuan ta̱i <'tai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (215)
Southeastern Tepehuan tai <[tai]> fire ‣ Willett 1991: 27
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío taihe̱nani <taihéna-ni> to light the fire ‣ Miller 1996: 389
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve te lumbre «firelight» ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
Ópata tahi lumbre «firelight» ‣ Pennington 1981: 38
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tahi fire; flame; electricity ‣ Molina et al 1999: 135
Mayo tahhi <tajji> fuego, lumbre «fire, firelight» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 185
Cora/Huichol
Cora tai ̱h <taíj> fuego, lámpara, lumbre, luz «fire, lamp, firelight, light» ‣ McMahon & McMahon
1959: 177
Wixarika (Huichol) tái <tái> lumbre, fuego «firelight, fire» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 97
Nahua *taih- | *tai- <*tai(h)-> fire ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264
Classical Nahuatl tˡetˡ <tletl> fuego «fire» ‣ Molina 1571: 147v
Classical Nahuatl tˡetˡ <tle-tl> fire ‣ Karttunen 1983: 308
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡetˢīntˡi <tletzintli ̱> lumbre, fuego, infierno «firelight, fire, inferno» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 239
Pochutla Mexicano tet <tet> fuego «fire» ‣ Boas 1917: 14
Pipil tīt | tit <ti:-t (C) | ti-t (SD)> fire (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo Domingo Guzmán dialect) ‣
Campbell 1985: 508
ta-03 sun, day (Miller 1967: 423a *ta) *ta sun ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201
Numic *tape | *ta- sun/day ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (209)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttapa <taba> sun ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 19
Northern Paiute ttapi <tabi> noon ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 68
468
ta-03 ta-03
Western Mono tata̱pē <tada̱be> sun; clock ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 195
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tape(ttˢi) | tapai(ttˢi) <tape(ttsi) | tapai(ttsi)> sun; day;
watch, clock, o'clock; in the daytime ‣ Dayley 1989: 275
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tapai sun, day ‣ Crapo 1976: 81
Western Shoshone tape <tapai> sun, day, daytime; clock, watch ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 285
Shoshone tapai | tape <tapai> sun ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Comanche tāpe̥ <taabe̱> sun, day, clock, wristwatch ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 99
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tapi <ta-vi> sun; day; clock ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 274
Chemehuevi tapappɯtˢi <tavápətsi ̥> sun ‣ K. Hill 1969: 37
Southern Paiute tapa <ta´ɸA> sun, day ‣ Sapir 1931: 668
Southern Ute tapatᶴi <tavá-ci ̱> sun ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 185
Southern Ute tapaī <taváy> day, daylight ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 186
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tāḻ a <taala> light ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tā̱wa <taawa> sun, day, time; clock, watch (w is unexpected; exception to *w > l
because of special ceremonial or reverential status?) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tāl <ta·l> the day, the sun ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic (cf. mi-06)
Serran
Kitanemuk tāmeat <tāmeat, támeat, tám̅ e̯at, támẹa̯t> sun, day ‣ Anderton 1988: 513
Serrano tāmiʔ be daylight ‣ kch
Serrano tāmiat sun, day ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tām
̱ et <táamɪt> sun ‣ Harrington notes 040
Cupan *tame̱-t <*tamé-t> sun/day ‣ Munro 1990: 247 (125)
Luiseño time̱t <timé-t> sun, day ‣ Bright 1968: 44
Luiseño timēṯ i in tᶴō̱ʔon timēṯ i <teméeti in chóo'on teméeti> daily ("every day") ‣ Elliott 1999: 935
Cupeño ta̱mit <ta̱mi-t> day, sun ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cupeño ta̱mjat <ta̱myat> sun, day ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 47
Cahuilla ta̱mit <támit> the sun, day, time (Mountain Cahuilla) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 197
Cahuilla ta̱mjat <támyat> sun, day, time (Desert Cahuilla) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 197
Tepiman (with ka-45)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tako yesterday ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.182
Pima Bajo takɯv <tákew> ayer «yesterday» ‣ Escalante & Estrada Fernández 1993: 222
Northern Tepehuan takávo <takávo> yesterday ‣ Bascom 1982: 273
Guariío/Rarámuri
469
ta-04 ta-04
Guarijío tawe̱ | rawe̱ <tawé | rawé> day ‣ Miller 1996: 390

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rawe̱ <rahué> día «day» ‣ Hilton 1959: 60
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ta̱vi <távi> día, sol «day, sun» ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
Ópata tāt <tät> sol «sun» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Ópata tawe | tā <tawe | táa> day, sun | sun ‣ Shaul 1983: 110 | 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tāʔa <taa'a> sun ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 134
Mayo tāʔa <taa'a> sol «sun» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
Tubar
Tubar ta̱ta <tá-ta> sol, luz del día «sun, daylight» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora tāʔ̱ a <taa'a> sol «sun» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 184
Wixarika (Huichol) táu <táu> sol «sun» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 98
Nahua [cognate?]
Classical Nahuatl tˡawitˡ <tlauitl> almagre «red ocher» ‣ Molina 1571: 145r
Classical Nahuatl tˡawilli <tlauilli> claridad, o luz de candelas «clarity, candlelight» ‣ Molina 1571:
145r
Classical Nahuatl tˡawiskalli <tlauizcalli> el abua, o el reſplandor del alua «dawn, the light of
dawn» ‣ Molina 1571: 145r
Classical Nahuatl tˡāwitˡ <tlāhu(i)-tl> red ochre ‣ Karttunen 1983: 270
Classical Nahuatl tˡāwilli <tlāhuil-li> candlelight, lamplight, torchlight ‣ Karttunen 1983: 270
Classical Nahuatl tˡāwiskalli <tlāhuizcal-li> the rosy light of dawn ‣ Karttunen 1983: 270
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡāwīli <tlöbili ̱> lámpara, luz, candil «lamp, light, oil lamp» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 239
Pipil tāwil <ta:wil> light (e.g. from a candle, oil lamp, lighted cornhusk) ‣ Campbell 1985: 475
ta-04 sun, summer (Miller 1967: 423c [no reconstruction]) *taᵤtˢa <*taᵤca> sun, summer ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 138 (27)
Numic *tatˢa(h) <*taca(h)> summer ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (211)
Western Numic
Western Mono tatˢawa̱nō <tazawa̱no> summer, summertime, in the summer ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
207
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tatˢa <tatsa> summer ‣ Dayley 1989: 497
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tatˢa <taca"> summer ‣ Crapo 1976: 79
Western Shoshone tatˢa <tatsa> summer, in the summer time ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 285
Shoshone tatˢa <tatsa> summer ‣ Miller 1972: 137
470
ta-05 ta-06
Comanche tātˢḁ <taatsa̱> summertime ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 105

Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tatˢa <taza> summer ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 276
Chemehuevi tatˢa- <ta'c(a)> summer ‣ Press 1979: 155
Southern Paiute tatᶴa <ta(·)´tcA> summer ‣ Sapir 1931: 672
Southern Ute tatᶴa <táca̱> summer ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 182
Tepiman *ta̱sai <*'tasai> sun, day ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (218)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) taʂ <tax> sun; day ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.187
Pima Bajo taʂ <'taš>
̣ ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (218)
Northern Tepehuan tásai <tásai> sun ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (218); 1982: 304
ta-05 summer (Miller 1967: 422 *taupa) *taw- ‣ Manaster Ramer

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tāḻ aʔ <taala'> in the summer ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tāhawil <ta·´hawi´l> summer ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.92 [cognate?]
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ta̱wpaʃ <táwpa-š> summer; year ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Cupeño ta̱wpa <ta̱wpa> summer, year ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla ta̱wpaʔ <táwpaʔ> summer ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 201
ta-06 springtime
Numic *ta(h)ma spring (season) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (203)
Western Numic
Western Mono tāwa̱nō <taawa̱no> spring, springtime, in the spring ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 192
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tahma spring ‣ Dayley 1989: 265
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tahmani springtime, in the spring ‣ Dayley 1989: 265
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tahmani <tahmani"> spring (season) ‣ Crapo 1976: 80
Western Shoshone tahma spring ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 284
Shoshone tahma | tahmani spring time ‣ Miller 1972: 135
Comanche tahma spring season, summer ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 101
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tahmana springtime ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 272
Southern Paiute tammana <tama´-nA> spring ‣ Sapir 1931: 666
471
ta-07 ta-09
Southern Ute tammanattɯ <tamá-na-ti ̧> Spring, Springtime, Spring season ‣ Southern Ute Tribe
1979: 183
Takic
Cupan [cognate?]
Luiseño ta̱ʂpa <táṣpa> springtime; fall, autumn ‣ Bright 1968: 42
Cupeño ta̱ʂpa <ta̱s̷hpa> springtime ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla ta̱spaʔ <táspaʔ> in the budding season, springtime ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 198
ta-07 thunder
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) ta̱wvar <táwvarr> thunder ‣ Harrington notes 600
Cupan
Cupeño ta̱wʂənvəʔət <ta̱ws̷henve'e-t> thunder, autumn ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla ta̱wval <táwva-l> thunder ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 202
ta-08 thunder
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk taotᶳ <táotʃr, táotʃr̥> thunder; thunderhead cloud ‣ Anderton 1988: 515
Serrano taōʳʔtᶳ thunder, thunder cloud ‣ kch
Serrano taōʳʔtᶳuʔ be thundering with lightning, become cloudy with thunder clouds ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tāʔ̱ or <táa'urr> trueno «thunder» ‣ Harrington notes 268
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tataɲigi ̥ <tatañigï> thunder (n.) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.185
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tataɲɲɯ <tataññe> to thunder ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.185
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío taʔnani ̱ <taʔna-ní> to thunder; to explode, of fireworks ‣ Miller 1996: 391
ta-09 touch, feel

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tātk <taatk> to feel a certain way ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.176
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tahkipu̱na <tahkipú-na> to push several times ‣ Miller 1996: 389
Cahita
Mayo taktia : aʔa taktia <tactia : a'a tactia> lo tocó «touched it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
472
ta-10 ta-12
ta-10 fruit (pit) *tākā ‣ kch

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío taka̱ <taká> fruit pits, seeds of trees and bushes that have lots of seeds ‣ Miller 1996: 389
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rake̱ <raqué> darse semilla o fruta «bear seed or fruit» ‣ Hilton 1959: 62
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve taka̱t <tacát> fruta «fruit» ‣ Pennington 1981: 225
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tāka <taaka> fruit, nut ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 134
Mayo tāka <taaca> fruta «fruit» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
Tubar
Tubar takara̱n | takara̱t <taka-rá-n | taka-rá-t> fruta «fruit» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora ta̱ka̓ <táca'a> tiene fruta «have fruit» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 177
Cora ta̱kaʔi <táca'i> fruta «fruit» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 177
Wixarika (Huichol) tákāŕ i <tácáari> fruta que tiene la forma de una bola «ball-shaped fruit» ‣
ta-11 palm tree (cf. ta-33)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) takvui yucca ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.182
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tahku̱ <tahkú> a palm-like plant ‣ Miller 1996: 389
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) raku̱ <racú> palma alta de las barrancas «tall palm of the ravines» ‣ Hilton
1959: 60
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve taku̱t <tacút> palma «palm» ‣ Pennington 1981: 226
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tako a native palm sp. (Sabal uresana) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 136
Mayo takko <tacco> palma «palm» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
Tubar
Tubar tako̱t <takó̧-t> palma «palm tree» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora ta̱kɯ <tacʌ> palma «palm» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 177
Wixarika (Huichol) tākɯ̄́ <taacǘü> palma «palm» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 97
ta-12 foot (Miller 1967: 187 *ta | *to) *tala foot ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (28)
Numic *tah- foot (instr. pref.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (202)
473
ta-13 ta-14
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone ta- <ta"-> pertaining to the foot ‣ Crapo 1976: 79
Shoshone ta- <ta"-> with the feet ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Comanche ta(h)- <ta(h)-> with foot/leg ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 310
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi tanʔnɯkippi <tan’nə́gipi ̥> steps, footsteps ‣ K. Hill 1969: 36
Southern Paiute ta- <ta-> foot (instr. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 665
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ta̱na <tana> hoof ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *ta̱ra <*'tara> foot ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (217a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) taɖ <taḑ> foot ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.179
Pima Bajo tar <'tar> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (217a)
Northern Tepehuan tára ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (217a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tala̱ <talá> sole of the foot ‣ Miller 1996: 389
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rara̱ <rará> pie «foot» ‣ Hilton 1959: 62
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tara̱t <tarát> pie, rastro «foot, track» ‣ Pennington 1981: 227
Nahua *‑tˡalowa <*‑tlalowa> run ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (136)
Classical Nahuatl ninotˡaloa <tlaloa.nino> correr, o huir «run, flee» ‣ Molina 1571: 124r
Classical Nahuatl tˡaloā <tlaloā> to run, to flee ‣ Karttunen 1983: 276
Tetelcingo Mexicano motˡaloa <motlaloa> corre (el agua) «(water) runs, flows» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 159
Pochutla Mexicano nui motelus <nuí motelúz> voy a correr «I'm going to run» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil mutalua <mu-talua> to run, to flow ‣ Campbell 1985: 453
ta-13 extend, stretch out, spread out

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) taɖaɲ <taḑañ> to be spread, spread open ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.180
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío taʔla̱na <taʔlá-na> to extend, stretch out ‣ Miller 1996: 391
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) raʔra̱ <ra'rá> desparramarse, extenderse «spread out, extend» ‣ Hilton
1959: 62
ta-14 tooth (Miller 1967: 442 *tam) *taman tooth ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203; *tasma tooth ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 138 (29)
Numic *tamaⁿ <*tamaN> tooth ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (207)
474
ta-14 ta-14
Western Numic
Western Mono ta̱wā <ta̱wa> tooth ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 206
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) taman tooth ‣ Dayley 1989: 270
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone taman tooth ‣ Crapo 1976: 81
Western Shoshone taman tooth, lip ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 284
Shoshone taman tooth ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Comanche tāmḁ <taama̱> tooth ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 99
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tawabi <tawa-bi> tooth ‣ Zignond et al. 1990: 275
Chemehuevi tawa | tawampi <táwḁ | tawámpi ̥> tooth ‣ K. Hill 1969: 38
Southern Paiute tama | tamampi <ta´ŋWA | taŋwα´-mpI> tooth ‣ Sapir 1931: 667
Southern Ute tawa | tawappɯ <táwa̱ | tawá-pu̧ > tooth ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 187
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tammant <taman-t> the teeth ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tamātˢ <tamats, tamāts> tooth ‣ Anderton 1988: 512
Serrano ‑tam tooth ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) netā̱man <netáaman> mi diente «my tooth» ‣ Harrington notes 582
Cupan <*tamá-t> tooth ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (133)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tam <tum> mouth; tooth ‣ Woodward 2007: 207
Luiseño tama̱t <tamá-t> mouth; tooth ‣ Bright 1968: 42
Cupeño ‑tamʔa <‑tam'a> mouth, teeth, lips ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla ta̱mal <táma-l> mouth, tooth ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 196
Tepiman *tāta̱mu | tāta̱mi <*taa'tamu/i> teeth ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (214a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tātam <taatam> tooth, teeth ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.175
Pima Bajo tāṯ um <'taatum> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (214a)
Northern Tepehuan tātámu <taatámu> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (214a)
Southern Tepehuan tāṯ am <'taatam> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (214a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tame̱ <tamé> tooth ‣ Miller 1996: 389
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rame̱ <ramé> diente «tooth» ‣ Hilton 1959: 61
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tami ̱t <tamít> diente «tooth» ‣ Pennington 1981: 226
Ópata tami tooth ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tami tooth ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 137
475
ta-15 ta-16
Mayo tammi diente «tooth» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 185

Tubar
Tubar tamo̱r | tamã̱r <tamó̧-r | tamán-r> diente «tooth» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora tame̱ <tamé> colmillo, diente «canine tooth, tooth» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 178
Wixarika (Huichol) tāmḗ <taamée> diente «tooth» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 97
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˡantˡi <tlantli> diente «tooth» ‣ Molina 1571: 129v
Classical Nahuatl tˡantˡi <tlan-tli> tooth ‣ Karttunen 1983: 286
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītˡankotᶴ <itlancoch> su diente, su colmillo (de animal), su muela «his tooth,
its fang, his molar» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 134
Pipil ‑tan tooth ‣ Campbell 1985: 458
ta-15 mockingbird
Takic ["big mouth"] (with wE-01)
Serran
Serrano ʂɯtᶳɯ̄ t mockingbird ‣ kch [cf. ‑ʂɯtᶳ mouth]
Cupan (with ta-14)
Luiseño tamāw
̱ ut <tamá·-wu-t> talkative person; mockingbird ‣ Bright 1968: 42
Cupeño tama̱wət <tama̱we-t> mocking bird ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla ta̱mawet <támaw-et> mockingbird ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 197
ta-16 maternal uncle, mother's brother (Miller 1967: 484b [no reconstruction])
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) atapu uncle (MoBr, FaSiHu) ‣ Dayley 1989: 9
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ata niece, nephew (man speaking) ‣ Dayley 1989: 9
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone atappu uncle (mother's brother), man's sister's child ‣ Crapo 1976: 29
Western Shoshone ata uncle, mother's brother; nephew/niece of a man ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 264
Shoshone ata uncle (mother's brother); man's sister's children ‣ Miller 1972: 106
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tāh
̱ aʔat <taaha('at)> maternal uncle ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‑tār, ‑tāha- <tār, ta̅ r; ta̅ ham> uncle of a certain type ‣ Anderton 1988: 509
Serrano ‑tār, ‑tāh- cross uncle: MoBr, MoMCo, FaSiHu, Fa//CoHu ‣ kch
476
ta-17 ta-17
Cupan
Luiseño ‑tā̱ʔaʂ <‑tá·ʔaṣ> uncle, i.e., mother's brother ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cupeño ‑ta̱ʂma <‑ta̱s̷hma> mother's brother ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 173
Cahuilla -tas <‑tas> uncle (maternal) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 198
Tepiman *tata̱ri <*ta'tari> uncle ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (220)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tatal mother's younger brother ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.184
Pima Bajo ta̱til <'tatil> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (220)
Northern Tepehuan tatáli <tatáli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (220)
Southern Tepehuan tatā̱ʎ <ta'taalʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (220)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío taʔte̱i <taʔtéi> uncle: MoYoBr; nephew, niece: man's OlSiCh ‣ Miller 1996: 391
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rate̱ <raté> tío, tía (hermano, hermana menor de la madre); primo, prima
«uncle, aunt [mother's younger sibling]; cousin» ‣ Hilton 1959: 62
Tubar
Tubar taji ̱ <tayí> tío, hermano mayor del padre «uncle, father's older brother» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˡaʔtˡi <tlah-tli> uncle ‣ Karttunen 1983: 265
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītˡātˢī <itlötzi> su tío «his uncle» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 135
Pipil ‑tahtaj <‑tahtay> grandfather, uncle (Ataco dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 439
Classical Nahuatl tˡaʔtˡi <tlatli> tio, hermano de padre, o de madre «uncle, father's or mother's
brother» ‣ Molina 1571: 140r
ta-17 split *taᵤpa to split ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (10)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tappaha <tappaha"> split ‣ Dayley 1989: 277
Western Shoshone tappihah <tappihah> break, shatter ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 285
Tepiman *tāpa̱nai/tāpa̱ni <*taa'panai/i> to split ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (213a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tāpan <taapan> to split obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.173
Pima Bajo tāpɲ- <'taapñ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (213a)
Northern Tepehuan tāpánai <taapánai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (213a)
Southern Tepehuan tāp̱ ɲi- <'taapñi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (213a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío taʔpa̱ni <taʔpá-ni> to get split ‣ Miller 1996: 391
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rapa̱na <rapana> rajar, partir «split» ‣ Hilton 1959: 61
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tapa̱nan <tapánan> rajar «split» ‣ Pennington 1981: 226
477
ta-18 ta-19
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˡapani <tlapani> quebrarſe algo, o tintorero que tiñe paños «for something to
break, dyer who dyes cloths» (2 lexical items) ‣ Molina 1571: 131r
Classical Nahuatl <tlapana.nitla> quebrar algo, ſacar pollos las aues, o deſcaxcarar d̃ cacao o d̃
coſa ſemejante «break something, for birds to hatch chicks, remove the shell of cacao or something
similar» ‣ Molina 1571: 131r
Classical Nahuatl tˡapāna <tlapān(a)> to break or split something open, to break something open,
to hatch chicks. ‣ Karttunen 1983: 289
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˡapāna <qui ̱tlapöna> lo quiebra, lo rompe «[he] breaks it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 209
Pipil tapāna <tapa:na> to break open, to explode ‣ Campbell 1985: 462
ta-18 ask for (Miller 1967: 13 *ta) *tani to ask, beg ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (92)
Tepiman *tā̱nɯi <*'taanɨi> he asks for ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (212a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tāɲ <taañ> to ask someone for obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.173
Pima Bajo tān <'taan> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (212a)
Northern Tepehuan tāň ɯi <taánɨi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (212a)
Southern Tepehuan ‑tān <-'taan> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (212a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihtani ̱ <ihta-ní> to ask for something ‣ Miller 1996: 339
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ta̱na <tana> pedir «ask for» ‣ Hilton 1959: 73
Nahua *tˡahtˡani <*tlahtlani> ask ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (6)
Classical Nahuatl ninotˡatˡania | nitetˡatˡania <tlatlania.nino | tlatlania.nite> examinarſe el pecador
para ſe confeſſar, o preguntar algo aſi miſmo, o recurrir la memoria | preguntar algo a otro, e
inquirir o peſquiſar de algun negocio «for the sinner to examine himself for confessing, ask oneself
something, for a memory to recur | ask someone about something, inquire about or investigate some
business» ‣ Molina 1571: 138v
Classical Nahuatl tˡaʔtˡani <tlahtlan(i)> to ask questions, to inquire ‣ Karttunen 1983: 265
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡahtˡani <tlajtlani ̱> pregunta, pide, inquiere «[he] asks, requests, inquires» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano ʃtatenli <xtatenlí> ¡pregúntale! «ask him!» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil tahtani <tahtani> to ask for, to request ‣ Campbell 1985: 438
ta-19 sinew, tendon (Miller 1967: 377 *ta) *tap sinew ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *ta- sinew ‣ Voegelin et
al. 1962: 143 (125)
Numic *tahmu muscle/thread/sinew ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (204)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute tammu <dammu> sinew ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 8
478
ta-19 ta-19
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tammu | tammupi <tammu(pi)> sinew, gristle ‣ Dayley 1989:
271
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tammuppin <tammu"-pin> cord, sinew, thread ‣ Crapo 1976: 81
Western Shoshone tammu sinew, tendon ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 285
Shoshone tammu cord; sinew ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Comanche tamu | tamu̥ <tamu | tamu̱> sinew (taken from muscle of beef) ‣ Robinson & Armagost
1990: 103
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tamupi <tamu-vi> sinew ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 273
Chemehuevi tamupi <tamúvi ̥> sinew (after having been taken out of body of animal) ‣ K. Hill
1969: 36
Chemehuevi tamuʔā <tamúʔʷa‛> sinew (while still in body of man or animal) ‣ K. Hill 1969: 36
Southern Paiute tammupi <ta(·)m·u´-ɸ(W)I, tą(·)m·u´-ɸ(W)I> sinew ‣ Sapir 1931: 666
Southern Ute tammupɯ <tamú-vu̧ > muscle, sinew, ligament; thread ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
184
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tapt <tap-t> the sinew ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk atap <a̱tap> meat, sinew (poss.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 515 [cited from J. P. Harrington. The
underline is Harrington's.]
Serrano ‑tap muscle ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) netān
̱ <netáan> mi nervio «my tendon» ‣ Harrington notes 595
Cupan
Luiseño ‑taʔ <‑táʔ> sinew ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cupeño ‑tə <‑te> sinew, nerve ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Tepiman *tata̱ga <*ta'taga> nerve ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (219a); *ta̱tai <*'tatai> nerve ‣ Bascom 1965:
173 (219b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tatai sinews ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.184
Pima Bajo ta̱tgɯ- <'tatgɨ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (219a)
Northern Tepehuan tátai ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (219b)
Northern Tepehuan tatāʔ̱ <ta'taa?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (219a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tawa̱ <tawá> vein; tendon ‣ Miller 1996: 390
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rawa̱ <rahuá> ligamento «ligament» ‣ Hilton 1959: 60
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve <tavíra> nervio «tendon» ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
479
ta-20 ta-22
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tate sinew, tendon ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 138
Mayo tatte <tatte> tendón, ligadura, ligazón, ligamento «tendon, ligament» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962:
186
Tubar
Tubar tatamʷa̱t <ta-tamwá-t> tendón «tendon, sinew» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora tāṯ a̓ <taáta'a> tendón, nervio «tendon» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 176
Wixarika (Huichol) tātā ́ <taatáa> nervio, tendón «tendon» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 98
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˡalwatˡ <tlalhuatl> neruio «sinew, tendon» ‣ Molina 1571: 123v
Classical Nahuatl tˡalwatˡ <tlalhua-tl> tendon ‣ Karttunen 1983: 274
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītˡalwajo <itlalhuayo> su tendón, vena «his/her/its tendon, blood vessel» ‣
ta-20 hard (Miller 1967: 216 *takʷa) *takʷa- stiff, straight, hard ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (276)
Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute takkʷaī <tA‘qwaí‘> to stiffen ‣ Sapir 1931: 671
Takic
Cupan [cognate? ‑k‑ for *‑kʷ- is unexpected]
Luiseño ta̱ka/i- <táka/i-> to be straight (intr.); to straighten (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Luiseño taki ̱tkiʃ <takí-tki-š> stiff ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Nahua *tˡakʷāwak <*tlakʷaawak (?)> hard ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 277 (276)
Classical Nahuatl tˡakʷawa | nitˡakʷawa | nitˡatˡakʷawa <tlaquaua | tlaquaua.ni | tlaquaua.nitla>
endurecerſe o empedernirſe algo | endurecerme | endurecer algo «harden, petrify | harden myself |
harden something» ‣ Molina 1571: 133v
Classical Nahuatl tˡakʷāwa <tlacuāhua> to harden ‣ Karttunen 1983: 257
Pipil takʷāwak <takwa:wa-k> hard, solid ‣ Campbell 1985: 447
ta-21 roadrunner (Miller 1967: 351 *tal)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) taɖai <taḑai> road runner ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.179
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tetᶴa̱wami <tecáwami> roadrunner ‣ Miller 1996: 391 [cognate?]
ta-22 heel (Miller 1967: 224 *tanapi, 225 *tem)

480
ta-23 ta-23
Numic *tahpih heel ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (206)

Western Numic
Western Mono tappikko̱ʔ | tappekko̱ʔ <tapiqo̱' | tapeqo̱'> heel ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 200
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tappiŋkoʔo(ttˢi) <tappingko'o(ttsi)> heel of foot ‣ Dayley
1989: 278
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tappihja <ta-ppihja> socks, stockings ‣ Crapo 1976: 82
Western Shoshone tappikkoʔon <tappikko'on> heel ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 285
Shoshone tappikkon heel ‣ Miller 1972: 137
Comanche tappi ̥koʔ <tapi ̱koʔ> heel of the foot ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 104
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu taʔapatˢa- <ta-ʔavaca=> heel (ta- 'with the foot') ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 271
Chemehuevi tampi <támpi ̥> heel ‣ K. Hill 1969: 36
Southern Paiute tampi <ta´mpI> heel ‣ Sapir 1931: 666
Southern Ute tappi <tá ̧-pi ̱> heel ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 184
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tannappit <tanapi-t> the heel ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran (with mu-13)
Kitanemuk tɯmupitˢ <təmupīts> heel ‣ Anderton 1988: 530
Serrano ‑tamuḵpiʔ heel ‣ kch
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tenu̱ka <tenúca> talón «heel» ‣ Pennington 1981: 230
ta-23 small ground squirrel, chipmunk (Miller 1967: 89 *tapa)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tapai(ttˢi) <tapai(ttsi)> chipmunk sp ‣ Dayley 1989: 275
Shoshone tapanaih | tapaneh <tapanaih> kangaroo rat ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tapaʔatˢi <tavaʔa-zi> chipmunk ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 274
Chemehuevi tapaʔatˢi <tavá’atsi ̥> chipmunk ‣ K. Hill 1969: 37
Southern Paiute tapaʔatˢi aŋa <tava´’ats aŋA> the chipmunk ‣ Sapir 1931: 668
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tapājal <taba·ýa´l> the chipmunk ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 141
481
ta-24 ta-25
ta-24 tie (Miller 1967: 438 *tapi)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tappittˢi- <tapiči-> to tie ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 273
Chemehuevi tappitˢa <tapic(a)> tie ‣ Press 1979: 156
Southern Paiute tappittᶴaī <tA‘pi´t·ca-i‘> (he) ties ‣ Sapir 1931: 668
Southern Ute tappitᶴʔaī <ta̱pí-c?a ̧y> tie (to), tie (with) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 184
Cora/Huichol
Cora aihta̱p�̓ <aijtápi'i> está amarrado «is tied» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 113
́ ṕ íeni <tápíe= : nepíi.táapíeni> lo voy a amarrar ‣ Grimes et al.
Wixarika (Huichol) tápíe- : nep�̄.tā
1981: 98
ta-25 man (Miller 1967: 272 *taka) *tāka <*taaka> man ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 274 (252); *taka
man ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (145)
Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone taka partner, pal, mate, cousin, twin ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 284
Shoshone taka partner, mate ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tā̱qa <taaqa> man, male ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi tāq
̱ a <ta·qa> man ‣ Whorf 1946: 163
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tahhampiʃ <tahambiš> old man ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Tübatulabal tahhampi ̱l <tahambil> old man who is a relative of speaker (cf. exceptional stress in obj.
form tahhampi ̱li <ta´hambi´li´> [1935: 27.573], rather than expected *<taha´mbili´>.) ‣ C. F. Voegelin
1935: 17.15
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tāqat <taḳat, táḳ̅at, tāкat, takat, tākat> person, Indian ‣ Anderton 1988: 511
Serrano tāqt person, Indian ‣ kch
Serrano ‑taq, ‑taqa- self ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tāx
̱ at <táaxat> una persona «a person» ‣ Harrington notes 399
Tongva (Gabrielino) netāx
̱ <nẹtáax> me «myself» (in: netāx̱ nō eʂa̱jro netᶳōṯ ᶳonŋa, ojīʔtar <nẹtáax nòo
’ẹʃáyro nẹtʃóotʃonŋa, ’oyíi’tarr> me voy a pintar con almagre la cara (I'm going to paint my face with
ocher)) ‣ Harrington notes 253
482
ta-26 ta-27
Cupan
Luiseño atāx
̱ <ʔa-tá·x> person, human being; Indian ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Luiseño ‑tāx
̱ <‑tá·x> self ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Luiseño ‑tāx
̱ aw <‑tá·xaw> body ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Cupeño ata̱xʔa <ata̱x'a> person, Indian ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 151
Cahuilla ta̱xat <táxat> he, that guy (used by men as an intensifier); brave man ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 202
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ta̱kua <tácua> cuerpo «body» ‣ Pennington 1981: 226
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) taka body, carcass ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 136
Mayo taka̱ <tacá> cuerpo «body» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
Nahua *tˡāka- <*tlaaka-> man ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (105)
Classical Nahuatl tˡakatˡ <tlacatl> hombre, perſona, o ſeñor «man, person, lord» ‣ Molina 1571: 115v
Classical Nahuatl tˡākatˡ <tlāca-tl> person ‣ Karttunen 1983: 253
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡākatˡ <tlöcatl> hombre, varón «man, male person» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
240
Pochutla Mexicano teket <tequét> hombre «man» ‣ Boas 1917: 11
Pipil tākat <ta:ka-t> man ‣ Campbell 1985: 441
ta-26 man (Miller 1967: 273a *tawa, 273c *tana | *ta)

Numic *teŋa <*teŋa (‑ŋ- tentative)> man ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (213)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) taŋummɯ | taŋʷammɯ <tangummü | tangwammü> man ‣
Dayley 1989: 273
Western Shoshone tenna <tainna> man ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Shoshone tenkʷa | tenna <tainkwa | tainna"> man ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Comanche tenahpɯʔ | tɯnahpɯʔ <tenahpʉʔ | tʉnahpʉʔ> man ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 107
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu taʔnippɯtˢi <taʔni-pɨzi> man ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 271
Chemehuevi tawʔwatˢi <taw’wátsi ̥> man ‣ K. Hill 1969: 38 [cognate?]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tātwal <ta·twa-l> the man ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226 [cognate?] [Jane Hill suggests that
this may represent a central California Wanderwort; cf. Palewyami Yokuts <Tah́-aht> Indian people (Berman
2002: 441 (175)) and Yuki <ʔa·ṭat | ʔa(·)ṭat, aṭat, ...> people1 (Sawyer & Schlichter 1984: 159)]
ta-27 white person

483
ta-28 ta-29
Numic *ta(C)ipo(ʔo) white man ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (201)

Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) taipaʔo | tapepo <taipo'o | tapepo> white man, Caucasian ‣
Dayley 1989: 266
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone taipo white man ‣ Crapo 1976: 80
Western Shoshone tepo <taipo> white man, Caucasian; English ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Shoshone taipo | tepo | tāipo <taipo | taaipo> White Man ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Comanche taipōʔ <taibooʔ> non-Indian, white person ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 102
ta-28 cough (Miller 1967: 106 *tas)

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ta̱tˢan <tátzan> toser «cough» ‣ Pennington 1981: 227
Ópata tatasi <tatasi (N)> cough ‣ Shaul 1983: 109
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tase cough (vi.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 137
Mayo tasse está tosiendo «[he] is coughing» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 186
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatˡasi <tlatlaci.ni> tiene pechuguera o tos «have hoarseness or a cough» ‣
Molina 1571: 137r
Classical Nahuatl tˡatˡasi <tlatlac(i)> to have a cough ‣ Karttunen 1983: 297
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡatˡasi <tlatlasi ̱> tose «[he] coughs» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 236
Pipil tatasi to cough ‣ Campbell 1985: 469
ta-29 chest (Miller 1967: 59 *tawi) *tawiC ‣ AMR

Takic
Cupan
Cupeño ‑təw <‑tew> chest ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla ‑taw chest, breast ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 200
Tepiman
Northern Tepehuan tági <tági> chest ‣ Bascom 1982: 302
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rawe̱ <rahué> pecho «chest, breast» ‣ Hilton 1959: 60
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata tawa | tawatᶴi <tawa(či), tagua(chi)> chest ‣ Shaul 1983: 109
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tawi chest (body part) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 138
Mayo tawwi <tauhui> pecho, tórax «chest, thorax» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 186
Cora/Huichol
484
ta-30 ta-30
Cora tavi ̱h <tabíj> pecho, seno «chest, breast» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 177
Wixarika (Huichol) tāw�̄ ́ <taavíi> pecho «chest, breast» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 98
ta-30 cottontail rabbit (Miller 1967: 334a *tapu) *tāpun ‣ AMR

