Week 11 Sildes Descriptions

QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
673 Quirino Highway San Bartolome, Novaliches , Quezon City

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Instruction Guides
Subject Code : AR101 (Computer Organization and Architecture)
Week # / Lesson : Week 11 – Lesson9
Topic : Arithmetic Instructions
Title Description:
Slide #1 – Title
Discussion of Learning Outcomes:
 Differentiate all Arithmetic Instructions.

 Apply the different Arithmetic Instructions.
Slide #2 – Learning Outcomes
Slide #3 – Lesson Title
Review of Some Concepts Regarding the Binary Number System
1. Unsigned Integer. Unsigned integers may either be 8 bits or 16 bits in

length. Unsigned integers are viewed as positive numbers only. This means
that all bits are considered in determining the magnitude of a number.
Slide #4 – Review of Some
The value range of an unsigned integer is from 0 to 2n - 1. For 8 bits, the
Concepts Regarding the Binary
range is from 0 to 255, while for 16 bits, the range is from 0 to 65,535.
Number System
2. Signed Integer. Signed integers are viewed as either positive or negative
numbers. Because of this, the most significant bit is viewed as a sign bit (0
for positive and 1 for negative).
The value range of a signed integer is -2n-1 to 2n-1 - 1. For 8 bits, the range
is from -128 to +127 while for 16 bits, the range is from -32,768 to +32,767.
Negative numbers are represented in two’s complement.
3. Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD). In BCD, each decimal digit is represented in

one nibble.
Examples:
99 = 1001 1001
103 = 0001 0000 0011
BCD uses only 10 out of 16 possible combinations. The following 6

combinations are never used: 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and 1111.
There are some situations in which arithmetic operations on BCD numbers

require some adjustments. This happens if the result of the operation falls
into one of the six unused combinations.
Examples:
12 = 0001 0010
+ 45 = 0100 0101
57 0101 0111
In this example, there is no need to adjust result.
12 = 0001 0010
+ 49 = 0100 1001
61 0101 1011
Since 1011 is an invalid BCD code, there is a need to adjust result. This can
be done by adding 6 (0110) to the result:
0101 1011
+ 0110
0110 0001 = 61
The 8086/8088 provides adjustment instructions for BCD-based arithmetic

operations.
4. Packed BCD. In packed BCD, two BCD digits could be packed into one byte.
5. Unpacked BCD. In unpacked BCD, one BCD digit is represented in one byte.
The BCD digit is represented in the least significant nibble, while the most
significant nibble may be 0 or any value
The ADD Instruction
Arithmetic instructions cover the four basic arithmetic operations: addition,

subtraction, multiplication, and division. Arithmetic instructions affect the status
flags.
Slide #5 – The ADD Instruction
The ADD instruction adds the source operand to the destination operand and then
places the result in the destination operand.
Pointers:
1. The ADD instruction does not allow both source and destination operands to
be memory locations (no memory to memory addition). Therefore, the
instruction ADD [BX], BETA is invalid.
2. Both source and destination operands should be of the same data size. The
instruction ADD AH, BX is therefore invalid.
3. The destination operand cannot be immediate data. Therefore, the

instruction ADD 1800H, CX is invalid.
4. All status flags are affected after execution.
5. As with the MOV instruction, if the destination operand is a memory location

and the source operand is immediate data, the prefix byte ptr or word ptr
should appear after the ADD instruction to denote the data size of the
immediate operand.
The ADD Instruction Example
Unless otherwise stated, determine the contents of all the affected general purpose
registers and flags after executing the following program. Each instruction is
dependent of one another. Whenever necessary, use the memory map (handout)
for additional data. Assume the following register contents and assume that all flags
Slide #6 – The ADD Instruction
are initially 0:
Example
The Answer:
Exercise #1
Slide #7 – Exercise #1
The ADC Instruction
The ADC (Add with Carry) instruction adds the source operand and the carry flag to
the destination operand and places the result in the destination operand.
Slide #8 – The ADC Instruction
One of the uses of the ADC instruction is in the implementation of 32-bit addition
(adding two 32-bit numbers).
Example:
Although there are no 32-bit addition instructions, the problem is easily solved by
using the ADD and the ADC instructions.
The ADC Instrucion Example
Slide #9 – The ADC Instrucion
are initially 0:
Example
We need to determine the content of the memory location specified by the source
operand. Since SP is used, stack segment is addressed.
Exercise #2
Slide #10 – Exercise #2
are initially 0:
The INC Instruction
The INC (Increment) instruction adds 1 to the destination operand
Slide # 11 – The INC

Instruction
Pointers:
1. The destination operand is viewed as an unsigned integer.

2. The INC instruction does not affect the carry flag.
3. Segment registers cannot be used as the destination operand. Therefore, the
instruction INC CS is invalid.
4. If the destination operand is a memory location, the prefix byte ptr or word
ptr should appear after the INC instruction to denote the data size of the
destination operand.
The INC Instruction Example
Slide #12 – The INC Instruction
are initially 0:
Example
The DAA Instruction
The DAA (Decimal Adjust for Addition) instruction adjusts the result of a previous
addition of two valid packed decimal operands.
Format: DAA
Slide # 13 – The DAA
Instruction
Pointers:
1. The result of the previous operation should be in register AL.
2. OF is undefined after execution.
3. DAA should be executed immediately after an ADD, ADC, or INC instruction.
4. The instruction will adjust the result as follows: if AF = 1, or either of the
nibbles is greater than 9, then 6 is added to the nibble(s) concerned.
Example:
MOV AL, 15H

MOV BL, 15H
ADD AL, BL
DAA
In this example, the values of AL and BL are viewed as packed BCD. Since DAA is
used to adjust the addition operation, the destination operand should be at AL.
Prior to DAA, the value of AL is 2AH. After the DAA instruction, the value of AL is
adjusted to 30H. The operation is as follows.
Since the least significant nibble of the intermediate result is greater than 9, DAA
adjusts the result by adding 6 to the least significant nibble
The DAA Instruction Example
registers after executing the following program. Each instruction is dependent of one
another. Whenever necessary, use the memory map (handout) for additional data.
Assume the following register contents and assume that all flags are initially 0:
Slide #14 – The DAA

Instruction Example
The AAA Instruction
The AAA (ASCII Adjust for Addition) instruction adjusts the result of a previous
addition of two valid unpacked decimal operands.
Format: AAA
Slide #15 – The AAA
Instruction
Pointers:
2. OF, PF, SF, and ZF are undefined after execution.
3. AAA should be executed immediately after an ADD, ADC, or INC instruction.
4. The instruction will adjust the result as follows: if the least significant nibble
is greater than 9, then 6 is added to AL, and 1 is added to AH.
5. Regardless of the value of the least significant nibble, the most significant
nibble is always zeroed out.
6.
Example:
MOV AL, 35H; ASCII value of

5 MOV BL, 34H; ASCII value of 4
ADD AL, BL
AAA
In this example, the values of AL and BL are viewed as unpacked BCD (ASCII
numbers). Since AAA is used to adjust the addition operation, the destination
operand should be at AL. Prior to AAA, the value of AL is 69H. After the AAA
instruction, the value of AL is adjusted to 09H. The operation is as follows:
35H = 0011 0101

34H = 0011 0100
0110 1001 = 69H
Since the least significant nibble not greater than 9, the only adjustment needed is to
zero out the most significant nibble.
The AAA Instruction Example
another. Assume that all flags are initially 0:
MOV AL, 74H

MOV BL, 75H
ADD AL, BL
AAA
Slide #16 – The AAA
Instruction Example
Answer
MOV AL, 74H
AL = 77H
MOV BL, 75H
BL = 75H
ADD AL, BL
numbers). Since AAA is used to adjust the addition operation, the destination
operand should be at AL. Prior to AAA, the value of AL is ECH. The operation is as
follows:
74H = 0111 0111

75H = 0111 0101
1110 1100 = ECH
AAA
After the AAA instruction, the value of AL is adjusted to 00H. The operation is as
follows:
ECH = 1110 1100

AAA = 0000 0110
1111 0010 = F2H
Since the least significant nibble is greater than 9, the adjustment needed is to add 6
to AL and to zero out the most significant nibble. The final value of AL is 02H.
The SUB Instruction
The SUB instruction subtracts the source operand from the destination operand and
the places the result in the destination operand.
Slide #17 – The SUB

Instruction
Pointers:
1. The SUB instruction does not allow both source and destination operands to
be memory locations (no memory to memory addition). Therefore, the
instruction SUB [BX], BETA is invalid.
2. Both source and destination operands should be of the same data size. The
instruction SUB AH, BX is therefore invalid.
3. The destination operand cannot be immediate data. Therefore, the
instruction SUB 1800H, CX is invalid.
4. All status flags are affected after execution.