Numic *tapuⁿ | *tapu(ʔu) <*tapuN | *tapu(ʔu)> rabbit/cottontail ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (210)
Western Numic
Western Mono ta̱poʔ | ta̱puʔ <ta̱bo' | ta̱bu'> brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
195
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tapun | tapu(ttˢi) <tapun | tapu(ttsi)> cottontail rabbit ‣
Dayley 1989: 279
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tapun cottontail rabbit ‣ Crapo 1976: 82
Western Shoshone tapun | taputtˢi <tapun | taputtsi> cottontail rabbit ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 285
Shoshone tapun cottontail rabbit ‣ Miller 1972: 137
Comanche tapu̱ʔkinaʔ <tabúʔkinaʔ> rabbit ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 100
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu taputtˢi <tavu-ci> cottontail ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 275
Chemehuevi taputˢi <tavútsi ̥> cottontail rabbit ‣ K. Hill 1969: 38
Southern Paiute taputˢi <tavu´-ts·, ta(·)vu´-ts·> cotton-tailed rabbit ‣ Sapir 1931: 670
Southern Ute tapɯtᶴi <tavú̧ -ci ̱> rabbit ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 187
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tā̱vo <taavo> cottontail rabbit ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi tāv̱ o <ta·vo> rabbit ‣ Whorf 1946: 172
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tahpunt <tahpun-t> the cottontail ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tāvuht <távuqt> rabbit sp.: cottontail ‣ Anderton 1988: 518
Serrano tāvuht brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani) ‣ kch
Cupan <*tVvV‑t> rabbit sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (105)
Luiseño tō̱vit <tó·vi-t> brush rabbit (vowel is unexpected; perhaps influenced by tō̱ʂaxit 'cottontail
rabbit') ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Cahuilla ta̱vut <távut> rabbit ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 200
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ta̱vu <távu> conejo «rabbit» ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
Ópata tavu <tabu> cottontail ‣ Shaul 1983: 109
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tāvu <taavu> rabbit (cottontail), cottontail ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 135
485
ta-31 ta-33
Mayo tāvu <taabu> conejo «rabbit» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
ta-31 seven
Numic *tā(h)tˢɯwih | *tā(h)tˢuih <*taa(h)cəwih | *taa(h)cuih> seven ‣ Ianucci 1973: 115 (200)
Western Numic
Western Mono tattˢɯwɯ̱ ī | tattˢɯwɯ̱ ttu <tatsɨwɨ ̱-i | tatsɨwɨ ̱-tU> seven ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 205
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tāttˢɯwin <taattsüwin> seven, seventh, seven times ‣
Dayley 1989: 263
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tāttˢuihtɯn <taaccuih-tyn> seven ‣ Crapo 1976: 79
Western Shoshone tāttˢɯwihtɯn <taattsewihten> seven ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 284
Shoshone tāttˢuihtɯn <taattsuih-ten> seven ‣ Miller 1972: 135
Comanche tātˢɯkʷi ̥ttɯ̥ <taatsʉkwi ̱tʉ̱> seven ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 99
ta-32 star
Numic *tatˢi <*taci> star ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (212)
Western Numic
Western Mono tatˢino̱ppɯ <tazino̱pƗ> stars ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 207
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tatˢiumpi <tatsiumpi> star; crystal ‣ Dayley 1989: 283
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tatˢiʔɯmpin <taci'ym-pin> star ‣ Crapo 1976: 80
Shoshone tatˢɯʔɯmpin <tatse'em-pin> star ‣ Miller 1972: 137
Shoshone tatˢi <tatsi> shining ‣ Miller 1972: 137
Comanche tatˢinūppi ̥ <tatsinuupi ̱> star ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 105
ta-33 flat (Miller 1967: 314 *ma-taka) <*takka> ‣ AMR

Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone takkinahkantɯn <takkinahkanten> flat ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 284
Takic
Cupan *tā̱ki-ʃ <*tá:ki-š> tool ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (132)
Luiseño ‑tāk
̱ <‑tá·k> palm of the hand ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Luiseño tāḵ iʃ <tá·ki-š> stone for smoothing pottery ‣ Bright 1968: 41
Cahuilla ‑taqta̱qa- <‑taqtáqa-> to be flattened (of button, pig's nose, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979:
198
Cahuilla ta̱kiʃ <tákiš> pestle ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 195
486
ta-34 ta-35
Tepiman *mata̱ka <*ma'taka> palm of hand ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (148) (with ma-13)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) matk palm of the hand (not commonly used) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.52
Pima Bajo matk <'matk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (148)
Northern Tepehuan matáka <matáka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 167 (148)
ta-34 put *tapiC to put ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ta̱vi <tavi> put (sg.obj.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tɯpɯt <tïbït> he is putting it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 62 [cognate? vowel is unexpected]
Takic
Serran
Serrano tavɯj put, sg. obj. ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tavō̱kma <tavóokma> estan poniendo «they are putting» ‣ Harrington notes
122
Tongva (Gabrielino) tavō̱ <tavóo> ponlo «put it!» ‣ Harrington notes 294
Cupan
Luiseño tava̱ni- <taváni-> to put or place a single object ‣ Bright 1968: 42
Cupeño tav <tava;-0> to put down ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla ‑tav- <‑táv-> to put sth. in place, to put in order, sing. obj. ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 199
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tāwa <taawa> stay, remain; leave behind ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 135
Mayo tāwak <taáguac> se quedó «it remained» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
ta-35 bed
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rape̱ <rapé> laja «flagstone» ‣ Hilton 1959: 61
Nahua *tˡapətᶴ- <*tlapəč-> bed, frame ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262
Classical Nahuatl <tlapechtli> tablado, andamio, cama de tablas, andas de defunctos, o coſa
ſemejante «platform, scaffold, bed of boards, bier for the dead, or something similar» ‣ Molina 1571:
131v
Classical Nahuatl tˡapetᶴtˡi <tlapech-tli> litter, stretcher, bed, platform ‣ Karttunen 1983: 290
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡapetᶴtˡi <tlapechtli ̱> cama, lecho «bed» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 234
Pochutla Mexicano tepoʃt <tepóxt> cama «bed» ‣ Boas 1917: 40
Pipil tapetᶴ <tapech> a frame woven or covered with rods or canes, used as a bed, door, attic, etc. ‣
Campbell 1985: 464
487
ta-36 ta-39
ta-36 corn (merged into o-19)
ta-37 be night, be dark

Nahua *tˡajowa <*tlayowa> be night, be dark ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (11)
Classical Nahuatl tˡajoa <tlayua> anochecer, o hazer oſcuro «become night, get dark» ‣ Molina
1571: 122v
Classical Nahuatl tˡajowa <tlayohua> to get dark ‣ Karttunen 1983: 305
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡajowa <tlayohua> anochece, obscurece «it becomes night, gets dark» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano tajua <tayuá> obscurecer «get dark» ‣ Boas 1917: 31
Pipil tajuwa <tayuwa> at night, night ‣ Campbell 1985: 480
ta-38 end, run out

Nahua *tˡami <*tlami> end, run out ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (52)
Classical Nahuatl <tlami | tlami.ni> acabarſe o conſumirſe y gaſtarſe algo, o fenecer | acabar de
hazer o concluir alguna obra «be finished, consumed, spent, ended | finish doing or conclude some
job» ‣ Molina 1571: 126v
Classical Nahuatl tˡami <tlam(i)> to come to an end, to finish, to bring an activity to an end ‣
Karttunen 1985: 282
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡami <tlami ̱> se termina, se acaba «it ends, runs out» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
232
Pochutla Mexicano temi <temí> acabar «end, run out» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil tami <tami> to end, to run out, to terminate ‣ Campbell 1985: 457
ta-39 land, earth

Nahua *tˡāl- <*tlaal-> land, earth ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (96); *tˡālia <*tlaalia> put, place
‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (130)
Classical Nahuatl tˡalli <tlalli> tierra, o heredad «land, cultivated land» ‣ Molina 1571: 124r
Classical Nahuatl ninotˡalia | nitetˡalia | nitˡatˡalia <tlalia.nino | tlalia.nite | tlalia.nitla> aſentarſe |
dar aſiento a otro | componer, poner algo en alguna parte, o hazer eſtatuos y ordenanças «sit down |
give a seat to someone | compose, put something somewhere, make statutes and ordinances» ‣ Molina
1571: 124r
Classical Nahuatl tˡālli <tlāl-li> earth, land, property ‣ Karttunen 1983: 275
Classical Nahuatl tˡālia <tlāliā> to sit down, to settle; to seat someone, to put something down, to
set down statutes and ordinances, to set things in order ‣ Karttunen 1983: 275
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡāli <tlöli ̱> suelo, tierra, terreno «ground, earth, land» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
240
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˡālia <qui ̱tlöli ̱a> lo pone, lo sienta «[he] puts it, places it, seats it» ‣ Brewer
& Brewer 1962: 211
488
ta-40 ta-43
Pochutla Mexicano tal <tal> tierra «earth» ‣ Boas 1917: 13

Pipil tāl <ta:l> land, ground, earth, dirt ‣ Campbell 1985: 449
ta-40 open
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rame̱ <ramé> abrir (puerta, caja) «open (a door, box)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 39
[cognate?]
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) etapo <etapo> open up ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 41
Mayo etapo : aʔa etapo <étapo : a'a étapo> lo abre, lo está abriendo «open it, is opening it» ‣ Collard
& Collard 1962: 139
Nahua *tapowa open ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (122)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatˡapoa <tlapoa.nitla> ſer portero o deſtapar, deſcubrir, o abrir algo «be a
gatekeeper, uncover or open something» ‣ Molina 1571: 132r
Classical Nahuatl tˡapoa <tlapoa> to open something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 292
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitˡapoa <qui ̱tlapoa> lo abre «[he] opens it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 209
Pochutla Mexicano tepu <tepú> abrir «open» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil tapuwa to open ‣ Campbell 1985: 466
ta-41 shout, bark (merged into ca-10)
ta-42 father (Miller 1967: 484a *tata | *ta)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tota̱ʔtˢi <tota'tsi> tyrant, dictator, demanding person, applied to Catholic priests
(Franciscans) during the Spanish occupation ‣ Hopi Dictionary [Nahuatl loanword]
Cora/Huichol
Cora nita̱ata <nitáata> mi padre, papá «my father» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 156
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl taʔtˡi <tatli> padre «father» ‣ Molina 1571: 91r
Classical Nahuatl tahtˡi <tah-tli> father (t- is unexpected; should be tˡ-) ‣ Karttunen 1983: 216
Tetelcingo Mexicano tahtˡi <tajtli ̱> padre «father» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 223
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītahtˢī <itajtzi> su padre «his/her father» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 223
Pipil tatah <tatah> father (Santo Domingo de Guzmán dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 468
ta-43 root
Tepiman *ta̱ka <*'taka> root ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (216a); *tata̱kadɯ <*ta'takadɨ> its roots ‣ Bascom
1965: 173 (216c)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tatk to have roots, to be rooted ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.186
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tatkadᶾ <tatkaj> roots (of a specified plant) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.186
489
ta-44 ta-47
Pima Bajo ta̱tkɯ- <'tatkɨ-> its roots ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (216c)
Northern Tepehuan táka <táka> root ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (216a)
Northern Tepehuan tatákadɯ <tatákadɨ> its roots ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (216c)
Southern Tepehuan tak <'tak> root ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (216a)
Southern Tepehuan ta̱tkad <'tatkad> its roots ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (216c)
ta-44 kick *taᵤŋa to kick ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (156)

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi taŋa- <ta'nga> kick ‣ Press 1979: 156
Southern Paiute taŋa- to kick ‣ Sapir 1931: 667
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal antaŋat <ańdaŋa´t> he is kicking him (pfv. taŋ <taŋ>) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 110
ta-45 contain (pl. obj.)

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi taŋappisukʷi <taŋápisugʷ̥i ̥> gizzard ‣ K. Hill 1969: 37
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ta̱ŋa <tanga> things in a container ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk taŋatat <táŋatat, tá ̨ŋatat> sack, trunk, box, etc. ‣ Anderton 1988: 515
Serrano taŋat sack ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) taŋāṟ <taŋáarr> saco «sack» ‣ Harrington notes 410
ta-46 thunder (merged into ta-08)
ta-47 gamble
Takic
Serran
Serrano toqʳpiʔ gamble ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑ta̱xpi- <‑táxpi-> to gamble ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 203
490
ta-48 ta-51
ta-48 slippery
Takic
Serran
Serrano tajuliʔ slippery ‣ kch [Cupan loanword]
Cupan
Cupeño ta̱juʔul <ta̱yu'ule;‑0> to slide out like a snake ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla ‑ta̱jul- <‑táyul-> to become smooth, slippery ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 203
ta-49 up *taʔi ‣ AMR

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) taʔi uphill, upstream, upward, face up ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.188
Nahua *təhko raise, ascend ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (131)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡeko <tleco.ni> ſubir arriba «go up» ‣ Molina 1571: 147r
Classical Nahuatl tˡeʔkō <tlehcō> to ascend ‣ Karttunen 1983: 307
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡehko <tlejco> monta, sube, trepa, sube el precio, aumenta el precio «[he]
mounts, goes up, climbs, the price goes up» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 239
Pochutla Mexicano ʃteku <xtecú> ¡sube! «go up!» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil tehku to climb, to ascend, to go up, to rise ‣ Campbell 1985: 482
ta-50 what, something <*tahV> ‣ AMR

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ihta̱ <ihtá> what?, what, something ‣ Miller 1996: 339
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˡein <tlein?> que? «what?» ‣ Molina 1571: 147r
Classical Nahuatl tˡein <tlein> what? ‣ Karttunen 1983: 308
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡī | tˡīn <tli | tlin> que «what» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 239
Pochutla Mexicano te <te> ¿qué? «what?» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil tā | taj <ta: (C) | tay (SD)> what (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo Domingo de Guzmán
dialect) ‣ Campbell 1985: 433
ta-51 woodpecker [changed from 'bird sp.']

Takic
Cupan *tā̱vi-ʃ <*tá:vi-š> bird sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (13)
Luiseño tāv̱ iʃ <tá·vi-š> a bird, the flicker ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Cupeño ta̱viʃ <ta̱vi-sh> red bird with spots on breast ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla ta̱viʃ <táviš> big woodpecker ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 200 [cognate?]
491
ta-53 ta-53
ta-53 knee (Miller 1967: 243, 245 [no reconstructions]) *tamo ‣ kch
Numic *taŋa <*taŋa (‑ŋ- tentative)> knee ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (208)
Western Numic
Western Mono tanapo̱tō | tanopo̱tō | tonopo̱tō <tanabo̱do | tanobo̱do | tonobo̱do> knee ‣ Bethel et
al. 1993: 198
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) taŋappɯh <tangappüh> knee ‣ Dayley 1989: 272
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tankappɯh | tankappi <tanka-ppyh | tanka-ppi> knee ‣ Crapo 1976:
81
Western Shoshone tankappɯh | tannappɯh <tankappeh | tannappeh> knee ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993:
285
Shoshone tankappɯh | tannappɯh <tanka-ppeh | tanna-ppeh> knee ‣ Miller 1972: 136
Shoshone tammin- with the knee; or foot with backward motion ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Comanche tana | tanappɯ̥ <tana | tanapʉ̱> knee ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 104
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tanapɯ <tana-vɨ> knee ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 273
Chemehuevi taŋa <táŋḁ> knee ‣ K. Hill 1969: 37
Southern Paiute taŋapi <taŋa´-ɸI> knee ‣ Sapir 1931: 667
Southern Ute tāpɯ <táa-vu̧ > knee ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 182
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tamɶʔat <tamö('at)> knee ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tamotˢ <tamots> knee ‣ Anderton 1988: 514
Serrano -taʳmoʳʔ knee, kneecap ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño pəta̱miʔaw <peta̱mi'aw> at her knees ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 26
̃ knee ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 197
Cahuilla ta̱miʎ <támi-l>
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) tēmá <teemá> pierna inferior «lower leg» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 100
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tˡankʷaitˡ <tlanquaitl> la rodilla dela pierna «the knee of the leg» ‣ Molina 1571:
129r
Classical Nahuatl tˡankʷāitˡ <tlancuā(i)-tl> knee (with kʷāitˡ 'head') ‣ Karttunen 1983: 284
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītˡankʷate <itlancuate> su rodilla «his knee» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 134
492
ta-54 ta-56
ta-54 split <*taXc-> ‣ AMR

Takic
Cupan
Cupeño ta̱tᶴilin <ta̱chile;‑ine> to split, crack ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tātʂ <taatx> to split obj in several strands; to split open ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.178
ta-55 hawk (Miller 1967: 217) (separated from ta-51)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío taʔiwe̱ <taʔiwé> hawk ‣ Miller 1996: 391
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rawi ̱wi <rahuihui> gavilán negro «black hawk» ‣ Hilton 1959: 60
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve toha̱vo <tohávo> cierto gavilán «hawk sp.» ‣ Pennington 1981: 232 [cognate?]
Ópata tawa- <tagua-> hawk ‣ Shaul 1983: 113
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tāwe <taawe> hawk (gen.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 135
Mayo tāwe <taahue> gavilán «hawk» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 184
ta-56 grasshopper [changed from tE-31. There is no *E in this set.]

Numic *((n)ā)̆ teŋkih <*((n)a(a))teŋkih> grasshopper ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (214) [Ianucci cites a
Shoshone form with initial n-: natteŋkih, which does not appear in any of the references consulted.]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) āttaŋki(ttˢi) <aattangki(ttsi)> grasshopper ‣ Dayley 1989: 2
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone āttankih <aa-ttankih> grasshopper (ā- <aa-> 'grey, dull (of color)') ‣
Crapo 1976: 27
Shoshone āttainkih | āttenkih <aattainkih> grasshopper ‣ Miller 1972: 105
Comanche āttakk�̄ʔ̱ | ahtakk�̄ʔ̱ <aatakíiʔ | ahtakíiʔ> grasshopper ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 11
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu āttakkappitᶴi <ʔaataka-piži> grasshopper ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 186
Southern Paiute ātaŋkappittˢi <a·´raŋqa-p·ɩ-ts·> grasshopper ‣ Sapir 1931: 553
Southern Ute ātakkatᶴi | āttakkatᶴi <?áa-ra̱ká-ci ̱ | ?áa-ta̱ká-ci ̱> ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 242
493
tE-01 tE-01
tE-01 hail *tɯha <*tɨha> hail ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 141 (80)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯhputᶳ <tə̅ qputʃr> hail ‣ Anderton 1988: 522
Serrano tɯhputᶳ hail ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tō̱jet <tóoyet> hielo «ice» ‣ Harrington notes 583
Cupan
Luiseño tō̱jit <tó·yi-t> frost, ice ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯa <chea> hail, ice pellets ‣ Sazton et al. 1983: 7
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tehe̱ <tehé> hail ‣ Miller 1996: 392
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rihe̱ <rijé> granizo «hail» ‣ Hilton 1959: 63
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tehe̱t <tehét> granizo «hail» ‣ Pennington 1981: 229
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tēham <teeham> hail ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo tehham <téjjam> granizo «hail» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 188
Tubar
Tubar tehe̱t <tejé-t> granizo «hail» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora tēṯ e <teete> granizo «hail» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 180
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tesiwi <teciui> granizar «hail (v.)» ‣ Molina 1571: 92v
Classical Nahuatl tesiwitˡ <teciuitl> hail (n.) ‣ Molina 1571: 92v
Classical Nahuatl tesiwi <tecihu(i)> to hail ‣ Karttunen 1983: 216
Classical Nahuatl tesiwitˡ <tecihui-tl> hail ‣ Karttunen 1983: 216
Tetelcingo Mexicano tesiwi <tesi ̱bi ̱> graniza, cae granizo «it hails, hail falls» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
226
Tetelcingo Mexicano tesiwitˡ <tesi ̱bi ̱tl> hielo, nieve, granizo «ice, snow, hail» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 226
Pipil tesihkʷil <tesihkwil> hail ‣ Campbell 1985: 500
494
tE-02 tE-02
tE-02 find, see (Miller 1967: 365 *te (*tew ?)) *tɯwaC <*tïwaC> to see ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *tɯwa
<*tɨwa> see, find ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 276 (271); *tɯwa <*tɨwa> to find ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
138 (21)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ wa <tuwa> find, perceive ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi tɯ̱̆ wa <tẹwa> saw ‣ Whorf 1946: 170
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tɯ̱̄ wat <tï·´wa´t> find ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.287
Takic
Serran
Serrano tɯ̄ vɯŋ find ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tow- <tów-> to see, look at ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Cupeño təw <tewa;-0> to see ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla ‑tew- <‑téw-> to find, discover ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 213
Cahuilla ‑tēw- <‑téew-> to see, to look at, to watch ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 213
Tepiman *tɯ̱̄ gai, tɯ̱̄ gi- <*'tɨɨgai/i-> to find, see ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (250a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯ̄ ga- <ceega-> to find, notice, discover ‣ Mathiot 1978: 1.181
Pima Bajo tɯ̄ g- <'tɨɨg-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (250a)
Northern Tepehuan tɯ́ gai <t� ́gai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (250a)
Southern Tepehuan tɯgi ̱- <tɨ'gi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (250a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tewani ̱ <tewa-ní> to find; to see ‣ Miller 1996: 395
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riwa̱ <rihuá> ver, hallar «see, find» ‣ Hilton 1959: 63
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve te̱wan <téguan> hallar «find» ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tea find (after having lost) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo tewwa : aʔa tewwak <teugua : a'a téuguac> lo halló «found it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 189
Tubar
Tubar tema- | temu- <tema- | temo-> ver, hallar «see, find» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Cora/Huichol
Cora rātau <raátau> lo halla «(he) finds it» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 163
Nahua *ɯhta <*ɨhta> see ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (140)
Classical Nahuatl ninotta | nikitta <itta.nino | itta.niqu> mirar me | hallar lo q̃ ſe auia perdido, o lo
q̃ ſe p̃cura y buſca, o mirar a otro «look at myself | find what had been lost or what was being
procured and looked for, look at someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 43r
495
tE-03 tE-04
Classical Nahuatl itta | itwa <(i)tta | ithua> to look at oneself; to see something or someone | to see
something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 108 107
Tetelcingo Mexicano kihta <qui ̱jta> lo ve, lo mira, lo observa «[he] sees it, looks at it, observes it»
Pochutla Mexicano nitᶴota <nichotá> él me mira «he looks me» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pochutla Mexicano ekotek <ecotéc> ya lo ví «I saw it already» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pochutla Mexicano ʃite <xité> ¡mira! «look!» ‣ Boas 1917: 26
Pipil ita | ida to see, to look at ‣ Campbell 1985: 236
tE-03 sky (Miller 1967: 384 *te)

Tepiman *tɯva̱gi <*tɨ'vagi> sky, cloud ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (246)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯwagi ̥ <cevagï> cloudiness, cloud ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.196
Pima Bajo tɯ̱ vɯ | tɯ̱ vgɯ | tɯvg <'tɨvɨ | [']tɨvgɨ | 'tɨvg> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (246)
Northern Tepehuan tɯvági <tɨvági> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (246)
Southern Tepehuan tɯvāʔ̱ <tɨ'vaa?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (246)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío teweka̱ <teweká> sky; world ‣ Miller 1996: 395
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riwiga̱tᶴi <rihuigachi> en el cielo, en la gloria «in the sky, in glory» ‣ Hilton
1959: 63
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tevi ̱ka <tevíca> cielo «sky» ‣ Pennington 1981: 232
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) teeka <téeka> sky, heaven ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo teeka <téeca> cielo «sky» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 187
Tubar
Tubar temʷekalitᶴin <tenwe-ka-li-ci-n> en el cielo «in the sky» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ilwikatˡ <ilhuicatl> cielo «sky» ‣ Molina 1571: 37v
Classical Nahuatl ilwikatˡ <ilhuica-tl> heaven, sky (suggested by AMR) ‣ Karttunen 1983: 104
Tetelcingo Mexicano ihwikak cielo «heaven, sky» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 131
tE-04 girl (Miller 1967: 195 *te)

Tepiman *tɯhi ̱a <*tɨ'hia> young girl ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (238a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯhia <cehia> girl, daughter ‣ Mathiot 1973: 187
Northern Tepehuan tɯ́ xi <t� ́hi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (238a)
Southern Tepehuan tɯjā̱ <tɨ'yaa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (238a)
496
tE-05 tE-05
tE-05 mouth (Miller 1967: 293 *teni) *tɯni <*tɨni> ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 275 (255); *tɯnni
<*tɨnni> mouth ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (19)
Numic *tɯmpe <*təmpe> mouth/lips ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (240)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute tɯppa <[tɨppá]> mouth ‣ Thornes 2003: 27
Western Mono tɯ̱ ppe <tɨp̱ E> mouth ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 223
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯmpe <tümpe> mouth; door ‣ Dayley 1989: 321
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯmpai <tympai> mouth ‣ Crapo 1976: 91
Western Shoshone tɯmpe <tempai> mouth ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 287
Shoshone tɯmpai | tɯmpe <tempai> mouth ‣ Miller 1972: 139
Comanche tɯ̄ pe <tʉʉpe> mouth, lips ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 140
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯbipɯ <tɨbi-vɨ> mouth ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 278
Chemehuevi tɯmpa <tə́mpḁ> mouth ‣ K. Hill 1969: 39
Southern Paiute tɯmpa | tɯmpapi <tü´mpA | tümpa´-ɸI> mouth ‣ Sapir 1931: 673
Southern Ute tɯppapi <tu̧ pá-vi ̱> mouth ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 187
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯm̤ p <tùmp> at the edge of a mesa or cliff ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *tɯ̱ ni <*'tɨni> mouth ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (241a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴiɲ <ciñ> mouth, beak, bill ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.209
Pima Bajo tɯ̱ iɲ <'tɨiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (241a)
Northern Tepehuan tíɲi <tíñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (241a)
Northern Tepehuan tɯɲíɉɯ <tɨñí-dʸɨ> his mouth ‣ Bascom 1982: 302
Southern Tepehuan ciɲ <'tʸiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (241a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rini ̱ <riní> boca «mouth» ‣ Hilton 1959: 64
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve teni ̱t <tenít> boca «mouth» ‣ Pennington 1981: 230
Ópata teni mouth ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tēni <teeni> mouth ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo tēni <teeni> boca «mouth» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 187
Tubar
Tubar tini ̱r <tiní-r> boca «mouth» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Cora/Huichol
Cora te̱ni <teni> boca «mouth» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 181
497
tE-06 tE-07
Wixarika (Huichol) ténie <ténie> labio, labios «lip, lips» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 100
Nahua *tēn- <*teen-> mouth ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (111)
Classical Nahuatl tentˡi <tentli> los labios, o el borde, o orilla de alguna coſa «lips, border or edge
of something» ‣ Molina 1571: 99v
Classical Nahuatl tēntˡi <tēn-tli> lip, mouth, edge ‣ Karttunen 1983: 226
Tetelcingo Mexicano tēntˢontˡi <tientzontli ̱> bigote, barba «mustache, beard» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 227
Pochutla Mexicano ten boca «mouth» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil ‑tēn <‑te:n> mouth, edge ‣ Campbell 1985: 491
tE-06 flea (Miller 1967: 175 *tepu, *tepuci) *tɯputˢi <*tɨpu-ci> ‣ AMR; *tɯᵤpu <*tɨᵤpu> flea ‣ Voegelin et
al. 1962: 143 (146)
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯ̄ pʂ <chehpsh> a flea ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 8
Southeastern Tepehuan tapɯ̄ ʃ <[ta´pïïš]> flea (vowel is unexpected) ‣ Willett 1991: 19
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tehputᶴi ̱ <tehpucí> flea ‣ Miller 1996: 392
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riputᶴi ̱ <ripuchí> pulga «flea» ‣ Hilton 1959: 64
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tepu̱ <tepú> pulga «flea» ‣ Pennington 1981: 230
Ópata teppu flea ‣ Shaul 1983: 112
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) teput flea ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 141
Mayo tepput <tépput> pulga «flea» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 189
Tubar
Tubar tipu̱t <tipú-t> pulga «flea» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Cora/Huichol
Cora tepɯ́ <tepʌ́> pulga «flea» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 81
Wixarika (Huichol) tēpɯ̄́ <teepǘü> pulga «flea» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 100
Nahua [unexpected intrusive ‑k-]
Classical Nahuatl tekpin <tecpin> pulga «flea» ‣ Molina 1571: 93v
Classical Nahuatl tekpintˡi <tecpin-tli> flea ‣ Karttunen 1983: 217
Tetelcingo Mexicano tekpi <tecpi ̱> pulga «flea» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 224
Pipil tekpin flea ‣ Campbell 1985: 485
tE-07 put, place (sg. obj.) *tɯ̄ ka <*tɨɨka> put down ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 276 (266); *tɯska
<*tɨska> to put, lay flat object down ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (18)
Numic *tɯkV <*təkV> put ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (239)
498
tE-08 tE-08
Western Numic
Western Mono tɯkɯ- <tɨgɨ-> to place, put ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 215
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯki <tüki"> put (away), locate, situate, place ‣ Dayley
1989: 315
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯki <tyki"> to put, to place; to create (of God or Indian Creator) ‣
Crapo 1976: 90
Western Shoshone tɯki <teki"> put, place, locate, store ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Shoshone tɯki <tekiG> to put, to place; to create (of God or the Indian Creator) ‣ Miller 1972:
138
Comanche tɯkīttɯ | tɯkɯhnettɯ <tʉkiitʉ | tʉkʉhnetʉ> lay something down ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 130
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯka- | tᶴɯki- <ceka- | ceki-> to put obj somewhere (sgo) ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.188
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío teka̱na <teká-na> to place lying down sg. obj. ‣ Miller 1996: 393
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rika̱ <ricá> poner acostado (una cosa) «lay down, sg. obj.» ‣ Hilton 1959: 62
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve teka̱n <tecán> poner «put» ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tēka <teéka> lay it across ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo tēka : ameaʔa tēka <teeca : ámea'a teeca> tiéndelo allí, acuéstalo allí «lay it there» ‣ Collard &
Collard 1962: 187
Nahua *tēka <*teeka> lie down ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (100)
Classical Nahuatl ninoteka | nitˡateka <teca.nino | teca.nitla> echarſe, o acoſtarſe en la cama |
aſſentar piedras enel edificio, o poner maderos o coſa ſemejante, enel ſuelo tendidos o enuaſar
alguna coſa liquida «lie down in bed | seat stones in a structure, place beams or something similar
lying on the ground, put liquid in a container» ‣ Molina 1571: 91v
Classical Nahuatl tēka <tēca> to stretch oneself out, to lie down, to settle; to stretch something
out, to spread something on a flat surface ‣ Karttunen 1983: 215
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitēka <qui ̱tieca> lo echa, lo acuesta; tiene diarrea «[he] puts it, lays it; [he]
has diarrhea» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 205
Pochutla Mexicano teke <tequé> acostarse «lie down, go to bed» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil tēka <te:ka> to lay down, to put on the ground ‣ Campbell 1985: 483
tE-08 tortilla, tamale

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯmait <cemait> tortilla ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.193
499
tE-09 tE-11
Southeastern Tepehuan tɯmaitᶴ <[tï´maitš]> tamal ‣ Willett 1991: 22

Southeastern Tepehuan tɯmkaʎ <tɨmcahl> tortilla ‣ Willett 1991: 51
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío teme̱i <teméi> tortilla ‣ Miller 1996: 393
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rime̱ <rimé> tortilla ‣ Hilton 1959: 63
Classical Nahuatl tamalli <tamalli> pan de mayz embuelto en hojas y cozido en olla «cornbread
wrapped in leaves and cooked in a pot» ‣ Molina 1571: 90v
Classical Nahuatl tamalli <tamal-li> bread made of steamed cornmeal, tamale ‣ Karttunen 1983: 215
Tetelcingo Mexicano tamali <tamali ̱> tamal «tamale» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 223
Pipil tamal <tamal> tortilla ‣ Campbell 1985: 455
tE-09 man *tɯma <*tɨma> small ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (117)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío remari ̱ <remarí> man ‣ Miller 1996: 378
Guarijío reʔmari ̱ <reʔmarí> friend ‣ Miller 1996: 379
Guarijío teʔmari ̱ <teʔmarí> boy, young man ‣ Miller 1996: 395
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riʔmari ̱ <ri'marí> joven «young man» ‣ Hilton 1959: 63
Cora/Huichol
Cora temʷai ̱ <temuaí> joven «young man» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 181
Wixarika (Huichol) hai.témai <Hai.témai> Muchacho de Nube (nombre de hombre) «Cloud Boy
(man's name)» ('boy' by itself not in Grimes et al. 1981) ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 50
tE-10 man
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tēko <teeko> boss, supervisor, director, manager ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo tēko <teeco> patrón «boss» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 187
Cora/Huichol
Cora te̱kʷa̓ran <técua'aran> dueño «boss» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 179
Nahua *tēkʷ- <*teekʷ-> master, father ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (107)
Classical Nahuatl tekʷtˡi <tecutli> cauallero, o prĩcipal «gentleman, chief» ‣ Molina 1571: 93v
Classical Nahuatl tēkʷtˡi <tēuc-tli> lord, member of the high nobility ‣ Karttunen 1983: 237
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītēco <itieco> su dueño, su patrón, su amo «his boss, his master» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 134
Pochutla Mexicano noteku <notecú> mi padre «my father» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil ‑tēku <‑te:ku> father ‣ Campbell 1985: 486
tE-11 long, tall (Miller 1967: 268 *tep | *te)