5. As with the MOV instruction, if the destination operand is a memory location
and the source operand is immediate data, the prefix byte ptr or word ptr
should appear after the SUB instruction to denote the data size of the
immediate operand
The SUB Instruction Example
Slide #18 – The SUB
are initially 0:
Instruction Example
The SBB Instruction
The SBB (Subtract with Borrow) instruction subtracts the source operand and the
carry flag from the destination operand and then places the result in the destination
operand.
Slide #19 – The SBB
Instruction
Just like in addition, subtracting a 32-bit number from another 32-bit number can be
done with the combination of the SUB and the SBB instructions.
Example:
The SBB Instruction Example
Slide #20 – The SBB are initially 0:
Instruction Example
SI = 0006H
The DEC Instruction
The DEC (Decrement) instruction subtracts 1 from the destination operand
Slide #21 – The DEC

Instruction
Pointers:
1. The destination operand is viewed as an unsigned integer.

2. The DEC instruction does not affect the carry flag.
3. Segment registers cannot be used as the destination operand. Therefore,
the instruction DEC CS is invalid.
4. If the destination operand is a memory location, the prefix byte ptr or word
ptr should appear after the DEC instruction to denote the data size of the
destination operand.
The DEC Instruction Example
Slide #22 – The DEC
DEC AX
Instruction Example
DEC BX
DEC CX
DEC DX
AX = 0014H BX = 0018H CX = 0011H DX = 001AH
The DAS Instruction
The DAS (Decimal Adjust for Subtraction) instruction adjusts the result of a previous
subtraction of two valid packed decimal operands.
Format: DAS
Slide #23 – The DAS
Instruction
Pointers:

2. OF is undefined after execution.
3. DAS should be executed immediately after a SUB, SBB, or DEC instruction.
4. The instruction will adjust the result as follows: if AF = 1, or either of the
nibbles is greater than 9, then 6 is subtracted from the nibble(s) concerned.
Example:
MOV AL, 34H

MOV BL, 19H
SUB AL, BL
DAS
In this example, the values of AL and BL are viewed as packed BCD. Since DAS is used
to adjust the subtraction operation, the destination operand should be at AL. Prior
to DAS, the value of AL is 1BH. After the DAS instruction, the value of AL is adjusted
to 15H. The operation is as follows:
34H = 0011 0100

19H = 0001 1001
0001 1011 = 1BH
- 0110
0001 0101 = 15H
Since the least significant nibble of the intermediate result is greater than 9, DAS
adjusts the result by subtracting 6 to the least significant nibble.
The DAS Instruction Example
MOV AL, 3FH
Slide # 24 – The DAS
MOV BL, 15H
Instruction Example
SUB AL, BL
DAS
Answer
MOV AL, 3FH
AL = 3FH
MOV BL, 15H
BL = 15H
SUB AL, BL
[AL] – 3FH = 0011 1111

[BL] – 15H = 0001 0101
0010 1010 – (2AH)
SF = 0 ZF = 0 PF = 0 CF = 0 AF = 0 OF = 0
DAA
0010 1010
- 0110
0010 0100 – (24H)
The AAS Instruction

The AAS (ASCII Adjust for Subtraction) instruction adjusts the result of a previous
subtraction of two valid unpacked decimal operands.
Format: AAS
Pointers:
Slide #25 – The AAS
Instruction
2. OF, PF, SF, and ZF are undefined after execution.
3. AAS should be executed immediately after a SUB, SBB, or DEC instruction.
4. The instruction will adjust the result as follows: if the least significant nibble
is greater than 9, then 6 is subtracted from AL, and 1 is subtracted from AH.
5. Regardless of the value of the least significant nibble, the most significant
nibble is always zeroed out
Example:
MOV AL, 39H; ASCII value of 9