Tepiman *tɯvɯ̱ - <*tɨ'vɨ-> long ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (248)
500
tE-12 tE-12
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯv <cev> long, lengthy ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.196
Pima Bajo tɯv <'tɨv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (248)
Northern Tepehuan tɯvɯ́ - <tɨv� ́-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (248)
Southern Tepehuan tɯv <'tɨv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (248)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tehpeku̱na <tehpekúma> long ‣ Miller 1996: 392
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve teve̱i <tevéi> largo «long» ‣ Pennington 1981: 232
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tēve <teeve> tall, long ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo tēve <teebe> largo, alto «long, tall» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 187
Cora/Huichol
Cora tē <teé> largo «long» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 179
Wixarika (Huichol) ‑tḗwí- <‑téeví-> parado largo, corto «standing long, short [sic]» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 217
tE-12 rock, stone (Miller 1967: 287 *te-pa, 354a *tem, 354b *te) *tɯn <*tïn> rock ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991:
201; *tɯ- <*tɨ-> rock, stone ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 276 (269)
Numic *tɯmpih | *tɯmpiⁿ | *tɯⁿ- <*təmpih | *təmpiN | *təN-> rock/stone ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (243)
Western Numic
Western Mono tɯ̱ ppi <tɨp̱ I> rock ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 223
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯmpin <tümpin> rock, stone ‣ Dayley 1989: 323
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯmpin <tym-pin> rock, stone ‣ Crapo 1976: 91
Western Shoshone tɯmpin <tempin> rock ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 287
Shoshone tɯmpin <tem-pin> rock, stone ‣ Miller 1972: 138
Comanche tɯ̄ ppi ̥ <tʉʉpi ̱> stone, rock ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 140
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯbi | tɯmpi <tɨ-bi, tɨ-mbi> stone, rock; earth ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 277
Chemehuevi tɯmpi <tə́mpi ̥> stone ‣ K. Hill 1969: 39
Southern Paiute tɯmpi <tü´mp(W)I> stone ‣ Sapir 1931: 674
Southern Ute tɯppuitᶴi <tu̧ púy-ci ̱> rock, stone ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 197
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ ma <tuma> piki stone, griddle for making piki, a paper-thin corn preparation ‣
Hopi Dictionary 1998
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tɯnt <tïńt> the rock ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 174
501
tE-13 tE-13
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯmɯt <təmət, tə́mət> stone, rock ‣ Anderton 1988: 527
Serrano tɯmɯt rock, stone ‣ kch
́ piedra «stone» ‣ Harrington notes 181
Tongva (Gabrielino) totā̱ <totā>
Cupan [The ‑ma‑ component in the Cahuilla and Cupeño forms may be from Yuman; cf. Mojave 'amat (short
form mat) 'land; country; place; dirt, mud, clay; down, below; floor' (Munro 1992: 23).]
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tōt <tót, tōt, tōōt> stone ‣ Woodward 2007: 207
Luiseño tō̱ta, ‑toʔ <tó·-ta, ‑tóʔ> stone, rock ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Cupeño təma̱l <tema̱-l> land, earth, dirt, country ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla te̱mal <téma-l> land, ground; dirt, earth; world ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 207
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tehte̱ <tehté> rock ‣ Miller 1996: 393
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rite̱ <rité> piedra «stone, rock» ‣ Hilton 1959: 65
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tet piedra «stone» ‣ Pennington 1981: 231
Ópata tet piedra ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) teta rock, stone ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 141
Mayo tetta piedra «stone, rock» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 189
Tubar
Tubar teta̱t | tera̱t <te-tá-t | te-rá-t> piedra, roca «stone, rock» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 65
Cora/Huichol
Cora tete̱ <teté> piedra «stone, rock» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 77
Wixarika (Huichol) tētḗ <teetée> piedra, roca «stone, rock» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 101
Nahua *tə- stone ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (162)
Classical Nahuatl tetˡ <tetl> piedra, generalmente «any kind of stone» ‣ Molina 1571: 107v
Classical Nahuatl tetˡ <te-tl> stone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 235
Tetelcingo Mexicano tētetō <tietetu> piedra, roca «stone, rock» (pl. teme) ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
227
Pochutla Mexicano tot <tot> piedra «stone» ‣ Boas 1917: 10
Pipil tet <te-t> stone, rock ‣ Campbell 1985: 501
tE-13 cave (Miller 1967: 81 *te-so) *tɯn + *so <*tɨn + *so> rock + burrow ‣ AMR; *so <*so> burrow
‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *tɯ̄ so <*tɨɨso> cave ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271 (212); *tɯso <*tɨso>
cave ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (118) [*so occurs in Tübatulabal: sahn, sōn "animal burrow" (probably = ʃōn).
Found by Jane Hill in the C.H. Merriam archive 72: 801
(www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chmerriam_1556_72#page/n801/mode/2up).]
502
tE-14 tE-14
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ ɦsɶ <tùusö> rock overhang, rockshelter ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *tɯ̱ hoi <*'tɨhoi> cave ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (239)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯho <cheho> cave ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 5
Pima Bajo toh <'toh> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (239)
Northern Tepehuan tɯ́ xoi <t� ́hoi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (239)
Southern Tepehuan ci ̱ov <'tʸiov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (239)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío teso̱ <tesó> cave ‣ Miller 1996: 394
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riso̱ <risó> cueva «cave» ‣ Hilton 1959: 65
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tēso <teeso> cave, den, lair ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Nahua *ostō- <*ostoo-> (with vowel harmonization, CV- metathesis, and CC- metathesis) ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1978: 271 (212)
Classical Nahuatl ostotˡ <oztotl> cueua o cauerna «cave, cavern» ‣ Molina 1571: 78v
Classical Nahuatl ōstōtˡ <ōztō-tl> cave ‣ Karttunen 1983: 181
Tetelcingo Mexicano ōstōtˡ <ustutl> cueva «cave» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 245
Pipil ustūt <ustu:-t> barranco, cueva «ravine, cave» ‣ Campbell 1985: 555
tE-14 rock stand for cooking (cf. tE-12)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯtto <cetto> round rock formerly used to place pots on for cooking;
coking tripod ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.196
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tehtᶴo̱na <tehcóna> rocks used for an outside hearth ‣ Miller 1996: 392
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) tétˢḗ- <tésée=> poner piedras para hacer un muro «place rocks to make a
wall» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 100
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tenamastin <tenamaztin> piedras ſobre que ponen la olla al fuego, o tres
criaturas nacidas juntas de vn vientre «stones on which they put a pot on the fire, triplets» ‣ Molina
1571: 98r
Classical Nahuatl tenamastˡi <tenamaz-tli> the configuration of three hearth stones for supporting
pots over fire ‣ Karttunen 1983: 224
Pipil tenamas <tenamas> hearth stones (rocks in fire to support pots, griddles, usually three) ‣
Campbell 1985: 491
503
tE-15 tE-15
tE-15 name (Miller 1967: 300a *tew, 300b *te) *tɯŋwa <*tïŋwa> name ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205;
*tɯnwa <*tɨnwa> to name ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (20)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ ŋʷa <tungwa> name, give a name to, refer to; call by name; read ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ ŋʷni <tungwni> name (n.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi tɯ̱ ŋni <tungni> name (n.) ‣ Kalectaca 1979: 96
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tiŋwān <tiŋwa·ń> its name ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.576
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯw <təw> name someone ‣ Anderton 1988: 535
Serrano ‑tɯwan name ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) netoān
̱ jan <nitwanyan, netoáanyan> mi nombre «my name» ‣ Harrington
notes 534
Cupan *tə̱̄wa-la <*tə́:wa-la> name ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (78); *tə̄ŋʷa-la ‣ kch
Luiseño tu̱ŋla <túŋ-la> name ‣ Bright 1968: 47
Cupeño ‑təwʔa <‑tew'a> name ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla te̱wal <téw-al> name ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 214
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯ̄ gig | tᶴɯ̄ gi ̥g <ceegig | ceegïg> name ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.182
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tewa̱ | rewa̱ <tewá | rewá> name ‣ Miller 1996: 394
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riwa̱ <rihuá> nombre «name» ‣ Hilton 1959: 63
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tewa̱t <teguát> nombre «name» ‣ Pennington 1981: 229
Ópata tewa <tegua> name (noun) ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) team | teawam name ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 139
Mayo tewam <téguam> nombre «name» (probably tewwam) ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 187
Tubar
Tubar temʷara | temʷarak <temwa-ra | temwa-ra-k> nombre «name» (no stress indication) ‣ Lionnet
1978: 66
Cora/Huichol
Cora haʔine̱ a̱ntewā <¿ja'iné ántehuaa?> ¿cómo se llama? «what is his name?» ‣ McMahon &
McMahon 1959: 59
Cora ajānu̱ a̱ntewā <ayaanú ántehuaa> me llamo «my name is» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 59
504
tE-16 tE-17
Wixarika (Huichol) tḗ.wā-́ <tée.váa=> tener por nombre «have as a name» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 101
tE-16 ask (Miller 1967: 12 *tep)

Numic *tɯpi <*təpi> ask (for) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (246)
Western Numic
Western Mono tɯpiju- <tɨbiyu-> to ask (someone for permission, information, etc.) ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 213
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tipiŋa <tipinga> ask (about) ‣ Dayley 1989: 286
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯtɯppiah <tytyppiah> to ask a question ‣ Crapo 1976: 94
Western Shoshone tɯpina <tepina> ask ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 287
Western Shoshone tɯa <tea> ask (to do) (aux v) ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Shoshone tɯpinka | tɯtɯpia <tepinkaH | tetepiaH> to ask someone for something ‣ Miller 1972:
140
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯpina- <tɨvina-> to ask ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 281
Chemehuevi tɯpiŋi- <tɨ'vingi> ask ‣ Press 1979: 157
Southern Paiute tɯpi- <tïvi-> to ask ‣ Sapir 1931: 678
Southern Ute tɯpɯjuī <tu̧ vú̧ yuy> ask (someone) to do (something) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 200
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ viŋta <tuuvingta> ask ‣ Hopi Dictionary
tE-17 say, tell (Miller 1967: 434 *te) *tɯho ‣ kch

Numic *tɯ̄̆ (h)kʷ�̄ ̆ <*tə(ə)(h)kʷi(i)> say/tell (someone something) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (234)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttɯ̄ kkʷi <tɨɨkʷi> tell ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 63
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯtīŋwa <tütiingwa"> teach ‣ Dayley 1989: 332
Western Shoshone tɯahweh | tɯʔahweh <teahwaih | te'ahwaih> say, point out, tell, explain ‣
Shoshone tɯahwai | tɯahwe <teahwaiG> to ask; to tell on or about someone or something ‣
Miller 1972: 137
Comanche tɯʔḁwettɯ <tʉʔa̱wetʉ> tell ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 141
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tɯnnia- <tïn·ia-ˢ> to tell, to tell on ‣ Sapir 1931: 675
Southern Ute tɯnijaī <tu̧ níya ̧y> point at; tell (to) about ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 196
Takic
505
tE-18 tE-19
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯho <təho> avisar «tell» ‣ Anderton 1988: 521
Serrano tiɯʳ, tiɯʳha- tell ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑te̱tijax- <‑tétiyax-> to tell (sbdy sth.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 211
Tepiman *tɯtɯ̱ dai, *tɯtɯ̱ da- <*tɨ'tɨdai/a-> to say to ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (244a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯtᶴɯ <cece> to make, emit a sound ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.172
Pima Bajo tᶴɯ̱̄ dai <'čɨɨdai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (244a)
Northern Tepehuan tɯtɯ́ dai <tɨt� ́dai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (244a)
Southern Tepehuan tɯ̱ tda- <'tɨtda-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (244a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tehtᶴo̱ <tehcó> advice ‣ Miller 1996: 392
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tetᶴu̱ban <techuban> aconsejar «advise» (stress?) ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
Cora/Huichol
Cora t�̓sah
̱ <tí'isaj> decir - dice «(he) says» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 31
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nikteilwia <ilhuia.nicte> dezir algo a otro, o deſcubrirle el ſecreto «say something
to someone, descover the secret about him» ‣ Molina 1571: 37r
Classical Nahuatl ilwia <(i)lhuiā> to take council with oneself, to make a complaint; to say
something to someone, to reveal something to someone (the cognate part is only the consonant l) ‣
Karttunen 1983: 103
Tetelcingo Mexicano kilwia <qui ̱lfi ̱a> le dice, le entera, le informa «[he] says to him, informs him»
Pipil ilwia <ilwia> to say, to tell ‣ Campbell 1985: 230
tE-18 order
Tepiman *tɯ̱ hanai <*'tɨhanai> he orders ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (237a); *tɯ̱ hani(‑) <*'tɨhani(‑)> to
order ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (237b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯhaɲ <chehani> to command ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 5
Pima Bajo ti ̱ahiɲi- <'tiahiñi-> to order ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (237b)
Northern Tepehuan tɯánai <tɨánai> he orders ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (237a)
Northern Tepehuan tɯáɲi <tɨáñi> to order ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (237b)
Southern Tepehuan ci ̱an <'tʸian> he orders ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (237a)
Southern Tepehuan ciɲi ̱- <tʸi'ñi-> to order ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (237b)
tE-19 dream (Miller 1967: 140 *te + *mu(ki) (*muku 'die'))

Hopi
506
tE-20 tE-20
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ moko | tɯ̱̄ moki <tuumoko | tuumoki> dream (n.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal untumūkat <µńdumu·úga´t> is dreaming about ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 150
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯ̄ tᶴi ̥k | tᶴɯ̄ tᶴk <ceec(ï)k> to dream of obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.180
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío temu̱na <temú-na> to dream ‣ Miller 1996: 394
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rimu̱ <rimú> soñar «dream» ‣ Hilton 1959: 64
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve temu̱kan <temúcan> soñar «dream» ‣ Pennington 1981: 230
Ópata temukia <temu-quia> dream ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tenku dream (vi.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 141
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tenkuim dream (n.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 141
Mayo tēnku <teencu> está soñando «is dreaming» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 187
Mayo tenku̱ri <tencuri> sueño «dream» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 187
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nitemiki <temiqui.ni> ſoñar algo «dream something» ‣ Molina 1571: 97v
Classical Nahuatl tēmiki <tēmiqu(i)> to have a dream about something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 223
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitēmiki <qui ̱tiemi ̱qui ̱> lo sueña «[he] dreams it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 205
Pipil tēmiki <te:miki> to dream ‣ Campbell 1985: 488
tE-20 die (Miller 1967: 131 *te) (moved from ja-06)

Numic *tɯja <*təya> die ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (251)
Western Numic
Western Mono tijawi- <tiyawi-> to die ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 210
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tijaih <tiyaih> die; suffer from, sg-dl ‣ Dayley 1989: 287
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tiaih <tiaih> to die (sg. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 84
Western Shoshone tijeh <tiyaih> die ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 288
Shoshone tiai | tie <tiaiH> to die (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 140
Comanche tɯjāittɯ <tʉyaaitʉ> die (sg) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 140
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ ʔami <tuu'ami> grave (burial place) ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
507
tE-21 tE-23
tE-21 sickness
Numic
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯnnaih | tɯʔɯmaih <tymmaih | ty'ymaih> to be sick, to get sick ‣
Crapo 1976: 91
Western Shoshone tɯmmeh(kan) <temmaih(kan)> be sick, be ill ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 287
Shoshone tɯwoi <tewoi> sickness, disease ‣ Miller 1972: 140
Shoshone tɯmmai | tɯmme <temmaiH> to be sick ‣ Miller 1972: 140
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ ja <tuuya> sickness, illness, disease, ailment, pain ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Serrano tɯ̄ ʔain poison (vt.) ‣ kch
Serrano tɯ̄ ʔaint poison (n.) ‣ kch
tE-22 land of the dead

Takic
Cupan *tə̄lVmə- ‣ kch
Luiseño to̱lmul <tólmu-l> the land of the dead, "Hell" ‣ Bright 1968: 44
Cupeño tə̱lməkiʃ <te̱lmeki-sh> land of the spirits, underworld, "Hell" ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
(with ki-01)
Cahuilla te̱lmekiʃ <télmekiš> place where dead people live ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 207 (with ki-01)
tE-23 cut (Miller 1967: 117 *tek) *tɯkɯC <*tïkï[C]> to cut ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *tɯskɯ | *tɯska
<*tɨskɨ | *tɨska> to cut ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (113); *tɯk- <*tɨk-> cut ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978:
271 (218)
Numic *tɯk... <*tək...> cut ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (240)
Central Numic
Shoshone tɯkoa <tekoa> scissors, shears ‣ Miller 1972: 138
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tɯkanni- <tïγan·i-> to cut up meat ‣ Sapir 1931: 681
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ kɯ <tuku> cut ‣ Hopi Dictionary
508
tE-24 tE-24
Takic
Serran [cognate?]
Serrano tɯhtɯj work ‣ kch
Serrano tɯhtɯjitᶴ job ‣ kch
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve te̱kson <técson> picar «mince, chop, hash» ‣ Pennington 1981: 228
Nahua *təkɯtɯ <*təkɨtɨ> work ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (193)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡateki <tequi.nitla> cortar algo «cut something» ‣ Molina 1571: 105r
Classical Nahuatl tekitˡ <tequitl> tributo, o obra de trabajo «tribute, work» ‣ Molina 1571: 105v
Classical Nahuatl teki <tequ(i)> to cut something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 232
Classical Nahuatl tekitˡ <tequi-tl> tribute, labor, duty, quota, term (of office) ‣ Karttunen 1986: 233
Tetelcingo Mexicano kiteki <qui ̱tequi ̱> lo corta, lo troza «[he] cuts it, cuts it into logs» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 204
Tetelcingo Mexicano tekitˡ <tequi ̱tl> ocupación, trabajo, obra «occupation, job, work» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 226
Pochutla Mexicano tki <tqui> llevar «carry» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pochutla Mexicano nkoba tokot <ncobá tocót> tengo trabajo «I have a job» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil teki to cut, to cut fruit ‣ Campbell 1985: 484
Pipil tekit <teki-t> work, job, chore, duty ‣ Campbell 1985: 484
tE-24 deer (Miller 1967: 123 *te | *tek)

Numic *tɯhɯ <*təhə> deer/horse ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (237)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttɯhɯtᶴa <tɨhɨǰa> deer ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 19
Western Mono tɯhɯ̱ tta <tɨhɨ ̱tA> deer ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 217
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯhɯja <tühüya(n)> deer ‣ Dayley 1989: 315
Western Shoshone tɯhɯja <teheya> deer ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯhɯja <tyhyja> deer ‣ Crapo 1976: 90
Shoshone tɯhɯjan <teheyan> deer ‣ Miller 1972: 138
Comanche tɯhɯja | tɯhɯ̄ jḁ <tʉhʉya | tʉhʉʉya̱> horse ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 129
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯhɯja <tɨhɨya> deer ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 279
Chemehuevi tɯhia <təhíʲḁ> deer ‣ K. Hill 1969: 38
Southern Paiute tɯkia <tïγiÁ> deer ‣ Sapir 1931: 681
Southern Ute tɯijɯ <tu̧ í-yi ̧> deer ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 194
509
tE-25 tE-25
Tübatulabal [cognate? vowel is unexpected]

Tübatulabal tohīl <tohi·´l> deer ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 113 [a nominalization derived from tE-25 tohat,
hunt, perhaps a loanword]
Takic [cognate? ‑n- is unexpected]
Cupan <*tə́:ni-la> antelope ‣ Munro 1990: 237 (5)
Luiseño to̱nla <tón-la> antelope ‣ Bright 1968: 44
̃ antelope ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 209
Cahuilla te̱niʎ <ténil>
tE-25 hunt
Numic *tɯ(ho) <*tə(ho)> go hunting ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (236); *tɯna <*təna> pursue ‣ Ianucci
1973: 119 (244)
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯkai <tykai"> to hunt ‣ Crapo 1976: 90
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯke <tyke"> (Cherry Creek dialect) ‣ Crapo 1976: 90
Western Shoshone tɯke <tekai"> hunt ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Shoshone tɯhoi | tɯkai | tɯke <tehoiH | tekaiG> to hunt ‣ Miller 1972: 138
Comanche tɯhoittɯ <tʉhoitʉ> hunt game ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 129
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯnaha- <tɨnaha-> to hunt PL ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 279
Chemehuevi tɯnɯappi <tənə́api ̥> rock-trap ‣ K. Hill 1969: 39
Southern Paiute tɯnnā- <tïn·a·-> to hunt ‣ Sapir 1931: 675
Southern Ute tɯnāī <tu̧ náay> hunt ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 196
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ ni <tuuni> game animal obtained on a hunt, kill, prey, carcass ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ vosi <tuuvosi> any game animal ‣ kch
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tohat <toha[-t]> to hunt ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227 [‑oh- is unexpected; perhaps a
loanword]
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño to̱pi- | tup�̄-̱ <tópi- | tup-í·-> to track, to follow tracks ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Cupeño təpi ̱n <tepi ̱ne;‑0> to follow, track ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla ‑te̱pin- <‑tépin-> to track, to follow tracks ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 210
Nahua *tēmowa <*teemowa> look for ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (101)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡatemoa <temoa.nitla> buſcar algo, o inquirir de algun negocio «look for
something, ask about some business» ‣ Molina 1571: 97v
Classical Nahuatl tēmoa <tēmoā> to seek something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 223
510
tE-26 tE-28
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitēmoa <qui ̱tiemoa> lo busca, lo extraña «[he] looks for it, wonders at it» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano mostemutuk <moztemutúc> andan buscándote «they're looking for you» ‣ Boas
1917: 32
Pipil tēmua <te:mua> to look for ‣ Campbell 1985: 490
tE-26 hide, skin

Numic *tɯpɯhɯ <*təpəhə> hide/skin ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (249)
Central Numic
Comanche tɯhɯ̥ pɯ | tɯhpɯ <tʉhʉ̱bʉ | tʉhpʉ> hide (raw skin) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 130
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tɯpɯ̄ pɯ <tïvʷï·´-ɸÏ> hide owned ‣ Sapir 1931: 678
Southern Paiute tɯpɯ̄ pɯni <tïvʷï·´-vʷï-nI> hide which I own ‣ Sapir 1931: 678
tE-27 eat <*tɨkka> ‣ AMR; *tɯᵤka <*tɨᵤka> to eat ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (163)
Numic *tɯhka <*təhka> eat ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (238)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttɯkka <tɨka> eat ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 43
Western Mono tɯkka- <tɨka-> to eat ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 219-220
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯkkah <tükkah> eat ‣ Dayley 1989: 316
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯkkah <tykkah> to eat ‣ Crapo 1976: 90
Western Shoshone tɯkkah <tekkah> eat ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Shoshone tɯkka <tekkaH> to eat (tr.) ‣ Miller 1972: 138
Comanche tɯhkatɯ <tʉhkarʉ> eat ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 129
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi tɯkkappi | tɯkkappippɯ <təkápi ̥ | təkápipə̥> food ‣ K. Hill 1969: 39
Southern Paiute tɯkka- <tïq·a‑ˢ> to eat ‣ Sapir 1931: 679
Southern Ute tɯkkaī <tu̧̱káy> eat ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 195
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tɯkkat <tɨk[-at]> to eat (it) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226 [Numic loanword]
tE-28 below (Miller 1967: 34 [no reconstruction])

Takic
Serran
Serrano tɯ̄ vɯkaʔ down, down below ‣ kch
511
tE-29 tE-29
Tongva (Gabrielino) to̱ŋko <toŋko> pabajo «downward» ‣ Harrington notes 337
Cupan
Luiseño tō̱ŋax <tó·-ŋax> down, below, underneath ‣ Bright 1968: 44
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tere̱ <teré> below ‣ Miller 1996: 394
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riʔre̱ <ri'ré> abajo «below» ‣ Hilton 1959: 64
Cora/Huichol
Cora hetēṉ <jeteén> debajo ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 142 (perhaps with pE-12)
Nahua *təmowa | *təmo <*təmo(wa)> descend ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (44) [cognate?]
Classical Nahuatl nitemo <temo.ni> deſcendir o abaxar «descend, go or come down» ‣ Molina 1571:
97v
Classical Nahuatl temō to descend ‣ Karttunen 1983: 223
Tetelcingo Mexicano temo baja «[he] descends» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 225
Pochutla Mexicano dmu <d'mu> bajar «descend» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil temu to descend, to come down, to get down, to get off ‣ Campbell 1985: 490
tE-29 pine nut (Miller 1967: 319 *tepa) *tɯpat <*typat> piñon ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203
Numic *tɯpah <*təpah> pine nut ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (245)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttɯpa <tɨba> pinenut ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 8
Western Mono tɯpa̱ʔ <tɨba̱'> pinyon pine nuts (Pinus edulis) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 211
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯpa(ttˢi) <tüpa(ttsi)> pinenut ‣ Dayley 1989: 327
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯpa <typa> pine nut ‣ Crapo 1976: 92
Western Shoshone tɯpa <tepa"> pine nut ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 287
Shoshone tɯpa <tepa"> pine nut ‣ Miller 1972: 139
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯpattˢi <tɨva-ci> pinyon nut, pinyon seed ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 280
Kawaiisu tɯpappɯ <tɨva-pɨ> single-leaf pinyon, Pihus monophylla ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 280
Chemehuevi tɯpa <tə́vḁ> piñon nut ‣ K. Hill 1969: 39
Chemehuevi tɯpappɯ <təvápə̥> piñon tree ‣ K. Hill 1969: 39
Southern Paiute tɯpa <tï´(u)ɸA> pine-nuts ‣ Sapir 1931: 677
Southern Paiute tɯpappɯ <tïvʷa´-p·Ï, tïvʷα´-p·Ï> piñon, pine from which nuts are obtained ‣
Sapir 1931: 677
Southern Ute tɯpatᶴi <tu̧ vu̧ á-ci> nut, kernel ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 199
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ va <tuva> pinyon nut, nut ‣ Hopi Dictionary
512
tE-30 tE-34
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tɯpat <tɨba-t> pine nuts ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯvat <təvat, tə́vat> piñon ‣ Anderton 1988: 534
Serrano tɯvat pinyon (Pinus monophylla) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tovāʔ̱ at <továa'at> piñon ‣ Harrington notes 584
Cupan *təva̱-t <*təvá-t> conifer sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (28)
Luiseño tō̱vat | tuva̱t <tó·va-t | tuvá-t> pinyon tree, Pinus quadrifolia ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Cupeño tə̱vat <te̱ve-t> Conifer sp. (= te̱va-t) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla te̱vat <tévat> pine-nut, piñon ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 212
tE-30 conifer sp. (merged into tE-29)
tE-31 grasshopper (moved to ta-56)
tE-32 small, little

Numic *tɯ(h) | *tɯe(h) | *tɯ̄̆ (h) <*tə(e)(h) | *tə(ə)(h)> small ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (235)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯtɯttˢittˢi <tütüttsittsi> little, small ‣ Dayley 1989:
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯtɯn <ty-tyn> little, small ‣ Crapo 1976: 94
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯtɯttˢi <ty-ty-cci> a small thing ‣ Crapo 1976: 94
Western Shoshone tɯiku <teiku> small, little; quietly ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 286
Comanche tɯeʔttɯ | tɯehpɯʔttɯ | tɯtɯe | tɯtɯehpɯ <tʉeʔtʉ | tʉehpʉʔrʉ̱ | tʉrʉe | tʉrʉehpʉ>
child ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 187
tE-33 put (merged into tE-07)
tE-34 very, really

Numic *tɯpitˢi <*təpici> very/really ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (248)
Western Numic
Western Mono tɯpitˢi ̱ttu <tɨbizi ̱-tU> important ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 213
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯpitˢi <tüpitsi> very, really, truly ‣ Dayley 1989: 329
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯpitˢi <typi-ci"> really, very; very own, personal, true ‣ Crapo
1976: 90
513
tE-35 tE-36
Western Shoshone tɯpitˢi <tepitsi> very, really; real, right ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 287
Shoshone tɯpisɯh <tepiseh> true ‣ Miller 1972: 139
Comanche tɯpitˢi <tʉbitsi> really, surely ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 127
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯpisɯbi <tɨvi-šɨbi> really?; it is so, it is true ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 281
Chemehuevi tɯpisampa <tɨ'visamp(a)> true ‣ Press 1979: 157
Southern Paiute tɯpi- <tïvi-> very, really ‣ Sapir 1931: 678
Southern Ute tɯpɯtᶴi <tu̧ vú̧ ci ̱> very, truly ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 199
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tepa | tepan I think, I thought that ... ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 141 [cognate?]
Mayo tepa muy «very» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 188
tE-35 borrow
Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯʔa- <tɨʔa-> to borrow ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 277
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tɯʔat <tɨʔa[-t]> to loan, to borrow it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
Takic
Serran
Serrano tɯ̄ ʔɯn borrow ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tō̱ʔ- <tó·ʔ-> to borrow ‣ Bright 1968: 44
Cupeño tə̱ʔən <te̱'e;‑ine> to lend, to borrow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla ‑te̱ʔe- <‑téʔe-> to borrow, to rent from ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 216
tE-36 earth (Miller 1967: 150 *te | *tep)

Numic *tɯpi(h) <*təpi(h)> earth/land/ground ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (247)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttīppa <tiipa> earth ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 17
Western Mono tɯpi ̱ppɯ <tɨbi ̱pƗ> dirt ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 213
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯpi(ppɯh) <tüpi(ppüh)> habitat, homeland, native land,
stomping ground, niche ‣ Dayley 1989: 328
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tɯpia <typia> a field, farm, ranch, place of dwelling, (home)
territory, land, meadow ‣ Crapo 1976: 93
Western Shoshone tɯpia <tepia> land owned, real property ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 287
514
tE-37 tE-38
Shoshone tɯpia <tepia> home country; land, property (also means 'middle') ‣ Miller 1972: 140
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tīppɯ <tii-pɨ> dirt; earth; world; year ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 277
Chemehuevi tɯpippɯ <təvípə̥> earth ‣ K. Hill 1969: 40
Chemehuevi tɯpiwa <təvíwḁ> earth, land ‣ K. Hill 1969: 40
Southern Paiute tɯpippɯ <tïvʷɩ´-p·Ï> earth ‣ Sapir 1931: 677
Southern Ute tɯpɯppɯ <tu̧ vú̧ -pu̧ > earth, world, soil, dirt, ground, country, land ‣ Southern Ute
Tribe 1979: 200
Takic
Serran
́ atr̥, təvatʃr, təʔvatʃr, təvatʃr̥, tə̄vatʃr,
Kitanemuk tɯvatᶳ <tə́vatr̥, tə́va[t]ʃr̥, tə̄vatʃr̥, tə́vatʃr, tə̄v
tə́vatʃr̥, tə́vatʃr̥ [ligature under tʃr̥], tə̄vahtʃr, təvatʃr, tə̄vahts> ‣ Anderton 1988: 532
Serrano tiɯʳvatᶳ earth, ground, land, world ‣ kch
Serrano tɯ̄ vɯnuʔ down below (abl.) ‣ kch
Serrano tɯ̄ vɯkaʔ downward (dat.) ‣ kch
Serrano tɯ̄ vɯvaʔ down on the ground (loc.) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tovāṟ <továarr> tierra ‣ Harrington notes 144
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve teva̱t <tevát> tierra «earth» ‣ Pennington 1981: 231
Ópata teve <tebe> earth ‣ Shaul 1983: 111
tE-37 north
Takic *tɯmām-ika ‣ kch
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯmāmik <təmāmik, tə́mamik, tə́m̅amik> west? north? ‣ Anderton 1988: 526
Serrano tɯmɯnɯm west ‣ kch [cognate?]
Cupan
Luiseño tumām
̱ ik <tumá·-m-ik> northward ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Cupeño təma̱mka <tema̱mka> to the north ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla te̱memka <témem-ka> north, toward the north ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 207
tE-38 close, lock (Miller 1967: 90 *tem)

Numic *tɯma | *tama <*təma | *tama> close (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 119 (241)
Central Numic
Shoshone ‑tɯma <‑temaH> to close in; to lock in (instrm., tr.) (sg. ojb.) ‣ Miller 1972: 139
515
tE-39 tE-40
Comanche tɯmatɯ <tʉmarʉ> cover up (put a lid on) (also: fill something) ‣ Robinson & Armagost
1990: 133
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi tɯwa- <tɨ'wa> close ‣ Press 1979: 157
Southern Paiute tɯmaī <tïŋwá-i‘> locks up ‣ Sapir 1931: 676
Southern Paiute tɯmajʔɯkkʷa <tïŋwa´-y’ï-q·WA> closes it (inv.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 676
Southern Ute tuwaī <tuwáy> close, lock, shut ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 193
Takic
Serran
Serrano tɯmḵ | tɯmɯhḵ close (vi.) ‣ kch
Serrano tɯmkin | tɯmɯhkin close (vt.) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tōmaviʃ <tó·ma-vi-š> blind ‣ Bright 1968: 44 [cognate?]
Cupeño tə̱min <te̱me;‑ine> ro cover, close, enclose ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla ‑te̱mi- <‑témi-> to close, to lock up ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 208
tE-39 back, shoulder

Nahua *təpotˢ- <*təpoȼ-> back, shoulder ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (9)
Classical Nahuatl tepotˢtˡi <teputztli> traſera o eſpalda de perſona «person's back or shoulders» ‣
Molina 1571: 103v
Classical Nahuatl tepotˢtˡi <tepotz-tli> back, shoulders ‣ Karttunen 1983: 231
Pochutla Mexicano dpotˢ <d'potz> espalda «back» ‣ Boas 1917: 34
Pipil iteputˢ <i-teputs> its back ‣ Campbell 1985: 498
tE-40 supernatural (Miller 1967: 424 *te)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯʔa̱laŋʷ <tu'alangw> evil supernatural apparition ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯ̄ it <təjt, tə́jit, tə̄it, tə́it> spirit; ghost, person that has died ‣ Anderton 1988: 536
Serrano tɯ̄ it death spirit, "devil" ‣ kch
Cupan *tə̱̄wi-ʃ <*tə́:wi-š> deity/spirit ‣ Munro 1990: 240 (34)
Luiseño tō̱wiʃ <tó·wi-š> spirit, ghost, devil ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Cupeño tə̱wiʃ <te̱wi-sh> a Luiseño or Cahuilla deity ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla te̱tiwiʃ <tetiwiš> dreamer ‣ Bean 1972: 116
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴiopi ̥ <ciopï> church ‣ Mathiot 1973: 211 [Nahua loanword]
Guariío/Rarámuri
516
tE-41 tE-42
Guarijío teʔopa̱ <teʔopá> church ‣ Miller 1996: 395 [Nahua loanword]

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) riʔoba̱ <ri'obá> iglesia, templo «church, temple» ‣ Hilton 1959: 64 [Nahua
loanword]
Cora/Huichol
Cora teju̱h <teyuj> iglesia, templo «church, temple» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 185 [Nahua
loanword?]
Wixarika (Huichol) tejeu.pánī <teyeu.pánii> templo cristiano «Christian church» ‣ Grimes et al.
1981: 102 [Nahua loanword]
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl teotˡ <teotl> dios «god» ‣ Molina 1571: 101r
Classical Nahuatl teōtˡ <teō-tl> god ‣ Karttunen 1983: 228
Tetelcingo Mexicano teōpa <teupa> iglesia, templo «church, temple» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 226
tE-41 mortar, pestle *tɯᵤpa <*tɨᵤpa> mortar ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (169) (cf. tE-12; perhaps with pa-
30)
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño tō̱pal <to·pa-l> mortar ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Luiseño tō̱pawut <to·pa-wu-t> pestle ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Cupeño tə̱pəlkʷə <te̱pelkwe> a bedrock mortar site at Cupa ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla te̱pa <tépa> a flat rock (pressed against the hill) north of Los Coyotes ‣ Seiler & Hioki
1979: 209
Tepiman *tɯpa̱ <*tɨ'pa> mano de metate ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (242) (with pa-30)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯpa <cepa> mortar; a hole in the rock used as a mortar ‣ Mathiot
1973: 1.194
Pima Bajo tɯ̱ pa <'tɨpa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (242)
Northern Tepehuan tɯ́ pai <t�ṕ ai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (242)
Southern Tepehuan topā̱ <to'paa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (242)
Southeastern Tepehuan topā <[to´paa]> pestle ‣ Willett 1991: 23
tE-42 wolf (Miller 1967: 469 *tepa)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯpitˢi <tɨvi-ži> wolf; Coyote's brother ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 282
Chemehuevi tɯpatˢi <tɨ'vac(i)> wolf ‣ Press 1979: 157
Southern Paiute tɯpatˢi <tïva´-ts· | tïvʷa´-ts·> Wolf, powerful one (as mythological being) ‣ Sapir
1931: 677
517
tE-43 tE-47
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tɯpajtᶴ <tɨbaič> the wolf ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 226
tE-43 rope
Tepiman *tɯro̱vini <*tɨ'rovini> rope ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (243)
Pima Bajo tɯ̱ rviɲ <'tɨrviñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (243)
Northern Tepehuan tɯró- <tɨró-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (243)
Southern Tepehuan tɯ̱ rviɲ <'tɨrviñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (243)
Southeastern Tepehuan tɯrviɲ <[´tïř.viñ]> rope ‣ Willett 1991: 26
tE-44 play
Tepiman *tɯtɯ̱ vi(‑) <*tɨ'tɨvi(‑)> to play ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (245)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴitᶴwi <cicvi> to play a game with obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.204
Pima Bajo tɯtv- <'tɨtv-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (245)
Northern Tepehuan tɯtɯvi <tɨtɨvi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (245)
Southern Tepehuan tɯtvi- <'tɨ ̱tvi-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (245)
tE-45 raise, ascend (merged into ta-49)
tE-46 green, blue