MOV BL, 34H; ASCII value of 4 SUB AL, BL
AAS
numbers). Since AAS is used to adjust the subtraction operation, the destination
operand should be at AL. Prior to AAS, the value of AL is 05H. After the AAS
instruction, the value of AL is adjusted to 05H. The operation is as follows:
39H = 0011 1001

34H = 0011 0100
0000 0101 = 05H
Since the least significant nibble not greater than 9, the only adjustment needed is to
zero out the most significant nibble.
The AAS Instruction Example
MOV AL, 8EH
Slide # 26 – The AAS
MOV BL, 62H
Instruction Example
SUB AL, BL
AAS
Answer
MOV AL, 8EH

AL = 8EH
MOV BL, 62H
BL = 62H
SUB AL, BL
numbers). Since AAS is used to adjust the subtraction operation, the destination
operand should be at AL. Prior to AAS, the value of AL is 2CH. The operation is as
follows:
8EH = 1000 1110

62H = 0110 0010
0010 1100 = 2CH
AAA
After the AAA instruction, the value of AL is adjusted to 00H. The operation is as
follows:
2CH = 0010 1100

AAA = 0000 0110
0010 0110 = 26H
Since the least significant nibble is greater than 9, the adjustment needed is to
subtract 6 from AL and to zero out the most significant nibble. The final value of AL
is 26H.
End of Lesson
Summary
References:
Slide #27 – End of Lesson
[1] Williams, Stallings (2010), Computer Organization and Architecture:
Designing for Performance (8th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey).
[2] Stalling, William, Computer Organization and Architecture:

Principles of Structure and Function (4th Edition)

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QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

673 Quirino Highway San Bartolome, Novaliches , Quezon City

Subject Code : AR101 (Computer Organization and Architecture)

Week # / Lesson : Week 11 – Lesson9

Topic : Arithmetic Instructions

Discussion of Learning Outcomes:

 Differentiate all Arithmetic Instructions.

Slide #2 – Learning Outcomes

Slide #3 – Lesson Title

Review of Some Concepts Regarding the Binary Number System

1. Unsigned Integer. Unsigned integers may either be 8 bits or 16 bits in

3. Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD). In BCD, each decimal digit is represented in

BCD uses only 10 out of 16 possible combinations. The following 6

There are some situations in which arithmetic operations on BCD numbers

In this example, there is no need to adjust result.

The 8086/8088 provides adjustment instructions for BCD-based arithmetic

The ADD Instruction

Arithmetic instructions cover the four basic arithmetic operations: addition,

instruction ADD AH, BX is therefore invalid.

3. The destination operand cannot be immediate data. Therefore, the

4. All status flags are affected after execution.

5. As with the MOV instruction, if the destination operand is a memory location

The ADD Instruction Example

The ADC Instruction

Slide #8 – The ADC Instruction

The ADC Instrucion Example

The INC Instruction

The INC (Increment) instruction adds 1 to the destination operand

Slide # 11 – The INC

1. The destination operand is viewed as an unsigned integer.

The INC Instruction Example

The DAA Instruction

MOV AL, 15H

The DAA Instruction Example

Slide #14 – The DAA

The AAA Instruction

MOV AL, 35H; ASCII value of

35H = 0011 0101

The AAA Instruction Example

another. Assume that all flags are initially 0:

MOV AL, 74H

MOV AL, 74H

MOV BL, 75H

74H = 0111 0111

ECH = 1110 1100

The SUB Instruction

Slide #17 – The SUB

4. All status flags are affected after execution.

The SUB Instruction Example

The SBB Instruction

The SBB Instruction Example

The DEC Instruction

The DEC (Decrement) instruction subtracts 1 from the destination operand

Slide #21 – The DEC

1. The destination operand is viewed as an unsigned integer.

The DEC Instruction Example

AX = 0014H BX = 0018H CX = 0011H DX = 001AH

The DAS Instruction

1. The result of the previous operation should be in register AL.