Tepiman *tɯɯdo̱gi <*tɨɨ'dogi> green, blue ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (249)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯ̄ dagi ̥ | tᶴɯ̄ dag <ceedag(ï)> to be blue-green ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.181
Pima Bajo tɯ̱̄ dig <'tɨɨdig> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (249)
Northern Tepehuan tɯ̄ dógi <tɨɨdógi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (249)
Southern Tepehuan ‑cɯ̱̄ doʔ <‑'tʸɨɨdo?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (249)
tE-47 ground squirrel

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱ kʲa <tukya> prairie dog ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *tɯ̄ ku̱ri <*tɨɨ'kuri> ground squirrel ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (251)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯ̄ kul <chehkul> squirrel ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 5
Pima Bajo tɯ̱̄ kil <'tɨɨkil> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (251)
Northern Tepehuan tūkúli <tuukúli> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (251)
Southern Tepehuan tɯ̱̄ kuʎ <'tɨɨkulʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (251)
Southeastern Tepehuan tɯ̄ koʎ <[tïï.koɡ̷lʸ]> ground squirrel ‣ Willett 1991: 26
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) teku squirrel ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 140
Mayo tekku <teccu> ardilla «squirrel» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 186
518
tE-48 tE-51
Tubar
Tubar tikūl <tikúl, tikúƚ> ardilla de tierra «ground squirrel» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
tE-48 gopher
Tepiman *tɯvo̱ha | tɯvo̱hi <*tɨ'voha/i> gopher ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (247)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) dᶾɯvho <jevho> gopher ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.418
Pima Bajo tɯ̱ vi <'tɨvi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (247)
Northern Tepehuan tɯvóxi | tɯvóki <tɨvóhi | tɨvóki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (247)
Southern Tepehuan tɯvu̱a <tɨ'vua> ‣ Bascom 1965: 176 (247)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío teʔpo̱si <teʔpósi> mole ‣ Miller 1996: 395
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ripo̱si <riposi> tuza «gopher» ‣ Hilton 1959: 64
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tebo̱s <tebós> tuza «gopher» ‣ Lionnet 1986: 104
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tevos gopher ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 224
Mayo tevvos <tebbos> topo «mole» ‣ Collard & Collard 1979: 186
Cora/Huichol
Cora ta̱wsa <taujsa> tuza «gopher» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 178
Wixarika (Huichol) téwʂa <téuxa> tusa (= tuza) «gopher» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 101
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tosan <toçan> topo, animal o rata «mole, animal or rat» ‣ Molina 1971: 148r
Classical Nahuatl tosan <tozan> gopher ‣ Karttunen 1983:249
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡālitōsa <tlölitusa> tusa (= tuza) «gopher» (lit. earth-gopher, possibly formed
from the Mexican Spanish tuza, itself borrowed from Nahuatl) ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1971: 100
tE-49 burrow, cave *tɯn + kī rock + house ‣ kch (cf. tE-56)

Takic
Cupan (with ki-01)
Cupeño tə̱kiʃ <te̱ki-sh> burrow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 174
Cahuilla te̱kiʃ <téki-š> hole, cave ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 205
tE-50 to work (merged into tE-23)
tE-51 alder
Takic
Serran
519
tE-52 tE-53
Kitanemuk tɯkɯt <tə́k̅ət>

̣ tree sp.: smooth like an alder but as big, with leaf like plum tree ‣
Anderton 1988: 524
Serrano tɯḵɯt alder (Alnus rhombifolia) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tuko̱nla | tukō̱nut <tukón-la | tukó·nu-t> alder tree ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Cupeño tu̱kənət <tu̱kene-t> Alder tree ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176 [cognate? vowel is wrong]
tE-52 lime, white clay

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ ma <tuuma> kaolin, whitewash, white clay used for whitewashing, plastering, or
bodypaint ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate?]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯvītᶳ <təvītʃr> lime ‣ Anderton 1988: 535
Serrano tɯ̄ vitᶴ white clay, cement, lime ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tō̱vej <tóoviy̥> white clay ‣ Harrington notes 453
Cupan
Luiseño tō̱val | tō̱viʃ <tó·va-l | tó·vi-š> white clay ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Luiseño to̱vkiʃ <tóvki-š> storage cave ‣ Bright 1968: 45 (with ki-01)
Cahuilla te̱viʃnek <téviš-nek> white ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 213
tE-53 cottontail rabbit (Miller 1967: 334b *ta)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯhoqt <tə́hoqt, tə́hɔkt‘> rabbit sp., with white tail ‣ Anderton 1988: 521
Serrano tiɯʳhaqt desert cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) toʂō̱xot <toʃóoxọt> conejo «cottontail» ‣ Harrington notes 453
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) toʂt <dóct, tosht, toʃt> rabbit ‣ Woodward 2007: 180, 207
Luiseño tō̱ʂiqat | tō̱ʂixit <tó·ṣiqa-t | tó·ṣixi-t> cottontail rabbit ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Luiseño tō̱ʂaxit <tóo$ax-it> cottontail rabbit ‣ Elliott 1999: 964
Cupeño ti ̱sixat <ti ̱sixa-t> cottontail rabbit ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176 (also at to-31) [vowel is
unexpected]
520
tE-54 tE-57
tE-54 roast, bake (Miller 1967: 353a *te)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯʔma- | tuʔma- <tɨʔma- | tuʔma-> to roast, bake ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 277
Chemehuevi tɯmʔa- <tɨ'm?a> bake ‣ Press 1979: 156
Southern Paiute tɯʔmaī <tï’mʷa´-i‘> (he) roasts under ashes ‣ Sapir 1931: 673
Southern Ute tuʔmaī <tu?máy> bake, roast ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 190
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tɯ̄ ʔ <təʔ, tə̅ ʔ> roast ‣ Anderton 1988: 520
Serrano tɯ̄ ʔ roast, bake ‣ kch
tE-55 ask <*tɨm-> ‣ AMR

Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve nete̱maden <netémaden> preguntar «ask» ‣ Pennington 1981: 212
Ópata nettema ask ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) temae ask ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 140
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) nattemae ask about, ask for ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 102
Mayo tema̱e : aʔa tema̱ek <temáe : a'a temaec> le preguntó «[he] asked him» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 188
Mayo natemae <nátemae> está preguntando «[he] is asking» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 167
tE-56 cave <*tɨn- rock + *kaliR house> ‣ AMR (cf. tE-49)

Numic (with ka-06)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tɯŋkahni <tüngkahni> cave house ‣ Dayley 1989: 326
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tɯkahni <tɨ-gahni> cave ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 278
Chemehuevi tɯŋkanʔni <təŋkán’ni ̥> cave ‣ K. Hill 1969: 39
tE-57 sew [tentative set—probably should be abandoned]

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̱̄ ʔiha <tuu'iha> sew (D. Shaul sugggests this is from tɯ̄ - indefinite object + ‑ʔīha; but no
root ‑ʔīha has been identified) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
521
tE-59 to-01
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) te̱ra <tera> telar «loom» (< Spanish tela ?) ‣ Hilton 1959: 74
tE-59 heel
Tepiman *tɯka̱vo <*tɨ'kavo> heel ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (240a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴɯkvo <cekvo> ankle ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.190
Northern Tepehuan tɯkávo <tɨkávo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (240a)
Southern Tepehuan tɯ̱ kvo <'tɨkvo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 175 (240a)
tE-60 person (Miller 1967: 273b *tewi) (separated from tu-10)

Cora/Huichol
Cora te̱vi <tebi> gente ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 46
Wixarika (Huichol) téwí <téví> persona, indígena ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 102
tE-61 up, above

Guariío/Rarámuri (moved from ta-49)
Guarijío teipo̱ | tepo̱ <teipó | tepó> above ‣ Miller 1996: 393
Guarijío tewi ̱ <tewí> above ‣ Miller 1996: 395
Guarijío teʔpa̱ <teʔpá> above ‣ Miller 1996: 395
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve te̱va <téva> por arriba «up, above» ‣ Pennington 1981: 231
tE-62 unspecified object prefix

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɯ̄ - <tuu-> unspecified object prefix ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tē- nonspecific human object prefix ‣ Karttunen 1983: 215
ti-01 boy (Miller 1967: 55 *ti, *tiʔo) (merged into ci-24, tE-09, tu-10)
to-01 acorn, oak (Miller 1967: 309 *tua)

Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) tō̱mʂar <tóomʃarr> a kind of roble (oak) ‣ Harrington notes 316 [cognate?
vowel is unexpected; ‑m- is unexpected]
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) toa <toa> the oak tree (Quercus) ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 58
522
to-02 to-03
Southeastern Tepehuan tua <tua> oak ‣ Willett 1991: 50

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío toha̱ <tohá> kind of oak ‣ Miller 1996: 396
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rohui ̱ <rojuí> bellota «acorn» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rohua̱ <rojuá> encino (de todos tipos) «oak (generic)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve toha̱ <tohá> encino «oak» ‣ Pennington 1981: 232
Ópata to̱a | toaa <tóa | toaa> oak ‣ Shaul 1983: 115
Cora/Huichol
Cora tua̱h <tuáj> roble «oak» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 183
to-02 put, place (pl. obj.)

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) toʔid to put, pour, obj somewhere ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.206
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío toʔa̱ni <toʔá-ni> to place pl. obj. ‣ Miller 1996: 397
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) toʔa <to'a> pour, lay down (pl. obj.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 143
Mayo toʔa : am toʔa <to'a : am to'a> los está poniendo, tendiendo «[he] is putting, laying them» ‣
Cora/Huichol
Cora narū̱tuame <naruútuame> lo llevo (a dejar) «I carry it (to leave it)» ‣ McMahon & McMahon
1959: 152
Wixarika (Huichol) túa- <túa=> acarrear, colocar «carry, place» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 105
to-03 white (Miller 1967: 458 *tosa) *tosa white ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 278 (288); *toᵤsa white ‣
Numic *tosa white ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (220)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute toha white ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 47
Western Mono tuttˢitāki- <tutsidaagi-> to be white ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 266
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tosapi | tosapitɯn <tosapi(tün)> white ‣ Dayley 1989: 296
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tosa <tosa"> white ‣ Crapo 1976: 86
Western Shoshone tosakeh <tosakaih> be white ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 289
Shoshone tosa white ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche tosappi ̥ | tosappi ̥ttɯ̥ <tosapi ̱ | tosapi ̱tʉ̱> white ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 111
523
to-04 to-04
Tepiman *to̱ha <*'toha> white ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (222)

Tohono O'odham (Papago) toha | toa <to(h)a> to be white ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.191
Pima Bajo to̱a <'toa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (222)
Northern Tepehuan tóxa <tóha> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (222)
Southern Tepehuan ‑cua <‑tʸua> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (222)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tohsa̱nani <tohsána-ni> to be white ‣ Miller 1996: 396
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rosa̱kami <rosácami> blanco «white» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
Eudeve/Ópata
Ópata tosai <tossay> white ‣ Shaul 1983: 119
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tosai white ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 145
Mayo tosali | tosari <tósali | tósari> blanco «white» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 191
Tubar
Tubar tosa̱r <to̧sá-r> blanco «white» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Cora/Huichol
Wixarika (Huichol) tuʂā-́ <tuxáa=> blanco «white» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 107
Nahua *ɯsta- <*ɨsta-> salt (metathesis: *‑sta < *-tsa < *‑tosa) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (138)
Classical Nahuatl istak <iztac> coſa blanca «white thing» ‣ Molina 1571: 49r
Classical Nahuatl istāk <iztāc> something white ‣ Karttunem 1983: 124
Classical Nahuatl istatˡ <iztatl> ſal «salt» ‣ Molina 1571: 49v
Classical Nahuatl istatˡ <izta-tl> salt ‣ Karttunen 1983: 124
Classical Nahuatl tisatˡ <tiçatl> cierto barniz, o tierra blanca «a kind of varnish, or white earth»
(suggested by Manaster Ramer 1996: 113) ‣ Molina 1571: 113r
Classical Nahuatl tīsatˡ <tīza-tl> whitewash, white earth ‣ Karttunen 1983: 241
Tetelcingo Mexicano īstāk <istöc> blanco, limpio «white, clean» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 133
Pochutla Mexicano ostet <oztét> sal «salt» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pipil istak <ista-k> white ‣ Campbell 1985: 234
Pipil istat <ista-t> salt ‣ Campbell 1985: 234
to-04 cottontail rabbit (Miller 1967: 333 *to) *tokʷi rabbit ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (56)
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) tō̱vet <tṓvit> smaller sp. of cottontail ‣ Harrington notes 162 (cf. tE-53)
Cupan
Luiseño tō̱vit <tó∙vi-t> brush rabbit (vowel is wrong; possibly a Tongva loanword) ‣ Bright 1968: 45
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tōbi ̥ <toobï> cottontail rabbit ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.198
524
to-05 to-05
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío toi ̱ <toí> cotton tail rabbit ‣ Miller 1996: 396
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rowi ̱ <rohuí> conejo «rabbit» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Tubar
Tubar owila̱ <o̧wiƚá> conejo «rabbit» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 62 [cognate? loss of initial consonant is
unexpected]
to-05 winter (Miller 1967: 467 *tomo) *toᵤmo winter ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (165)
Numic *tohmo winter/year ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (216)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttomo <tomo> winter | year ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 16 | 72
Western Mono tōwa̱nō <toowa̱no> winter, wintertime, in the winter ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 235
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tommo winter(time), year; in the winter ‣ Dayley 1989: 293
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tommoppɯh <tommo-ppyh> year, winter ‣ Crapo 1976: 86
Western Shoshone tommo winter, in the winter time; year ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 289
Shoshone tommo winter; year ‣ Miller 1972: 141
Comanche tomōtɯ <tomoorʉ> winter ‣ Roninson & Armagost 1990: 109
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tomo winter ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 284
Chemehuevi tommo- <to'm(o)> winter/year ‣ Press 1979: 157
Southern Paiute tommo | tomma <tɔ´mƆ | tɔ´mA> winter ‣ Sapir 1931: 685
Southern Ute tommo <tó̧mo̧> winter ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 189
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tōmowil <tô·´môwɩ´l> winter ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.97
Takic [vowel is unexpected]
Serran
Kitanemuk tamoʔavea <tám̅ oave; puyu tamoʔa·vea 'every winter'> winter ‣ Anderton 1988: 514
Serrano taʳmoʳaʔp in the winter; every year ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tamēv̱ ŋej <taméevŋey> year ‣ Harrington notes 572
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tōm <toom> to bear fruits out of the regular season, to give a second
crop ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.198
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tomo̱ <tomó> winter ‣ Miller 1996: 397
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) romo̱ <romó> invierno «winter» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Eudeve/Ópata
525
to-06 to-06
Eudeve tomo̱ <tomó> invierno «winter» ‣ Pennington 1981: 233

Tubar
Tubar timʷisa̱ <timwi-sá> en el tiempo de lluvias «in the rainy season» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
to-06 shine (sun), be hot (weather), be the heat of the day (Miller 1967: 238a *ton) *tōma <*tooma>
shine (sun) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 276 (272); *toŋala <*toŋa-la> to shine, sun ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
143 (155)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɶ̱̄ ŋi <tööngi> hot weather, heat of the day ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tōŋavaʔ <túŋavaʔ, tóŋavaʔ> hot season ‣ Anderton 1988: 540, 547
Serrano tōʳŋavaʔ summer, in the summer ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño ite̱ŋvu <ʔitéŋvu> hot spring ‣ Bright 1968: 9
Cupeño tiŋ <ti ̱nge;‑0> to be hot, of people, weather, water, etc. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla ti ̱ŋiʃ <tíŋiš> warm ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 216
Cahuilla ti ̱ŋma <tíŋ-ma> warm ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 216
Tepiman *to̱ni <*'toni> hot ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (224); *tono̱ri <*to'nori> sunshine ‣ Bascom 1965: 174
(226)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) stoɲ <s-toñ> heat; hot; to be hot ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.197
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tonoɖ, tonɖ- <ton(o)ḑ> to shine ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.196
Pima Bajo to̱iɲ <'toiñ> hot ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (224)
Northern Tepehuan tóɲi <tóñi> hot ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (224)
Northern Tepehuan tonóli <tonóli> sunshine, rays (of the sun) ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (226); 1982: 305
Southern Tepehuan ‑co̱iɲ <‑'tʸoiñ> hot ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (224)
Southern Tepehuan tanō̱ʎ <ta'noolʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (226)
Southeastern Tepehuan tanoʎ <tanohl> day ‣ Willett 1991: 51
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tonona̱ <tono-ná> to boil, be boiling ‣ Miller 1996: 397
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rono̱ <ronó> hervirse «boil (vt.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tono̱n <tonón> tener calentura, hervir «have heat, boil» ‣ Pennington 1981: 233
Tubar
Tubar tono̱ <to̧nó̧> ser caliente, hacer calor «be hot» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Nahua *tōnal- <*toonal-> sun ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (163)
Classical Nahuatl tona <tona> hazer calor o ſol «be hot or sunny» ‣ Molina 1571: 149r
526
to-07 to-08
Classical Nahuatl tonalli <tonalli> calor del ſol, o tiempo de eſtio «heat of the sun, summer» ‣
Molina 1571: 149r
Classical Nahuatl tōna <tōna> to be warm, for the sun to shine ‣ Karttunen 1983: 245
Classical Nahuatl tōnalli <tōnal-li> warmth of the sun, summertime, day ‣ Karttunen 1983: 246
Tetelcingo Mexicano tōna <tuna> hace calor «it is hot» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 242
Tetelcingo Mexicano tōnali <tunali ̱> día, astro, sol «day, heavenly body, sun» ‣ Brewer & Brewer
1962: 242
Pochutla Mexicano tunel <tunél> sol «sun» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil tūnal <tu:nal> sun ‣ Campbell 1985: 517
to-07 knee (Miller 1967: 245) *tonō ‣ kch; *toŋo knee ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (30)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi kɯ̱ ktɶnsi <kuktönsi> heel ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with kE-04)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal toŋōl <toŋo·-l> the knee ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) netṓŋon <netóoŋon> mi rodilla «my knee» ‣ Harrington 3.104.0561
Tepiman *tō̱na <*'toona> knee, lower leg ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (227)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tōn <toon> knee; knot, ring (of a reed) ‣ Mathiot 1978: 2.199
Pima Bajo ton <'ton> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (227)
Northern Tepehuan tō̌na <toóna> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (227)
Southern Tepehuan tōn <'toon> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (227)
Southeastern Tepehuan tōnad <[´too.naʔn]> his leg (foot) ‣ Willett 1991: 16
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tono̱ <tonó> foot ‣ Miller 1996: 397
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rono̱ <ronó> pie, pata «foot» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tono̱t <tonót> rodilla «knee» ‣ Pennington 1981: 233
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tonom knee ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 145
Mayo tonnom <tónnom> rodillas «knees» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 190
Tubar
Tubar tono̱r <to̧nó̧-r> rodilla «knee» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Cora/Huichol
Cora tunu̱ <tunú> rodilla «knee» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 183
to-08 mouse
Guariío/Rarámuri
527
to-09 to-09
Guarijío tori ̱ <torí> rat ‣ Miller 1996: 397

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rori ̱ <rorí> rata «rat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tori rat ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 145
Mayo toori <tóori> rata (del campo) «wild rat» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 190
Tubar
Tubar toli ̱ <to̧ƚí> rata negra «black rat» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
to-09 belly (Miller 1967: 417 *to)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk toʔtᶳ <toʔtʃr> belly ‣ Anderton 1988: 537
Serrano ‑toʳʔ belly ‣ kch
Cupan *tēʔ̱ i-la <*té:ʔi-la> belly/bone ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (11)
Luiseño tēʔ̱ la <té:ʔ-la> belly (long vowel is unexpected before consonant cluster) ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Luiseño ‑tēʔ̱ <‑tée'> belly ‣ Elliott 1999: 929
Cupeño ti ̱ʔiʎ <ti ̱'i-ly> bone ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176 (also at o-01)
Cahuilla ti ̱ʔiʎ <tíʔi-l>̃ belly, stomach, waist ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 217
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tohpa̱ <tohpá> belly ‣ Miller 1996: 396
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ropa̱ <ropá> estómago, vientre «stomach, belly» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve to̱a <tóa> panza «belly» ‣ Pennington 1981: 232
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) toma stomach ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 144
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) topaʔa <topa'a> pot-bellied ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 145
Mayo toppa <toppa> estomago, barriga, vientre, panza «stomach, belly» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962:
191
Nahua *‑ɯhtɯ-k <*-ɨhtɨ-k> in, inside ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (92)
Classical Nahuatl itetˡ | ititˡ <itetl | ititl> barriga o vientre «belly» ‣ Molina 1571: 42v
Classical Nahuatl iʔtetˡ | iʔtitˡ <ihte-tl | ihti-tl> belly ‣ Karttunen 1983: 100
Classical Nahuatl ‑iʔtek | ‑iʔtik <‑ihtec | ‑ihtic> within, inside ‣ Karttunen 1983: 99, 100
Tetelcingo Mexicano īhte <ijte> su barriga «his belly» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 130
Tetelcingo Mexicano īhtek <ijtec> dentro de él, adentro en él «inside him» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962:
130
Pochutla Mexicano ‑tok <‑toc> en, adentro «in, inside» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil ihti belly, abdomen ‣ Campbell 1985: 224
Pipil ihtik <ihti-k> inside ‣ Campbell 1985: 224
528
to-10 to-12
to-10 bend (Miller 1967: 37 *to)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tumi ̱nani <tumína-ni> to fold, e.g. cloth ‣ Miller 1996: 399
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) romi ̱ <romí> estar doblándose «be bending (vi.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) totta fold (vt.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 146
Mayo tottia : aʔa tottia <tottia : a'a tottia> lo está doblando «[he] is bending it» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 191
to-11 copulate (Miller 1967: 100 *to)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tōjanat <to·yan[-at]> he is copulating ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño tō̱ʔma <tóʔma-> (of a man) to marry a wife; (of animals) to mate (vowel is wrong—listed
in this set in Miller 1967) ‣ Bright 1968: 44
Luiseño tēj̱ u <téeyu> shoot arrows (from Harrington: Elliott says "no data") ‣ Elliott 1999: 933
to-12 maternal grandfather (Miller 1967: 495 *to)

Numic *toko(ʔo) (maternal) grandfather/grandchild (by daughter) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (218)
Western Numic
Western Mono toko̱ʔ <tog̸o̱'> (maternal) grandfather, grandchild (by one's daughter) ‣ Bethel et
al. 1993: 232
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) toko(ttˢi) <toko(ttsi)> grandfather (MoFa); grandchild
(man speaking) ‣ Dayley 1989: 290
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone toko mother's father, man's daughter's child ‣ Crapo 1976: 138
Western Shoshone toko maternal grandfather; grandchild of man ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 288
Shoshone toko grandfather (mother's father); grandchild (man's daughter's child) ‣ Miller 1972: 141
Comanche tokoʔ maternal grandfather, man's uterine grandchild ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 109
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu toko- <togo=> mother's father ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 283
Southern Paiute tokoni <tɔχɔ´-nI, tɔ(·)γɔ´-nI> my grandfather (paternal or maternal) ‣ Sapir
1931: 687
Southern Ute tokotᶴi <toĝó-ci ̱> grandfather, mother's father; resiprocal: granddaughter, grandson
‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 188
529
to-13 to-15
to-13 cloud (Miller 1967: 93 *to | *top | *tom)

Numic *tō(̆ h) <*to(o)(h)> cloud ‣ Ianucci 1973: 116 (215)
Western Numic
Western Mono tō̱ppe <toopE> cloud ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 235
Central Numic
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tonnoppɯh | tohoppɯh <tonno-ppyh | toho-ppyh> cloud,
thundercloud ‣ Crapo 1976: 86
Western Shoshone tōppɯh <tooppeh> cloud ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 289
Shoshone tōmpaipittˢɯh | tōmpepittˢeh <toompai-pittseh> thunder ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Shoshone tōmpaiwɯppainna | tōmpewɯppenna <toompaiweppainna> to thunder (also
tōmpewɯppainna, tōmpaiwɯppenna?) ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche tomōpi ̥ <tomoobi ̱> clouds, heavens ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 109
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tomo̱ari <tomóari> cloud ‣ Miller 1996: 397 [cognate?]
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) romo̱wa <romohua> lloviznar «drizzle» ‣ Hilton 1959: 66 [cognate?]
Cahita
Mayo topo̱rom <topórom> incienso «incense» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 191
to-14 hill (Miller 1967: 230 *ton) *toᵤno hill, rise in ground ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (167)
Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tonnokki- | tunnukki- <tɔn·ɔq·i‑ˢ | tun·uq·i‑ˢ> a hill rises ‣ Sapir 1931: 692
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tōnk <toonk> ridge, dike ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.199
to-15 fish (Miller 1967: 174 *top)

Tepiman *vato̱pa | vato̱pi <*va'topa/i> fish ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (263a) (with pa-07)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vatopi ̥ <vatopï> worm, fish ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.241
Pima Bajo va̱tap <'vatap> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (263a)
Northern Tepehuan vatópa <vatópa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (263a)
Southern Tepehuan vatō̱p <va'toop> ‣ Bascom 1965: 177 (263a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rotᶴi ̱ <rochí> pez, pescado «fish» ‣ Hilton 1959: 65 [cognate? Cf. Guarijío soʔtᶴi ̱
<soʔcí> 'fish' (Miller 1996: 386)]
530
to-16 to-18
to-16 turkey (Miller 1967: 85 *totoli) *totoli turkey ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 279 (316)
Tepiman *tova̱ <*to'va> turkey ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (229)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) towa <tova> turkey ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.204
Pima Bajo tov <'tov> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (229)
Northern Tepehuan tóva <tóva> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (229)
Southern Tepehuan tovā̱ <to'vaa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (229)
Southeastern Tepehuan tovā <[to´vaa]> turkey ‣ Willett 1991: 22
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío toʔtori <toʔtori> chicken ‣ Miller 1996: 398
Nahua *tōtō- <*tootoo-> bird ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (15)
Classical Nahuatl totolin <totolin> gallina «hen» ‣ Molina 1571: 150v
Classical Nahuatl tototˡ <tototl> paxaro «bird» ‣ Molina 1571: 151r
Classical Nahuatl tōtolin <tōtol-in> domestic fowl ‣ Karttunen 1983: 248
Classical Nahuatl tōtōtˡ <tōtō-tl> bird ‣ Karttunen 1983: 249
Tetelcingo Mexicano tōtōtˡ <tututl> pájaro, ave «bird» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 243
Pochutla Mexicano tutut <tutút> carne «meat» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil tūtut <tu:tu-t> bird ‣ Campbell 1985: 521
to-17 rattlesnake
Northern Uto-Aztecan (perhaps with ko-12)
Numic *toko(h)wa snake/rattler ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (219)
Western Numic
Western Mono toko̱kka <tog̸o̱qA> rattlesnake ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 232
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tokowa snake, rattlesnake ‣ Dayley 1989: 291
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tokoa snake ‣ Crapo 1976: 85
Western Shoshone tokoa snake, rattlesnake ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 288
Shoshone tokoa snake, rattlesnake ‣ Miller 1972: 141
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tokowa <togowa> rattlesnake ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 283
Southern Paiute tokoapi <tɔɣɔá-ɸI, tɔχɔ´α-ɸI> rattlesnake ‣ Sapir 1931: 688
Southern Ute tokoapi <toĝóa ̧-vi ̱> rattle-snake ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 188
to-18 mountain (Miller 1967: 290 [no reconstruction])

Numic *toja <*toya> mountain ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (221)
Western Numic
Western Mono toja̱pī <toya̱bi> mountain ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 238
531
to-19 to-23
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tojapi <toyapi(n)> mountain ‣ Dayley 1989: 299
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tojapin <toja-pin> mountain ‣ Crapo 1976: 85
Western Shoshone tojapin <toyapin> mountain ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 289
Shoshone tojapin <toya-pin> mountain ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche toja | tojāpi ̥ <toya | toyaabi ̱> mountain ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 112
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tojapi <tɔya´-ɸI> mountain (used only in songs; apparently borrowed from Shoshone)
‣ Sapir 1931: 689
to-19 corn husk

Nahua *tōtomotᶴ- <*tootomoč-> corn husk ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (35)
Classical Nahuatl totomotᶴtˡi <totomochtli> hojas ſecas dela maçorca de mayz «dry leaves of the ear
of corn» ‣ Molina 1571: 150v
Classical Nahuatl tōtomōtᶴtˡi <tōtomōchtli> dried corn husk ‣ Karttunen 1983: 248
Tetelcingo Mexicano tōtomātᶴtˡi <tutomöchtli ̱> hoja de elote o de mazorca, totomoxtle «corn husk»
Pochutla Mexicano totomoʃt <totomóxt> mazorca «dried ear of corn» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil tūtumutᶴ <tu:tumuch> corn husk ‣ Campbell 1985: 520
to-20 sun, shine (merged into to-06)
to-21 hot (merged into to-06)
to-22 thirsty (Miller 1967: 238b [no reconstruction])

Tepiman *tono̱mo <*to'nomo> to be thirsty ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (225)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tonom <tonom> to become thirsty ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.196
Pima Bajo to̱nom <'tonom> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (225)
Northern Tepehuan tonómo <tonómo> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (225)
Southern Tepehuan tanō̱m <ta'noom> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (225)
to-23 ant
Tepiman *toto̱ni <*to'toni> ants ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (228)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) totoɲ <totoñ> ant(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.203
Pima Bajo to̱tiɲ <'totiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (228)
Northern Tepehuan totóɲi <totóñi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (228)
Southern Tepehuan tato̱iɲ <ta'toiñ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (228)
532
to-24 to-27
to-24 tomatillo
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío toma̱re <tomáre> tomato ‣ Miller 1996: 397
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rurusi ̱ <rurusí> tomatillo (una frutita que crece en una mata entre las
siembras) «green husk tomato (a little fruit that grows in a field between the planted plants)» ‣ Hilton
1959: 67 [cognate?]
Nahua *toma- <*tpma-> tomato ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (175)
Classical Nahuatl tomatˡ <tomatl> cierta fruta que ſirue de agraz en los guiſados o ſalſas «a kind of
fruit that serves as unripened grapes in stews and sauces» ‣ Molina 1571: 149r
Classical Nahuatl tomatˡ <toma-tl> green husk tomato ‣ Karttunen 1983: 245
Tetelcingo Mexicano tomatˡ <tomatl> tomate «green husk tomato» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 241
Pochutla Mexicano tomet <tomét> jitomate «tomato» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil tumat <tuma-t> tomato ‣ Campbell 1985: 516
to-25 cure
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño te̱ŋal- <téŋal-> to cure with herbs, to doctor ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Cupeño ti ̱ŋəl <ti ̱ngele;‑0> to doctor ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 175
Cahuilla ‑ti ̱ŋʔaj- <‑tíŋʔay-> to cure, to doctor ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 217
to-26 untie
Nahua *toma untie ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (181)
Classical Nahuatl motoma | ninotoma | nitetoma | nitˡatoma <toma.mo | toma.nino | toma.nite |
toma.nitla> deſatarse algo, o abrirſe | deſatarſe, o deſceñirſe | deſatar, o ſoltar a otro dela priſion |
deſatar, o deſcoger algo, o abrir carta «get untied, open | untie oneself, ungird oneself | untie
someone, release him from prison | untie or unfold something, open a letter» ‣ Molina 1571: 148v
Classical Nahuatl toma <tom(a)> for something to come loose, to undo one's clothing; to loosen,
free, unwrap something ‣ Karttunen 1983: 244
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitohtoma <qui ̱tojtoma> lo desata, lo suelta «[he] unties it, loosens it» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano toma <tomá> desatar «untie» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil tuhtuma to untie ‣ Campbell 1985: 512
to-27 spider
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tokdhoɖ <tokdhoḑ> spider ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.194
533
to-28 to-30
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve to̱ka <tóca> araña «spider» ‣ Pennington 1981: 232
Tubar
Tubar tokwa̱t <to̧k-wá-t> araña «spider» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 66
Cora/Huichol
Cora tu̓ka̱ <tu'ucá> araña «spider» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 184
Wixarika (Huichol) tūkā ́ <tuucáa> araña «spider» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 105
Wixarika (Huichol) tūká <tuuká> araña «spider» ‣ Conti & Guerrero 2009: 12, 32
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tokatˡ <tocatl> araña generalmente «any kind of spider» ‣ Molina 1571: 148r
Classical Nahuatl tokatˡ <toca-tl> spider ‣ Karttunen 1983: 242
Tetelcingo Mexicano tokatˡ <tocatl> araña «spider» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 241
Pipil tukat <tuka-t> spider ‣ Campbell 1985: 513
to-28 water plant sp.

Takic
Cupan *tēʔ̱ i-ʃ <*té:ʔi-š> plant sp. (water plant) ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (96)
Luiseño tēʔ̱ iʃ <té·ʔi-š> cattail rush ‣ Bright 1968: 43
Cupeño ti ̱ʔiʃ <ti ̱'i-sh> plant sp., with white flowers, grows in marshes with tules and makes eyes
sore ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
to-29 throat, voice <*tol-> ‣ AMR

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɶna̱ʔat <töna('at)> his throat, voice, larynx ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) toɖk <toḑk> to snore, groan, growl ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.191
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tolo̱gala <tológala> garganta, tráquea «throat, trachea» ‣ Miller 1996: 397
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) roro̱ka | roro̱gara <roroca | rorógara> tráquea «trachea» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve to̱rokan <tórocan> roncar «snore» ‣ Pennington 1981: 233
to-30 call
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tɶ̱̄ tɶqa <töötöqa> be making sounds, giving calls ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tɶ̱̄ tɶkiʔat <töötöki('at)> its characteristic calls ‣ Hopi Dictionary
534
to-31 tu-01
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tokaitˡ <tocaytl> nombre, fama y honra «name, fame and honor» ‣ Molina 1571:
148r
Classical Nahuatl tōkāitˡ <tōcā(i)-tl> name, reputation ‣ Karttunen 1983: 242
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītōkā <itucö> su nombre «his name» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 135
Pipil tūkaj <tu:kay> name ‣ Campbell 1985: 513
to-31 cottontail rabbit (Miller 1967: 333 *to) (separated from to-04)
Takic
Cupan
Cupeño ti ̱sixat <ti ̱sixa-t> cottontail rabbit ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:176 (also at tE-53)
Cora/Huichol [a is unexpected]
Cora ta̱tˢiu̓ <tátziu'u> conejo «rabbit» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 178
Wixarika (Huichol) tátˢiu <tásiu> conejo «rabbit» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 98
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl totᶴtˡi <tochtli> conejo «rabbit» ‣ Molina 1571: 148r
Classical Nahuatl tōtᶴtˡi <tōch-tli> rabbit ‣ Karttunen 1983: 242
Tetelcingo Mexicano totᶴtˡi <tuchtli ̱> conejo «rabbit» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 242
Pipil tutᶴti <tuch-ti> rabbit ‣ Campbell 1985: 512
to-32 short (Miller 1967: 374 *tup) (moved from tu-18)

Numic *tohpV short ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (217)
Western Numic
Western Mono tappottˢittˢiʔini ̱ttu <tapotsitsi'ini ̱-tU> very short in length or height ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 201
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu topeʔeppīttˢi <toveʔe-pii-či> short ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 285
Chemehuevi topitˢi <to'vi-ci> short ‣ Press 1979: 157
Southern Paiute topiʔppi <tɔvɩ´’-p·I> short ‣ Sapir 1931: 687
tu-01 ask
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴuʔitᶴk <cuʔick> to ask a question of obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.231
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tuke̱na <tuké-na> to ask a question ‣ Miller 1996: 398
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rukue̱ <rucué> preguntar «ask» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
535
tu-02 tu-03
tu-02 black, dark, night (Miller 1967: 45c *tuk) *tu | *tuᵤku <*tuᵤ(ku)> black ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138
(23) (cf. tu-25)
Numic *tuhuh | *tuhu | *tūh | *tū <*tu(h)u(h)> black ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (224)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttū | ttu | ttuhu <tuu | tu(hu)> black ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 30 | 52
Central Numic
Shoshone tuppi <tuppi> obsidian ‣ Miller 1972: 43
Comanche tuhuppi ̥ <tuhupi ̱> black ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 124
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tuhu- <tuhu-> black ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 286
Southern Paiute tūkkatɯ <to·´-q·(w)a-RÏ> black ‣ Sapir 1931: 689
Southern Ute tūkkʷatɯ <túu-kwa-ri ̧> black, dark ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 192
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi to̱ho <toho> blackish pigment ‣ Hopi Dictionary [Numic loanword]
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tūkut <tu·gu[-t]> it is dark ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Tepiman *tu̱ku <*'tuku> black ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (232)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) stᶴuk <s-cuk> black ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.219
Pima Bajo tuk <'tuk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (232)
Northern Tepehuan túku <túku> black ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (232); 1982: 305
Southern Tepehuan ‑cuk <‑tʸuk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (232)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rokogo̱ <rocogó> noche «night» ‣ Hilton 1959: 65
Tubar
Tubar tuku̱r <tu-kú-r, to-kú-r> negro, apagado «black, extinguished» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 67
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tekolli <tecolli> carbon «charcoal» ‣ Molina 1571: 93r
Classical Nahuatl tekolli <tecol-li> charcoal ‣ Karttunen 1983: 216
Tetelcingo Mexicano tekoli <tecoli ̱> carbón «charcoal» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 224
tu-03 black, charcoal (Miller 1967: 45a *tu | *tuhu) *tulu ‣ Manaster Ramer 1996: 109; *tuhu charcoal ‣
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono tumoʔaniki- | tumuʔaniki- <tumo'anigi- | tumu'anigi-> to be black ‣ Bethel et al.
1993: 265
536
tu-04 tu-04
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tū <tuu"> black ‣ Dayley 1989: 312
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tū <tuu"> black ‣ Crapo 1976: 88
Western Shoshone tū <tuu"> black ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Shoshone tūn | tū <tuun | tuu"> black ‣ Miller 1972: 143
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tūl <tuul> charcoal; embers, coals ‣ kch
Tübatulabal tūʃanat <tu·šanat> asphalt, tar ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 28 (with sa-11)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tūtᶳ <tutʃr, tūtʃr> charcoal ‣ Anderton 1988: 540
Serrano tūtᶳ coals ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tūr <tuurr> (charcoal, coals, embers) ‣ Harrington notes 577
Cupan *tū̱-la <*tú:-la> charcoal ‣ Munro 1990: 239 (21)
Luiseño tū̱la <tú·-la> charcoal ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Cupeño tul <tu̱-l> charcoal ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
̃ coal ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 221
Cahuilla tuʎ <túl>
Cahuilla tu̱lnek | tu̱lek <túl-nek | túl-ek> black ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 220
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴūdagi ̥ <cuudagï> coals, embers ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.224
Cora/Huichol
Cora tɯ̓ skʷa̱ <tʌ'ʌscuá> brasa, carbón «ember, charcoal» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 188
Nahua *tīl- <*tiil-> soot ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (155) [tˡ <tl> is unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl tˡilli <tlilli> tinta «ink» ‣ Molina 1571: 147v
Classical Nahuatl tˡiltik <tliltic> coſa negra de etiopia «something black from Ethiopia» ‣ Molina
1571: 148r
Classical Nahuatl tˡīlli <tlīl-li> black ink, soot ‣ Karttunen 1983: 308
Classical Nahuatl tˡīltik <tlīltic> something black ‣ Karttunen 1983: 308
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡīli <tlili ̱> tizne, hollín «soot, lampblack» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 239
Tetelcingo Mexicano tˡīltik <tlilti ̱c> travieso, negro, malcriado, prieto, tosco «naughty, black,
uncouth» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 239
Pochutla Mexicano til tizne «soot, lampblack» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil tīl <ti:l> soot ‣ Campbell 1985: 506
tu-04 body, flesh, meat (Miller 1967: 279 *tuhku) *tuᵤku meat ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 138 (22)
Numic *tuhku meat/flesh ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (225)
537
tu-05 tu-05
Western Numic
Western Mono tu̱kku <tu̱kU> flesh (of animals); fruit, berries, nuts (of plants and trees) ‣ Bethel
et al. 1993: 264
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tukkua(ttˢi) | tukkuapin <tukkua(ttsi) | tukkuapin> meat,
flesh, skin ‣ Dayley 1989: 303
Western Shoshone tukku flesh, body, meat ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukku <tukku"> meat, flesh, body; mountain sheep ‣ Crapo 1976: 87
Shoshone tukku meat, flesh; mountain sheep ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche tuhku̥ <tuhku̱> flesh, body, meat ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 123
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tukkuwa- <tuku-wa=> flesh ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 287
Chemehuevi tukkuapi | tukkuʔā <tukúʷavi ̥ | tukú’ʷa‘> meat ‣ K. Hill 1969: 42
Southern Paiute tukkuapi | tikkuapi <tUxquá-ɸI | tI‘qoá-ɸI> meat ‣ Sapir 1931: 693
Southern Ute tɯkkuapi <tu̧ kúa ̧-vi ̱> meat ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 195
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi to̱ko <toko> flesh ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tukuwa̠n <tu´guwań> his meat (cf. exceptional stress in obj. <tu´guwaýɩń>, not
*<tugu´wayɩń>) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 78
Takic
Serran
Serrano pɯ̄ tuk <peetuk> their flesh (pɯ̄ - their) ‣ Ramón & Elliott 2000: 86
Tongva (Gabrielino) atū̱ken <'atúuken> his carne (meat, flesh) ‣ Harrington notes 573
Cupan
Luiseño ‑tuka̱ <‑tuká> muscle, lean meat ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Cupeño ‑tukʔa <‑tuk'a> skin ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cahuilla ‑tu̱kʔu <‑túkʔu> flesh ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 220
Tepiman *tūku̱ga <*tuu'kuga> body, flesh ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (234a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴūkug <cuukug> flesh; meat ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.225
Northern Tepehuan tūkúga <tuukúga> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (234a)
Southern Tepehuan tū̱kuʔ <'tuuku?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (234a)
tu-05 wildcat (Miller 1967: 460 *tuku)

Numic *tuhku(h) wildcat ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (226)
538
tu-05 tu-05
Western Numic
Northern Paiute kakkʷittuhuʔu <kakʷi-tuhu'u> mountain lion (?-wildcat) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 27
(perhaps with ka-08)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tukkupittˢi <tukkupittsi> bobcat, wild cat ‣ Dayley 1989: 303
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukkuppittˢih <tukku-ppiccih> bob cat (old word) ‣ Crapo 1976: 87
Western Shoshone tukkupittˢɯh <tukkupittseh> bobcat, wild cat ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tukkuttˢi <tuku-ci> wildcat ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 287
Chemehuevi tukku <túku̥> wildcat ‣ K. Hill 1969: 42
Chemehuevi tukkumumuntˢi <tukúmumuntsi ̥> mountain lion ‣ K. Hill 1969: 42
Chemehuevi tukkuppukku | tukkuppukkutˢi <tukúpuku̥ | tukúpukutsi ̥> domestic cat ‣ K. Hill 1969:
42
Southern Paiute tukkutˢi <tUxqu´-ts·> wildcat ‣ Sapir 1931: 693
Southern Ute tukku <túku̱> cougar, puma, mountain lion ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 191
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi toko̱tˢi <tokotsi> wildcat ‣ Hopi Dictionary [Numic loanword]
Orayvi Hopi to̱how <tohow> mountain lion ‣ Hopi Dictionary [Numic loanword?]
Songoopavi Hopi to̱ho <toho> leopard ‣ Kalectaka 1978: 207
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tūkūkwɯt <tu·gu·kwɨ-t> mountain lion ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227 (with wE-01)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tukut <túḳ̅ut> bobcat ‣ Anderton 1988: 545
Serrano tuḵut wildcat, bobcat ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tokū̱t <tukúut> gato montés «wildcat» ‣ Harrington notes 289
Tongva (Gabrielino) tokū̱rot <tokúurot> lion ‣ Harrington notes 603 (with wE-01)
Cupan *tū̱ku-t <*tú:ku-t> wildcat ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (137)
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tu̱kut <tukut·> [wildcat] ‣ Woodward 2007: 207
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tu̱kwot <túkwot, tukwUt> mountain lion, panther ‣ Woodward 2007: 207
(with wE-01)
Luiseño tū̱kut <tú·ku-t> wildcat ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Luiseño tu̱kwut <túk-wu-t> mountain lion ‣ Bright 1968: 46 (with wE-01)
Cupeño tu̱kut <tu̱ku-t> wildcat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cahuilla tu̱kut <túkut> wild cat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 219
Cahuilla tu̱kwet <túkwet> mountain lion ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 220 (with wE-01)
539
tu-06 tu-07
tu-06 spider
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tuʔlu̱si <tuʔlúsi> spider, prob. kind of spider ‣ Miller 1996: 399
Cahita
Mayo tūrus <tuurus> araña «spider» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 192
tu-07 grind (Miller 1967: 206a *tus- (*tusu, *tusi), 206c *tu) *tusi to grind ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 205; *tusu
grind ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 273 (238); *tuᵤsu | tuᵤsi to grind ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 140 (75)
Numic *tusu grind ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (231)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tusu <tusu"> grind ‣ Dayley 1989: 311
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tusu <tusu"> to metate; to grind (back and forth) ‣ Crapo 1976: 88
Comanche tusutɯ <tusurʉ> grind, thresh ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 126
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tusu- to grind ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 287
Southern Paiute tusuppɯkā <tU‘cu´-p·ïγa‘> was grinding (seeds) ‣ Sapir 1931: 696
Southern Ute tɯsuī <tu̧ súi> grind ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 198
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tō̱si <toosi> sweet cornflour, roasted sweet corn that is dried and ground to a fine
texture ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal uttuʃut <ʔutuš-(ut)> grind (pfv. is tūʃ <tu·c> [C. F. Voegelin 1935: 96]) ‣ C. F. Voegelin
1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tūr <tur, tūr, tū̅ r> grind, bother ‣ Anderton 1988: 541
Cupan
Cupeño tu̱luʃ <tu̱luche;‑0> to grind on metate ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cahuilla ‑tu̱lus- <‑túlus-> to grind (acorn, etc.) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 221
Tepiman *tu̱isapi <*'tuisapi> corn flour ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (230)
Northern Tepehuan túíʃapi <túíšapi> corn flour ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (230)
Southern Tepehuan tu̱isap <'tuisap> corn flour ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (230)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tusuna̱ <tusu-ná> to grind grain or kernels ‣ Miller 1996: 399
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rusu̱ <rusú> moler «grind» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tusa̱n <tusán> moler «grind» ‣ Pennington 1981: 234
540
tu-08 tu-08
Ópata tusia <tucia> grind ‣ Shaul 1983: 113

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tūse <tuuse> grind (coarser than mohta [grind finely to a powder]) ‣
Mayo tūse <tuuse> está moliendo «is grinding» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 192
Tubar
Tubar ‑tusi ̱- <‑tusí-> moler «grind» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 67
Cora/Huichol
Cora tɯ̓ si ̱ <tʌ'ʌsí> está molido «it is ground» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 188
Wixarika (Huichol) tɯ́ ʂi- <tǘxi=> molido «ground» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 110
Nahua *tɯʃ- | *təʃ- <*tɨš‑ (perhaps *təš-)> corn dough ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (34); *tɯsɯ |
*təsɯ <*tɨsɨ (perhaps *təsɨ)> grind ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 265 (75)
Classical Nahuatl teʃtˡi <textli> cuñado de varon, o maſſa de harina «man's brother-in-law, wheat
flour» ‣ Molina 1571: 112v
Classical Nahuatl nitesi <teci.ni> moler mayz, o coſa ſemejante en piedra «grind corn or something
similar on a rock» ‣ Molina 1571: 92v
Classical Nahuatl teʃtˡi <tex-tli> flour ‣ Karttunen 1983: 238
Classical Nahuatl tesi <tec(i)> to grind something like corn meal ‣ Karttunen 1983: 216
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitesi <qui ̱tesi ̱> lo muele «[she] grinds it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 204
Pochutla Mexicano toʃt <toxt> harina «flour» ‣ Boas 1917: 12
Pochutla Mexicano toso <toçó> moler «grind» ‣ Boas 1917: 42
Pipil tisi to grind ‣ Campbell 1985: 508
tu-08 flour, meal (Miller 1967: 206b *tuʔ- (*tuʔa, *tuʔi)) *tuʔi <*tuʔ-i> flour ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143
(133)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tuʔīl <tuʔi·l> the flour ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Serrano tuaʔt flour ‣ kch
Serrano tuʔaj pound, grind into flour ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla tu̱ʔat <túʔat> flour, meal (bean, acorn) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 225
Tepiman *tu̱ʔi <*'tu?i> flour ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (236)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴuʔi <cuʔi> powder, flour ‣ Mathiot 1973: 230
Pima Bajo tu̱ʔi <'tu?i> flour ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (236)
Northern Tepehuan túi <túi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (236)
541
tu-09 tu-10
tu-09 boy, young man (Miller 1967: 54 *tu) *tua ‣ kch

Numic *tu(w)ah | *tu(w)a(ʔa) boy/son/child ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (233)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ttua <tua> son ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 24
Northern Paiute tuakki <duaki> children ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 24
Western Mono tu̱wā <tu̱wa> son ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 266
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tua(ttˢi) <tua"(ttsi)> son ‣ Dayley 1989: 301
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tua <tua"> son, boy, child ‣ Crapo 1976: 87
Western Shoshone tua <tua"> son, child, baby ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 289
Shoshone tua <tua"> child; son ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche tuaʔ <tuaʔ> son ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 123
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi tua- : tuani <tuʷá- : tuʷáni ̥> man's son : my son ‣ K. Hill 1969: 43
Southern Paiute tua- <tua‑> child, son; to give birth to ‣ Sapir 1931: 690
Southern Ute tuaī <tuáy> give birth to ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 190
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tūmūn <tu·úmu·ń> his offspring ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 154
tu-10 young man (Miller 1967: 54 *tu) *tui ‣ kch

Numic *tuipihtˢi(ʔi) <*tuipihci(ʔi)> young man ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (222)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tuittˢi(ttˢi) <tuittsi(ttsi)> young man, teenage boy; nephew
(BrSo - man speaking; SoSo - woman speaking), step-son ‣ Dayley 1989: 303
Western Shoshone tuipittˢi | tuittˢi(ttˢi) <tuipittsi | tuittsi(ttsi)> young man ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993:
290
Shoshone tuittˢi <tuittsi> young man ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Shoshone tuinɯ | tuinɯppɯ <tuine | tuineppe> boy ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Shoshone natuipittˢi <natuipittsi> young man, boy ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche tuipihtˢiʔ <tuibihtsiʔ> young man, Indian brave (warrior) ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990:
124
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi ti ̱jo <tiyo> boy, young man (< *toijo < *tuiju) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tō̱tim <tootim> boys, young men (< *tō-tij-m < *tō-toijo-mɯ < *CV̄-tuiju-mɯ) ‣ Hopi
Dictionary
542
tu-11 tu-11
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tūʔilam <tu·ʔilam> boy (pl. ūtīlam <u·udi·ilam> [C. F. Voegelin 1935: 20.1]) ‣ C. F.
Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tutᶳinit <tutʃrin̅it> an older boy ‣ Anderton 1988: 541
Serrano tɯʳtᶴint young man ‣ kch
Serrano atutᶴiniʔ older one, a young man who is now grown ‣ kch
Tepiman *ti ̱odi <*'tiodi> man, attractive ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (221) [vowel metathesis? *tuiji > *tiuji >
*tioji > *tiodi]
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴiodᶾ | tᶴɯodᶾ <cioj | ceoj> young male ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.210
Pima Bajo tᶴōdᶾ <'čooj> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (221)
Northern Tepehuan cioɉi <tʸiodʸi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (221)
Southern Tepehuan ci ̱oɉ <'tʸiodʸ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 173 (221)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) towi ̱ <tohuí> muchacho, niño, chamaco «boy» ‣ Hilton 1959: 74
Cora/Huichol
Cora tɯ̓ r�̄ẖ <tʌ'ʌriíj> muchachas, muchachos «children: girls, boys» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959:
188
Wixarika (Huichol) tɯ̄ r�̄ ́ <tüüríi> niños «children» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 109
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl telpokatˡ | telpotᶴtˡi | telpotᶴtontˡi <telpocatl | telpochtli | telpochtontli> mancebete |
mancebo | mancebillo «young man (diminutive) | young man | young man (diminutive)» ‣ Molina
1571: 96v
Classical Nahuatl tēlpokatˡ | tēlpōtᶴtˡi <tēlpoca-tl | tēlpōch-tli> youth, young man ‣ Karttunen 1983:
221
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītēlpōtᶴ <itielpuch> su hijo «his son» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 134
Pipil ‑tēlpūtᶴ <‑te:lpu:ch> son ‣ Campbell 1985: 487
tu-11 carry (Miller 1967: 78 *tu)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tuk carry load on back ‣ Anderton 1988: 544
Serrano tuḵaj carry on the back, pack ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tukʷa̱ni- <tukwáni-> to carry on one's back ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Cupeño tuk <tu̱ku;-0> to carry ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cupeño tukʷi ̱vəl <tukwi ̱ve-l> load (n.) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
543
tu-12 tu-12
Cahuilla ‑tuk- <‑túk-> to carry sth. on the back ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 218
Cora/Huichol
Cora t�̓tɯkɯ
̱ <tí'itʌcʌ> está cargando (persona) «[he] is carrying (a person)» ‣ McMahon & McMahon
1959: 181
Wixarika (Huichol) tɯ́ kɯ̄ - <tǘcüü=> acarrear, cargar, alzar maíz «carry, load, lift corn» ‣ Grimes et
al. 1981: 109
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl nikitki | niteitki <itqui.niqu | itqui.nite> lleuar algo | regir, o gouernar a otros
«carry something | rule or govern people» ‣ Molina 1571: 43r
Classical Nahuatl itki <(i)tqui> to carry something, to govern people ‣ Karttunen 1983: 108
tu-12 for fire to go out (Miller 1967: 172 *tu) *tūka <*tuuka> extinguish (The relation of the PA [Proto-
Aztecan] form is speculative.) ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 272 (225); *tus- to extinguish ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962:
142 (121)
Numic *tuki fire goes out ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (230)
Western Numic
Western Mono tuka- <tuga-> to extinguish, put out (fire) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 263
Central Numic
Shoshone tuki <tukiG> to put out a fire ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tō̱ki <tooki> go out (re light, flame, fire) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *tuusa̱- <*tuu'sa-> to put out a fire ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (235a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴūʂ <cuux> to blow out, put out, extinguish (a fire), to turn off (a light)
‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.228
Pima Bajo tū̱ʂa <'tuušạ > ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (235a)
Northern Tepehuan tūsá <tuusá> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (235a)
Southern Tepehuan tusā̱ <tu'saa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (235a)
Cora/Huichol
́ ́ ni <tü= : píi.tǘüni> lo extingue (fuego, motor) «extinguish (fire),
Wixarika (Huichol) tɯ- : p�̄.tɯ̄
turn off (motor)» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 107
Nahua *tōka <*tooka> plant, bury ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (128) [cognate? vowel is
unexpected]
Classical Nahuatl ninotoka | nitetoka | nitˡatoka <toca.nino | toca.nite | toca.nitla> enterrarſe |
enterrar a otro, o ſeguir a alguno | ſembrar algo a mano aſicomo pepitas, calabaças, melones,
pepinos, o coſa ſemejãte, o ſoterrar algo «bury oneself | bury someone, follow someone | sow
something by hand such as pips, squash, melons, cucumbers, or something similar, put something
under ground» ‣ Molina 1571: 148r
544
tu-13 tu-15
Classical Nahuatl tōka <tōca> to bury someone or something, to sow something ‣ Karttunen 1983:
242
Tetelcingo Mexicano kitōka <qui ̱tuca> lo siembra, lo sepulta, lo entierra, lo planta «[he] sows it,
entombs him, buries it, plants it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 213
Pochutla Mexicano tukek <tuquéc> sembrar (p.) «plant (past)» ‣ Boas 1917: 33
Pipil tūka <tu:ka> to bury, to plant ‣ Campbell 1985:
tu-13 spit (Miller 1967: 405 *tu)

Numic *tusi spit (vb.) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (232)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tusi <tusi"> spit (up) ‣ Dayley 1989: 310
Comanche tusittɯ <tusitʉ> expectorate, spit ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 125
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tuhhuʔat <tuhuʔa-[t]> to spit ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
tu-14 deep (Miller 1967: 122 *tuk) <*tukkaʔ> ‣ AMR

Numic *tuh(kʷ)e(h) under/below ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (227)
Western Numic
Western Mono ‑tuhē <-duhe> under, underneath ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 16
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tukkʷappɯh <tukkwappüh> deep ‣ Dayley 1989: 438
Western Shoshone tukkan under, below; less than, shorter than, smaller than ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 290
Western Shoshone tukkantɯn <tukkanten> deep ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tukkʷi <tukwi> down (direction) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 287
Southern Ute tukkʷaʔnāka <tu̧ kwá?naaĝa̱> at the bottom ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 195
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tukaʔ <tugaʔ> deep ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sdᶾūk <s-juuk> deep ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.435
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío toʔko̱ni <toʔkó-ni> to be deep ‣ Miller 1996: 398
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) roko̱ <rocó> estar hondo «be deep» ‣ Hilton 1959: 65
tu-15 owl (Miller 1967: 313 *tuku) *tɯkul- | *tukul- <*tɨkul- | *tukul-> owl ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978:
276 (264); *tukur | *tukuri <*tukur(i)> owl ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (105) ()
545
tu-16 tu-16
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi toko̱ri <tokori> screech owl ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tepiman *tuku̱rai <*tu'kurai> owl ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (233a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴukuɖ <cukuḑ> screech owl, western horned owl ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.219
Pima Bajo tu̱kur <'tukur> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (233a)
Northern Tepehuan tukúrai ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (233a)
Southern Tepehuan tukū̱r <tu'kuur> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (233a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ritu̱kari <ritúcari> tecolote grande (blanco y amarillento) «large owl (white
and yellowish)» (perhaps the barn owl) ‣ Hilton 1959: 65
Nahua *təkolō- <*təkoloo-> owl ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (123)
Classical Nahuatl tekolotˡ <tecolotl> buho, o piojo blanco del cuerpo «owl, white body louse» ‣
Molina 1571: 93r
Classical Nahuatl tekolōtˡ <tecolō-tl> owl (also means 'louse') ‣ Karttunen 1983: 216
Tetelcingo Mexicano tekolōtˡ <tecolutl> tecolote, buho, lechuza «owl» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 224
Pochutla Mexicano tekolot <tecolót> tecolote «owl» ‣ Boas 1917: 32
Pipil tekulūt <tekulu:-t> owl ‣ Campbell 1985: 486
tu-16 sky (Miller 1967: 383 *tuku)

Numic *tukuⁿ <*tukuN> sky ‣ Ianucci 1973: 118 (229)
Western Numic
Western Mono tu̱kuppaā <tu̱gupaa> above ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 263
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tukumpana(pin) sky, heaven ‣ Dayley 1989: 304
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukun straight up, straight down ‣ Crapo 1076: 87
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukumpana | tukumpin <tukum-pana | tukum-pin> sky ‣ Crapo 1976:
87
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukuppɯh <tuku-ppyh> sky; up ‣ Crapo 1976: 87
Western Shoshone tukumpɯh | tukumpin <tukumpeh | tukumpin> sky, heaven ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 290
Shoshone tukumpin <tukum-pin> sky ‣ Miller 1972: 143
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tuku- <tugu-> sky ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 285
Chemehuevi tukumpa <tugúmpḁ> the sky ‣ K. Hill 1969: 42
Southern Paiute tukumpajāpi <tuγu´-mpa(i)ya·-ɸI> whole sky ‣ Sapir 1931: 694
Southern Ute tukuppajā <tugú-payá> sky (lit. 'up-side') ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 190
Tübatulabal
546
tu-17 tu-20
Tübatulabal tukumpal <tu´gumba´l> sky; beads (The sense "sky" is from C. F. Voegelin 1935: 122:
tukumpa̱lāp <tu´gµmba´la·´p> in the sky; and Kroeber 1907: 78, <togumbal>) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 79
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tukuhpatᶳ <tuk̅uhpatʃr, túkuqpatʃ, túḳuhpatʃr̥> bead (gen.); metal; sky (could root
meaning be 'shiny'?) ‣ Anderton 1988: 545
Serrano tuḵuhptᶳ sky; iron (The association of sky and iron may relate to meteoric iron.) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) tokū̱par <tukū́par̄‘> cielo «sky» ‣ Harrington notes 181
Cupan
Acjachemem (Juaneño) tū̱patᶴ <tupachi | dūpitc> sky ‣ Woodward 2007: 207
Luiseño tū̱paʃ <tú·pa-š> sky ‣ Bright 1968: 47 [cognate? unexpected loss of *‑k‑]
Cupeño tu̱kvaʔaʃ <tu̱kva'a-sh> iron, sky ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cahuilla tu̱kvaʃ | tu̱kʷiʃ | tu̱kiʃ <túkvaš | túkʷiš | túkiš> sky ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 219
tu-17 cricket
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴukugʂvaɖ <cukugxvaḑ> cricket ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.220
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tuhkutᶴu̱rumi <tuhkucúrumi> cricket ‣ Miller 1996: 398
tu-18 short (moved to to-32)
tu-19 take, pick up, fetch

Numic *tuʔu | tū <*tu(ʔ)u> take/pick up/fetch ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (223)
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute tuʔumma- <tu’um·a-> to take several objects ‣ Sapir 1931: 691
Southern Paiute tūmai- <to·ŋwai-> to pick up a cast-off object ‣ Sapir 1931: 692
Southern Ute tɯʔumaī <tu̧ ?úmay> pick up (off), take (off) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 193
tu-20 bear fruit

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño tūʔ- <tú·ʔ-> to stand, of several inanimate objects; to grow, of plants ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Cupeño tuʔ <tu̱'a;‑0> to bear fruit ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cahuilla ‑tu- <‑tú-> to bear fruit ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 217
547
tu-21 tu-25
tu-21 dance
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tuhtuʔ <tuhtuʔ, tuqtuʔ> dance ‣ Anderton 1988: 542
Serrano tuhtuʔ dance ‣ kch
Nahua *‑ɯhtōtia <*‑ɨhtootia> dance ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (41) [cognate? wrong vowel?]
Classical Nahuatl ninitotia | niteitotia <itotia.nin | itotia.nite> bailar, o dançar | hazer bailar a otro
«dance | make someone dance» ‣ Molina 1571: 43r
Classical Nahuatl iʔtōtia <ihtōtia> to dance, to get someone to dance ‣ Karttunen 1983: 101
Tetelcingo Mexicano kihtōtia <qui ̱jtuti ̱a> lo baila «[he] dances it» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 187
Pochutla Mexicano motudis <motudís> bailar «dance» ‣ Boas 1917: 40
Pipil ihtutia to dance ‣ Campbell 1985: 225
tu-22 jaguar
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rutᶴi ̱ <ruchí> gato montés «wildcat» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve tutˢi ̱ <tutzí> tigre «jaguar» ‣ Pennington 1981: 234
tu-23 black (merged into tu-03)
tu-24 hummingbird
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi to̱ɦtˢa <tòotsa> hummingbird ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Cupan *tū̱tᶴi-l <*tú:či-l> hummingbird ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (65)
Luiseño tu̱ʃmal <túš-ma-l> hummingbird ‣ Bright 1968: 47 (with ma-03)
Cupeño tu̱tᶴiʎ <tu̱chi-ly> hummingbird ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
̃ humming bird ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 218
Cahuilla tu̱tᶴiʎ <túčil>
Cora/Huichol
Cora tɯ̱̄ tˢikaʔi <tʌʌ́tzica'i> chuparrosa «hummingbird» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 188
tu-25 night (Miller 1967: 45b *tuk) *tuka night ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 204; *tuski | *tuska night ‣ Voegelin et
al. 1962: 143 (144)
Numic *tuka night ‣ Ianucci 1973: 117 (228)
548
tu-25 tu-25
Western Numic
Northern Paiute tokāno <tɔkaanɔ [tɔqáanɔ]> night time ‣ Thornes 2003: 45
Western Mono tokawa̱nō <tog̸awa̱no> night-time, at night, during the night ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
231
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) tukʷanni | tukʷawani <tukwanni | tukwawani> night, at
night, last night, dark; be night, dark ‣ Dayley 1989: 307
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukanih to be dark, to be night ‣ Crapo 1976: 87
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukanippɯh <tukani-ppyh> night time, darkness ‣ Crapo 1976: 87
Western Shoshone tuka night ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 289
Shoshone tukani night ‣ Miller 1972: 142
Comanche tukāni ̥ | tukani ̥ <tukaani ̱ | tukani ̱> evening, night ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 124
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu tukʷa- | tuku- <tugwa- | tugu-> to be dark, be night ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 286
Kawaiisu tukʷanu | tukʷano <tugwa-nu | tugwa-no> night ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 286
Chemehuevi tukʷa- <tugʷá-> night ‣ K. Hill 1969: 42
Southern Paiute tukʷanu <tuxwa´-nU> night ‣ Sapir 1931: 695
Southern Ute tukʷana <tugwá-na̱> night-time; at night ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 190
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tō̱ki <tooki> last night, last evening ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tūkit <tu·git> the night ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tuk yesterday ‣ Anderton 1988: 544
̅ tuḳ̅a, tūka, atu̅ ka, atukaʔ> at night, last night ‣ Anderton 1988:
Kitanemuk tuka | atuka <túḳa,
544
Serrano tūḵ night ‣ kch
Serrano atūḵav all night ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño tūk- <tú·k-> to stay overnight, camp for the night ‣ Bright 1968: 46
Cupeño tuk <tu̱ke;‑0> to pass the night ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 176
Cahuilla ‑tuk- <‑túk-> to go to bed, to stay overnight ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 219
Cahuilla tu̱kmijat | tu̱kmāt <túkmiyat | túkmaat> night ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 219
Tepiman *tuka̱ga | tuka̱gi <*tu'kaga/i> darkness, night ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (231)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) tᶴuhug <cuhug> at night, last night, tonight ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.216
Pima Bajo tu̱ahag <'tuahag> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (231)
Northern Tepehuan tukági <tukági> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (231)
Southern Tepehuan tukā̱ʔ <tu'kaa?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 174 (231)
549
tu-26 tu-27
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tugao̱ | rugao̱ <tugaó | rugaó> night ‣ Miller 1996: 398
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) rukua̱wa <rucuáhua> estar obscureciéndose «be getting dark» ‣ Hilton
1959: 67
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tukaria night ‣ Molina et al. 1000: 148
Mayo tukāri <tucáari> noche «night» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 192
Cora/Huichol
Cora tɯ́ ka̓ <tʌ́ca'a> noche «night» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 184
Wixarika (Huichol) tɯkāŕ i <tücáari> noche, a oscuras «night, in the dark» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 108
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl tikatˡa <ticatla> media noche, o ala media noche «midnight, at midnight» ‣
Molina 1571: 113
tu-26 complain <*tuHi-> ‣ AMR

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío tuina̱ <tui-ná> to tell; to accuse ‣ Miller 1996: 398
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ru <ru> avisar, testificar «advise, testify» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ruje̱ <ruyé> avisar, aconsejar, informar «advise, council, inform» ‣ Hilton
1959: 67
Cora/Huichol
Cora rutau̱ne̓ <rutaúne'e> se queja ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 170
tu-27 strong <*tuHV> ‣ AMR

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal tuwwupil <tuwubil> fast, very ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tuʔisi <tu'isi> well; a lot, very, too much ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 147
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tu̓wa <tu'uwa> goodness ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 147
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) tua truly, certainly, really; fact ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 147
Mayo tu̓si | tuʔisi | tuisi <tú'usi | tú'isi | túisi> mucho, bien «much, well» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 193
Mayo tu̱̓wa <tú'ugua> bondad, lo bueno «goodness» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 192
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl ilwise <ilhuice> mucho mas «much more» ‣ Molina 1571: 37v
Classical Nahuatl ilwia <(i)lhuiā> to grow in strength, violence (as a storm or epidemic) ‣ Karttunen
1983: 103
550
tu-28 u-01
tu-28 thick
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ruʔna̱ <ru'ná> estar grueso «be thick» ‣ Hilton 1959: 67
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) turui <turui> thick ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 148
Mayo tuurui <túurui> grueso «thick» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 192
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl telāwak <telāhuac> something thick, bulky ‣ Karttunen 1983: 220
Tetelcingo Mexicano telāwak <telöhuac> grueso (p. ej. libro, tabla, pared, etc.) «thick (e.g., book,
board, wall, etc.)» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 224
Pipil tilāwak <tila:wa-k> thick, double ‣ Campbell 1985: 506
tu-29 group
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi tō̱nam <toonam> herd, flock ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi tō̱na <toona> right of assembly ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk tūn <tun, tūn> chase ‣ Anderton 1988: 546
Serrano tūnin chase ‣ kch
u-01 take, carry (Miller 1967: 431 [no reconstruction])

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi o̱ja <oya> put, pl. obj. ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk uʔ <ʔuʔ> take, grasp ‣ Anderton 1988: 549
Serrano ūʔ take, get, pick up; marry (a woman) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) ū̱ro <'uuro> traer «carry (future)» ‣ Harrington notes 545
Tongva (Gabrielino) ū̱ʔa <'úu'a> traer «carry (imperative)» ‣ Harrington notes 545
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) uʔa <ʔuʔa> to bring obj, to take obj along ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.494
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío uʔina̱ <uʔi-ná> to hold, carry ‣ Miller 1996: 401
551
u-02 u-04
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) uʔlu̱/ruʔlu̱ <u'-ʀú/ru'-ʀú> ser llevado por la corriente, irse abajo varios
cosas «be carried by the current, go beneath various things» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 48
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) uʔlu̱ <u'lú> llevar (el agua) «carry (water)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 75
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve u̱un <úun> traer. coger «carry, take» ‣ Pennington 1981: 136
u-02 bathe (Miller 1967: 27 *u-pa)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío uʔupa̱ni <uʔupá-ni> to bathe ‣ Miller 1996: 402
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) u̱ba <úba> bañarse «bathe, vi.» ‣ Lionnet 1972: 47
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) u̱ba | wi ̱ba <uba | huiba> bañarse «bathe» ‣ Hilton 1959: 75 [cognate?]
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve uva̱n <uván> bañarse «bathe» ‣ Pennington 1981: 236
Ópata uvaria <uba-ria> bathe ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) uva wash one's self, bathe ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 151
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) uvva bathe, wash someone ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 151
Mayo uvva <ubba> está bañándose «is bathing» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 193
Cora/Huichol
Cora neʔɯ̓ wa̱ <ne'ʌ'ʌhuá> me baño «I bathe myself» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 156
Wixarika (Huichol) ɯ̄ wá- <´üüvá-> bañar «bathe» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 155
u-03 fart (merged into hu-02)
u-04 sew
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño ula̱ʔna <ʔuláʔ-na-> to do dressmaking, make clothes ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Luiseño ula̱ʔqi- <ʔuláʔ-qi-> to sew, stitch (a single article) ‣ Bright 1968: 10
Cupeño ula̱n
̄ <ula̱ane;-0> to sew (unexpected long vowel) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1979: 176
Cahuilla ‑u̱lan <‑ʔúlan-> to sew ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 225
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío oʔi ̱na <oʔí-na> tie something up or onto something ‣ Miller 1996: 367 [cognate?]
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vu̱ran <vúran> coser «sew» (also amarrar, tie up) ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
552
u-05 u-08
u-05 paint, write

Nahua *(tˡa-)ɯhkʷVlowa <*(tla-)ɨhkʷVlowa> write, paint ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 269 (196)
Classical Nahuatl nitˡakʷiloa <cuiloa.nitla> eſcreuir o pintar algo «write or paint something» ‣
Molina 1571: 16v
Classical Nahuatl iʔkʷiloa <(i)hcuiloā> for something to get written; to write or paint something,
to sign or inscribe someone's name ‣ Karttunen 1983: 97
Tetelcingo Mexicano mohkʷiloa <mojcui ̱loa> se escribe «it gets written» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 149
Tetelcingo Mexicano kihkʷiloa <qui ̱jcui ̱loa> lo escribe, lo apunta «(he) writes it, writes it down» ‣
Pochutla Mexicano taglutuk <tag'lutúc> está escribiendo «he is writing» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pipil ihkʷilua <(i)hkwilua> to write ‣ Campbell 1985: 223
u-06 bird
Tepiman *uʔuhi ̱gi <*?u?u'higi> birds ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (333)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) uʔuwhig <ʔuʔuvhig> bird(s) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.502
Pima Bajo u̱ʔug <'?u?ug> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (333)
Northern Tepehuan uxúrugi <uhúrugi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (333)
Southern Tepehuan u̱ʔuhiʔ <'?u?uhi?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 183 (333)
u-07 yes (Miller 1967: 481 [no reconstruction])

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi owi ̱ <owí> yes ‣ Hopi Dictionary
u-08 yucca (Miller 1967: 482 *mu | *(h)umu)

Numic
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi ūpimpɯ <’ū́vimpə̥> Spanish bayonet ‣ K. Hill 1969: 46
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal umūpɯ̄ l <umu·bï·l> Joshua tree, Yucca brevifolia ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 16
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ūmutᶳ <ūmotʃr, ū́motʃr> the stem or root of the quiote (Spanish bayonet?) ‣ Anderton
1988: 551
Serrano ūmutᶳ Spanish dagger (Yucca whipplei) ‣ kch (cf. a-25)
553
u-09 u-12
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) umug <ʔumug> sotol, spoon plant (Dasylirion wheeleri), a plant used
to make baskets and mats ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.486
u-09 wild rose

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ūtˢutᶳ <ʔú·cuč> plant sp.: Rosa californica C. & S. ‣ Anderton 1988: 549
Serrano utᶳutᶳ wild rose ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) otᶳū̱r <'ọtʃúurr> wild rose ‣ Harrington notes 529
Cupan *ū̱ʂa-la <*ʔú:ṣa-la> rose, wild ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (113)
Luiseño u̱ʃla <ʔúš-la> wild rose, Rosa californica ‣ Bright 1968: 11
Cupeño u̱ʃal | u̱ʂal <u̱sha-l, u̱s̷hal> wild rose hips, fruit of elderberries ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
177, 190
Cahuilla u̱ʃal <ushal> Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht., Wild Rose, Rose ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972:
133
u-10 greasewood
Takic
Cupan *uʔū̱-t <*ʔuʔú:‑t> greasewood ‣ Munro 1990: 242
Luiseño uʔū̱t <ʔuʔú·-t> a plant, chamise or greasewood, Adenostoma fasciculatum ‣ Bright 1968:
10
Cahuilla u̱ʔut <u'ut> Adenostoma fasciculatum H. & A., Chamise, Greasewood ‣ Bean & Saubel
1972: 29
Cahuilla u̱ʔut <ʔúʔut> chamise, greasewood ‣ Seiler & Hioko 1979: 227
u-11 pitch, gum

Tepiman *usa̱ba | usa̱bi <*?u'saba/i> pitch ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (328)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) uʂabdag <ʔuxabdag> gum, pitch, resin ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.494
Northern Tepehuan usába <usába> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (328)
Southern Tepehuan usāḇ <?u'saab> ‣ Bascom 1965: 182 (328)
u-12 that [was Miller's "grammatica dm-02"]

Numic *u(sɯ(ⁿ)) <*u(sə(N))> that ‣ Ianucci 1973: 102 (18) [most items cited by Ianucci cannot be found
in available dictionaries]
554
wa-01 wa-02
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute u- | uʔu- <u- | u’u-> that ‣ Sapir 1931: 703
wa-01 mosquito
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío waho̱ <wahó> mosquito ‣ Miller 1996: 403
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) waho̱ <huajó> zancudo «mosquito» ‣ Hilton 1959: 32
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wōʔo <woo'o> mosquito ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 175
Mayo wōʔo <guoo'o> mosco, zancudo «gnat, mosquito» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 143
wa-02 roast (Miller 1967: 280 *waʔi) *wasʔɯ | *wasʔi <*wasʔɨ | *wasʔi> to roast ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144
(162)
Numic
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute waijɯ | waɯjɯ <wái-YÏ | wá(·)ï-YÏ> roasts in the ashes ‣ Sapir 1931: 711
Southern Paiute waɯ- <waï-> to roast in the ashes ‣ Sapir 1931: 711
Southern Ute wāī <wáay> roast, grill, barbeque (over fire) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 203
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wāʔat <wa·’at> he roasts it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 7.21
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk waw <waw̥ > roast ‣ Anderton 1988: 565
Cupan *wāʔ̱ i-ʃ <*wá:ʔi-š> meat ‣ Munro 1990: 243 (70)
Luiseño wā̱ʔiʃ <wá·ʔi-š> meat; cattle ‣ Bright 1968: 47
Luiseño wāw
̱ a- <wá·wa-> to roast meat ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño waʔ <wa̱'e> to roast ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cupeño wa̱ʔiʃ <wa̱'i-sh> meat ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla ‑waʔ- <‑wáʔ-> to roast (as meat) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 234
Cahuilla wa̱ʔiʃ <wáʔiš> meat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 235
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gaʔa to roast obj, to bake obj (sgo) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 275
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) awe̱ <ahué> asar «roast» ‣ Hilton 1959: 4
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve wa̱ven <guáven> asar «roast» ‣ Pennington 1981: 183
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wāwa <waawa> roast in coals ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 166
555
wa-03 wa-04
Mayo wāwa <guaagua> está asando elotes «[he] is roasting fresh corn» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 140
Tubar
Tubar mʷaira̱n <mwai-rá-n> asado «roasted, grilled» (Lionnet says <mw> is a variant of w) ‣ Lionnet
1978: 68
wa-03 there
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gaʔabaʔi | gaʔa | ga <ga'aba'i | ga'a | ga> over there; up there facing
toward ‣ Saxton et al. 1983: 14
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío waʔa̱ <waʔá> there ‣ Miller 1996: 405
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wami ̱ <huamí> allá, más «there, more» ‣ Hilton 1959: 32
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wa̓ <wa'a> that ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 165
Mayo wa̓ | wa̓ri <gua'a | guá'ari> aquel, aquella (sujeto), aquél, aquélla «that» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 141
wa-04 dry (Miller 1967: 143 *waki) *wāki <*waaki> dry ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 272 (220); *waki
dry ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (99)
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi lāk
̱ i <laaki> become dry ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wākɯt <wa·g-(ɨt)> it is dry ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk awāk <aw̥ ahk> be dry ‣ Anderton 1988: 560
Kitanemuk wākan <wākan, wāk̅an> dry (vt.) ‣ Anderton 1988: 560
Serrano wāḵ dry, vi. ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) wāx <wáax> to leach acorn meal (H. spells it "leech".) ‣ Harrington notes 592
Cupan
Luiseño wa̱xa- <wáxa-> to dry up, to heal (intr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Luiseño wāx
̱ - <wá·x-> to go out, of the tide; to give up hope ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño wax <wa̱xe;‑0> to dry ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla ‑wa̱x- <‑wáx-> to become dry ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 232
Tepiman *ga̱ki <*'gaki> dry ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (38)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) sgaki ̥ <s-gakï> dried out, skinny ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.271
Pima Bajo gak <'gak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (38)
556
wa-05 wa-06
Northern Tepehuan gáki ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (38)

Southern Tepehuan ‑gak <‑'gak> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (38)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wagina <wagi-ná> to be dry ‣ Miller 1996: 404
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wake̱ <huaqué> secar (vt) «dry (vt.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 32
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve wa̱ki <huáqui> seco, flaco «dry, skinny» ‣ Pennington 1981: 196
Ópata waki <guaqui> dry ‣ Shaul 1983: 110
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wāke <waake> dry out, dry up ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 166
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wakia dry ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 168
Mayo wāke <guaaque> se está secando «is getting dry» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 140
Mayo waki ̱a <guaquía> seco «dry» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 141
Cora/Huichol
Cora wa̱htᶴi <huajchi> está flaco, seco «[he] is thin, [it is] dry» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 131
Wixarika (Huichol) wáki <váqui> seco, flaco, delgado «dry, thin» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 112
Nahua *wāki <*waaki> dry ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (48)
Classical Nahuatl niwaki <vaqui.ni> ſecarſe, enxugarſe al ſol, mermar las coſas liquidas, o pararſe
flaco «dry, dry in the sun, for liquid things to shrink, become skinny» ‣ Molina 1571: 155r
Classical Nahuatl wāki <huāqu(i)> to dry out, evaporate, wither ‣ Karttunen 1983: 81
Classical Nahuatl <vaqui.ni> ſecarſe, enxugarſe al ſol, mermar las coſas liquidas, o pararſe flaco
«dry, dry in the sun, for liquids to reduce, become thin» ‣ Molina 1571: 155r
Classical Nahuatl wākki <huācqui> something dry, desiccated ‣ Karttunen 1983: 80
Tetelcingo Mexicano wāki <huöqui ̱> se seca «[it] dries» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 127
Pochutla Mexicano ewak ʃut <euác xut> están secas las hojas «the leaves are dry» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil wāki <wa:ki> to dry ‣ Campbell 1985: 557
wa-05 be skinny (merged into wa-04)
wa-06 basket, rabbit net (Miller 1967: 304 *wana) *wala ‣ kch
Numic *wana(h) net/cloth ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (269)
Western Numic
Western Mono waʔnāḵ ka <wa'naaqA> net (any kind), bride's collar (traditional article of
clothing) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 280
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wana net, web, screen, cloth, weaving ‣ Dayley 1989: 378
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wana net; cloth ‣ Crapo 1976: 97
Western Shoshone wana net, trap, web ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 293
557
wa-07 wa-07
Shoshone wana rabbit net; a kind of net, screen, or cloth; trap; spider's web ‣ Miller 1972: 147
Comanche wanappɯ <wanapʉ> cloth, clothes, trade goods ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 146
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wanapɯ <wana-vɨ> web, net ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 289
Chemehuevi wana <wánḁ> rabbitnet, fishnet, spiderweb ‣ K. Hill 1969: 46
Southern Paiute wana <wańA> milkweed net for catching rabbits ‣ Sapir 1931: 711
Southern Paiute wannatu <wan·á-RU> make a milkweed net ‣ Sapir 1931: 711
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi lān
̱ asa <laanasa> irregularly crisscrossed, having a crisscrossed or randomly crossed
pattern ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wānāl <wa·na·-l> the rabbit net ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) wān
̱ ar <wáanarr> big net 100 ft. long for entrampar conejos, liebres «big
net 100 feet long for trapping cottontails, jackrabbits» ‣ Harrington notes 063
Cupan *wān
̱ a-l <*wá:na-l> net ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (80)
Cahuilla wa̱nal <wánal> ropelike thing ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 230
Luiseño wān
̱ al <wá·na-l> net for catching fish or rabbits ‣ Bright 1968: 48
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wari ̱ <warí> basket ‣ Miller 1996: 404
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wa̱ri <huari> cesta, canasta «basket» ‣ Hilton 1959: 32
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve wari ̱t <guarít> canasta «basket» ‣ Pennington 1981: 183
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wāri <waari> basket ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 166
Mayo wāri <guaari> canasta de carrizo (forma especial) «kind of reed basket» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 140
wa-07 bark (Miller 1967: 110b *wa) (cf. wo-11)

Numic
Central Numic
Western Shoshone wāhni <waahni> fox ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 292
Comanche wāʔakittɯ <waaʔakitʉ> yell, wahoo ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 144
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute waʔauki- <wa’au-γi-> to bark ‣ Sapir 1931: 714
558
wa-08 wa-10
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wahiʔ <wahiʔ, wáhiʔ, wáhiʔi> coyote ‣ Anderton 1988: 560
Serrano wahiʔ coyote (Canis latrans) ‣ kch
wa-08 flow, run (Miller 1967: 176 *wa) *wa- flow, run ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 272 (230)
Hopi [cognate?]
Orayvi Hopi wa̱ri run ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi wa̱ri he ran ‣ Whorf 1946: 163
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wanɯt <wanət, wán̅ət> river, flood ‣ Anderton 1988: 563
Kitanemuk wanak <wanak; ni-wana-k> run ‣ Anderton 1988: 562
Serrano wanɯt river ‣ kch
Serrano wanɯtuʔ flow ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) wana̱wnaŋa <wanawnaŋa> un arroyo que corre «a wash in flood» ‣
Cupan *wani ̱-ʃ <*waní-š> river ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (111)
Luiseño wani ̱ja- <waní-ya-> to rise, of a river; to flood ‣ Bright 1968: 48
Luiseño wani ̱ʃ <waní-š> river, stream ‣ Bright 1968: 48
Cupeño wa̱ɲiʃ <wa̱nyi-sh> flood, river ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla ‑wa̱ne- <‑wáne-> to flow ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 230
Cahuilla wa̱niʃ <wáni-š> flowing water, river ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 230
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wari ̱na <huarina> ser muy ligero, veloz «be very quick, fast» ‣ Hilton 1959:
32
wa-09 river (merged into wa-08)
wa-10 two (Miller 1967: 509d *wa)

Numic *waha(h) two ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (267)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute waha two ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 50
Western Mono waha̱ī | waha̱ttu <waha̱-i | waha̱-tU> two ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 274
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) waha(ttɯn) <waha(ttün)> two ‣ Dayley 1989: 505
559
wa-11 wa-11
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone waattɯn <waattyn> two (<aa> assumed to be aa (< *aha) rather
than ā) ‣ Crapo 1976: 96
Western Shoshone wahattɯn <wahatten> two; hermaphrodite ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Shoshone wahattɯwɯh <wahat-teweh> two ‣ Miller 1972: 146
Comanche waha- two, double ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 144
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wahaju <waha-yu> two ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 289
Chemehuevi waha- <wa'ha> two ‣ Press 1979: 158
Southern Paiute wā- <wa·-> two ‣ Sapir 1931: 711
Southern Ute wa̱ini <wá-yni | wá ̧y-ni> two ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 203 | 285
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk waha <amaʔnək, amaʔnək mōts, amaʔnək waha mōts> also (new year; means the
sun starts back again) (Anderton says "mng. unclear") ‣ Anderton 1988: 559
Kitanemuk wahawatˢa <wahawats̅ a> eight ‣ Anderton 1988: 560
Kitanemuk wehmahatᶳ <we‘mahatr̥> ten ‣ Anderton 1988: 566
Serrano wahaʔ also ‣ kch
Serrano wāhwtᶴ eight ("two [times] four") ‣ kch (with wa-11)
Serrano wahmaʳtᶳ ten ("two [times] five") ‣ kch (with ma-15)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío waha̱ <wahá> other ‣ Miller 1996: 402
Cora/Huichol
Cora wa̱̓pʷa <huá'apua> dos «two» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 130
wa-11 four (Miller 1967: 511 *wa)

Numic *wa(h)tˢɯ <*wa(h)cə> four ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (268)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute wattˢɯ <wacɨ> four ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 50
Western Mono wattˢikkʷi ̱ī | wattˢikkʷi ̱ttu <watsikwi ̱-i | watsikwi ̱-tU> four ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 277
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wattˢɯwi(tɯn) <wattsüwi(tün)> four, fourth ‣ Dayley 1989:
449
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wattˢɯwihtɯn | wattˢɯwitɯn <waccywih-tyn | waccywi-tyn> four ‣
Crapo 1976: 96
Western Shoshone wattˢɯwihtɯn <wattsewihten> four ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 290
Shoshone wattɯwihtɯn <wattewih-ten> four ‣ Miller 1972: 147
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wattˢūju <wa-cuu-yu> four ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 289
560
wa-12 wa-12
Chemehuevi watˢɯw- <wa'cɨw> four ‣ Press 1979: 158

Southern Paiute wattᶴɯmi- <wat·cïŋwi-> four ‣ Sapir 1931: 714
Southern Ute wɯttᶴuwīnī <whcú-wiini> four ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 204
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk watˢa <watsa, wats̅ a> four ‣ Anderton 1988: 558
Serrano watᶴah four ‣ kch
Serrano watᶴḵuvik seven ‣ kch
Serrano wāhwtᶴ eight ‣ kch (also at wa-10)
Tongva (Gabrielino) watᶳā <watʃã́a’> 4 «four» ‣ Harrington notes 610
Cupan
Luiseño wasa̱ʔ <wasáʔ> four ‣ Bright 1968: 48 [cognate? ‑sa̱ʔ is unexpected]
Cupeño wi ̱tᶴiw <wi ̱chiw> four ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178 [cognate? vowel is wrong]
Cahuilla wi ̱tᶴiw <wíčiw> four ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 240 [cognate? vowel is wrong]
wa-12 frog (Miller 1967: 192 *waka)

Numic *wākō̆ <*waako(o)> frog ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (265)
Western Numic
Western Mono watˢakaʔ <wazag̸a'̱ > frog (metathesis of ‑k- and ‑tˢ-) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 278
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wakattˢata <wakattsata> green tree frog ‣ Dayley 1989: 378
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wāko <waako> frog ‣ Crapo 1976: 96
Western Shoshone wāko | piawāko <waako | piawaako> bullfrog ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 292
Shoshone wāko <waako> frog ‣ Miller 1972: 146
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wokatta | wakatta <wogata | wagata> frog ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 293
Chemehuevi wakattatˢi <wagátatsi ̥> frog sp. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 46
Southern Paiute wākōtˢi <wa´·χɔ·ɔ-ts·> frog ‣ Sapir 1931: 713
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wākājʃt <wa·ga·iš-t> the little frog (-k- is unexpected) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wakatat <wák̅ata̅ t> frog ‣ Anderton 1988: 562
Serrano waqaʳt frog ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño waxāw
̱ ut <waxá·-wu-t> a type of frog ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Luiseño waxa̱wʔkila <waxáwʔki-la> a type of frog ‣ Bright 1968: 49
561
wa-13 wa-15
Cupeño wa̱xatᶴiʎ <wa̱xachi-ly> frog ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177

̃ frog ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 233
Cahuilla wa̱xatᶴiʎ <wáxčil>
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wa̱ka <huaca> rana verde chiquita «small green frog» ‣ Hilton 1959: 31
wa-13 finger (Miller 1967: 169 *waci)

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi mala̱tˢiʔat <malatsi('at)> finger ‣ Hopi Dictionary (with ma-13)
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk watˢitᶳ <wats̅ itʃr> nail, hoof ‣ Anderton 1988: 559
Serrano ‑watᶳ claw, fingernail, toenail ‣ kch
Serrano watᶳuʔ scratch, vt. ‣ kch
wa-14 plant (v.) (Miller 1967: 325 *was)

Takic
Cupan
Cahuilla <‑wála-> to send out roots and begin to grow ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 229 [cognate?]
Cora/Huichol
Cora rawa̱ste̓ <rahuáste'e> lo siembra «[he] plants it» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 166
wa-15 affinal relative (Miller 1967: 506 *was)

Takic [cognate?]
Serran
Serrano wāʔ "friend," a term of address ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño waj <wáy> a form of address used between men ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wasi ̱ <wasí> mother-in-law: WiMo, HuMo; sister-in-law: WiOlSi, HuOlSi ‣ Miller 1996: 405
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wa̱ka <huaca> cuñado (esposo de la hermana menor) «brother-in-law
(younger sister's husband)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 31 [cognate?]
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wasi ̱ <huasí> suegra «mother-in-law» ‣ Hilton 1959: 33
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve wa̱sewa <guásegua> suegro «father-in-law» ‣ Pennington 1981: 183
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wawai cousin ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 169
562
wa-16 wa-18
Mayo wawa̱im <guaguaim> parientes «relatives» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 141
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl weswaʔtˡi | noweswi <vezuatli | vezui.no> cuñada de muger | mi cuñada [dize la
muger.] «woman's sister-in-law | my sister-in-law (says a woman)» ‣ Molina 1571: 157r
Classical Nahuatl weswaʔtˡi <huezhuah-tli> a woman's sister-in-law ‣ Karttunen 1983: 87
wa-16 woman
Numic *waʔihpɯ(ʔɯ) <*waʔihpə(ʔə)> woman ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (266)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) waʔippɯ <wa'ippü> woman, female ‣ Dayley 1989: 176
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone waʔippɯ <wa'i-ppy> woman ‣ Crapo 1976: 95
Western Shoshone waʔippɯ <wa'ippe> woman (could this be from English wife?) ‣ Crum & Dayley
1993: 293
Shoshone waʔippɯ <wa'ippe> woman ‣ Miller 1972: 146
Comanche nanawaʔihpɯʔanɯ <nanawaʔihpʉʔanʉ> womenfolk (man speaking) ‣ Robinson &
Armagost 1990: 55
wa-17 dig
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wāʔnwaʔnk <wāʔnwáʔnk> be scratching in ground (said of chicken) ‣ Anderton 1988:
563
Serrano wānaʔḵ dig ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño la̱wa/i- <láwa/i-> to be a hole, be deep (intr.); to dig a hole (tr.) (cognate with consonant
metathesis?) ‣ Bright 1968: 20
Cupeño wa̱lin <wa̱le;‑ine> to dig ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla ‑wa̱lin- <‑wálin-> to dig, to dig up (as a trunk) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 230
wa-18 sagebrush
Takic
Cupan *wāṯ ᶴi-ʃ <*wá:či-š> plant sp. (Artemisia dracunculus) ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (92)
Luiseño wāṯ ᶴiʃ <wá·či-š> a plant, Artemisia dracunculus ‣ Bright 1968: 48
Cupeño wa̱tᶴiʃ <wa̱chi-sh> Artemisia dracunculus (?) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla wa̱tᶴiʃ <wáčiš> Artemisia dracunculus ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 364
563
wa-19 wa-22
wa-19 ceremonial enclosure

Takic
Cupan
Luiseño wa̱mkuʃ | wa̱mkiʃ <wámku-š | wámki-š> ceremonial enclosure made of brush ‣ Bright
1968: 48
Cupeño wa̱mkiʃ <wa̱mki-sh> ceremonial enclosure ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla wa̱mkiʃ <wámkiš> ceremonial enclosure (with a fence) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 230
wa-20 foxtail grass

Takic
Cupan *wāv̱ i-ʃ <*wá:vi-š> foxtail (plant) ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (48)
Luiseño wāv̱ iʃ <wá·vi-š> foxtail grass ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño wa̱viʃ <wa̱vi-sh> foxtails ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla wa̱aviʃ <wá:viš> foxtail grass ‣ Bright & Hill 1967: 366
wa-21 younger sister (Miller 1967: 493 *wa)

Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) waje̱ <huayé> hermana menor «younger sister» ‣ Hilton 1959: 33
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wai younger sister or brother (fem.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 167
Mayo wāji <guaayi> hermana menor «younger sister» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 140
wa-22 shoe
Takic
Serran
Serrano waqāt shoe(s) (absolutive) ‣ kch
Serrano ‑wāqaʔ shoe(s) (possessed) ‣ kch [showing autosegmental length feature]
Cupan
Luiseño wa̱tᶴxat <wáčxa-t> shoe (‑tᶴ- is unexpected) ‣ Bright 1968: 48
Cupeño ‑waqʔa <‑waq'a> shoe ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla wa̱qat <wáqa-t> shoes ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 231
564
wa-23 wa-25
wa-23 stir
Northern Uto-Aztecan *wal- stir ‣ Bright & Hill
Takic
Cupan
Luiseño wāḻ i- <wá·li-> to beckon with a downward scooping gesture; to strike with the forefeet,
as deer do; to stir food ‣ Bright 1968: 48
wa-24 sweep
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi la̱qta <laqta> sweep snow clear ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran [vowel is wrong]
Kitanemuk wōk <wok> brush, sweep ‣ Anderton 1988: 580
Kitanemuk wōqihʷat | wōqkinihʷat <wák̅iwhat, wōkiwhat, wóqkiniwhat, wōкihwat> broom,
brush or scraper ‣ Anderton 1988: 580
Serrano wōʳq sweep, brush, comb ‣ kch
Serrano wōʳqihʷaʔt broom, brush, comb: something to sweep, brush, comb with ‣ kch
Cupan
Cahuilla ‑wa̱kaʔan- <‑wákaʔan-> to sweep, to clean; to comb, to rake ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 229
Cupeño wa̱kin <wa̱ke;ine> to brush, comb ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177, 183
Luiseño wa̱qi- <wáqi-> to sweep, to brush, to comb hair ‣ Bright 1968: 48
wa-25 juniper <*wāʔat> ‣ AMR

Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute wāʔatɯ <waa-'adɨ> bow (juniper-gun) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 30
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi waʔappɯ <wa’ápə̥> guata «juniper» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 46
Southern Paiute waʔappɯ <wa’a´-p·Ï> cedar ‣ Sapir 1931: 711
Southern Ute waʔappɯ <wa?á-pu̧ > piñon, cedar, juniper, cypress ‣ Southern Ute Tribe: 202
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi la̱ɦpɯ <làapu> shreddy bark, esp. juniper bark ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wāʔat <wa·ʔa-t> juniper berry ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 227
565
wa-26 wa-28
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk waʔt juniper tree ‣ Anderton 1988: 565
Serrano wāʔt juniper ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) wāʔ̱ at <wáa'at> guata «juniper» ‣ Harrington notes 030
Cupan
Luiseño wāʔ̱ at <wá·ʔa-t> California juniper, Juniperus californica ‣ Bright 1968: 47
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) waʔa̱ <hua'á> sabina (árbol) «juniper» ‣ Hilton 1959: 31
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wata willow ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 169
Mayo watta <guatta> sauce «willow» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 141
wa-26 stretch
Takic
Serran
Serrano wāʂḵ stretch, spread apart, vi. ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño wa̱ʂa/i- <wáṣa/i-> to be stretched, torn (intr.); to stretch, tear apart (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 48
Cahuilla ‑wa̱si- <‑wási-> to stretch (of rubber, or any elastic objects) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 231
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wato̱ <huató> estirarse «stretch» ‣ Hilton 1959: 33
wa-27 rabbit stick, throwing stick

Takic
Cupan *wāḵ a-t <*wá:ka-t> rabbit stick ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (106)
Luiseño wāk
̱ at <wá·ka-t> rabbit stick, a stick thrown to kill rabbits ‣ Bright 1968: 48
Cupeño wa̱kat <wa̱ka-t> rabbit stick, throwing stick ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 177
Cahuilla wa̱kat <wáka-t> rabbit stick (from Katherine Saubel) ‣ Munro 1990: 246 (106)
wa-28 horse [Yuman loanword]

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu woʔotapi <woʔora-vi> horse (from Mojave (ʔahat) vaʔoolve 'horse'; cf. wo-vi pugu-zi 'horse
that pulls a wagon') ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 293
566
wa-29 wa-32
Chemehuevi waʔatopi <wa’árovi ̥> horse ‣ K. Hill 1969: 46

Takic
Serran
Serrano waʔūraviʔ horse ‣ kch
wa-29 wing
Takic
Cupan *waki ̱-t <*wakí-t> wing ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (139) (cf. wi-07)
Luiseño kawi ̱t <kawí-t> wing (consonants metatheized) ‣ Bright 1968: 17
Cahuilla wa̱kat <wáka-t> wing ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 229
wa-30 sell
Tepiman *gaga̱ra(‑) <*ga'gara(‑)> he sells ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (37)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ga̱gɯɖa <'gagɨḍa> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (37)
Pima Bajo ga̱gɯr <'gagɨr-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (37)
Northern Tepehuan gagára- <gagára-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (37)
Southern Tepehuan ‑ga̱ʔara <‑'ga?ara> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (37)
wa-31 brush, comb <*wac-> ‣ AMR

Tepiman *gasi ̱vukaroi <*ga'sivukaroi> brush ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (39)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gaswua <gaswua> to brush or comb someone ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 11
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gasva to comb the hair ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.274
Pima Bajo ga̱ʃikar <'gašikar> brush ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (39)
Northern Tepehuan gaʃíúvikaroi <gašíúvikaroi> brush ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (39)
Southern Tepehuan ga̱ʃvukar <'gašvukar> brush ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (39)
wa-32 bow (Miller 1967: 53 *ʔawt)

Numic
Western Numic
Northern Paiute wāʔatɯtutɯ <waa'adɨ-du-dɨ> bow maker ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 11
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi a̱wta <awta> bow ‣ Hopi Dictionary [cognate? ‑w- is unexpected; should be ‑l-; combining
form awat-]
Tepiman *gāṯ oi <*gaatoi> bow, gun ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (36)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gāt <gaat> bow, gun, rifle ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.268
Pima Bajo gāt <'gaat> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (36)
Northern Tepehuan gāť oi <gaátoi> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (36)
567
wa-33 wE-01
Northern Tepehuan gátoi bow, gun ‣ Bascom 1982: 304

Southern Tepehuan gāt <'gaat> ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (36)
wa-33 look for

Tepiman *gāg̱ ai, *gāg̱ a- <*'gaagai/a-> to look for ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (35a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gāg <gaag> to look for, hunt for obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.266
Pima Bajo gāg- <'gaag-> to look for ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (35a)
Northern Tepehuan gāǵ ai <gáágai> to look for ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (35a)
Southern Tepehuan gāg̱ a- <'gaaga-> to look for ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (35a)
Southeastern Tepehuan gāgim <[´gaa.gim]> he is looking for it ‣ Willett 1991: 29
wE-01 big (Miller 1967: 39a *we) *wɯt <*wït> big ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *wɯʔɯ <*wɨʔɨ> big ‣
Campbell & Langacker 1978: 270 (203); *wɯ- <*wɨ-> big ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (100)
Numic
Central Numic
Shoshone wɯ- <we"-> with a long instrument, and also a generalized instrumental ‣ Miller 1972:
18
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wɯj, obj. wɯ̄ kʷ <wuy, obj. wuukw> old, aged ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi wɯ̱̄ joq, obj. wɯ̱̄ koq <wuuyoq, obj. wuukoq> big ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wɯr <wər> lots, a lot, many ‣ Anderton 1988: 577
Serrano wɯ̄ ʳr, pl. wɯwɯʳham a lot, much, many ‣ kch
Cupan [augmentative suffix]
Luiseño i ̱swut <ʔís-wu-t> wolf ‣ Bright 1968: 9 (with i-02) [Luiseño coyote is unrelated ano̱ʔ]
Cupeño i ̱swət wolf ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 157 [cf. i ̱siʎ coyote]
Cahuilla i ̱swet <ʔíswet> wolf ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 66 [cf. i ̱siʎ coyote]
Tepiman *gɯ̱ ʔɯ <*'gɨ?ɨ> big ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (51a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gɯʔɯ <geʔe> big, a lot ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.287
Pima Bajo gɯ̱ ʔɯ <'gɨ?ɨ> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (51a)
Northern Tepehuan gɯ̄́ <g� ́� ́> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (51a)
Southern Tepehuan gɯʔ <'gɨ?> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (51a)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío were̱ <weré> wide ‣ Miller 1996: 408
Guarijío weru̱ <werú> much, many, lots of ‣ Miller 1996: 408
Guarijío weruma̱ <werumá> big, large ‣ Miller 1996: 408
Guarijío wela̱ni <welá-ni> to be an old lady ‣ Miller 1996: 408
568
wE-02 wE-03
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) we <hue> muy, mucho «very, much, many» ‣ Hilton 1959: 33
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve we̱i <huéi> grande «big» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197
Ópata we | wera̱ | geri <we | werá | gueri> big ‣ Shaul 1983: 107
Tubar
Tubar wee̱ <weé> alto, largo «tall, long» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Cora/Huichol
Cora veʔe̱ <be'é> grande «big» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 119
Nahua *wējɯ | *wēj <*weey(ɨ)> big ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 262 (14); *wēwəh- <*weewəh->
old ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 266 (118)
Classical Nahuatl wei <vey> grande «big» ‣ Molina 1571: 155v
Classical Nahuatl wēi <huē(i)> something big, great, large ‣ Karttunen 1983: 85
Tetelcingo Mexicano wēji <bieyi ̱> grande, alto, amplio, robusto «big, tall, wide, robust» ‣ Brewer &
Brewer 1962: 111
Pochutla Mexicano wjom <huhióm> grande «big» ‣ Boas 1917: 39
Pochutla Mexicano ewetak <euetác> está viejo «[he] is old» ‣ Boas 1917: 25
Pipil wēj <we:y> big, large ‣ Campbell 1985: 567
wE-02 old (merged into wE-01)
wE-03 fall (Miller 1967: 163 *we) *wɯtˢɯC <*wïcïC> to fall ‣ Manaster Ramer 1992: 262; *wɯtˢɯ
<*wɨȼɨ> fall ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1987: 272 (227); *wɯstˢɯ <*wɨscɨ> to fall ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142
(101)
Numic *wɯʔi <*wəʔi> fall/drop ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (285)
Western Numic
Western Mono wɯʔi- <wɨ'i-> to fall; be born ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 292
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wɯʔiku- <wɨʔi-ku-> to fall ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 292
Chemehuevi wɯʔi- <wɨ'?i> drop-sg/fall ‣ Press 1979: 158
Southern Paiute wɯʔi <wï´’I> to fall ‣ Sapir 1931: 716
Southern Ute wiʔi <wí?ẖ> drop, fall, be born ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 205
Tepiman *gɯ̱̄ sɯi <*'gɨɨsɨi> he falls ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (53a); *gɯ̄ si ̱mi <*gɨɨ'simi> he is falling ‣
Bascom 1965: 159 (53b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gɯ̄ ʂ <geex> to fall, get in, fall down ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.278
Northern Tepehuan gɯ̄̆ sɯi <gɨ� ́sɨi> he falls ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (53a)
Northern Tepehuan gɯ̄ ʃími <gɨɨšími> he is falling ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (53b)
Southern Tepehuan ‑gɯ̱̄ ʃim <‑'gɨɨšim> he is falling ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (53b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
569
wE-04 wE-05
Guarijío wihtᶴina̱ <wihci-ná> to be falling, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 409

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) witᶴi ̱ <huichí> caerse (de arriba) «fall (from above)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 34
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve wetˢe̱n <huetzén> caerse «fall» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197
Ópata wetᶴia <guechi-a> fall (sg.) ‣ Shaul 1983: 111
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wetᶴe <weche> fall down; fall on ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 169
Mayo wettᶴe <huetche> (sujeto singular) se cae «fall, sg.» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 144
Tubar
Tubar wetᶴe- | mʷetˢe- <wece- | mweȼe-> caerse «fall» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 68
Nahua *wətˢi <*wəȼi> fall ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 264 (57)
Classical Nahuatl niwetˢi <vetzi.ni> caer «fall» ‣ Molina 1571: 156v
Classical Nahuatl wetˢi <huetz(i)> to fall ‣ Karttunen 1983: 87
Tetelcingo Mexicano wetˢi <betzi ̱> cae «[he] falls» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 110
Pochutla Mexicano nui noktˢos <nuí noctzóz> voy a caer «I'm going to fall» (Boas has "(sic)" after
<nuí noctzóz>, possibly in reference to the extraneous ‑k- <‑c->) ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pochutla Mexicano nosk <nozc> caí «I fell» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil wetˢi <wetsi> to fall ‣ Campbell 1985: 566
wE-04 empty (Miller 1967: 157 *wen)

Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono wokkata- <woqada-> to empty (many small objects from a container) ‣ Bethel et
al. 1993: 294 [cognate?]
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯttia <wüttia> pour, spill; dump out, empty out, discard
‣ Dayley 1989: 399
Western Shoshone wɯtte <wettai> winnow ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Shoshone wɯttia <wettiaH> to empty; to spill (tr.) ‣ Miller 1972: 148
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wɯ̱̄ ta <wuuta> pour (liquid) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
wE-05 hit (Miller 1967: 456 *wep) *wɯspa <*wɨspa> to whip ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 137 (17)
Numic *wɯh- <*wəh-> whip ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (283)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯ- | wo‑ <wü"- | wo"-> with an (elongated) instrument ‣
Dayley 1989a: 97
570
wE-06 wE-06
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wɯ- <wy"-> with a long or cylindrical or generalized object (instr.,
prefix) ‣ Crapo 1976: 99
Shoshone wɯ- <we"-> with a long instrument, and also a generalized instrumental; with the
body ‣ Miller 1972: 18
Comanche wɯ(h)- <wʉ(h)-> with body/sideways ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 310
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi wɯppatukʷai <wəpárugʷa‘i ̯> batir «stir» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 48 [cognate?]
Chemehuevi wɯppatuppi <wəpárupi ̥> anything stirred up as one stirs up cake or dough ‣ K. Hill
1969: 48 [cognate?]
Southern Paiute wɯ- <wï-> with the length of a long object, stick (instr. pref.) ‣ Sapir 1931: 716
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wɯva̱ɦta <wuvàata> be hitting, striking (ipfv.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi wɯvi ̱ta <wuvita> hit, strike (pfv.) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi wɯva̱ɦpi <wuvàapi> whip (n,) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal uwwupat <u´wuba´t> he is whipping him (pfv. wupa) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 58
Takic
Serran
Serrano wɯ̄ v dodge (in an event at a fiesta) ‣ kch
Cupan
Cupeño wə̱wva <we̱wva;‑0> to hit with a stick ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Tepiman *gɯ̱ vai <*'gɨvai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (50)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gɯv <gev> to hit, thrash obj ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.281
Pima Bajo gɯv <'gev> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (50)
Northern Tepehuan gɯ́ vai <g� ́vai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (50)
Southern Tepehuan ‑gɯv <‑'gɨv> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (50)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wehpani <wehpa-ní> to hit, strike ‣ Miller 1996: 407
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wipiso̱ <huipisó> azotar, pegar (con la mano) «whip, hit (with the hand)» ‣
Hilton 1959: 35
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ve̱wan <véguan> azotar, castigar «whip, punish» ‣ Pennington 1981: 106, 111
Tubar
Tubar wiwa̱- | wiwi- <wiwá- | vivi-> azotar «whip» (Lionnet says <v> is a variant of w) ‣ Lionnet 1978:
69
wE-06 stand (Miller 1967: 411 *we | *wene (*wele ?)) *wɯlɯC <*wïlïC> to stand ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991:
205; *wɯlɯ <*wɨlɨ> to stand ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 144 (161)
571
wE-06 wE-06
Numic *wɯnɯ |*wɯhnɯ <*wənə |*wəhnə (dur.)> stand ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (287)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ʔwɯnɯ <'wɨnɨ> stand (SG) ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 62
Western Mono wɯnɯ- <wɨnɨ-> to stand ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 287
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯnɯ <wünü"> stand, be upright, be in a certain position,
sg ‣ Dayley 1989: 395
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wɯnɯ <wyny"> to stand (sg. subj.) ‣ Crapo 1976: 101
Western Shoshone wɯnɯ <wene"> stand ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Shoshone wɯnɯ <weneH> to stand (sg. subj.) ‣ Miller 1972: 148
Comanche wɯnɯtɯ <wʉnʉrʉ> standing ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 155
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wɯnɯ- <wɨnɨ-> to stand; to stop SG ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 292
Chemehuevi wɯnɯ- <wɨ'nɨ> stand-sg ‣ Press 1979: 158
Southern Paiute wɯnɯī <wïnï´-i‘, wųnï´-i‘> stands ‣ Sapir 1931: 718
Southern Ute wɯnī <wu̧ ní> be standing (at/on/in) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 208
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wɯ̱ nɯ <wunu> to stand ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal ɯ̄ wɯnnɯt <ï·´wïnï´t> he is standing ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 176
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk niwɯn tˢonoʔk <níwən tsonoʔk> yo estoy parado «I'm standing» ‣ Anderton 1988: 576
Serrano wɯn stand (mass/pl.) ‣ kch
Serrano tᶴoʳnuʔwɯn be stopped, standing (with ‑wɯn as derivational suffix) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) wō <wóo> hay «there is» ‣ Harrington notes 134
Cupan
Luiseño won- <wón-> to be at a place (pl. inan.) ‣ Bright 1968: 51
Cahuilla ‑we̱wen- <‑wéwen-> to stand up; to stop (walking, working), to stand still ‣ Seiler &
Hioki 1979: 238
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío weri ̱ <werí> to be standing, sg. subj. ‣ Miller 1996: 408
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wiri ̱ <huirí> eatar parado «be standing» ‣ Hilton 1959: 36
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve we̱hran <huéhran> parar «stop» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197
Eudeve we̱hren <huéhren> pararse «stand up» ‣ Pennington 1981: 197
572
wE-07 wE-09
wE-07 carry (Miller 1967: 77 *we)

Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wejja <weiya> take, carry; act, carry out; conduct, guide, lead; take
through a procedure (pl.obj.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 170
Mayo weria : aʔa weria <hueria : a'a hueria> lo lleva «carry it» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 144
wE-08 penis (Miller 1967: 316 *hu)

Numic *wɯʔah <*wəʔah> penis ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (284)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯa | wɯappɯh <wüa" | wüappüh> penis ‣ Dayley 1989:
391
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wɯan <wyan> penis ‣ Crapo 1976: 99
Western Shoshone wɯʔa <we'a"> penis ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 293
Shoshone wɯan <wean> penis ‣ Miller 1972: 147
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi wɯa <'wɨ(a)> penis ‣ Press 1979: 158
Southern Ute waʔappi <wa?á-pi ̱> penis ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 202
Takic
Cupan *wə̱̄ʔi-la <*wə́:ʔi-la> penis, adult ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (90)
Luiseño wo̱ʔla <wóʔ-la> penis of adult male ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Cupeño wə̱ʔəl <we̱'e-l> penis ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
̃ penis ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 239
Cahuilla ‑we̱ʔi, wi ̱ʔiʎ <‑wéʔi, wíʔil>
wE-09 comb (Miller 1967: 95 *wes) *wɯ̄ s <*wɨɨs> comb ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 271 (215)
Numic *wɯ... <*wə...> sweep/comb/brush ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (282)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯsone <wüsone> comb, sweep ‣ Dayley 1989: 399
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wɯsonih <wy-sonih> to brush (one's hair) ‣ Crapo 1976: 101
Western Shoshone wɯsuneh <wesunaih> comb, sweep ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Comanche wɯnuatɯ <wʉnuarʉ> sweep ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 155
Southern Numic
Southern Paiute wɯʃiapi <WÏ‘cɩá-ɸI> feather ‣ Sapir 1931: 720
Southern Ute usiapi <wẖsía-vi ̱> feather ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 205
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wɯ̱̄ si <wuusi> brush, Hopi-style broom ‣ Hopi Dictionary
573
wE-10 wE-11
Nahua *tˢikawās- <*ȼikawaas-> comb ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (30)
Classical Nahuatl tˢikawastˡi <tzicauaztli> peine «peine» ‣ Molina 1571: 152r
Classical Nahuatl tˢikawāstˡi <tzicahuāz-tli> comb ‣ Karttunen 1983: 311
Tetelcingo Mexicano patᶴowāstˡi <pachohuöstli ̱> peine «comb» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1968: 172
Pochutla Mexicano tˢukʷast <tzucuázt> peine «comb» ‣ Boas 1917: 43
Pipil tˢīkuwas | tˢikūwas <tsi:kuwas (C) | tsiku:was (SD)> comb (C = Cuisnahuat dialect | SD = Santo
wE-10 man, grow into manhood

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wɯtᶳɯhatᶳ <wə́trəhətr, wətʃrəhatʃr, wə́tʃrəhətʃr, wətʃrəhətʃr> old man ‣ Anderton
1988: 576
Serrano wɯtᶳɯʳʂtᶳ man ‣ kch
Serrano wɯtᶳɯʳham men ‣ kch
Serrano wɯtᶳiʔvɯʳtᶳ old man ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) worō̱jt <wərɔ̄j́ t | woróit> hombre «man» ‣ Harrington notes 181 | 332
Tongva (Gabrielino) worō̱rom <woróorom> men ‣ Harrington notes 332
Cupan
Luiseño wo̱la- <wóla-> to grow, of plants or animals ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Luiseño awō̱l <ʔa-wó·-l> young man ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Cupeño wəl <we̱le;-0> to grow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cupeño awə̱lvə <awe̱lve> grown up, old ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cupeño piʃʔwə̱liʃ <pishweli-sh> grown up, of young man ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 168 (with pi-16)
wE-11 bend down

Takic
Serran
Serrano wɯ̄ jɯʔḵ be bent over, swayed over, nod (as when dozing off) ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño wo̱ja/i- <wóya/i-> to be bent down, as branches of a tree; to be felled (intr.); to bend
down branches, to fell a tree (tr.) ‣ Bright 1968: 51
Cahuilla ‑we̱ji- <‑wéyi-> to incline, to nod, to sway back and forth ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 239
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wiha̱ <huijá> estar colgado «be hanging» ‣ Hilton 1959: 35 [cognate?]
574
wE-12 wE-16
wE-12 bend down (merged into wE-11)
wE-13 winnow
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wɯppuʔah <wüppu'ah> winnow ‣ Dayley 1989: 397
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wɯhi ̱ta <wuhita> be winnowing ‣ Hopi Dictionary
wE-14 comb (Miller 1967: 95 *wen)

Numic *wɯ... <*wə...> sweep/comb/brush ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (282)
Western Numic
Western Mono wɯnattˢuʔi- <wɨnatsu'i-> to sweep, brush ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 287
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu nawɯninɯbɯ | nawɯninɯmpɯ <na-wɨni-nɨbɨ | na-wɨni-nɨmbɨ> comb ‣ Zigmond et al.
1990: 239
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wɯŋɯt <wɨŋɨ-t> the comb ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
wE-15 boy (separated from wE-10)

Tepiman *gɯ̱ ʔɯri <*'gɨ?ɨri> boy ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (52)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) al-gɯʔɯl <ʔal-geʔel> godchild; nephew, younger sister's child ‣ Mathiot
1973: 2.379
Pima Bajo ‑gɯʔɯl <‑'gɨ?ɨl> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (52)
Northern Tepehuan gɯ̄́ li <g� ́� ́li> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (52)
wE-16 blink *‑wɯCtˢa ‣ kch

Central Numic
Shoshone wɯttˢɯppuih <wettseppuih> to blink the eyes ‣ Miller 1972: 132
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío seʔwetᶴa̱ni <seʔwecá-ni> to wink, blink the eyes ‣ Miller 1996: 383
575
wi-01 wi-01
wi-01 fat, grease (Miller 1967: 166 *wi) *wip grease ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 201; *wi- fat ‣ Voegelin et al.
1962: 142 (102)
Numic
Central Numic
Shoshone wikkamma <wikkamma> to taste greasy ‣ Miller 1972: 148 (with ka-02)
Southern Numic
Chemehuevi wīwapi <'wiiwav(i)> oil/grease ‣ Press 1979: 158
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wi ̱hɯ <wihu> fat, oil, lard ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wipt <wip-t> the fat ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Tübatulabal wīpɯt <wi·b-(ɨt)> to be fat ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wipt <wip‘t> fat, lard ‣ Anderton 1988: 573
Serrano wipt fat, grease, fat one ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) witā̱ <witáa> gordo «fat» ‣ Harrington notes 469
Cupan
Luiseño ‑wiʔ <‑wíʔ> fat, grease, oil ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño wiʎ <wi ̱-ly> lard, fat, tallow ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla wiʎ <wí-l>̃ grease, fat ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 241
Tepiman *g�̄gi
̱ <*'giigi> animal fat ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (41)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gīgi ̥ <giigï> fat, tallow (before it is cooked) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.292
Pima Bajo g�̄gɯ-
̱ <'giigɨ-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (41)
̌ <giígi> lard ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (41); 1982: 306
Northern Tepehuan g�̄gi
Southern Tepehuan giɯ́ <gi� ́> fat (ADJ) ‣ Bascom 1982: 306
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wiʔi ̱ <wiʔí> grease, fat ‣ Miller 1996: 411
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wiʔi ̱ <hui'í> manteca, sebo «lard, tallow» ‣ Hilton 1959: 35
Cahita [cognate?]
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) awi fat, obese, chubby, corpulent ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 25
Mayo awwi <auhui> gordo «fat» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 116
576
wi-02 wi-03
wi-02 dibble, digging stick (Miller 1967: 326 *wika)

Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wīwīkinat <wi·´wi·´gina´t> he is stirring it ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 109
Tepiman *g�̄kai ̱ <*'giikai/i> dibble stick, plow ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (42)
̱ | *g�̄ki
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gīki ̥ <giikï> plow, digging stick ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.292
Pima Bajo gīk <'giik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (42)
̌ <giíkai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (42)
Northern Tepehuan g�̄kai
Southern Tepehuan gīk <'giik> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (42)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wi ̱ka (wika̱ ?) <wíka (¿wiká?)> dibble, digging stick (registrada por Dodd) ‣ Miller 1996: 409
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wi ̱ka <huica> palo picudo (para sembrar maíz) «pointed stick (for planting
corn)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 34
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) w�̓ka <wi'ika> digging stick ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 171
Mayo w�̓ka <huí'ica> coa, estaca «digging stick» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 146
Tubar
Tubar wikoli ̱t <wiko̧-ƚí-t> arco «bow» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
Cora/Huichol
Cora v�̓ka̱ <bi'icá> estaca «stake, stick» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 119
Wixarika (Huichol) wī.kā ́ <vii.cáa> pichueca «dibble» (viicáa müváa.ti´íníxüani 'pichueca para escarbar')
‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 115
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl wiktˡi <victli> coa, o pala de roble para labrar la tierra «digging stick, oaken
shovel for tilling the ground» ‣ Molina 1571: 157v
wi-03 owe
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wigani ̱ <wiga-ní> to owe ‣ Miller 1996: 410
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wike̱ <huiqué> deber «owe» ‣ Hilton 1959: 35
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vikiria̱ve <viquiriáve> deber «owe» ‣ Pennington 1981: 243
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wi ̱kiria <wikiria> owe ‣ Molina et al. 1990: 172
Mayo wikirii ̱ja : aʔa wikirii ̱ja <huiquiriiya : a'a huiquiriiya> le debe «owe him» ‣ Collard & Collard
1962: 145
577
wi-04 wi-05
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl wīkilia <huīquiliā> to take, carry something for someone; to owe something to
someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 90
Tetelcingo Mexicano kiwīkilia <qui ̱biqui ̱li ̱a> lo lleva a él, lo debe a él «[he] carries it to him, owes
it to him» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 178
Pipil wīkilia <wi:kilia> to owe (someone something) ‣ Campbell 1985: 569
wi-04 whistle (Miller 1967: 457a *wiku) (cf. pi-14)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wikʷiʔ <wikwiʔ> whistle ‣ Anderton 1988: 571
Serrano wīkʷiʔn whistle ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) nōn e w�̄kok
̱ <noonẹwíikọk> yo estoy chupando «I am sucking» ‣ Harrington
notes 286 [cognate?]
Tepiman *giku̱dai <*gi'kudai> he whistles ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (43a); *giku̱di(‑)/viku̱di
<*gi'kudi(‑)/vi'kudi> to whistle ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (43b)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gikudᶾ <gikuj> to whistle ‣ Mathiot 1973: 293
Pima Bajo vi ̱kidᶾ- <'vikij-> to whistle ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (43b)
Northern Tepehuan gikúdai <gikúdai> he whistles ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (43a)
Northern Tepehuan gikúɉi- | vikúɉi <gikúdʸi- | vikúdʸi> to whistle ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (43b)
Southern Tepehuan gikū̱d <gi'kuud> he whistles ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (43a)
Southern Tepehuan gi ̱kɉi- <'gikdʸi-> to whistle ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (43b)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wiko̱ani <wikóa-ni> to whistle ‣ Miller 1996: 410
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wiku̱wi <huicuhui> chiflar «whistle» ‣ Hilton 1959: 34
wi-05 thorn, awl (Miller 1967: 14 *wi) *witˢaC <*wicaC> thorn ‣ AMR; *wi- awl, needle ‣ Campbell &
Langacker 1978: 270 (202)
Numic
Western Numic
Western Mono wi ̱tti <wi ̱tI> awl (made of bone and used in making baskets) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
284, 307
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) winnu(pi) <winnu(pi)> needle, awl for making baskets;
spine on cactus or porcupine ‣ Dayley 1989: 385 [cognate?]
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wihupin <wihu-pin> needle ‣ Crapo 1976: 98
578
wi-05 wi-05
Western Shoshone wihupin | wihjupin <wihupin | wihyupin> needle, bee stinger, syringe ‣ Crum
& Dayley 1993: 294
Shoshone wihupin <wihu-pin> needle ‣ Miller 1972: 148
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wijattˢi <wiya-ci> awl ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 291
Chemehuevi wɯjɯ <wə́jə̥> awl ‣ K. Hill 1969: 47
Chemehuevi wia <wíʲḁ> colmillo «eyetooth» ‣ K. Hill 1969: 48
Southern Paiute wī <wi‘> awl ‣ Sapir 1931: 714
Southern Ute wijutᶴi <wiyú-ci ̱> awl, large needle ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 208
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wihātᶳ <wíhatʃr, wíhātʃr> cholla cactus ‣ Anderton 1988: 570
Serrano wihātᶳ thorn, needle ‣ kch
Cupan *wijā-la ‣ kch
Luiseño wijāḻ a <wiyá·-la> quartz crystal ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Cupeño i ̱wjəl spine, thorn (metathesized first syllable: iw < *wi) ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973:
157
Cahuilla wi ̱jal <wival [typo for wiyal]> Opuntia ramosissima Engelm. Pencil Cactus ‣ Bean &
Saubel 1972: 97
Cahuilla wi ̱jal <wíyal> pencil cactus ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 243
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wehtᶴa̱ <wehcá> needle, thorn; algarrobo, kind of plant ‣ Miller 1996: 407
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) witᶴa̱ <huichá> aguja «needle» ‣ Hilton 1959: 34
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vetˢa̱t <vetzát> espina «spine» ‣ Pennington 1981: 122
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) witᶴa <wicha> chips, splinters, kindling, thorn ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 171
Mayo wittᶴa <huitcha> espina «thorn» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 145
Nahua *witˢ- <*wiȼ-> thorn ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (167)
Classical Nahuatl witˢtˡi <vitztli> eſpina grande, o puya «large spine, sharp end of a maguey leaf» ‣
Molina 1571: 157v
Classical Nahuatl witˢtˡi <huitz-tli> thorn, spine ‣ Karttunen 1983: 91
Classical Nahuatl ītˢtˡi <ītz-tli> obsidian ‣ Karttunen 1983: 109 [cognate? unexpected loss of *w-; vowel is
unexpectedly long]
Tetelcingo Mexicano witˢtˡi <bi ̱tztli ̱> espina, abrojo «spine, thorn» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 111
Pochutla Mexicano wi ̱sti <uízti> espina «spine» (unusual non-final stress) ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pochutla Mexicano nonist <nonízt> mi espina «my spine» ‣ Boas 1917:28
Pipil witˢti <wits-ti> thorn ‣ Campbell 1985: 571
579
wi-06 wi-06
wi-06 string (Miller 1967: 419 *wi)

Numic *wisu(ⁿ) <*wisu(N)> string ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (280)
Western Numic
Western Mono wisi ̱pī <wisi ̱bi> string; thread; milkweed (Asclepias sp.) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 284,
451
Central Numic
Shoshone wisun <wisun> string ‣ Miller 1972: 148
Southern Numic (probably not cognate, but similar)
Kawaiisu wɯʔipɯ <wɨʔivɨ> string, cord ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 292
Chemehuevi wɯʔipimpɯ <wə’ívimpə̥> red milkweed sp. The string used for traps was made of
it. Also applied to the dry fiber. ‣ K. Hill 1969: 47
Southern Paiute wɯʔipɯ <wï’ɩ´-ɸÏ> milkweed ‣ Sapir 1931: 717
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wītˢuʔ <wits̅ uʔ, wītsuʔ> twist fibers into string ‣ Anderton 1988: 569
Serrano wītᶴuʔ make string ((an invention to account for the noun)) ‣ kch
Serrano wītᶴuaʔt <wīčuaʔt> string ‣ kch
Cupan *w�̄-tᶴ
̱ <*wí:-ča> fiber plant ‣ Munro 1990: 241 (43)
Luiseño w�̄tᶴa
̱ <wí·‑ča> Indian hemp, Apocynum cannabinum ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Cupeño wi ̱tᶴu <wi ̱chu> to twist string, rope, to twist a net ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cupeño wi ̱tᶴuʔət <wi ̱chu'e-t> string, rope ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cupeño wiʃ <wi ̱-sh> bowstring, willow fi[b]er, willow sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla ‑wi ̱tᶴiw- <‑wíčiw-> to braid (as rope, thread) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 240
Cahuilla wi ̱tᶴiwat <wíčiw-at> rope, thread, braiding ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 240
Cahuilla wiʃ <wish> bark of a tree that provided fiber ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 193
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wi ̱i <huíi> lazar, amarrar (un animal) «lace, tie up (an animal)» ‣ Hilton
1959: 35
Nahua [unexpected loss of *w-]
Classical Nahuatl itᶴtˡi <ichtli> cerro o copo de maguei «maguey fiber that has been combed and
cleaned or bundled on the distaff to be spun» ‣ Molina 1571: 32v
Classical Nahuatl ītᶴtˡi <īch-tli> thread made from maguey fiber ‣ Karttunen 1983: 93
Tetelcingo Mexicano ītᶴtˡi <ichtli ̱> ixcle (de pita, maguey), hilo «thread (of agave, maguey), thread»
Pipil itᶴti <ich-ti> century plant (agave), string, cord ‣ Campbell 1985: 220
580
wi-07 wi-08
wi-07 bird (Miller 1967: 40 *wici) *wiCtˢit ‣ kch (cf. wi-22)

Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wiwī(ttˢi) <wiwii(ttsi)> finch, Carpodacus sp. ‣ Dayley 1989:
386
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu witˢikkitˢi <wižiki-ži> bird ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 286
Chemehuevi witˢiʔitˢi <witsí’itsi ̥> gen. term for smaller bird ‣ K. Hill 1969: 49
Southern Paiute witˢiʔtˢi | witˢɯʔtˢi <witsi´’-ts· | witsï´’-ts·> bird ‣ Sapir 1931: 716
Southern Ute witᶴitᶴi <wicí-ci ̱> bird ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 206
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk witˢitat <wíts̅ ita̅ t‘> small bird ‣ Anderton 1988: 569
Serrano witᶴit bird ‣ kch
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl witˢitˢilin <vitzitzilin> cierto paxarito «species of little bird» ‣ Molina 1571: 157v
Classical Nahuatl wītˢilin | wītˢikitˢin <huītzil-in | huītziquitzin> hummingbird ‣ Karttunen 1983: 90,
91
Tetelcingo Mexicano wīhtˢītˢiki <bijtzitzi ̱qui ̱> chuparrosa, chupamirto, colibrí, chupamiel
«hummingbird» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 111
wi-08 buzzard, vulture (Miller 1967: 67 *witu) [seems to be a Wanderwort; cf. Chawchila Yokuts wič ̓ ‘condor’
(Newman 1944:202)]
Numic *wi... buzzard ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (277)
Western Numic
Western Mono wi ̱hō <wi ̱ho> turkey vulture ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 284
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wikkumahātˢi <wiku-mahaa-zi> buzzard ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 290
Chemehuevi wikku | wikkumppɯtˢi <wíku̥ | wikúmpətsi ̥> buzzard ‣ K. Hill 1969: 49
Southern Paiute wikkumpɯtˢi <WIx̯qu´-mpïts·> buzzard ‣ Sapir 1931: 715
Southern Ute ukkutᶴikettɯ <wẖkú-ci-ge-ti ̧> buzzard (lit. 'have claws') ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979:
205
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wiso̱ko <wisoko> turkey vulture ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Tübatulabal
581
wi-09 wi-09
Tübatulabal wiʃokkompiʃt <wišokombiš-t> the song of turkey buzzard (Kroeber (1907: 83) lists this
word (<wicukumpict>) as referring to the bird itself.) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wirukuht <wírukuht> vulture ‣ Anderton 1988: 574
Serrano wiruḵt turkey vulture ‣ kch
Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) viʂag <vixag> hawk ‣ Mathiot 1973: 2.279
Guariío/Rarámuri
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) wiru̱ <huirú> zopilote «vulture» ‣ Hilton 1959: 36
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wīru <wiiru> turkey vulture ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 172
Mayo wīru <huiiru> aura «vulture» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 145
Tubar
Tubar wilu̱ <wilú> aura «vulture» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
Cora/Huichol
Cora vi ̱skɯ <bíscʌ> zopilote «vulture» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 120
wi-09 acorn, oak (Miller 1967: 2 *wi) <*wiʔan> ‣ AMR

Numic *wija(h) <*wiya(h)> acorn ‣ Ianucci 1973: 122 (281)
Western Numic
Western Mono wi ̱jā <wi ̱ya> black oak acorns ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 285, 313
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wijan | wijampi <wiyan | wiyampi> acorn ‣ Dayley 1989:
387
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wiʔabi | wijabi <wiʔa-bi | wiya-bi> acorn ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 290
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wiʔaht <wiʔaht, wíʔaht> oak sp.: a mountain variety with edible acorn ‣ Anderton
1988: 568
Serrano wiʔaht valley live oak (Quercus agrifolia) ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) weʔāʂ̱ ar <we'áaʃarr> encino «live oak» ‣ Harrington notes 053
Cupan *wiʔa̱-t <*wiʔá-t> oak sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 244 (83)
Luiseño wiʔa̱t <wiʔá-t> a kind of oak, Quercus chrysolepis ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Luiseño wiʔāʂ̱ al <wiʔá·ṣa-l> a kind of oak, Quercus agrifolia ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño wi ̱ʔat <wi ̱'a-t> live oak sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 179
582
wi-10 wi-13
Cupeño wiʔa̱wlət <wi'a̱wle-t> live oak sp. ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 179
Cahuilla wi ̱ʔat <wi'at> the canyon or maul oak, Quercus chrysolepis ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 123
Cahuilla wi ̱ʔasiʎ <wi'asily> coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 123
wi-10 knife
Numic *wihi(h) knife ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (278)
Western Numic
Western Mono wi ̱hī <wi ̱hi> knife ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 283
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wihin knife ‣ Dayley 1989: 384
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wīn <wiin> knife ‣ Crapo 1976: 98
Western Shoshone wihin knife, metal ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Shoshone wīn <wiin> knife ‣ Miller 1972: 148
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wihittˢi <wihi-či> knife ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 290
Chemehuevi wihi <wíhi ̥> knife ‣ K. Hill 1969: 48
Southern Paiute wiitˢi <wɩi´-ts·> knife ‣ Sapir 1931: 715
Southern Ute wiitᶴi <wií-ci ̱> knife ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 206
wi-11 bucket, pot

Numic *wihtua bucket/pot ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (279)
Western Numic
Western Mono wittu̱wā <witu̱wa> (cooking) pot ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 285
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wittuʔa <wittu'a> kettle, pot ‣ Dayley 1989: 386
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wittua pot, pan; cup ‣ Crapo 1976: 98
Western Shoshone wittua drum; pot, bucket ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Shoshone wittuhua bucket; pottery jar ‣ Miller 1972: 148
Comanche wihtuaʔ bucket, container ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 149
wi-12 tremble
Tepiman *gigi ̱vukui <*gi'givukui> to tremble ‣ Bascom 1965: 158 (40)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gigiwuk <gigiwuk> to tremble ‣ Saxton & Saxton 1969: 12
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gigivk to tremble, shiver, shake (from cold, age, or fear) ‣ Mathiot 1973:
1.291
wi-13 come
583
wi-14 wi-17
Nahua *wītˢ <*wiiȼ> come ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 263 (32)
Classical Nahuatl niwitˢ <vitz.ni> venir «come» ‣ Molina 1571: 157v
Classical Nahuatl wītˢ <huītz> to come ‣ Karttunen 1983: 90
Tetelcingo Mexicano niwītˢ <ni ̱bitz> vengo «I come» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 128
Pochutla Mexicano witˢ <uítz> venir «come» ‣ Boas 1917: 28
Pipil wītˢ <wi:ts> to come ‣ Campbell 1985: 570
wi-14 belt
Tepiman *givu̱rai <*gi'vurai> belt ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (44)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) givuɖ <givuḑ> belt ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.294
Pima Bajo gi ̱var <'givar> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (44)
Northern Tepehuan givúrai <givúrai> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (44)
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve viko̱sa <vicósa> faja «sash» (probably not cognate) ‣ Pennington 1981: 242
wi-15 amaranth [not a good set]

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi w�̄w
̱ a <wiiwa> pigweed (‑wa rather than *‑la is unexpected) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Classical Nahuatl wawtˡi <vauhtli> bledos «wild amaranth» ‣ Molina 1571: 155r
Classical Nahuatl wāwtˡi <huāuh-tli> amaranth ‣ Karttunen 1983: 82
wi-16 rain (v.) (Miller 1967: 338 *(w)ema)

Takic [cognate?]
Serran [vowel is unexpected]
Kitanemuk wōŋ <woŋ, w̅ ōŋ> rain ‣ Anderton 1988: 580
Serrano wōʳŋ rain (vi.) ‣ kch
Cupan [vowel is unexpected]
Cupeño wəw | wə̱wəl <we̱we;‑0 | we̱wele;‑0> to rain ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla -we̱wen- <‑wéwen-> to rain ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 238
Cora/Huichol
Cora mev�̄hije
̱ <mebiíjiye> llueve «it rains» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 145
Wixarika (Huichol) wíwíjē- <vívíyee=> lloviznar «drizzle» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 117
wi-17 acorn mush

Tübatulabal
584
wi-18 wi-19
Tübatulabal wīwat <wi·íwa´t> she stirs it (acorn mush or gravy) ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1935: 210
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wi <wi, w̅ i> make acorn mush ‣ Anderton 1988: 568
Kitanemuk wītˢ <wits, wīts> acorn mush ‣ Anderton 1988: 568
Serrano wītᶴ acorn mush ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) wīj <w�ỹ́ ̥ | wíiy>
̥ atole de bellota «acorn mush» ‣ Harrington notes 126
Cupan *wīw-i-tᶴ ‣ kch; *w�̄w
̱ i-ʃ <*wí:wi-š> acorn mush ‣ Munro 1990: 237
Acjachemem (Juaneño) wiwtᶴ <wiwch | wiwtc | wewish> acorn prepared; soup, gruel, mush
(<wewish> is probably for Luiseño w�̄wiʃ)
̱ ‣ Woodward 2007: 212
Luiseño wiw- <wíw-> to cook acorn mush ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Luiseño w�̄w
̱ iʃ <wí·wi-š> acorn mush ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Cupeño wiw <wi ̱we> to cook acorn mush, to cook starch ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 179
Cupeño wi ̱wiʃ <wi ̱wi-sh> acorn mush, weewish ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 179
Cahuilla ‑wiw- <-wíw-> to make acorn mush ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 242
Cahuilla wi ̱wiʃ <wíw-iš> acorn mush ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 242
wi-18 play a flute

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk wīroʔj <wiroʔj, wirojʔi> play (instrument) ‣ Anderton 1988: 574
Kitanemuk wīroʔjnihʷaʔt <wiroʔjnihwat, wiroʔjnihwaʔt, wí·rɔynihʷát> flute, or any musical
instrument ‣ Anderton 1988: 574
Serrano wīruiʔn play a flute ‣ kch
Serrano wīruiʔnihʷaʔt reed flute, whistle ‣ kch
Cupan
Luiseño w�̄ru-
̱ <wí·ru-> to play the flute ‣ Bright 1968: 50
Cahuilla ‑w�̄ru-
̱ <-wíiru-> to flute (from Spanish güiro?) ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 242
wi-19 plant sp.

Takic
Serran
̄́
Kitanemuk wīkʷat <w�ḳwat> plant sp: an ash-colored shrub which smokes a lot ‣ Anderton 1988:
571
Cupan *w�̄ḵ ʷa-t <*wí:kʷa-t> plant sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 245 (93)
Luiseño w�̄kat
̱ <wí·ka-t> a plant, Artemisia tridentata ‣ Bright 1968: 50
585
wi-20 wi-22
Cupeño wi ̱kut <wi ̱ku-t> Juniper ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla wi ̱kʷat <wikwat> Artemisia tridentata Nutt., Basin Sagebrush ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 43
wi-20 plant sp.

Hopi
Orayvi Hopi wi ̱pho cattail (combining form: wivoh-) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Takic
Tongva (Gabrielino) wīvor <wíivọ̣rr> milkweed (sic: two dots below <o>, one under the other) ‣
wi-21 mud (separated from kwi-02)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wijapɯ <wiya-vɨ> mud, clay ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 291
Chemehuevi pawiapɯ <pawíʲavə̥> mud ‣ K. Hill 1969: 27 (with pa-07)
Southern Paiute wiapɯ <wɩa´-ɸÏ> mud ‣ Sapir 1931: 714
Southern Ute wijapɯ <wiyá-vu̧ > mud ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 208
wi-22 bird (Miller 1967: 40 *wiki) (separated from wi-07)

Takic
Cupan
Cupeño wi ̱kiʎ <wi ̱ki-ly> flight feather ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla wi ̱kikmal | wi ̱kitmal <wíkikmal | wíkitmal> bird ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 241
Cahuilla wi ̱kiʎ <wíkil> ̃ feather ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 241
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve viki ̱tˢ <viquítz> pajarito «songbird» ‣ Pennington 1981: 243
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wīkit <wiikit> bird (gen.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 172
Mayo wīkit <huiíquit> pájaro «bird» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 145
Cora/Huichol
Cora vi ̱tˢ�̓ <bítzi'i> chapulín «grasshopper» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 120
Wixarika (Huichol) w�̄.k�̄́ ́ <víi.quíi> pájaro «bird» ‣ Grimes et al. 1981: 116
586
wi-23 wo-01
wi-23 throw down *wīna ‣ kch (separated from wE-04)

Numic
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu winē- <winee-> to throw down; to drop (tr.) ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 291
Southern Paiute wɯnnai- <wïn·ai-> to throw down ‣ Sapir 1931: 717
Southern Ute winaī <winá ̧y> throw ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 207
Takic
Serran
Serrano wīn throw away, throw down ‣ kch
wo-01 two (Miller 1967: 509a *wo, 509b *woka, 509c *woy) *wō- <*woo-> two ‣ Campbell & Langacker
1978: 277 (282); *wo- two ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 142 (103)
Numic
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wōsɯwi <woosüwi> eight, eighth, eight times ‣ Dayley
1989: 389
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wōsɯwihtɯn <woosywih-tyn> eight ‣ Crapo 1976: 99
Western Shoshone wōsɯwihtɯn <woosewihten> eight ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi lɶ̱̄ jɶʔ <lööyö'> two (counting form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Orayvi Hopi lɶ̱̄ jɶm <lööyöm> two (modifier form) ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Songoopavi Hopi lɶ̱̄ jɶm <lööyöm> two (counting or modifier) ‣ Kalectaca 1979: 173
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wō <wo·> two ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk woh <wo‘, woh, woʔ> two ‣ Anderton 1988: 579
Serrano woʳh two
Tongva (Gabrielino) wehēʔ̱ | wehe̱ʔ <wehée' | wehé'> dos «two» ‣ Harrington notes 610 | 332
Cupan
Luiseño weh <wéh> two ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño wih <wi ̱h> two ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla wih <wíh> two ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 241
Tepiman *gō̱ka <*'gooka> two ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (46)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gōk <gook> two ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.298
587
wo-02 wo-03
Pima Bajo gōk <'gook> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (46)

Northern Tepehuan gō̌ka <goóka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (46)
Southern Tepehuan gōk <'gook> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (46)
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío woka̱ <woká> two ‣ Miller 1996: 411
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) okua̱ <ocuá> dos «two» ‣ Hilton 1959: 55
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve godu̱m <godúm> dos «two» ‣ Pennington 1981: 182
Ópata gad | gode two ‣ Shaul 1983: 118
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) woi two ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 174
Mayo wōji <guooyi> dos «two» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 143
Tubar
Tubar njoho̱r | njor <nyo̧jó̧-r | nyó̧-r> dos «two» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 70
Nahua *ōmə <*oomə> two ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268 (180)
Classical Nahuatl ome <ome> dos «two» ‣ Molina 1571: 76r
Classical Nahuatl ōme two ‣ Karttunen 1983: 173
Tetelcingo Mexicano ōme | ōnte <ume | unte> dos «two» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 245
Pochutla Mexicano omem <omém> dos «two» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil ūme <u:me> two ‣ Campbell 1985: 553
wo-02 paternal grandfather

Tepiman
Tohono O'odham (Papago) vosk paternal grandfather; paternal grandfather's brother ‣ Mathiot 1973:
2.295 [w- for expected g‑; perhaps a loanword]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wotᶴi ̱ <wocí> grandfather: FaFa; grandchild: man's SoCh ‣ Miller 1996: 411
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) otᶴi ̱kari <ochícari> abuelo paterno; nieto (del abuelo paterno) «paternal
grandfather; grandchild (of the paternal grandfather)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 55
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve vo̱tˢwa <vótzgua> abuelo «grandfather» ‣ Pennington 1981: 246
wo-03 foot (Miller 1967: 257b *wok)

Tepiman *gō̱kui <*'gookui> track, footprint ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (47)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gōki ̥ <gookï> track, footprints ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.298
Pima Bajo gōk <'gook> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (47)
̌ ui <goókui> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (47)
Northern Tepehuan gōk
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wokim feet, legs ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 174
588
wo-04 wo-04
Mayo wokkim <guócquim> pies «feet» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 142
Tubar
Tubar njoki ̱r <nyo̧kí-r> pie, pata, huella «foot, paw, track» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 70
wo-04 pine (Miller 1967: 320a *woko, 320b *hoko) *wokon pine ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 203; *woko pine ‣
Campbell & Langacker 1978: 276 (265); *wosko pine ‣ Voegelin et al. 1962: 143 (142)
Numic *woŋko(ⁿ) <*woŋko(N)> pine tree/fir/spruce ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (275)
Western Numic
Northern Paiute wokoppi <wogo-pi> pine ‣ Snapp et al. 1982: 33
Western Mono kusiwokko̱pɯ̄ | kusiwakko̱pɯ̄ <kusiwoqo̱bɨ | kusiwaqo̱bɨ> Jeffrey pine (tree)
(Pinus jeffreyii) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 55 (with ku-07)
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) woŋkopin <wongkopin> pine (e.g., spruce, fir, ponderosa,
but not piñon or juniper) ‣ Dayley 1889: 388
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wonkopin <wonko-pin> (tall) pine tree (poss. white pine); board
(generic) ‣ Crapo 1976: 99
Western Shoshone wonkopin tall pine, spruce, douglas fir ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Shoshone wonkopin | onkopin spruce (Pseudotsuga douglasii) ‣ Miller 1972: 149
Comanche woko | wokō̱pi <woko | wokóobi> pine ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 150
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wohotɯbɯ <woho-dɨ-bɨ> "bull pine", digger pine, Pinus sabiniana ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990:
293
Southern Paiute okompɯ | akompɯ <ɔ(·)χɔ´-mpÏ | öχɔ´-mpÏ | aγɔ´-mpÏ> fir ‣ Sapir 1931: 595
Southern Ute akoppɯ <?aĝó-pu̧ > Ponderosa pine (tree) ‣ Southern Ute Tribe 1979: 96
Hopi
Orayvi Hopi lɶ̱ qɶ <löqö> ponderosa pine, western yellow pine ‣ Hopi Dictionary
Musangnuvi Hopi lɶ̱ qɶ <lọ̈qö> pine ‣ Whort 1946: 183
Songoopavi Hopi lɶ̱ qɶ <löqö> pine tree ‣ Kennard & Masákʷaftiwa 2008: 92 (171)
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wohhont <wohont> pine nuts from Digger or gray pine ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 15
Tübatulabal wohhōnol <wohonol> Digger or gray pine, Pinus sabiniana (vowel length inferred from
genitive form <wôhô·ńô´la’a´ŋ> [C. F. Voegelin 1935: 27.112]) ‣ E. W. Voegelin 1938: 15 [kch: living tree]
Tübatulabal wohhompōl <wohombo·-l> the bull pine ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228 [kch: dead tree]
Takic
́ digger pine (Pinus sabiniana) ‣ McCawley 1996: 268
Tongva (Gabrielino) waxo̱t <wahchot>
Cupan *wexe- | *wəxe‑ ‣ kch
Luiseño wixe̱ʔtut <wixéʔtu-t> a kind of pine, Pinus coulteri ‣ Bright 1968: 50
589
wo-05 wo-06
Luiseño wixe̱niviʃla <wixéniviš-la> a kind of pine ‣ Bright 1968: 50

Luiseño wixe̱ʔtut <wixé'tu-t> sugar pine ‣ Elliott 1999: 1063
Cupeño wəxi ̱tʔit <wexi ̱t'i-t> Pine ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
Cahuilla we̱xet <wexet> Pinus L., Pine ‣ Bean & Saubel 1972: 102
Tepiman
Northern Tepehuan úkui <úkui> pine ‣ Bascom 1982: 302 [loanword? expected initial g- is missing;
unexpected vowels]
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wohko̱ | ohko̱ <wohkó | ohkó> pine tree ‣ Miller 1996: 411
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) oko̱ <ocó> pino «pine» ‣ Hilton 1959: 55
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve voko̱t <vocót> pino «pine» ‣ Pennington 1981: 245
Ópata goko̱ <gocô> pino «pine» ‣ Pennington 1981: 39
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) woko pine (tree: Pinus spp.) ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 175
Mayo wokko <guocco> ocote «pine» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 142
Tubar
Tubar njoko̱t <nyo̧kó̧-t> ocote, pino «pine» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 70
Cora/Huichol
Cora huku̱ <jucú> ocote (pino) «pine» ‣ McMahon & McMahon 1959: 142
Nahua *oko- pine, kindling ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 267 (126)
Classical Nahuatl okotˡ <ocotl> tea, raja o aſtilla de pino «torch, a slice or splinter of pine» ‣ Molina
1571: 75v
Classical Nahuatl okotˡ <oco-tl> pine tree; torch made of pine ‣ Karttunen 1983: 176
Tetelcingo Mexicano okotˢotˡ <ocotzotl> trementina «turpentine» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 168
Pochutla Mexicano okot <ocót> ocote «pine» ‣ Boas 1917: 27
Pipil ukut <uku-t> pine, pine kindling, torch pine ‣ Cambell 1985: 550
wo-05 salt (merged into o-27)
wo-06 head hair (Miller 1967: 210 *wo)

Numic *wō(h) <*woo(h)> hair/head ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (270)
Western Numic
Western Mono wō <woo> head ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 293, 370
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wōtol <wo·do-l> the hair center on head; the tip of basket cap ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958:
228
590
wo-07 wo-09
wo-07 grasshopper (Miller 1967: 205 *woʔa)

Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk woʔoht <wóʔoqt, wóʔo‘t> grasshopper, or dragonfly ‣ Anderton 1988: 580
Serrano woʳʔoʳht grasshopper ‣ kch
Tongva (Gabrielino) weʔēṯ <we'éet> chapule «grasshopper» ‣ Harrington notes 596
́ grasshopper ‣ McCawley 1996: 268
Tongva (Gabrielino) weʔe̱t <wā-ě̱t>
Cupan *wiʔe̱-t <*wiʔé-t> grasshopper ‣ Munro 1990: 242 (54)
Luiseño wiʔe̱t <wiʔé-t> grasshopper ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño wi ̱ʔət <wi ̱'e-t> grasshopper ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 179
Cahuilla wi ̱ʔit <wíʔit> grass hopper ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 244
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío wohtᶴi ̱ <wohcí> grasshopper ‣ Miller 1996: 411
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) wōʔotᶴi <woo'ochi> grasshopper ‣ Molina et al. 1999: 175
Mayo wo̓tᶴi <guó'ochi> chapulín, langosta «grasshopper, crayfish» ‣ Collard & Collard 1962: 143
wo-08 worm
Numic *woʔa worm ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (272)
Western Numic
Western Mono woʔa̱pi <wo'a̱bI> worm, maggot (probably should be <wo'a̱bi>) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993:
295, 480
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) woapin | woapittˢi <woapin | woapittsi> worm, grub ‣
Dayley 1989: 388
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone woʔapin | woapin <wo'a-pin | woa-pin> worm ‣ Crapo 1976: 98
Western Shoshone woʔapin <wo'apin> worm, maggot ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Shoshone woapin | oapin <woa-pin | oapin> worm ‣ Miller 1972: 149
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu woʔopi <woʔo-vi> worm ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 293
wo-09 awl (Miller 1967: 15 *wopi | *(h)opi) (merged into o-02)
591
wo-10 wo-11
wo-10 wood
Numic *wopi(ⁿ) <*wopi(N)> wood ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (276)
Western Numic
Western Mono wuppikku̱ssu <wupiku̱sU> sapsucker, Modoc woodpecker (little type of
woodpecker) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 296, 395
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) wopin | wopimpɯ <wopin | wopimpü> log, board, (cut)
wood, pole ‣ Dayley 1989: 390
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone wopin wagon ‣ Crapo 1976: 99
Western Shoshone wopin board, log; wagon, car ‣ Crum & Dayley 1993: 294
Comanche wōpi ̱ <woobi ̱> board, wood, lumber ‣ Robinson & Armagost 1990: 150
Southern Numic
Kawaiisu wopi <wo-vi> old timber, wood ‣ Zigmond et al. 1990: 294
Southern Paiute opi <ɔ´ɸI> wood ‣ Sapir 1931: 594
wo-11 bark (Miller 1967: 22 [no reconstruction])

Numic *wohi | *woʔa | *waʔa | *woʔo bark ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (274)
Western Numic
Western Mono woʔokki- <wo'oki-> to bark, bark at (of dogs) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 296
Central Numic
Shoshone woʔai | woʔe <wo'aiG> to bark ‣ Miller 1972: 149
Tübatulabal
Tübatulabal wohʔwohat <wohʔwoh-[at]> to bark ‣ C. F. Voegelin 1958: 228
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío woʔi ̱ <woʔí> coyote ‣ Miller 1996: 412
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve voi <vói> coyote ‣ Pennington 1981: 182
Ópata goo̱ <goó> coyote ‣ Shaul 1983: 109
Tubar
Tubar wonamja̱t <wo̧-na-myá-t> está ladrando «[it] is barking» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
Tubar woi | goi <wo̧i | go̧i> coyote ‣ Lionnet 1978: 69
Nahua
Classical Nahuatl niteawa <aua.nite> reñir a otro «scold someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 9r
Classical Nahuatl nitˡawawaloa | nitewawaloa <vaualoa.nitla | vaualoa.nite> ladrar el perro | ladrar
el perro a alguno «for a dog to bark | for a dog to bark at someone» ‣ Molina 1571: 155r
Classical Nahuatl aʔwa <ahhua> to scold someone, to quarrel with someone ‣ Karttunen 1983: 5
592
wo-12 wu-01
Classical Nahuatl waʔwaloa <huahhualtz(a)> to bark at someone (sic; should be <huahhualo(a)>) ‣

Karttunen 1983: 80
Tetelcingo Mexicano wahwanoa <huajuanoa> ladra «[it] barks» ‣ Brewer & Brewer 1962: 127
Pipil ahwa <ahwa> to scold, to bark at, to yelp at ‣ Campbell 1985: 155
wo-12 dog (Miller 1967: 136 *ʔawci)

Tepiman *gogo̱si <*go'gosi> dog ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (45a)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gogs dog; a man without shame ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.297
Pima Bajo go̱giʃ <'gogiš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (45a)
Northern Tepehuan gogóʃi <gogóši> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (45a)
Southern Tepehuan gagō̱ʃ <ga'gooš> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (45a)
wo-13 back [a doubtful set]

Numic *woʔā ̆ <*woʔa(a)> back (body part) ‣ Ianucci 1973: 121 (273)
Western Numic
Western Mono woʔa̱pɯ̄ <wo'abɨ | wo'a̱bi ̱> backbone (no stress indicated (p. 296, Mono-English); two
stresses indicated (p. 308, English-Mono); stress on word-final short vowel seems unlikely. [i and ɨ are not
differentiated in the English-Mono section]) ‣ Bethel et al. 1993: 296 | 308 (cf. ho-08)
Tubar
Tubar o̱var | owar <ó̧va-r | o̧wan-r> espalda «back» ‣ Lionnet 1978: 62
wo-14 eight (merged into wa-11)
wo-15 bird sp.

Takic
Cupan *wēs̱ a-l <*wé:sa-l> bird sp. ‣ Munro 1990: 238 (14)
Luiseño wēs̱ al <wé·sa-l> a bird, the white brant ‣ Bright 1968: 49
Cupeño wi ̱sal <wi ̱sa-l> Mud Hen ‣ Hill & Nolasquez 1973: 178
wu-01 stand
Tepiman *gugu̱ka <*gu'guka> to stand ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (48)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gɯgok <gegok> to stand, to be in a standing position (for animate
referents and inanimate referents when there are only a few of them) ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.279
Pima Bajo gɯ̱ vɯk <'gɨvɨk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (48)
Northern Tepehuan gū́ka <gúúka> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (48)
Southern Tepehuan gugū̱k- <gu'guuk‑> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (48)
593
wu-02 wu-02
wu-02 strength
Tepiman *guvu̱ka <*gu'vuka> strength ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (49)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gɯvk <gevk> to be stiff, strong, hard, coarse ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.284
Tohono O'odham (Papago) gɯvka <gevka> to become stiffer, stronger, harder, coarser; to make
obj stiffer, stronger, etc. ‣ Mathiot 1973: 1.284
Pima Bajo gɯvk <gɨvk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (49)
Northern Tepehuan guvúka- <guvúka-> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (49)
Southern Tepehuan gɯvk <'gɨvk> ‣ Bascom 1965: 159 (49)
594
References References
References
Uto-Aztecan
‣ Campbell, Lyle and Ronald W. Langacker. 1978. Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part III. International Journal of
American Linguistics 44.4: 262-279.
‣ Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1991. Blood, tears, and murder: the evidence for Proto-Uto-Aztecan syllable-final
consonants. Historical Linguistics 1991: Papers from the 10th International Conference on Historical Linguistics,
edited by Jaap van Marle. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 107. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
‣ Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1992. A Northern Uto-Aztecan sound law: *‑c- → ‑y-. International Journal of
American Linguistics 58(3): 251-268.
‣ Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. The distribution of /s/ vs. /š/ and related issues in Aztecan phonology and
etymology. Acta Linguistica Hafniensa 28: 103-118.
‣ Manaster Ramer, Alexis and Ralph Charles Blight. 1993. Uto-Aztecan *ps (and *sp, too?). International
Journal of American Linguistics 59(1): 38-43.
‣ Miller, Wick R. 1967. Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets. University of California Publications in Linguistics, Vol. 48.
‣ Miller, Wick R. 1988. Computerized Data Base for Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets, May, 1988. With assistance
from Keven Jon Hegg, Laurel Anderton, and Cindy High. University of Utah MS.
‣ Voegelin, C. F., F.M. Voegelin and Kenneth L. Hale. 1962. Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-
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‣ Ianucci, David Edmund. 1973. Numic Historical Phonology. Cornell University dissertation.
Western Numic
Northern Paiute ‣ Liljeblad, Sven, Catherine S. Fowler and Glenda Powell, 2012. The Northern
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Grammar. University of California, Berkeley dissertation.
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Aztecan Grammar, Volume 3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches, edited by Ronald W. Langacker. Summer
Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics Number 57, Volume III, pp. 1-92.
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Oregon dissertation.
Western Mono ‣ Bethel, Rosalie, Paul V. Kroskrity, Christopher Loether and Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1993. A
Dictionary of Western Mono, Second Edition. MS.
Central Numic
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ‣ Dayley, Jon P. 1989. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary.
UCPL 116.
Tümpisa Shoshone (Panamint, Koso) ‣ Dayley, Jon P. 1989a. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar.
UCPL 115.
595
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Vegas, NV: Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences No. 10.
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State University.
Shoshone ‣ Miller, Wick R. 1972. Newe Natekwinappeh: Shoshoni Stories and Dictionary. University of
Utah Anthropological Papers, Number 94. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Comanche ‣ Robinson, Lila Wistrand and James Armagost. 1990. Comanche Dictionary and Grammar.
Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
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Kawaiisu ‣ Zigmond, Maurice L., Curtis G. Booth, and Pamela Munro. 1990. Kawaiisu, A Grammar and
Dictionary with Texts, edited by Pamela Munro. University of California Publications, Linguistics 119.
Chemehuevi ‣ Hill, Kenneth C., ed. 1969. J. P. Harrington's Chemehuevi noun list. University of Michigan
MS (in possession of Kenneth C. Hill).
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Publications, Linguistics 92.
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of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 65, No. 3.
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Ignacio, CO: Ute Press.
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Orayvi Hopi ‣ Hopi Dictionary: from the Hopi Dictionary database
Musangnuvi Hopi ‣ Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1946. The Hopi language: Toreva dialect. Linguistic Structures of
Native America, by Harry Hoijer et al. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology Number Six. New York:
Viking Fund.
Songoopavi Hopi ‣ Kalectaca, Milo. 1978. Lessons in Hopi. Edited by Ronald W. Langacker. Tucson:
University of Arizona Press.
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Edited and with an introduction by Karen Dakin. Tlalocan 25.81-109.
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Tübatulabal ‣ Arvidson, Lucy. 1976. Alaawich (Our Language). Edited by Coral Bergman, illustrated by
Anne Galloway. Morongo Indian Reservation, Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
Tübatulabal ‣ Berman, Howard. 2002. Merriam's Palewyami vocabulary. International Journal of American
Linguistics 68(4): 428-446.
Tübatulabal ‣ Gifford, Edward Winslow. 1917. Tübatulabal and Kawaiisu kinship terms. University of
California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 12.6.219-248.
Tübatulabal ‣ Kroeber, A.L. 1907. Shoshonean dialects of California. University of California Publications in
American Archaeology and Ethnology 4.3.
Tübatulabal ‣ Sawyer, Jesse O. and Alice Schlichter. 1984. Yuki Vocabulary. University of California
Publications, Linguistics 101.
Tübatulabal ‣ Voegelin, C. F. 1935. Tübatulabal grammar. (i-vii, 55-189) Tübatulabal texts. (1.1-27.717)
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34.2-3.
596
Tübatulabal ‣ Voegelin, C. F. 1958. Working dictionary of Tübatulabal. International Journal of American

Linguistics 24.221-228.
Tübatulabal ‣ Voegelin, Erminie W. 1938. Tübatulabal ethnography. University of California Publications in
Anthropological Records 2.1. [The volume is for 1938-1940; the E. W. Voegelin contribution is dated 1941.]
Takic
Serran
Kitanemuk ‣ Anderton, Alice Jeanne. 1988. The language of the Kitanemuks of California. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Serrano ‣ kch: from my own work
Serrano ‣ Harrington notes: See Tongva (Gabrielino)
Serrano ‣ Merriam, C. Hart. 1850-1974. C. Hart Merriam papers relating to work with California Indians,
1850-1974. (bulk 1898-1938) Beginning at the URL: http:www.archive.org/stream/bancroft_chartmerriam
_1556_60#page/n0/mode/2up University of California, Berkeley, Bancroft Library.
Serrano ‣ Miller, Wick R. 1967. Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets. University of California Publications in
Linguistics, Vol. 48.
Serrano ‣ Ramón, Dorothy and Eric Elliott. 2000. Wayta' Yawa', "Always Believe." Banning, CA: Malki
Museum Preess.
Tongva (Gabrielino) ‣ Harrington notes, from a copy of (some of) J. P. Harrington's Gabrielino notes in
possession of Kenneth C. Hill.
Tongva (Gabrielino) ‣ McCawley, William. 1996. The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los
Angeles. Morongo Indian Reservation, Banning CA: Malki Museum Press & Novato, CA: Ballena Press.
Cupan
‣ Bright, William and Jane Hill. 1967. The linguistic history of the Cupeño. Studies in Southwestern
Ethnolinguistics: Meaning and History in the Languages of the American Southwest, edited by Dell H. Hymes
with William E. Bittle. The Hague: Mouton. Pp. 351-371.
‣ Hill, Jane H. and Kenneth C. Hill. 1968. Stress in the Cupan (Uto-Aztecan) languages. International
Journal of American Linguistics 34(4): 233-241.
‣ Munro, Pamela. 1990. Stress and vowel length in Cupan absolutive nouns. IJAL 56 (2): 217-250.
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ‣ Anderton, Alice Jeanne. 1988. The Language of the Kitanemuks of California.
Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Acjachemem (Juaneño) ‣ Woodward, Lisa Louise. 2007. The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The
History, Language, and Politics of an Indigenous California Community. Ph.D. dissertation, University of
California Davis.
Luiseño ‣ Bright, William. 1968. A Luiseño Dictionary. University of California Publications, Linguistics 51.
Luiseño ‣ Elliott, Eric Bryant. 1999. Dictionary of Rincón Luiseño. Ph.D. dissertation, University of
California, San Diego.
Cupeño ‣ Hill, Jane H. 2005. A Grammar of Cupeño. University of California Publications, Linguistics 136.
Cupeño ‣ Hill, Jane H. and Rosinda Nolasquez. 1973. Mulu'wetam: The First People - Cupeño Oral History
and Language. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press. [Reprinted 2005 with revised pagination.]
597
Cupeño ‣ Jacobs, Roderick A. 1975 Syntactic Change: A Cupan (Uto-Aztecan) Case Study. University of
California Publications, Linguistics 75.
Cahuilla ‣ Bean, Lowell John. 1972. Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Cahuilla ‣ Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel. 1972. Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian knowledge and
usage of plants. Morongo Indian Reservation, CA: Malki Museum Press.
Cahuilla ‣ Bright, William. 1967. The Cahuilla language. Introductory essay in The Ethno-Botany of the
Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, by David Prescott Barrows. Morongo Indian Reservation, Banning,
California: Malki Museum Press.
Cahuilla ‣ Bright, William and Jane Hill. 1967. The linguistic history of the Cupeño. Studies in
Southwestern Ethnolinguistics, edited by Dell H. Hymes and William E. Bittle. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 351-
371.
Cahuilla ‣ Hill, Jane H. and Kenneth C. Hill. 1968. Stress in the Cupan (Uto-Aztecan) languages.
International Journal of American Linguistics 34.4: 233-241.
Cahuilla ‣ Seiler, Hansjakob. 1977. Cahuilla Grammar. Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
Cahuilla ‣ Seiler, Hansjakob and Kojiro Hioki. 1979. Cahuilla Dictionary. Banning, CA: Malki Museum
Press.
Tepiman ‣ Bascom, Burton William. 1965. Proto-Tepiman. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ‣ Bascom 1965 (see above at Tepiman)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ‣ Saxton, Dean and Lucille Saxton. 1969. Dictionary: Papago & Pima to English
(O'odham—Mil-gahn), English to Papago & Pima (Mil-gahn—O'odham). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ‣ Mathiot, Madeleine. 1973. A Dictionary of Papago Usage. Bloomington:
Indiana University. (2 Vols.)
Tohono O'odham (Papago) ‣ Saxton, Dean, Lucille Saxton and Susie Enos. 1983. Dictionary: Papago/Pima—
English (O'othham—Mil-gahn), English—Papago/Pima (Mil-gahn—O'othham). Second edition revised and
expanded. Edited by R.L. Cherry. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Pima Bajo ‣ Bascom 1965 (see above at Tepiman)
Pima Bajo ‣ Escalante H., Roberto and Zarina Estrada Fernández. 1993. Textos y gramática del pima bajo.
Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora.
Northern Tepehuan ‣ Bascom 1965 (see above at Tepiman)
Northern Tepehuan ‣ Bascom, Burton. 1982. Northern Tepehuan. Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, Volume
3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches, edited by Ronald W. Langacker. Summer Institute of Linguistics
Publications in Linguistics Number 57, Volume III, pp. 267-393.
Southern Tepehuan ‣ Bascom 1965 (see above at Tepiman)
Southeastern Tepehuan ‣ Willett, Thomas L. 1991. A Reference Grammar of Southeastern Tepehuan.
Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics. Publication
100. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Guariío/Rarámuri
Guarijío ‣ Miller, Wick R. 1996. Guarijío: gramática, textos y vocabulario. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropolócas.
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Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ‣ Hilton, K. Simón. 1959. Diccionario tarahumara de Samachique. Tucson, AZ:
Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Rarámuri (Tarahumara) ‣ Lionnet, Andrés. 1972. Los elementos de la lengua tarahumara. Mexico City:
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas.
Eudeve/Ópata
Eudeve ‣ Lionnet, Andrés. 1986. Un idioma extinto de Sonora: el eudeve. Instituto de Investigaciones
Antropológicas. Lingüística. Serie Antropológica 60. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Eudeve ‣ Pennington, Campbell W., ed. 1981. Arte y vocabulario de la lengua dohema, heve o eudeva.
Anónimo (Siglo XVII). Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Ópata ‣ Pennington 1981. (see above at Eudeve)
Ópata ‣ Shaul, David L. 1983. The position of Opata and Eudeve. Studies in Native American Languages II.
Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 8(2): 95-122.
Cahita
Arizona Yoeme (Yaqui) ‣ Molina, Felipe S., Herminia Valenzuela and David Leedom Shaul. 1999.
Hippocrene Standard Dictionary: Yoeme-English, English-Yoeme. New York: Hipprocrene Books.
Mayo ‣ Collard, Howard and Elisabeth Scott Collard. 1962. Serie de vocabularios indígenas Mariano Silva y
Aceves núm. 6: castellano-mayo, mayo-castellano. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Tubar
Tubar ‣ Lionnet, Andrés. 1978. El idioma tubar y los tubares; según documentos inéditos de C.S. Lumholtz y
C.V. Hartman. Mexico City: Universidad Iberoamericana.
Cora/Huichol
Cora ‣ McMahon, Ambrosio and María Aitón de McMahon. 1959. Cora y español. Serie de vocabularios
indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves núm. 2. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Wixarika (Huichol) ‣ Grimes, José with Pedro de la Cruz Ávila, José Carrillo Vicente, Filiberto Díaz, Román
Díaz, Antonio de la Rosa and Toribio Rentería. 1981. El huichol: apuntes sobre el léxico. Ithaca, NY: Department
of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Cornell University.
Wixarika (Huichol) ‣ Conti Jiménez, Carmen and Lilián Guerrero Valenzuela. 2009. Breve vocabulario
wixarika-español. Jaén, Spain: Universidad de Jaén.
Nahua ‣ Campbell, Lyle and Ronald W. Langacker. 1978. Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part III. International Journal of
American Linguistics 44.4: 262-279.
Classical Nahuatl ‣ Karttunen, Frances. 1981. An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. Austin: University of
Texas Press.
Classical Nahuatl ‣ Molina, Alonso de. 1571. Vocabulario en lengua mexicana y castellana. Mexico City:
Antonio de Spinosa. (Facsimile edition 1944: Collección de Incunables Americanos, vol. 4. Madrid: Ediciones
Cultura Hispánica.)
Classical Nahuatl ‣ Molina, Alonso de. 1571a. Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana. Mexico City:
Antonio de Spinosa. (Facsimile edition 1944: Collección de Incunables Americanos, vol. 4. Madrid: Ediciones
Cultura Hispánica.)
Classical Nahuatl ‣ Siméon, Rémi. 1885. Dictionnaire de la langue Nahuatl. Paris: Impremerie Nationale.
(Facsimile edition 1963. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.)
599
Tetelcingo Mexicano ‣ Brewer, Forrest and Jean G. Brewer. 1962. Vocabulario mexicano de Tetelcingo,
Morelos. Serie de Vocabularios Indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves Núm. 8. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de
Verano. (Reissued 1971.)
Pochutla Mexicano ‣ Boas, Franz. 1917. El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca. International Journal of
American Linguistics 1(1): 9-44.
Pipil ‣ Campbell, Lyle. 1985. The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Berlin: Mouton.
Non-Uto-Aztecan
Mojave ‣ Munro, Pamela, Nellie Brown and Judith G. Crawford. 1992. A Mojave Dictionary. UCLA Occasional
Papers in Linguistics, Number 10. Department of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles.
Yokuts ‣ Newman, Stanley. 1944. Yokuts Language of California. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology.
Number Two. [Reprinted 1963. Johnson Reprint Corporation. New York.]
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UC Berkeley

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revised and expanded by

Report 18, Volume I

The set labels

a-02 squash, pumpkin, cucurbit

a-06 spit, spittle, saliva

Guarijío aʔka̱ <aʔká> saliva ‣ Miller 1996: 326

a-07 small, little (Miller 1967: 387a *ʔali, 387b *ʔili)

a-08 hunt (Miller 1967: 242 *ʔamu)

Cahuilla -a̱mu- <‑ʔámu-> to hunt ‣ Seiler & Hioki 1979: 15

a-09 ant (Miller 1967: 4 *ʔane)

a-12 eagle (Miller 1967: 147 *ʔas)

Nahua *ājō- <*aayoo-> turtle ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268

a-15 call (Miller 1967: 75 *ʔay)

a-17 good (Miller 1967: 201 *ʔay)

a-23 smell (merged into E-20)

Acjachemem (Juaneño) awāl <awāl> dog ‣ Woodward 2007: 178

a-27 possessed animal, pet (Miller 1967: 136 *ʔawci)

a-29 corn flour drink

a-34 cross nibling

a-36 open the mouth (Miller 1967: 294 *hak)

a-39 take (mult. obj.)

a-41 tansy mustard [changed from PLANT SP.]

a-42 third person pronoun

a-43 resultative prefix

ca-02 ribs (Miller 1967: 345 *ca)

ca-04 using the hand

ca-05 hold (merged into ca-03)

ca-06 good (Miller 1967: 200 *cam)

ca-07 lizard (Miller 1967: 267 *cana)

ca-10 blue jay (cf. ca-12)

ca-11 horned toad

Southeastern Tepehuan saiʔ <sai'> grass ‣ Willett 1991: 52

ca-18 pick (Miller 1967: 234 *ca) (cf. ca-03)

Northern Tepehuan sādá- <saadá‑> ‣ Bascom 1965: 170 (186a)

ca-20 wild cherry

cE-02 older sibling

cE-03 cold (merged into E-18, sE-07)

cE-04 count (Miller 1967: 107 [no reconstruction])

cE-06 give as a gift

cE-08 stick, stab (Miller 1967: 415 *cek)

Luiseño tᶴ�̄v̱ ut <čí·vu-t> bitter ‣ Bright 1968: 13

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) situ̱rami <sitúrami> redondo «round (sg.)» ‣ Hilton 1959: 71

Tepiman *sisi ̱va <*si'siva> to spit ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (192)

ci-06 basket (Miller 1967: 23 *ciku | *siku)

ci-11 do, make (merged into cu-01)

ci-12 make sound

ci-13 wait for

ci-16 now, today

Northern Tepehuan ʃivóliki <šivóliki> ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (195)

ci-19 sour (Miller 1967: 404 [no reconstruction]) (cf. co-03)

ci-22 hatch, emerge from shell

ci-23 branch, limb

ci-25 only, just, merely

ci-26 hard, strong

co-01 pound (Miller 1967: 232 *con)

Pipil tˢutˢūna <tsutsu:na> to play (musical instrument) ‣ Campbell 1985: 546

co-02 base, trunk

a-07 small, little (Miller 1967: 387a ʔali, 387b ʔili)

Nahua ājō- <aayoo-> turtle ‣ Campbell & Langacker 1978: 268

Tepiman sisi ̱va <si'siva> to spit ‣ Bascom 1965: 171 (192)

ci-06 basket (Miller 1967: 23 ciku | siku)

co-03 sour (Miller 1967: 403 cuk | suk)

co-04 snot (Miller 1967: 219b com (coʔm ?))

Cupan əjə̱-t <ʔəyə́-t> thief ‣ Munro 1990: 248 (129)

E-15 inside ɯla <ela> innards ‣ Manaster Ramer 1991: 204

ho-08 back (Miller 1967: 16 ho- & wo-) (cf. hu-20)